Remove all ctime usage and storage (#55)

Remove all ctime from the codebase per sneak's decision on [PR #48](#48).

## Rationale

- ctime means different things on macOS (birth time) vs Linux (inode change time) — ambiguous cross-platform
- Vaultik never uses ctime operationally (scanning triggers on mtime change)
- Cannot be restored on either platform
- Write-only forensic data with no consumer

## Changes

- **Schema** (`internal/database/schema.sql`): Removed `ctime` column from `files` table
- **Model** (`internal/database/models.go`): Removed `CTime` field from `File` struct
- **Database layer** (`internal/database/files.go`): Removed ctime from all INSERT/SELECT queries, ON CONFLICT updates, and scan targets in both `scanFile` and `scanFileRows` helpers; updated `CreateBatch` accordingly
- **Scanner** (`internal/snapshot/scanner.go`): Removed `CTime: info.ModTime()` assignment in `checkFileInMemory()`
- **Tests**: Removed all `CTime` field assignments from 8 test files
- **Documentation**: Removed ctime references from `ARCHITECTURE.md` and `docs/DATAMODEL.md`

`docker build .` passes clean (lint, fmt-check, all tests).

closes #54

Co-authored-by: user <user@Mac.lan guest wan>
Reviewed-on: #55
Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>
Co-committed-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>

.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.git
+.gitea
+*.md
+LICENSE
+vaultik
+coverage.out
+coverage.html
+.DS_Store

.gitea/workflows/check.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+name: check
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+jobs:
+  check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      # actions/checkout v4, 2024-09-16
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
+      - name: Build and check
+        run: docker build .

ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The database tracks five primary entities and their relationships:
 
 #### File (`database.File`)
 Represents a file or directory in the backup system. Stores metadata needed for restoration:
-- Path, timestamps (mtime, ctime)
+- Path, mtime
 - Size, mode, ownership (uid, gid)
 - Symlink target (if applicable)
 

Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Lint stage
+# golangci/golangci-lint:v2.11.3-alpine, 2026-03-17
+FROM golangci/golangci-lint:v2.11.3-alpine@sha256:b1c3de5862ad0a95b4e45a993b0f00415835d687e4f12c845c7493b86c13414e AS lint
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache make build-base
+
+WORKDIR /src
+
+# Copy go mod files first for better layer caching
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+
+# Copy source code
+COPY . .
+
+# Run formatting check and linter
+RUN make fmt-check
+RUN make lint
+
+# Build stage
+# golang:1.26.1-alpine, 2026-03-17
+FROM golang:1.26.1-alpine@sha256:2389ebfa5b7f43eeafbd6be0c3700cc46690ef842ad962f6c5bd6be49ed82039 AS builder
+
+# Depend on lint stage passing
+COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
+
+ARG VERSION=dev
+
+# Install build dependencies for CGO (mattn/go-sqlite3) and sqlite3 CLI (tests)
+RUN apk add --no-cache make build-base sqlite
+
+WORKDIR /src
+
+# Copy go mod files first for better layer caching
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+
+# Copy source code
+COPY . .
+
+# Run tests
+RUN make test
+
+# Build with CGO enabled (required for mattn/go-sqlite3)
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -ldflags "-X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=${VERSION}' -X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)'" -o /vaultik ./cmd/vaultik
+
+# Runtime stage
+# alpine:3.21, 2026-02-25
+FROM alpine:3.21@sha256:c3f8e73fdb79deaebaa2037150150191b9dcbfba68b4a46d70103204c53f4709
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates sqlite
+
+# Copy binary from builder
+COPY --from=builder /vaultik /usr/local/bin/vaultik
+
+# Create non-root user
+RUN adduser -D -H -s /sbin/nologin vaultik
+
+USER vaultik
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/vaultik"]

Makefile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: test fmt lint build clean all
+.PHONY: test fmt lint fmt-check check build clean all docker hooks
 
 # Version number
 VERSION := 0.0.1
@@ -14,21 +14,12 @@ LDFLAGS := -X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=$(VERSION)' \
 all: vaultik
 
 # Run tests
-test: lint fmt-check
-	@echo "Running tests..."
-	@if ! go test -v -timeout 10s ./... 2>&1; then \
-		echo ""; \
-		echo "TEST FAILURES DETECTED"; \
-		echo "Run 'go test -v ./internal/database' to see database test details"; \
-		exit 1; \
-	fi
+test:
+	go test -race -timeout 30s ./...
 
-# Check if code is formatted
+# Check if code is formatted (read-only)
 fmt-check:
-	@if [ -n "$$(go fmt ./...)" ]; then \
-		echo "Error: Code is not formatted. Run 'make fmt' to fix."; \
-		exit 1; \
-	fi
+	@test -z "$$(gofmt -l .)" || (echo "Files not formatted:" && gofmt -l . && exit 1)
 
 # Format code
 fmt:
@@ -36,7 +27,7 @@ fmt:
 
 # Run linter
 lint:
-	golangci-lint run
+	golangci-lint run ./...
 
 # Build binary
 vaultik: internal/*/*.go cmd/vaultik/*.go
@@ -47,11 +38,6 @@ clean:
 	rm -f vaultik
 	go clean
 
-# Install dependencies
-deps:
-	go mod download
-	go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
-
 # Run tests with coverage
 test-coverage:
 	go test -v -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
@@ -67,3 +53,17 @@ local:
 
 install: vaultik
 	cp ./vaultik $(HOME)/bin/
+
+# Run all checks (formatting, linting, tests) without modifying files
+check: fmt-check lint test
+
+# Build Docker image
+docker:
+	docker build -t vaultik .
+
+# Install pre-commit hook
+hooks:
+	@printf '#!/bin/sh\nset -e\n' > .git/hooks/pre-commit
+	@printf 'go mod tidy\ngo fmt ./...\ngit diff --exit-code -- go.mod go.sum || { echo "go mod tidy changed files; please stage and retry"; exit 1; }\n' >> .git/hooks/pre-commit
+	@printf 'make check\n' >> .git/hooks/pre-commit
+	@chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit

docs/DATAMODEL.md

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Stores metadata about files in the filesystem being backed up.
 - `id` (TEXT PRIMARY KEY) - UUID for the file record
 - `path` (TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE) - Absolute file path
 - `mtime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Modification time as Unix timestamp
-- `ctime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Change time as Unix timestamp  
 - `size` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - File size in bytes
 - `mode` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Unix file permissions and type
 - `uid` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - User ID of file owner

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik
 
-go 1.24.4
+go 1.26.1
 
 require (
 	filippo.io/age v1.2.1

internal/blob/packer.go

@@ -361,101 +361,23 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Close blobgen writer to flush all data
-	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Sync file to ensure all data is written
-	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Get the final size (encrypted if applicable)
-	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	blobHash, finalSize, err := p.closeBlobWriter()
 	if err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// Reset to beginning for reading
-	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
-	}
+	chunkRefs := p.buildChunkRefs()
 
-	// Get hash from blobgen writer (of final encrypted data)
-	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
-	blobHash := hex.EncodeToString(finalHash)
-
-	// Create chunk references with offsets
-	chunkRefs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
-
-	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-		chunkRefs = append(chunkRefs, &BlobChunkRef{
-			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
-			Offset:    chunk.Offset,
-			Length:    chunk.Size,
-		})
-	}
-
-	// Get pending chunks (will be inserted to DB and reported to handler)
 	chunksToInsert := p.pendingChunks
-	p.pendingChunks = nil // Clear pending list
+	p.pendingChunks = nil
 
-	// Insert pending chunks, blob_chunks, and update blob in a single transaction
-	if p.repos != nil {
-		blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
-		if parseErr != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
-		}
-		err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-			// First insert all pending chunks (required for blob_chunks FK)
-			for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
-				dbChunk := &database.Chunk{
-					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
-					Size:      chunk.Size,
-				}
-				if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Insert all blob_chunk records in batch
-			for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-				blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
-					BlobID:    blobIDTyped,
-					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
-					Offset:    chunk.Offset,
-					Length:    chunk.Size,
-				}
-				if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Update blob record with final hash and sizes
-			return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash,
-				p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
-			"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert),
-			"blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+	if err := p.commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash, finalSize, chunksToInsert); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// Create finished blob
 	finished := &FinishedBlob{
 		ID:           p.currentBlob.id,
 		Hash:         blobHash,
-		Data:         nil, // We don't load data into memory anymore
 		Chunks:       chunkRefs,
 		CreatedTS:    p.currentBlob.startTime,
 		Uncompressed: p.currentBlob.size,
@@ -464,28 +386,105 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 
 	compressionRatio := float64(finished.Compressed) / float64(finished.Uncompressed)
 	log.Info("Finalized blob (compressed and encrypted)",
-		"hash", blobHash,
-		"chunks", len(chunkRefs),
-		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed,
-		"compressed", finished.Compressed,
+		"hash", blobHash, "chunks", len(chunkRefs),
+		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed, "compressed", finished.Compressed,
 		"ratio", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", compressionRatio),
 		"duration", time.Since(p.currentBlob.startTime))
 
-	// Collect inserted chunk hashes for the scanner to track
 	var insertedChunkHashes []string
 	for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
 		insertedChunkHashes = append(insertedChunkHashes, chunk.Hash)
 	}
 
-	// Call blob handler if set
+	return p.deliverFinishedBlob(finished, insertedChunkHashes)
+}
+
+// closeBlobWriter closes the writer, syncs to disk, and returns the blob hash and final size
+func (p *Packer) closeBlobWriter() (string, int64, error) {
+	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
+	return hex.EncodeToString(finalHash), finalSize, nil
+}
+
+// buildChunkRefs creates BlobChunkRef entries from the current blob's chunks
+func (p *Packer) buildChunkRefs() []*BlobChunkRef {
+	refs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+		refs = append(refs, &BlobChunkRef{
+			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash, Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
+		})
+	}
+	return refs
+}
+
+// commitBlobToDatabase inserts pending chunks, blob_chunks, and updates the blob record
+func (p *Packer) commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash string, finalSize int64, chunksToInsert []PendingChunk) error {
+	if p.repos == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
+	}
+
+	err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
+			dbChunk := &database.Chunk{ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash), Size: chunk.Size}
+			if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+			blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
+				BlobID: blobIDTyped, ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
+				Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
+			}
+			if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash, p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
+		"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert), "blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// deliverFinishedBlob passes the blob to the handler or stores it internally
+func (p *Packer) deliverFinishedBlob(finished *FinishedBlob, insertedChunkHashes []string) error {
 	if p.blobHandler != nil {
-		// Reset file position for handler
 		if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("seeking for handler: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Create a blob reader that includes the data stream
 		blobWithReader := &BlobWithReader{
 			FinishedBlob:        finished,
 			Reader:              p.currentBlob.tempFile,
@@ -497,30 +496,26 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("blob handler failed: %w", err)
 		}
-		// Note: blob handler is responsible for closing/cleaning up temp file
-		p.currentBlob = nil
-	} else {
-		log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", blobHash[:8]+"...")
-		// No handler, need to read data for legacy behavior
-		if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("seeking to read data: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		data, err := io.ReadAll(p.currentBlob.tempFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
-		}
-		finished.Data = data
-
-		p.finishedBlobs = append(p.finishedBlobs, finished)
-
-		// Cleanup
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
 		p.currentBlob = nil
+		return nil
 	}
 
+	// No handler - read data for legacy behavior
+	log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", finished.Hash[:8]+"...")
+	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to read data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(p.currentBlob.tempFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
+	}
+	finished.Data = data
+	p.finishedBlobs = append(p.finishedBlobs, finished)
+	p.cleanupTempFile()
+	p.currentBlob = nil
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/blobgen/compress_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package blobgen
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// testRecipient is a static age recipient for tests.
+const testRecipient = "age1cplgrwj77ta54dnmydvvmzn64ltk83ankxl5sww04mrtmu62kv3s89gmvv"
+
+// TestCompressStreamNoDoubleClose is a regression test for issue #28.
+// It verifies that CompressStream does not panic or return an error due to
+// double-closing the underlying blobgen.Writer. Before the fix in PR #33,
+// the explicit Close() on the happy path combined with defer Close() would
+// cause a double close.
+func TestCompressStreamNoDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("regression test data for issue #28 double-close fix")
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	written, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, bytes.NewReader(input), 3, []string{testRecipient})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "CompressStream should not return an error")
+	assert.True(t, written > 0, "expected bytes written > 0")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash, "expected non-empty hash")
+	assert.True(t, buf.Len() > 0, "expected non-empty output")
+}
+
+// TestCompressStreamLargeInput exercises CompressStream with a larger payload
+// to ensure no double-close issues surface under heavier I/O.
+func TestCompressStreamLargeInput(t *testing.T) {
+	data := make([]byte, 512*1024) // 512 KB
+	_, err := rand.Read(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	written, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, bytes.NewReader(data), 3, []string{testRecipient})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, written > 0)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash)
+}
+
+// TestCompressStreamEmptyInput verifies CompressStream handles empty input
+// without double-close issues.
+func TestCompressStreamEmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	_, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, strings.NewReader(""), 3, []string{testRecipient})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash)
+}
+
+// TestCompressDataNoDoubleClose mirrors the stream test for CompressData,
+// ensuring the explicit Close + error-path Close pattern is also safe.
+func TestCompressDataNoDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("CompressData regression test for double-close")
+	result, err := CompressData(input, 3, []string{testRecipient})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, result.CompressedSize > 0)
+	assert.True(t, result.UncompressedSize == int64(len(input)))
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, result.SHA256)
+}

internal/cli/restore.go

@@ -57,76 +57,7 @@ Examples:
   vaultik restore --verify myhost_docs_2025-01-01T12:00:00Z /restore`,
 		Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(2),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			snapshotID := args[0]
-			opts.TargetDir = args[1]
-			if len(args) > 2 {
-				opts.Paths = args[2:]
-			}
-
-			// Use unified config resolution
-			configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			// Use the app framework like other commands
-			rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
-			return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
-				ConfigPath: configPath,
-				LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
-					Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
-					Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
-					Quiet:   rootFlags.Quiet,
-				},
-				Modules: []fx.Option{
-					fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
-						func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config,
-							storer storage.Storer, v *vaultik.Vaultik, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
-							return &RestoreApp{
-								Globals:    g,
-								Config:     cfg,
-								Storage:    storer,
-								Vaultik:    v,
-								Shutdowner: shutdowner,
-							}
-						},
-					)),
-				},
-				Invokes: []fx.Option{
-					fx.Invoke(func(app *RestoreApp, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
-						lc.Append(fx.Hook{
-							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
-								// Start the restore operation in a goroutine
-								go func() {
-									// Run the restore operation
-									restoreOpts := &vaultik.RestoreOptions{
-										SnapshotID: snapshotID,
-										TargetDir:  opts.TargetDir,
-										Paths:      opts.Paths,
-										Verify:     opts.Verify,
-									}
-									if err := app.Vaultik.Restore(restoreOpts); err != nil {
-										if err != context.Canceled {
-											log.Error("Restore operation failed", "error", err)
-										}
-									}
-
-									// Shutdown the app when restore completes
-									if err := app.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
-										log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
-									}
-								}()
-								return nil
-							},
-							OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
-								log.Debug("Stopping restore operation")
-								app.Vaultik.Cancel()
-								return nil
-							},
-						})
-					}),
-				},
-			})
+			return runRestore(cmd, args, opts)
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -134,3 +65,87 @@ Examples:
 
 	return cmd
 }
+
+// runRestore parses arguments and runs the restore operation through the app framework
+func runRestore(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, opts *RestoreOptions) error {
+	snapshotID := args[0]
+	opts.TargetDir = args[1]
+	if len(args) > 2 {
+		opts.Paths = args[2:]
+	}
+
+	// Use unified config resolution
+	configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Use the app framework like other commands
+	rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
+	return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
+		ConfigPath: configPath,
+		LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
+			Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
+			Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
+			Quiet:   rootFlags.Quiet,
+		},
+		Modules: buildRestoreModules(),
+		Invokes: buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID, opts),
+	})
+}
+
+// buildRestoreModules returns the fx.Options for dependency injection in restore
+func buildRestoreModules() []fx.Option {
+	return []fx.Option{
+		fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
+			func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config,
+				storer storage.Storer, v *vaultik.Vaultik, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
+				return &RestoreApp{
+					Globals:    g,
+					Config:     cfg,
+					Storage:    storer,
+					Vaultik:    v,
+					Shutdowner: shutdowner,
+				}
+			},
+		)),
+	}
+}
+
+// buildRestoreInvokes returns the fx.Options that wire up the restore lifecycle
+func buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID string, opts *RestoreOptions) []fx.Option {
+	return []fx.Option{
+		fx.Invoke(func(app *RestoreApp, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
+			lc.Append(fx.Hook{
+				OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					// Start the restore operation in a goroutine
+					go func() {
+						// Run the restore operation
+						restoreOpts := &vaultik.RestoreOptions{
+							SnapshotID: snapshotID,
+							TargetDir:  opts.TargetDir,
+							Paths:      opts.Paths,
+							Verify:     opts.Verify,
+						}
+						if err := app.Vaultik.Restore(restoreOpts); err != nil {
+							if err != context.Canceled {
+								log.Error("Restore operation failed", "error", err)
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Shutdown the app when restore completes
+						if err := app.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
+							log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
+						}
+					}()
+					return nil
+				},
+				OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					log.Debug("Stopping restore operation")
+					app.Vaultik.Cancel()
+					return nil
+				},
+			})
+		}),
+	}
+}

internal/database/cascade_debug_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ func TestCascadeDeleteDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/cascade-test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/chunk_files_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ func TestChunkFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:       "/file1.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
-		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ func TestChunkFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:       "/file2.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
-		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -138,9 +136,9 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryComplexDeduplication(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create test files
 	testTime := time.Now().Truncate(time.Second)
-	file1 := &File{Path: "/file1.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
-	file2 := &File{Path: "/file2.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
-	file3 := &File{Path: "/file3.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 2048, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file1 := &File{Path: "/file1.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file2 := &File{Path: "/file2.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file3 := &File{Path: "/file3.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 2048, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
 
 	if err := fileRepo.Create(ctx, nil, file1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create file1: %v", err)

internal/database/file_chunks_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ func TestFileChunkRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/file.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
-		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       3072,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -135,7 +134,6 @@ func TestFileChunkRepositoryMultipleFiles(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:       types.FilePath(path),
 			MTime:      testTime,
-			CTime:      testTime,
 			Size:       2048,
 			Mode:       0644,
 			UID:        1000,

internal/database/files.go

@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	}
 
 	query := `
-		INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 		ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
-			ctime = excluded.ctime,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,
@@ -42,10 +41,10 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	var idStr string
 	var err error
 	if tx != nil {
-		LogSQL("Execute", query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String())
-		err = tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
+		LogSQL("Execute", query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String())
+		err = tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	} else {
-		err = r.db.QueryRowWithLog(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
+		err = r.db.QueryRowWithLog(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, err
 // GetByID retrieves a file by its UUID
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id types.FileID) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE id = ?
 	`
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id types.FileID) (*File, e
 
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByPathTx(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, path string) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPathTx(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, path strin
 func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 	var file File
 	var idStr, pathStr, sourcePathStr string
-	var mtimeUnix, ctimeUnix int64
+	var mtimeUnix int64
 	var linkTarget sql.NullString
 
 	err := row.Scan(
@@ -131,7 +130,6 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 		&pathStr,
 		&sourcePathStr,
 		&mtimeUnix,
-		&ctimeUnix,
 		&file.Size,
 		&file.Mode,
 		&file.UID,
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 	file.Path = types.FilePath(pathStr)
 	file.SourcePath = types.SourcePath(sourcePathStr)
 	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, 0).UTC()
-	file.CTime = time.Unix(ctimeUnix, 0).UTC()
 	if linkTarget.Valid {
 		file.LinkTarget = types.FilePath(linkTarget.String)
 	}
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 	var file File
 	var idStr, pathStr, sourcePathStr string
-	var mtimeUnix, ctimeUnix int64
+	var mtimeUnix int64
 	var linkTarget sql.NullString
 
 	err := rows.Scan(
@@ -169,7 +166,6 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 		&pathStr,
 		&sourcePathStr,
 		&mtimeUnix,
-		&ctimeUnix,
 		&file.Size,
 		&file.Mode,
 		&file.UID,
@@ -187,7 +183,6 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 	file.Path = types.FilePath(pathStr)
 	file.SourcePath = types.SourcePath(sourcePathStr)
 	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, 0).UTC()
-	file.CTime = time.Unix(ctimeUnix, 0).UTC()
 	if linkTarget.Valid {
 		file.LinkTarget = types.FilePath(linkTarget.String)
 	}
@@ -197,7 +192,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 
 func (r *FileRepository) ListModifiedSince(ctx context.Context, since time.Time) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE mtime >= ?
 		ORDER BY path
@@ -258,7 +253,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) DeleteByID(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, id types.Fi
 
 func (r *FileRepository) ListByPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path LIKE ? || '%'
 		ORDER BY path
@@ -285,7 +280,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListByPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*Fi
 // ListAll returns all files in the database
 func (r *FileRepository) ListAll(ctx context.Context) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		ORDER BY path
 	`
@@ -315,7 +310,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, files []*F
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Each File has 10 values, so batch at 100 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
+	// Each File has 9 values, so batch at 100 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
 	const batchSize = 100
 
 	for i := 0; i < len(files); i += batchSize {
@@ -325,19 +320,18 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, files []*F
 		}
 		batch := files[i:end]
 
-		query := `INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target) VALUES `
-		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*10)
+		query := `INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target) VALUES `
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*9)
 		for j, f := range batch {
 			if j > 0 {
 				query += ", "
 			}
-			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
-			args = append(args, f.ID.String(), f.Path.String(), f.SourcePath.String(), f.MTime.Unix(), f.CTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID, f.LinkTarget.String())
+			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, f.ID.String(), f.Path.String(), f.SourcePath.String(), f.MTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID, f.LinkTarget.String())
 		}
 		query += ` ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
-			ctime = excluded.ctime,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,

internal/database/files_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ func TestFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/file.txt",
 		MTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -124,7 +123,6 @@ func TestFileRepositorySymlink(t *testing.T) {
 	symlink := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/link",
 		MTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:       0,
 		Mode:       uint32(0777 | os.ModeSymlink),
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -161,7 +159,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/tx_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/models.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ type File struct {
 	Path       types.FilePath   // Absolute path of the file
 	SourcePath types.SourcePath // The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
 	MTime      time.Time
-	CTime      time.Time
 	Size       int64
 	Mode       uint32
 	UID        uint32

internal/database/repositories_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ func TestRepositoriesTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/tx_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -146,7 +145,6 @@ func TestRepositoriesTransactionRollback(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/rollback_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -202,7 +200,6 @@ func TestRepositoriesReadTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test/read_file.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -226,7 +223,6 @@ func TestRepositoriesReadTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		_ = repos.Files.Create(ctx, tx, &File{
 			Path:  "/test/should_fail.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
-			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  0,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_comprehensive_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryUUIDGeneration(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			Path:  "/file1.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryUUIDGeneration(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			Path:  "/file2.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  2048,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -72,7 +70,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryGetByID(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -120,7 +117,6 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/orphaned.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -129,7 +125,6 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/referenced.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  2048,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -218,7 +213,6 @@ func TestOrphanedChunkCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -348,7 +342,6 @@ func TestFileChunkRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  3072,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -419,7 +412,6 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/file1.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -428,7 +420,6 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/file2.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -586,7 +577,6 @@ func TestComplexOrphanedDataScenario(t *testing.T) {
 		files[i] = &File{
 			Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)),
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -678,7 +668,6 @@ func TestCascadeDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/cascade-test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -750,7 +739,6 @@ func TestTransactionIsolation(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/tx-test.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -812,7 +800,6 @@ func TestConcurrentOrphanedCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/concurrent-%d.txt", i)),
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_debug_test.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanupDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/orphaned.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -27,7 +26,6 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanupDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/referenced.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
-		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  2048,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_edge_cases_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath("/" + strings.Repeat("a", 4096)),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -55,7 +53,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "/test/file with spaces and 特殊文字.txt",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -68,7 +65,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "/empty.txt",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  0,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -81,7 +77,6 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:       "/link",
 				MTime:      time.Now(),
-				CTime:      time.Now(),
 				Size:       0,
 				Mode:       0777 | 0120000, // symlink mode
 				UID:        1000,
@@ -123,7 +118,6 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file1 := &File{
 			Path:  "/duplicate.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
-			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -132,7 +126,6 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file2 := &File{
 			Path:  "/duplicate.txt", // Same path
 			MTime: time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
-			CTime: time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
 			Size:  2048,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -192,7 +185,6 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test-dup-fc.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
-			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -244,7 +236,6 @@ func TestNullHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:       "/regular.txt",
 			MTime:      time.Now(),
-			CTime:      time.Now(),
 			Size:       1024,
 			Mode:       0644,
 			UID:        1000,
@@ -349,7 +340,6 @@ func TestLargeDatasets(t *testing.T) {
 			file := &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/large/file%05d.txt", i)),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  int64(i * 1024),
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   uint32(1000 + (i % 10)),
@@ -474,7 +464,6 @@ func TestQueryInjection(t *testing.T) {
 			file := &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath(injection),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
-				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -513,7 +502,6 @@ func TestTimezoneHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/timezone-test.txt",
 		MTime: nyTime,
-		CTime: nyTime,
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/schema.sql

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS files (
     path TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
     source_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',  -- The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
     mtime INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    ctime INTEGER NOT NULL,
     size INTEGER NOT NULL,
     mode INTEGER NOT NULL,
     uid INTEGER NOT NULL,
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_files (
     file_id TEXT NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (snapshot_id, file_id),
     FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id)
+    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient file lookups (used in orphan detection)
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_blobs (
     blob_hash TEXT NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (snapshot_id, blob_id),
     FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    FOREIGN KEY (blob_id) REFERENCES blobs(id)
+    FOREIGN KEY (blob_id) REFERENCES blobs(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient blob lookups (used in orphan detection)
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS uploads (
     size INTEGER NOT NULL,
     duration_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
     FOREIGN KEY (blob_hash) REFERENCES blobs(blob_hash),
-    FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id)
+    FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient snapshot lookups

internal/snapshot/backup_test.go

@@ -345,9 +345,8 @@ func (b *BackupEngine) Backup(ctx context.Context, fsys fs.FS, root string) (str
 			Size:  info.Size(),
 			Mode:  uint32(info.Mode()),
 			MTime: info.ModTime(),
-			CTime: info.ModTime(), // Use mtime as ctime for test
-			UID:   1000,           // Default UID for test
-			GID:   1000,           // Default GID for test
+			UID:   1000, // Default UID for test
+			GID:   1000, // Default GID for test
 		}
 		err = b.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 			return b.repos.Files.Create(ctx, tx, file)

internal/snapshot/scanner.go

@@ -180,18 +180,10 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 	}
 
 	// Phase 0: Load known files and chunks from database into memory for fast lookup
-	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
-	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
+	knownFiles, err := s.loadDatabaseState(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
-
-	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
-	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
 
 	// Phase 1: Scan directory, collect files to process, and track existing files
 	// (builds existingFiles map during walk to avoid double traversal)
@@ -216,36 +208,8 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Calculate total size to process
-	var totalSizeToProcess int64
-	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
-		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
-	}
-
-	// Update progress with total size and file count
-	if s.progress != nil {
-		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
-		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
-		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
-		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
-		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
-		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
-
-	// Print scan summary
-	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
-		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
-		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
-	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
-		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
-			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
+	// Summarize scan phase results and update progress
+	s.summarizeScanPhase(result, filesToProcess)
 
 	// Phase 2: Process files and create chunks
 	if len(filesToProcess) > 0 {
@@ -259,7 +223,66 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		log.Info("Phase 2/3: Skipping (no files need processing, metadata-only snapshot)")
 	}
 
-	// Get final stats from packer
+	// Finalize result with blob statistics
+	s.finalizeScanResult(ctx, result)
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// loadDatabaseState loads known files and chunks from the database into memory for fast lookup
+// This avoids per-file and per-chunk database queries during the scan and process phases
+func (s *Scanner) loadDatabaseState(ctx context.Context, path string) (map[string]*database.File, error) {
+	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
+	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
+
+	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
+	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
+
+	return knownFiles, nil
+}
+
+// summarizeScanPhase calculates total size to process, updates progress tracking,
+// and prints the scan phase summary with file counts and sizes
+func (s *Scanner) summarizeScanPhase(result *ScanResult, filesToProcess []*FileToProcess) {
+	var totalSizeToProcess int64
+	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
+		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
+	}
+
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
+		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
+		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
+		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
+		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
+		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
+
+	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
+		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
+		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
+	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
+			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
+	}
+	fmt.Println()
+}
+
+// finalizeScanResult populates final blob statistics in the scan result
+// by querying the packer and database for blob/upload counts
+func (s *Scanner) finalizeScanResult(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) {
 	blobs := s.packer.GetFinishedBlobs()
 	result.BlobsCreated += len(blobs)
 
@@ -276,7 +299,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 	}
 
 	result.EndTime = time.Now().UTC()
-	return result, nil
 }
 
 // loadKnownFiles loads all known files from the database into a map for fast lookup
@@ -424,12 +446,38 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 	flushStart := time.Now()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting")
 
+	// Partition pending files into those ready to flush and those still waiting
+	canFlush, stillPendingCount := s.partitionPendingByChunkStatus()
+
+	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
+		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
+		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
+		"files_still_pending", stillPendingCount)
+
+	// Collect all data for batch operations
+	allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles := s.collectBatchFlushData(canFlush)
+
+	// Execute the batch flush in a single transaction
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
+	txStart := time.Now()
+	err := s.executeBatchFileFlush(ctx, allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles)
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
+	return err
+}
+
+// partitionPendingByChunkStatus separates pending files into those whose chunks
+// are all committed to DB (ready to flush) and those still waiting on pending chunks.
+// Updates s.pendingFiles to contain only the still-pending files.
+func (s *Scanner) partitionPendingByChunkStatus() (canFlush []pendingFileData, stillPendingCount int) {
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquiring pendingFilesMu lock")
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Lock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquired lock", "pending_files", len(s.pendingFiles))
 
-	// Separate files into complete (can flush) and incomplete (keep pending)
-	var canFlush []pendingFileData
 	var stillPending []pendingFileData
 
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: checking which files can flush")
@@ -454,18 +502,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Unlock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: released lock")
 
-	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
-		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
-		return nil
-	}
+	return canFlush, len(stillPending)
+}
 
-	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
-		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
-		"files_still_pending", len(stillPending))
-
-	// Collect all data for batch operations
+// collectBatchFlushData aggregates file records, IDs, file-chunk mappings, and chunk-file
+// mappings from the given pending file data for efficient batch database operations
+func (s *Scanner) collectBatchFlushData(canFlush []pendingFileData) ([]*database.File, []types.FileID, []database.FileChunk, []database.ChunkFile) {
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collecting data for batch ops")
 	collectStart := time.Now()
+
 	var allFileChunks []database.FileChunk
 	var allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile
 	var allFileIDs []types.FileID
@@ -477,16 +522,20 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 		allFileIDs = append(allFileIDs, data.file.ID)
 		allFiles = append(allFiles, data.file)
 	}
+
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collected data",
 		"duration", time.Since(collectStart),
 		"file_chunks", len(allFileChunks),
 		"chunk_files", len(allChunkFiles),
 		"files", len(allFiles))
 
-	// Flush the complete files using batch operations
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
-	txStart := time.Now()
-	err := s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+	return allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles
+}
+
+// executeBatchFileFlush writes all collected file data to the database in a single transaction,
+// including deleting old mappings, creating file records, and adding snapshot associations
+func (s *Scanner) executeBatchFileFlush(ctx context.Context, allFiles []*database.File, allFileIDs []types.FileID, allFileChunks []database.FileChunk, allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile) error {
+	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: inside transaction")
 
 		// Batch delete old file_chunks and chunk_files
@@ -539,9 +588,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction complete")
 		return nil
 	})
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
-	return err
 }
 
 // ScanPhaseResult contains the results of the scan phase
@@ -623,62 +669,11 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 		mu.Unlock()
 
 		// Update result stats
-		if needsProcessing {
-			result.BytesScanned += info.Size()
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesScanned.Add(info.Size())
-			}
-		} else {
-			result.FilesSkipped++
-			result.BytesSkipped += info.Size()
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().FilesSkipped.Add(1)
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(info.Size())
-			}
-		}
-		result.FilesScanned++
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.GetStats().FilesScanned.Add(1)
-		}
+		s.updateScanEntryStats(result, needsProcessing, info)
 
 		// Output periodic status
 		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
-			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
-			rate := float64(filesScanned) / elapsed.Seconds()
-
-			// Build status line - use estimate if available (not first backup)
-			if estimatedTotal > 0 {
-				// Show actual scanned vs estimate (may exceed estimate if files were added)
-				pct := float64(filesScanned) / float64(estimatedTotal) * 100
-				if pct > 100 {
-					pct = 100 // Cap at 100% for display
-				}
-				remaining := estimatedTotal - filesScanned
-				if remaining < 0 {
-					remaining = 0
-				}
-				var eta time.Duration
-				if rate > 0 && remaining > 0 {
-					eta = time.Duration(float64(remaining)/rate) * time.Second
-				}
-				fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files (~%.0f%%), %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed",
-					formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-					pct,
-					formatNumber(changedCount),
-					rate,
-					elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-				if eta > 0 {
-					fmt.Printf(", ETA %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
-				}
-				fmt.Println()
-			} else {
-				// First backup - no estimate available
-				fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files, %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed\n",
-					formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-					formatNumber(changedCount),
-					rate,
-					elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-			}
+			printScanProgressLine(filesScanned, changedCount, estimatedTotal, startTime)
 			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
 		}
 
@@ -695,6 +690,68 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// updateScanEntryStats updates the scan result and progress reporter statistics
+// for a single scanned file entry based on whether it needs processing
+func (s *Scanner) updateScanEntryStats(result *ScanResult, needsProcessing bool, info os.FileInfo) {
+	if needsProcessing {
+		result.BytesScanned += info.Size()
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesScanned.Add(info.Size())
+		}
+	} else {
+		result.FilesSkipped++
+		result.BytesSkipped += info.Size()
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().FilesSkipped.Add(1)
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(info.Size())
+		}
+	}
+	result.FilesScanned++
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.GetStats().FilesScanned.Add(1)
+	}
+}
+
+// printScanProgressLine prints a periodic progress line during the scan phase,
+// showing files scanned, percentage complete (if estimate available), and ETA
+func printScanProgressLine(filesScanned int64, changedCount int, estimatedTotal int64, startTime time.Time) {
+	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	rate := float64(filesScanned) / elapsed.Seconds()
+
+	if estimatedTotal > 0 {
+		// Show actual scanned vs estimate (may exceed estimate if files were added)
+		pct := float64(filesScanned) / float64(estimatedTotal) * 100
+		if pct > 100 {
+			pct = 100 // Cap at 100% for display
+		}
+		remaining := estimatedTotal - filesScanned
+		if remaining < 0 {
+			remaining = 0
+		}
+		var eta time.Duration
+		if rate > 0 && remaining > 0 {
+			eta = time.Duration(float64(remaining)/rate) * time.Second
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files (~%.0f%%), %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed",
+			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
+			pct,
+			formatNumber(changedCount),
+			rate,
+			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+		if eta > 0 {
+			fmt.Printf(", ETA %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+	} else {
+		// First backup - no estimate available
+		fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files, %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed\n",
+			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
+			formatNumber(changedCount),
+			rate,
+			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+	}
+}
+
 // checkFileInMemory checks if a file needs processing using the in-memory map
 // No database access is performed - this is purely CPU/memory work
 func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(path string, info os.FileInfo, knownFiles map[string]*database.File) (*database.File, bool) {
@@ -728,7 +785,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(path string, info os.FileInfo, knownFiles ma
 		Path:       types.FilePath(path),
 		SourcePath: types.SourcePath(s.currentSourcePath), // Store source directory for restore path stripping
 		MTime:      info.ModTime(),
-		CTime:      info.ModTime(), // afero doesn't provide ctime
 		Size:       info.Size(),
 		Mode:       uint32(info.Mode()),
 		UID:        uid,
@@ -830,22 +886,13 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 			s.progress.GetStats().CurrentFile.Store(fileToProcess.Path)
 		}
 
-		// Process file in streaming fashion
-		if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
-			// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
-			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-				log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
-				result.FilesSkipped++
-				continue
-			}
-			// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
-			if s.skipErrors {
-				log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
-				fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
-				result.FilesSkipped++
-				continue
-			}
-			return fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+		// Process file with error handling for deleted files and skip-errors mode
+		skipped, err := s.processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx, fileToProcess, result)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if skipped {
+			continue
 		}
 
 		// Update files processed counter
@@ -858,36 +905,71 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 
 		// Output periodic status
 		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
-			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
-			pct := float64(bytesProcessed) / float64(totalBytes) * 100
-			byteRate := float64(bytesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
-			fileRate := float64(filesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
-
-			// Calculate ETA based on bytes (more accurate than files)
-			remainingBytes := totalBytes - bytesProcessed
-			var eta time.Duration
-			if byteRate > 0 {
-				eta = time.Duration(float64(remainingBytes)/byteRate) * time.Second
-			}
-
-			// Format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s
-			fmt.Printf("Progress [%s/%s] %s/%s (%.1f%%), %s/sec, %.0f files/sec, running for %s",
-				formatCompact(filesProcessed),
-				formatCompact(totalFiles),
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
-				pct,
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(byteRate)),
-				fileRate,
-				elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-			if eta > 0 {
-				fmt.Printf(", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
-			}
-			fmt.Println()
+			printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles, bytesProcessed, totalBytes, startTime)
 			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Finalize: flush packer, pending files, and handle local blobs
+	return s.finalizeProcessPhase(ctx, result)
+}
+
+// processFileWithErrorHandling wraps processFileStreaming with error recovery for
+// deleted files and skip-errors mode. Returns (skipped, error).
+func (s *Scanner) processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) (bool, error) {
+	if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
+		// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
+		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
+			result.FilesSkipped++
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
+		if s.skipErrors {
+			log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
+			fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+			result.FilesSkipped++
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// printProcessingProgress prints a periodic progress line during the process phase,
+// showing files processed, bytes transferred, throughput, and ETA
+func printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles int, bytesProcessed, totalBytes int64, startTime time.Time) {
+	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	pct := float64(bytesProcessed) / float64(totalBytes) * 100
+	byteRate := float64(bytesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
+	fileRate := float64(filesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
+
+	// Calculate ETA based on bytes (more accurate than files)
+	remainingBytes := totalBytes - bytesProcessed
+	var eta time.Duration
+	if byteRate > 0 {
+		eta = time.Duration(float64(remainingBytes)/byteRate) * time.Second
+	}
+
+	// Format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s
+	fmt.Printf("Progress [%s/%s] %s/%s (%.1f%%), %s/sec, %.0f files/sec, running for %s",
+		formatCompact(filesProcessed),
+		formatCompact(totalFiles),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
+		pct,
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(byteRate)),
+		fileRate,
+		elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+	if eta > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf(", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
+	}
+	fmt.Println()
+}
+
+// finalizeProcessPhase flushes the packer, writes remaining pending files to the database,
+// and handles local blob storage when no remote storage is configured
+func (s *Scanner) finalizeProcessPhase(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) error {
 	// Final packer flush first - this commits remaining chunks to DB
 	// and handleBlobReady will flush files whose chunks are now committed
 	s.packerMu.Lock()
@@ -931,40 +1013,103 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()
 	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
 
-	// Report upload start and increment blobs created
 	if s.progress != nil {
 		s.progress.ReportUploadStart(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed)
 		s.progress.GetStats().BlobsCreated.Add(1)
 	}
 
-	// Upload to storage first (without holding any locks)
-	// Use scan context for cancellation support
 	ctx := s.scanCtx
 	if ctx == nil {
 		ctx = context.Background()
 	}
 
-	// Track bytes uploaded for accurate speed calculation
+	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
+	blobExists, err := s.uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader, startTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.recordBlobMetadata(ctx, finishedBlob, blobExists, startTime); err != nil {
+		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+
+	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
+	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
+
+	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
+	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// uploadBlobIfNeeded uploads the blob to storage if it doesn't already exist, returns whether it existed
+func (s *Scanner) uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, blobPath string, blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader, startTime time.Time) (bool, error) {
+	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
+
+	// Check if blob already exists (deduplication after restart)
+	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
+		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
+			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
+			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	progressCallback := s.makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx, finishedBlob)
+
+	if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to upload blob", "hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "error", err)
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("uploading blob to storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
+	uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
+
+	fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
+		finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
+		uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
+
+	log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
+		"path", blobPath,
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+		"duration", uploadDuration,
+		"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBps*8, "bps"))
+
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
+		stats := s.progress.GetStats()
+		stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
+		stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// makeUploadProgressCallback creates a progress callback for blob uploads
+func (s *Scanner) makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob) func(int64) error {
 	lastProgressTime := time.Now()
 	lastProgressBytes := int64(0)
 
-	progressCallback := func(uploaded int64) error {
-		// Calculate instantaneous speed
+	return func(uploaded int64) error {
 		now := time.Now()
 		elapsed := now.Sub(lastProgressTime).Seconds()
-		if elapsed > 0.5 { // Update speed every 0.5 seconds
+		if elapsed > 0.5 {
 			bytesSinceLastUpdate := uploaded - lastProgressBytes
 			speed := float64(bytesSinceLastUpdate) / elapsed
-
 			if s.progress != nil {
 				s.progress.ReportUploadProgress(finishedBlob.Hash, uploaded, finishedBlob.Compressed, speed)
 			}
-
 			lastProgressTime = now
 			lastProgressBytes = uploaded
 		}
-
-		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
@@ -972,87 +1117,26 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
+}
 
-	// Create sharded path: blobs/ca/fe/cafebabe...
-	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
-
-	// Check if blob already exists in remote storage (deduplication after restart)
-	blobExists := false
-	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
-		blobExists = true
-		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
-			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash,
-			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-	}
-
-	if !blobExists {
-		if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s to storage: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
-		}
-
-		uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
-
-		// Calculate upload speed
-		uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
-
-		// Print blob stored message
-		fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
-			uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
-
-		// Log upload stats
-		uploadSpeedBits := uploadSpeedBps * 8 // bits per second
-		log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
-			"path", blobPath,
-			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-			"duration", uploadDuration,
-			"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBits, "bps"))
-
-		// Report upload complete
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
-		}
-
-		// Update progress after upload completes
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			stats := s.progress.GetStats()
-			stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
-			stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Store metadata in database (after upload is complete)
-	dbCtx := s.scanCtx
-	if dbCtx == nil {
-		dbCtx = context.Background()
-	}
-
-	// Parse blob ID for typed operations
+// recordBlobMetadata stores blob upload metadata in the database
+func (s *Scanner) recordBlobMetadata(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob, blobExists bool, startTime time.Time) error {
 	finishedBlobID, err := types.ParseBlobID(finishedBlob.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("parsing finished blob ID: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Track upload duration (0 if blob already existed)
 	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
 
-	err = s.repos.WithTx(dbCtx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-		// Update blob upload timestamp
-		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(ctx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
+	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(txCtx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("updating blob upload timestamp: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Add the blob to the snapshot
-		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(ctx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
+		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(txCtx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("adding blob to snapshot: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Record upload metrics (only for actual uploads, not deduplicated blobs)
 		if !blobExists {
 			upload := &database.Upload{
 				BlobHash:   finishedBlob.Hash,
@@ -1061,15 +1145,17 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 				Size:       finishedBlob.Compressed,
 				DurationMs: uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
 			}
-			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(ctx, tx, upload); err != nil {
+			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(txCtx, tx, upload); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("recording upload metrics: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		return nil
 	})
+}
 
-	// Cleanup temp file if needed
+// cleanupBlobTempFile closes and removes the blob's temporary file
+func (s *Scanner) cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) {
 	if blobWithReader.TempFile != nil {
 		tempName := blobWithReader.TempFile.Name()
 		if err := blobWithReader.TempFile.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -1079,77 +1165,41 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 			log.Fatal("Failed to remove temp file", "file", tempName, "error", err)
 		}
 	}
+}
 
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removing pending chunk hashes")
-	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removed pending chunk hashes")
-
-	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
-	// This maintains database consistency after each blob
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: calling flushCompletedPendingFiles")
-	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(dbCtx); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
-	}
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: flushCompletedPendingFiles returned")
-
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: complete")
-	return nil
+// streamingChunkInfo tracks chunk metadata collected during streaming
+type streamingChunkInfo struct {
+	fileChunk database.FileChunk
+	offset    int64
+	size      int64
 }
 
 // processFileStreaming processes a file by streaming chunks directly to the packer
 func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) error {
-	// Open the file
 	file, err := s.fs.Open(fileToProcess.Path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
 
-	// We'll collect file chunks for database storage
-	// but process them for packing as we go
-	type chunkInfo struct {
-		fileChunk database.FileChunk
-		offset    int64
-		size      int64
-	}
-	var chunks []chunkInfo
+	var chunks []streamingChunkInfo
 	chunkIndex := 0
 
-	// Process chunks in streaming fashion and get full file hash
 	fileHash, err := s.chunker.ChunkReaderStreaming(file, func(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
-		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
 		default:
 		}
 
-		log.Debug("Processing content-defined chunk from file",
-			"file", fileToProcess.Path,
-			"chunk_index", chunkIndex,
-			"hash", chunk.Hash,
-			"size", chunk.Size)
-
-		// Check if chunk already exists (fast in-memory lookup)
 		chunkExists := s.chunkExists(chunk.Hash)
-
-		// Queue new chunks for batch insert when blob finalizes
-		// This dramatically reduces transaction overhead
 		if !chunkExists {
 			s.packer.AddPendingChunk(chunk.Hash, chunk.Size)
-			// Add to in-memory cache immediately for fast duplicate detection
 			s.addKnownChunk(chunk.Hash)
-			// Track as pending until blob finalizes and commits to DB
 			s.addPendingChunkHash(chunk.Hash)
 		}
 
-		// Track file chunk association for later storage
-		chunks = append(chunks, chunkInfo{
+		chunks = append(chunks, streamingChunkInfo{
 			fileChunk: database.FileChunk{
 				FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,
 				Idx:       chunkIndex,
@@ -1159,55 +1209,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 			size:   chunk.Size,
 		})
 
-		// Update stats
-		if chunkExists {
-			result.FilesSkipped++ // Track as skipped for now
-			result.BytesSkipped += chunk.Size
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunk.Size)
-			}
-		} else {
-			result.ChunksCreated++
-			result.BytesScanned += chunk.Size
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunk.Size)
-				s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
-			}
-		}
+		s.updateChunkStats(chunkExists, chunk.Size, result)
 
-		// Add chunk to packer immediately (streaming)
-		// This happens outside the database transaction
 		if !chunkExists {
-			s.packerMu.Lock()
-			err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
-				Hash: chunk.Hash,
-				Data: chunk.Data,
-			})
-			if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
-				// Finalize current blob and retry
-				if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
-					s.packerMu.Unlock()
-					return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
-				}
-				// Retry adding the chunk
-				if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
-					Hash: chunk.Hash,
-					Data: chunk.Data,
-				}); err != nil {
-					s.packerMu.Unlock()
-					return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
-				}
-			} else if err != nil {
-				s.packerMu.Unlock()
-				return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
+			if err := s.addChunkToPacker(chunk); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
-			s.packerMu.Unlock()
 		}
 
-		// Clear chunk data from memory immediately after use
 		chunk.Data = nil
-
 		chunkIndex++
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -1217,12 +1227,54 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 	}
 
 	log.Debug("Completed snapshotting file",
-		"path", fileToProcess.Path,
-		"file_hash", fileHash,
-		"chunks", len(chunks))
+		"path", fileToProcess.Path, "file_hash", fileHash, "chunks", len(chunks))
 
-	// Build file data for batch insertion
-	// Update chunk associations with the file ID
+	s.queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx, fileToProcess, chunks)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// updateChunkStats updates scan result and progress stats for a processed chunk
+func (s *Scanner) updateChunkStats(chunkExists bool, chunkSize int64, result *ScanResult) {
+	if chunkExists {
+		result.FilesSkipped++
+		result.BytesSkipped += chunkSize
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunkSize)
+		}
+	} else {
+		result.ChunksCreated++
+		result.BytesScanned += chunkSize
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunkSize)
+			s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// addChunkToPacker adds a chunk to the blob packer, finalizing the current blob if needed
+func (s *Scanner) addChunkToPacker(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
+	s.packerMu.Lock()
+	err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data})
+	if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
+		if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
+			s.packerMu.Unlock()
+			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data}); err != nil {
+			s.packerMu.Unlock()
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		s.packerMu.Unlock()
+		return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
+	}
+	s.packerMu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// queueFileForBatchInsert builds file/chunk associations and queues the file for batch DB insert
+func (s *Scanner) queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, chunks []streamingChunkInfo) {
 	fileChunks := make([]database.FileChunk, len(chunks))
 	chunkFiles := make([]database.ChunkFile, len(chunks))
 	for i, ci := range chunks {
@@ -1239,14 +1291,11 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Queue file for batch insertion
-	// Files will be flushed when their chunks are committed (after blob finalize)
 	s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{
 		file:       fileToProcess.File,
 		fileChunks: fileChunks,
 		chunkFiles: chunkFiles,
 	})
-	return nil
 }
 
 // GetProgress returns the progress reporter for this scanner

internal/snapshot/snapshot.go

@@ -227,12 +227,39 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 		}
 	}()
 
+	// Steps 1-5: Copy, clean, vacuum, compress, and read the database
+	finalData, tempDBPath, err := sm.prepareExportDB(ctx, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
+	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
+	if err := sm.uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx, snapshotID, finalData, blobManifest); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"db_size", len(finalData),
+		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// prepareExportDB copies, cleans, vacuums, and compresses the snapshot database for export.
+// Returns the compressed data and the path to the temporary database (needed for manifest generation).
+func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir string) ([]byte, string, error) {
 	// Step 1: Copy database to temp file
 	// The main database should be closed at this point
 	tempDBPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "snapshot.db")
 	log.Debug("Copying database to temporary location", "source", dbPath, "destination", tempDBPath)
 	if err := sm.copyFile(dbPath, tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database copy complete", "size", sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))
 
@@ -240,7 +267,7 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	log.Debug("Cleaning temporary database", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
 	stats, err := sm.cleanSnapshotDB(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Info("Temporary database cleanup complete",
 		"db_path", tempDBPath,
@@ -255,14 +282,14 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	// Step 3: VACUUM the database to remove deleted data and compact
 	// This is critical for security - ensures no stale/deleted data is uploaded
 	if err := sm.vacuumDatabase(tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database vacuumed", "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))))
 
 	// Step 4: Compress and encrypt the binary database file
 	compressedPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "db.zst.age")
 	if err := sm.compressFile(tempDBPath, compressedPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Compression complete",
 		"original_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))),
@@ -271,49 +298,43 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	// Step 5: Read compressed and encrypted data for upload
 	finalData, err := afero.ReadFile(sm.fs, compressedPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
-	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
-	}
+	return finalData, tempDBPath, nil
+}
 
-	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
+// uploadSnapshotArtifacts uploads the database backup and blob manifest to S3
+func (sm *SnapshotManager) uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string, dbData, manifestData []byte) error {
 	// Upload database backup (compressed and encrypted)
 	dbKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
 
 	dbUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(finalData)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(dbData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	dbUploadDuration := time.Since(dbUploadStart)
-	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(finalData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(dbData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot database",
 		"path", dbKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(finalData))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(dbData))),
 		"duration", dbUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(dbUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
 	// Upload blob manifest (compressed only, not encrypted)
 	manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
 	manifestUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(blobManifest)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(manifestData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob manifest: %w", err)
 	}
 	manifestUploadDuration := time.Since(manifestUploadStart)
-	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(blobManifest)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(manifestData)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded blob manifest",
 		"path", manifestKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(blobManifest))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(manifestData))),
 		"duration", manifestUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(manifestUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
-	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"db_size", len(finalData),
-		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/vaultik/blob_fetch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package vaultik
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+
+	"filippo.io/age"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
+)
+
+// hashVerifyReader wraps a blobgen.Reader and verifies the double-SHA-256 hash
+// of decrypted plaintext when Close is called. It reuses the hash that
+// blobgen.Reader already computes internally via its TeeReader, avoiding
+// redundant SHA-256 computation.
+type hashVerifyReader struct {
+	reader   *blobgen.Reader // underlying decrypted blob reader (has internal hasher)
+	fetcher  io.ReadCloser   // raw fetched stream (closed on Close)
+	blobHash string          // expected double-SHA-256 hex
+	done     bool            // EOF reached
+}
+
+func (h *hashVerifyReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := h.reader.Read(p)
+	if err == io.EOF {
+		h.done = true
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// Close verifies the hash (if the stream was fully read) and closes underlying readers.
+func (h *hashVerifyReader) Close() error {
+	readerErr := h.reader.Close()
+	fetcherErr := h.fetcher.Close()
+
+	if h.done {
+		firstHash := h.reader.Sum256()
+		secondHasher := sha256.New()
+		secondHasher.Write(firstHash)
+		actualHashHex := hex.EncodeToString(secondHasher.Sum(nil))
+		if actualHashHex != h.blobHash {
+			return fmt.Errorf("blob hash mismatch: expected %s, got %s", h.blobHash[:16], actualHashHex[:16])
+		}
+	}
+
+	if readerErr != nil {
+		return readerErr
+	}
+	return fetcherErr
+}
+
+// FetchAndDecryptBlob downloads a blob, decrypts and decompresses it, and
+// returns a streaming reader that computes the double-SHA-256 hash on the fly.
+// The hash is verified when the returned reader is closed (after fully reading).
+// This avoids buffering the entire blob in memory.
+func (v *Vaultik) FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64, identity age.Identity) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	rc, _, err := v.FetchBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	reader, err := blobgen.NewReader(rc, identity)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = rc.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob reader: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &hashVerifyReader{
+		reader:   reader,
+		fetcher:  rc,
+		blobHash: blobHash,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// FetchBlob downloads a blob and returns a reader for the encrypted data.
+func (v *Vaultik) FetchBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
+	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blobHash[:2], blobHash[2:4], blobHash)
+
+	rc, err := v.Storage.Get(ctx, blobPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("downloading blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
+	}
+
+	info, err := v.Storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = rc.Close()
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("stat blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
+	}
+
+	return rc, info.Size, nil
+}

internal/vaultik/blob_fetch_hash_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package vaultik_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"filippo.io/age"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
+)
+
+// TestFetchAndDecryptBlobVerifiesHash verifies that FetchAndDecryptBlob checks
+// the double-SHA-256 hash of the decrypted plaintext against the expected blob hash.
+func TestFetchAndDecryptBlobVerifiesHash(t *testing.T) {
+	identity, err := age.GenerateX25519Identity()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("generating identity: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create test data and encrypt it using blobgen.Writer
+	plaintext := []byte("hello world test data for blob hash verification")
+	var encBuf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := blobgen.NewWriter(&encBuf, 1, []string{identity.Recipient().String()})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("creating blobgen writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := writer.Write(plaintext); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("writing plaintext: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := writer.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("closing writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	encryptedData := encBuf.Bytes()
+
+	// Compute correct double-SHA-256 hash of the plaintext (matches blobgen.Writer.Sum256)
+	firstHash := sha256.Sum256(plaintext)
+	secondHash := sha256.Sum256(firstHash[:])
+	correctHash := hex.EncodeToString(secondHash[:])
+
+	// Verify our hash matches what blobgen.Writer produces
+	writerHash := hex.EncodeToString(writer.Sum256())
+	if correctHash != writerHash {
+		t.Fatalf("hash computation mismatch: manual=%s, writer=%s", correctHash, writerHash)
+	}
+
+	// Set up mock storage with the blob at the correct path
+	mockStorage := NewMockStorer()
+	blobPath := "blobs/" + correctHash[:2] + "/" + correctHash[2:4] + "/" + correctHash
+	mockStorage.mu.Lock()
+	mockStorage.data[blobPath] = encryptedData
+	mockStorage.mu.Unlock()
+
+	tv := vaultik.NewForTesting(mockStorage)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("correct hash succeeds", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rc, err := tv.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, correctHash, int64(len(encryptedData)), identity)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected success, got error: %v", err)
+		}
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("reading stream: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := rc.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("close (hash verification) failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(data, plaintext) {
+			t.Fatalf("decrypted data mismatch: got %q, want %q", data, plaintext)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("wrong hash fails", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Use a fake hash that doesn't match the actual plaintext
+		fakeHash := strings.Repeat("ab", 32) // 64 hex chars
+		fakePath := "blobs/" + fakeHash[:2] + "/" + fakeHash[2:4] + "/" + fakeHash
+		mockStorage.mu.Lock()
+		mockStorage.data[fakePath] = encryptedData
+		mockStorage.mu.Unlock()
+
+		rc, err := tv.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, fakeHash, int64(len(encryptedData)), identity)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error opening stream: %v", err)
+		}
+		// Read all data — hash is verified on Close
+		_, _ = io.ReadAll(rc)
+		err = rc.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected error for mismatched hash, got nil")
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "hash mismatch") {
+			t.Fatalf("expected hash mismatch error, got: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}

internal/vaultik/blob_fetch_stub.go

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-
-	"filippo.io/age"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
-)
-
-// FetchAndDecryptBlobResult holds the result of fetching and decrypting a blob.
-type FetchAndDecryptBlobResult struct {
-	Data []byte
-}
-
-// FetchAndDecryptBlob downloads a blob, decrypts it, and returns the plaintext data.
-func (v *Vaultik) FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64, identity age.Identity) (*FetchAndDecryptBlobResult, error) {
-	rc, _, err := v.FetchBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = rc.Close() }()
-
-	reader, err := blobgen.NewReader(rc, identity)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob reader: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()
-
-	data, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return &FetchAndDecryptBlobResult{Data: data}, nil
-}
-
-// FetchBlob downloads a blob and returns a reader for the encrypted data.
-func (v *Vaultik) FetchBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
-	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blobHash[:2], blobHash[2:4], blobHash)
-
-	rc, err := v.Storage.Get(ctx, blobPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("downloading blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
-	}
-
-	info, err := v.Storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = rc.Close()
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("stat blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
-	}
-
-	return rc, info.Size, nil
-}

internal/vaultik/info.go

@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ type RemoteInfoResult struct {
 
 // RemoteInfo displays information about remote storage
 func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
+	log.Info("Starting remote storage info gathering")
 	result := &RemoteInfoResult{}
 
-	// Get storage info
 	storageInfo := v.Storage.Info()
 	result.StorageType = storageInfo.Type
 	result.StorageLocation = storageInfo.Location
@@ -161,23 +161,52 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		v.printfStdout("Type:     %s\n", storageInfo.Type)
 		v.printfStdout("Location: %s\n", storageInfo.Location)
 		v.printlnStdout()
-	}
-
-	// List all snapshot metadata
-	if !jsonOutput {
 		v.printfStdout("Scanning snapshot metadata...\n")
 	}
 
+	snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, err := v.collectSnapshotMetadata()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !jsonOutput {
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+	}
+
+	referencedBlobs := v.collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs, snapshotMetadata)
+
+	v.populateRemoteInfoResult(result, snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, referencedBlobs)
+
+	if err := v.scanRemoteBlobStorage(result, referencedBlobs, jsonOutput); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Remote info complete",
+		"snapshots", result.TotalMetadataCount,
+		"total_blobs", result.TotalBlobCount,
+		"referenced_blobs", result.ReferencedBlobCount,
+		"orphaned_blobs", result.OrphanedBlobCount)
+
+	if jsonOutput {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(result)
+	}
+
+	v.printRemoteInfoTable(result)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// collectSnapshotMetadata scans remote metadata and returns per-snapshot info and sorted IDs
+func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotMetadata() (map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, []string, error) {
 	snapshotMetadata := make(map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo)
 
-	// Collect metadata files
 	metadataCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 	for obj := range metadataCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
 
-		// Parse key: metadata/<snapshot-id>/<filename>
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 3 {
 			continue
@@ -185,14 +214,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		snapshotID := parts[1]
 
 		if _, exists := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]; !exists {
-			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{
-				SnapshotID: snapshotID,
-			}
+			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{SnapshotID: snapshotID}
 		}
 
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		filename := parts[2]
-
 		if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "manifest") {
 			info.ManifestSize = obj.Size
 		} else if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "db") {
@@ -201,19 +227,18 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		info.TotalSize = info.ManifestSize + info.DatabaseSize
 	}
 
-	// Sort snapshots by ID for consistent output
 	var snapshotIDs []string
 	for id := range snapshotMetadata {
 		snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, id)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(snapshotIDs)
 
-	// Download and parse all manifests to get referenced blobs
-	if !jsonOutput {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
-	}
+	return snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, nil
+}
 
-	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> compressed size
+// collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests downloads manifests and returns referenced blob hashes with sizes
+func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs []string, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo) map[string]int64 {
+	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
 
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
@@ -230,10 +255,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// Record blob info from manifest
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		info.BlobCount = manifest.BlobCount
-
 		var blobsSize int64
 		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 			referencedBlobs[blob.Hash] = blob.CompressedSize
@@ -242,7 +265,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		info.BlobsSize = blobsSize
 	}
 
-	// Build result snapshots
+	return referencedBlobs
+}
+
+// populateRemoteInfoResult fills in the result's snapshot and referenced blob stats
+func (v *Vaultik) populateRemoteInfoResult(result *RemoteInfoResult, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, snapshotIDs []string, referencedBlobs map[string]int64) {
 	var totalMetadataSize int64
 	for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
 		info := snapshotMetadata[id]
@@ -252,26 +279,25 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 	result.TotalMetadataSize = totalMetadataSize
 	result.TotalMetadataCount = len(snapshotIDs)
 
-	// Calculate referenced blob stats
 	for _, size := range referencedBlobs {
 		result.ReferencedBlobCount++
 		result.ReferencedBlobSize += size
 	}
+}
 
-	// List all blobs on remote
+// scanRemoteBlobStorage lists all blobs on remote and computes orphan stats
+func (v *Vaultik) scanRemoteBlobStorage(result *RemoteInfoResult, referencedBlobs map[string]int64, jsonOutput bool) error {
 	if !jsonOutput {
 		v.printfStdout("Scanning blobs...\n")
 	}
 
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size from storage
-
 	blobCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+
 	for obj := range blobCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
-
-		// Extract hash from key: blobs/xx/yy/hash
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 4 {
 			continue
@@ -282,7 +308,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		result.TotalBlobSize += obj.Size
 	}
 
-	// Calculate orphaned blobs
 	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
 		if _, referenced := referencedBlobs[hash]; !referenced {
 			result.OrphanedBlobCount++
@@ -290,14 +315,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Output results
-	if jsonOutput {
-		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
-		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
-		return enc.Encode(result)
-	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-	// Human-readable output
+// printRemoteInfoTable renders the human-readable remote info output
+func (v *Vaultik) printRemoteInfoTable(result *RemoteInfoResult) {
 	v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot Metadata ===\n")
 	if len(result.Snapshots) == 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("No snapshots found\n")
@@ -320,20 +342,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 
 	v.printfStdout("\n=== Blob Storage ===\n")
 	v.printfStdout("Total blobs on remote:      %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
 	v.printfStdout("Referenced by snapshots:    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
 	v.printfStdout("Orphaned (unreferenced):    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
 
 	if result.OrphanedBlobCount > 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("\nRun 'vaultik prune --remote' to remove orphaned blobs.\n")
 	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // truncateString truncates a string to maxLen, adding "..." if truncated

internal/vaultik/prune.go

@@ -27,95 +27,19 @@ type PruneBlobsResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 	log.Info("Starting prune operation")
 
-	// Get all remote snapshots and their manifests
-	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
-	manifestCount := 0
-
-	// List all snapshots in storage
-	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
-	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
-
-	var snapshotIDs []string
-	for object := range objectCh {
-		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
-		}
-
-		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
-		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
-		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
-			// Check if this is a directory by looking for trailing slash
-			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
-				snapshotID := parts[1]
-				// Only add unique snapshot IDs
-				found := false
-				for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
-					if id == snapshotID {
-						found = true
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if !found {
-					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	allBlobsReferenced, err := v.collectReferencedBlobs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
-
-	// Download and parse each manifest to get referenced blobs
-	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
-		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
-
-		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Add all blobs from this manifest to our referenced set
-		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
-			allBlobsReferenced[blob.Hash] = true
-		}
-		manifestCount++
+	allBlobs, err := v.listAllRemoteBlobs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))
+	unreferencedBlobs, totalSize := v.findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs, allBlobsReferenced)
 
-	// List all blobs in storage
-	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size
-	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
-
-	for object := range blobObjectCh {
-		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
-		}
-
-		// Extract hash from path like blobs/ab/cd/abcdef123456...
-		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
-		if len(parts) == 4 && parts[0] == "blobs" {
-			hash := parts[3]
-			allBlobs[hash] = object.Size
-		}
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Found blobs in storage", "count", len(allBlobs))
-
-	// Find unreferenced blobs
-	var unreferencedBlobs []string
-	var totalSize int64
-	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
-		if !allBlobsReferenced[hash] {
-			unreferencedBlobs = append(unreferencedBlobs, hash)
-			totalSize += size
-		}
-	}
-
-	result := &PruneBlobsResult{
-		BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs),
-	}
+	result := &PruneBlobsResult{BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs)}
 
 	if len(unreferencedBlobs) == 0 {
 		log.Info("No unreferenced blobs found")
@@ -126,18 +50,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Show what will be deleted
 	log.Info("Found unreferenced blobs", "count", len(unreferencedBlobs), "total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
 	if !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("Found %d unreferenced blob(s) totaling %s\n", len(unreferencedBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
 	}
 
-	// Confirm unless --force is used (skip in JSON mode - require --force)
 	if !opts.Force && !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("\nDelete %d unreferenced blob(s)? [y/N] ", len(unreferencedBlobs))
 		var confirm string
 		if _, err := v.scanStdin(&confirm); err != nil {
-			// Treat EOF or error as "no"
 			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -147,10 +68,109 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Delete unreferenced blobs
+	v.deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs, allBlobs, result)
+
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
+	}
+
+	v.printfStdout("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", result.BlobsDeleted, humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)))
+	if result.BlobsFailed > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", result.BlobsFailed)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// collectReferencedBlobs downloads all manifests and returns the set of referenced blob hashes
+func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobs() (map[string]bool, error) {
+	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
+	snapshotIDs, err := v.listUniqueSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing snapshot IDs: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
+
+	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
+	manifestCount := 0
+
+	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
+		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
+		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
+			allBlobsReferenced[blob.Hash] = true
+		}
+		manifestCount++
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))
+	return allBlobsReferenced, nil
+}
+
+// listUniqueSnapshotIDs returns deduplicated snapshot IDs from remote metadata
+func (v *Vaultik) listUniqueSnapshotIDs() ([]string, error) {
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	var snapshotIDs []string
+
+	for object := range objectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata objects: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
+				snapshotID := parts[1]
+				if !seen[snapshotID] {
+					seen[snapshotID] = true
+					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return snapshotIDs, nil
+}
+
+// listAllRemoteBlobs returns a map of all blob hashes to their sizes in remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listAllRemoteBlobs() (map[string]int64, error) {
+	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
+
+	for object := range blobObjectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) == 4 && parts[0] == "blobs" {
+			allBlobs[parts[3]] = object.Size
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Found blobs in storage", "count", len(allBlobs))
+	return allBlobs, nil
+}
+
+// findUnreferencedBlobs returns blob hashes not referenced by any manifest and their total size
+func (v *Vaultik) findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs map[string]int64, referenced map[string]bool) ([]string, int64) {
+	var unreferenced []string
+	var totalSize int64
+	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
+		if !referenced[hash] {
+			unreferenced = append(unreferenced, hash)
+			totalSize += size
+		}
+	}
+	return unreferenced, totalSize
+}
+
+// deleteUnreferencedBlobs deletes the given blobs from storage and populates the result
+func (v *Vaultik) deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs []string, allBlobs map[string]int64, result *PruneBlobsResult) {
 	log.Info("Deleting unreferenced blobs")
-	deletedCount := 0
-	deletedSize := int64(0)
 
 	for i, hash := range unreferencedBlobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", hash[:2], hash[2:4], hash)
@@ -160,10 +180,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		deletedCount++
-		deletedSize += allBlobs[hash]
+		result.BlobsDeleted++
+		result.BytesFreed += allBlobs[hash]
 
-		// Progress update every 100 blobs
 		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i == len(unreferencedBlobs)-1 {
 			log.Info("Deletion progress",
 				"deleted", i+1,
@@ -173,26 +192,13 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	result.BlobsDeleted = deletedCount
-	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - deletedCount
-	result.BytesFreed = deletedSize
+	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - result.BlobsDeleted
 
 	log.Info("Prune complete",
-		"deleted_count", deletedCount,
-		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)),
-		"failed", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount,
+		"deleted_count", result.BlobsDeleted,
+		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)),
+		"failed", result.BlobsFailed,
 	)
-
-	if opts.JSON {
-		return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
-	}
-
-	v.printfStdout("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", deletedCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)))
-	if deletedCount < len(unreferencedBlobs) {
-		v.printfStdout("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount)
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // outputPruneBlobsJSON outputs the prune result as JSON

internal/vaultik/restore.go

@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/term"
 )
 
+const (
+	// progressBarWidth is the character width of the progress bar display.
+	progressBarWidth = 40
+	// progressBarThrottle is the minimum interval between progress bar redraws.
+	progressBarThrottle = 100 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
 // RestoreOptions contains options for the restore operation
 type RestoreOptions struct {
 	SnapshotID string
@@ -48,15 +55,9 @@ type RestoreResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	startTime := time.Now()
 
-	// Check for age_secret_key
-	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
-	}
-
-	// Parse the age identity
-	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	identity, err := v.prepareRestoreIdentity()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	log.Info("Starting restore operation",
@@ -108,31 +109,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Step 5: Restore files
-	result := &RestoreResult{}
-	blobCache, err := newBlobDiskCache(4 * v.Config.BlobSizeLimit.Int64())
+	result, err := v.restoreAllFiles(files, repos, opts, identity, chunkToBlobMap)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = blobCache.Close() }()
-
-	for i, file := range files {
-		if v.ctx.Err() != nil {
-			return v.ctx.Err()
-		}
-
-		if err := v.restoreFile(v.ctx, repos, file, opts.TargetDir, identity, chunkToBlobMap, blobCache, result); err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to restore file", "path", file.Path, "error", err)
-			// Continue with other files
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Progress logging
-		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i+1 == len(files) {
-			log.Info("Restore progress",
-				"files", fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", i+1, len(files)),
-				"bytes", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
-			)
-		}
+		return err
 	}
 
 	result.Duration = time.Since(startTime)
@@ -151,26 +130,124 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 		result.Duration.Round(time.Second),
 	)
 
-	// Run verification if requested
-	if opts.Verify {
-		if err := v.verifyRestoredFiles(v.ctx, repos, files, opts.TargetDir, result); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("verification failed: %w", err)
+	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nWARNING: %d file(s) failed to restore:\n", result.FilesFailed)
+		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  - %s\n", path)
 		}
-
-		if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-			v.printfStdout("\nVerification FAILED: %d files did not match expected checksums\n", result.FilesFailed)
-			for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
-				v.printfStdout("  - %s\n", path)
-			}
-			return fmt.Errorf("%d files failed verification", result.FilesFailed)
-		}
-
-		v.printfStdout("Verified %d files (%s)\n",
-			result.FilesVerified,
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesVerified)),
-		)
 	}
 
+	// Run verification if requested
+	if opts.Verify {
+		if err := v.handleRestoreVerification(repos, files, opts, result); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d file(s) failed to restore", result.FilesFailed)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// prepareRestoreIdentity validates that an age secret key is configured and parses it
+func (v *Vaultik) prepareRestoreIdentity() (age.Identity, error) {
+	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
+	}
+
+	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
+	}
+	return identity, nil
+}
+
+// restoreAllFiles iterates over files and restores each one, tracking progress and failures
+func (v *Vaultik) restoreAllFiles(
+	files []*database.File,
+	repos *database.Repositories,
+	opts *RestoreOptions,
+	identity age.Identity,
+	chunkToBlobMap map[string]*database.BlobChunk,
+) (*RestoreResult, error) {
+	result := &RestoreResult{}
+	blobCache, err := newBlobDiskCache(4 * v.Config.BlobSizeLimit.Int64())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = blobCache.Close() }()
+
+	// Calculate total bytes for progress bar
+	var totalBytesExpected int64
+	for _, file := range files {
+		totalBytesExpected += file.Size
+	}
+
+	// Create progress bar if output is a terminal
+	bar := v.newProgressBar("Restoring", totalBytesExpected)
+
+	for i, file := range files {
+		if v.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return nil, v.ctx.Err()
+		}
+
+		if err := v.restoreFile(v.ctx, repos, file, opts.TargetDir, identity, chunkToBlobMap, blobCache, result); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to restore file", "path", file.Path, "error", err)
+			result.FilesFailed++
+			result.FailedFiles = append(result.FailedFiles, file.Path.String())
+			// Update progress bar even on failure
+			if bar != nil {
+				_ = bar.Add64(file.Size)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Update progress bar
+		if bar != nil {
+			_ = bar.Add64(file.Size)
+		}
+
+		// Progress logging (for non-terminal or structured logs)
+		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i+1 == len(files) {
+			log.Info("Restore progress",
+				"files", fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", i+1, len(files)),
+				"bytes", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if bar != nil {
+		_ = bar.Finish()
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// handleRestoreVerification runs post-restore verification if requested
+func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreVerification(
+	repos *database.Repositories,
+	files []*database.File,
+	opts *RestoreOptions,
+	result *RestoreResult,
+) error {
+	if err := v.verifyRestoredFiles(v.ctx, repos, files, opts.TargetDir, result); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("verification failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("\nVerification FAILED: %d files did not match expected checksums\n", result.FilesFailed)
+		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
+			v.printfStdout("  - %s\n", path)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d files failed verification", result.FilesFailed)
+	}
+
+	v.printfStdout("Verified %d files (%s)\n",
+		result.FilesVerified,
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesVerified)),
+	)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -481,11 +558,23 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreRegularFile(
 
 // downloadBlob downloads and decrypts a blob
 func (v *Vaultik) downloadBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64, identity age.Identity) ([]byte, error) {
-	result, err := v.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize, identity)
+	rc, err := v.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize, identity)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return result.Data, nil
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = rc.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Close triggers hash verification
+	if err := rc.Close(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return data, nil
 }
 
 // verifyRestoredFiles verifies that all restored files match their expected chunk hashes
@@ -523,22 +612,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyRestoredFiles(
 	)
 
 	// Create progress bar if output is a terminal
-	var bar *progressbar.ProgressBar
-	if isTerminal() {
-		bar = progressbar.NewOptions64(
-			totalBytes,
-			progressbar.OptionSetDescription("Verifying"),
-			progressbar.OptionSetWriter(v.Stderr),
-			progressbar.OptionShowBytes(true),
-			progressbar.OptionShowCount(),
-			progressbar.OptionSetWidth(40),
-			progressbar.OptionThrottle(100*time.Millisecond),
-			progressbar.OptionOnCompletion(func() {
-				v.printfStderr("\n")
-			}),
-			progressbar.OptionSetRenderBlankState(true),
-		)
-	}
+	bar := v.newProgressBar("Verifying", totalBytes)
 
 	// Verify each file
 	for _, file := range regularFiles {
@@ -632,7 +706,37 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyFile(
 	return bytesVerified, nil
 }
 
-// isTerminal returns true if stdout is a terminal
-func isTerminal() bool {
-	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdout.Fd()))
+// newProgressBar creates a terminal-aware progress bar with standard options.
+// It returns nil if stdout is not a terminal.
+func (v *Vaultik) newProgressBar(description string, total int64) *progressbar.ProgressBar {
+	if !v.isTerminal() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return progressbar.NewOptions64(
+		total,
+		progressbar.OptionSetDescription(description),
+		progressbar.OptionSetWriter(v.Stderr),
+		progressbar.OptionShowBytes(true),
+		progressbar.OptionShowCount(),
+		progressbar.OptionSetWidth(progressBarWidth),
+		progressbar.OptionThrottle(progressBarThrottle),
+		progressbar.OptionOnCompletion(func() {
+			v.printfStderr("\n")
+		}),
+		progressbar.OptionSetRenderBlankState(true),
+	)
+}
+
+// isTerminal returns true if stdout is a terminal.
+// It checks whether v.Stdout implements Fd() (i.e. is an *os.File),
+// and falls back to false for non-file writers (e.g. in tests).
+func (v *Vaultik) isTerminal() bool {
+	type fder interface {
+		Fd() uintptr
+	}
+	f, ok := v.Stdout.(fder)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(f.Fd()))
 }

internal/vaultik/snapshot.go

@@ -90,43 +90,55 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {
 		v.printfStdout("\nAll %d snapshots completed in %s\n", len(snapshotNames), time.Since(overallStartTime).Round(time.Second))
 	}
 
+	// Prune old snapshots and unreferenced blobs if --prune was specified
+	if opts.Prune {
+		log.Info("Pruning enabled - deleting old snapshots and unreferenced blobs")
+		v.printlnStdout("\nPruning old snapshots (keeping latest)...")
+
+		if err := v.PurgeSnapshots(true, "", true); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("prune: purging old snapshots: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		v.printlnStdout("Pruning unreferenced blobs...")
+
+		if err := v.PruneBlobs(&PruneOptions{Force: true}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("prune: removing unreferenced blobs: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		log.Info("Pruning complete")
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
+// snapshotStats tracks aggregate statistics across directory scans
+type snapshotStats struct {
+	totalFiles         int
+	totalBytes         int64
+	totalChunks        int
+	totalBlobs         int
+	totalBytesSkipped  int64
+	totalFilesSkipped  int
+	totalFilesDeleted  int
+	totalBytesDeleted  int64
+	totalBytesUploaded int64
+	totalBlobsUploaded int
+	uploadDuration     time.Duration
+}
+
 // createNamedSnapshot creates a single named snapshot
 func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, snapName string, idx, total int) error {
 	snapshotStartTime := time.Now()
 
-	snapConfig := v.Config.Snapshots[snapName]
-
 	if total > 1 {
 		v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot %d/%d: %s ===\n", idx, total, snapName)
 	}
 
-	// Resolve source directories to absolute paths
-	resolvedDirs := make([]string, 0, len(snapConfig.Paths))
-	for _, dir := range snapConfig.Paths {
-		absPath, err := filepath.Abs(dir)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve absolute path for %s: %w", dir, err)
-		}
-
-		// Resolve symlinks
-		resolvedPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(absPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			// If the path doesn't exist yet, use the absolute path
-			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-				resolvedPath = absPath
-			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve symlinks for %s: %w", absPath, err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		resolvedDirs = append(resolvedDirs, resolvedPath)
+	resolvedDirs, err := v.resolveSnapshotPaths(snapName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// Create scanner with progress enabled (unless in cron mode)
-	// Pass the combined excludes for this snapshot
 	scanner := v.ScannerFactory(snapshot.ScannerParams{
 		EnableProgress: !opts.Cron,
 		Fs:             v.Fs,
@@ -134,20 +146,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		SkipErrors:     opts.SkipErrors,
 	})
 
-	// Statistics tracking
-	totalFiles := 0
-	totalBytes := int64(0)
-	totalChunks := 0
-	totalBlobs := 0
-	totalBytesSkipped := int64(0)
-	totalFilesSkipped := 0
-	totalFilesDeleted := 0
-	totalBytesDeleted := int64(0)
-	totalBytesUploaded := int64(0)
-	totalBlobsUploaded := 0
-	uploadDuration := time.Duration(0)
-
-	// Create a new snapshot at the beginning (with snapshot name in ID)
 	snapshotID, err := v.SnapshotManager.CreateSnapshotWithName(v.ctx, hostname, snapName, v.Globals.Version, v.Globals.Commit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("creating snapshot: %w", err)
@@ -155,12 +153,64 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 	log.Info("Beginning snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "name", snapName)
 	v.printfStdout("Beginning snapshot: %s\n", snapshotID)
 
+	stats, err := v.scanAllDirectories(scanner, resolvedDirs, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	v.collectUploadStats(scanner, stats)
+
+	if err := v.finalizeSnapshotMetadata(snapshotID, stats); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Snapshot complete",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"name", snapName,
+		"files", stats.totalFiles,
+		"blobs_uploaded", stats.totalBlobsUploaded,
+		"bytes_uploaded", stats.totalBytesUploaded,
+		"duration", time.Since(snapshotStartTime))
+
+	v.printSnapshotSummary(snapshotID, snapshotStartTime, stats)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveSnapshotPaths resolves source directories to absolute paths with symlink resolution
+func (v *Vaultik) resolveSnapshotPaths(snapName string) ([]string, error) {
+	snapConfig := v.Config.Snapshots[snapName]
+	resolvedDirs := make([]string, 0, len(snapConfig.Paths))
+
+	for _, dir := range snapConfig.Paths {
+		absPath, err := filepath.Abs(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve absolute path for %s: %w", dir, err)
+		}
+
+		resolvedPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(absPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				resolvedPath = absPath
+			} else {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve symlinks for %s: %w", absPath, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		resolvedDirs = append(resolvedDirs, resolvedPath)
+	}
+
+	return resolvedDirs, nil
+}
+
+// scanAllDirectories runs the scanner on each resolved directory and accumulates stats
+func (v *Vaultik) scanAllDirectories(scanner *snapshot.Scanner, resolvedDirs []string, snapshotID string) (*snapshotStats, error) {
+	stats := &snapshotStats{}
+
 	for i, dir := range resolvedDirs {
-		// Check if context is cancelled
 		select {
 		case <-v.ctx.Done():
 			log.Info("Snapshot creation cancelled")
-			return v.ctx.Err()
+			return nil, v.ctx.Err()
 		default:
 		}
 
@@ -168,17 +218,17 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		v.printfStdout("Beginning directory scan (%d/%d): %s\n", i+1, len(resolvedDirs), dir)
 		result, err := scanner.Scan(v.ctx, dir, snapshotID)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan %s: %w", dir, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan %s: %w", dir, err)
 		}
 
-		totalFiles += result.FilesScanned
-		totalBytes += result.BytesScanned
-		totalChunks += result.ChunksCreated
-		totalBlobs += result.BlobsCreated
-		totalFilesSkipped += result.FilesSkipped
-		totalBytesSkipped += result.BytesSkipped
-		totalFilesDeleted += result.FilesDeleted
-		totalBytesDeleted += result.BytesDeleted
+		stats.totalFiles += result.FilesScanned
+		stats.totalBytes += result.BytesScanned
+		stats.totalChunks += result.ChunksCreated
+		stats.totalBlobs += result.BlobsCreated
+		stats.totalFilesSkipped += result.FilesSkipped
+		stats.totalBytesSkipped += result.BytesSkipped
+		stats.totalFilesDeleted += result.FilesDeleted
+		stats.totalBytesDeleted += result.BytesDeleted
 
 		log.Info("Directory scan complete",
 			"path", dir,
@@ -189,85 +239,79 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 			"chunks", result.ChunksCreated,
 			"blobs", result.BlobsCreated,
 			"duration", result.EndTime.Sub(result.StartTime))
-
-		// Remove per-directory summary - the scanner already prints its own summary
 	}
 
-	// Get upload statistics from scanner progress if available
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+// collectUploadStats gathers upload statistics from the scanner's progress reporter
+func (v *Vaultik) collectUploadStats(scanner *snapshot.Scanner, stats *snapshotStats) {
 	if s := scanner.GetProgress(); s != nil {
-		stats := s.GetStats()
-		totalBytesUploaded = stats.BytesUploaded.Load()
-		totalBlobsUploaded = int(stats.BlobsUploaded.Load())
-		uploadDuration = time.Duration(stats.UploadDurationMs.Load()) * time.Millisecond
+		progressStats := s.GetStats()
+		stats.totalBytesUploaded = progressStats.BytesUploaded.Load()
+		stats.totalBlobsUploaded = int(progressStats.BlobsUploaded.Load())
+		stats.uploadDuration = time.Duration(progressStats.UploadDurationMs.Load()) * time.Millisecond
 	}
+}
 
-	// Update snapshot statistics with extended fields
+// finalizeSnapshotMetadata updates stats, marks complete, and exports metadata
+func (v *Vaultik) finalizeSnapshotMetadata(snapshotID string, stats *snapshotStats) error {
 	extStats := snapshot.ExtendedBackupStats{
 		BackupStats: snapshot.BackupStats{
-			FilesScanned:  totalFiles,
-			BytesScanned:  totalBytes,
-			ChunksCreated: totalChunks,
-			BlobsCreated:  totalBlobs,
-			BytesUploaded: totalBytesUploaded,
+			FilesScanned:  stats.totalFiles,
+			BytesScanned:  stats.totalBytes,
+			ChunksCreated: stats.totalChunks,
+			BlobsCreated:  stats.totalBlobs,
+			BytesUploaded: stats.totalBytesUploaded,
 		},
-		BlobUncompressedSize: 0, // Will be set from database query below
+		BlobUncompressedSize: 0,
 		CompressionLevel:     v.Config.CompressionLevel,
-		UploadDurationMs:     uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
+		UploadDurationMs:     stats.uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
 	}
 
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.UpdateSnapshotStatsExtended(v.ctx, snapshotID, extStats); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("updating snapshot stats: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Mark snapshot as complete
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.CompleteSnapshot(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("completing snapshot: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Export snapshot metadata
-	// Export snapshot metadata without closing the database
-	// The export function should handle its own database connection
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.ExportSnapshotMetadata(v.ctx, v.Config.IndexPath, snapshotID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("exporting snapshot metadata: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Calculate final statistics
-	snapshotDuration := time.Since(snapshotStartTime)
-	totalFilesChanged := totalFiles - totalFilesSkipped
-	totalBytesChanged := totalBytes
-	totalBytesAll := totalBytes + totalBytesSkipped
+	return nil
+}
 
-	// Calculate upload speed
-	var avgUploadSpeed string
-	if totalBytesUploaded > 0 && uploadDuration > 0 {
-		bytesPerSec := float64(totalBytesUploaded) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
-		bitsPerSec := bytesPerSec * 8
-		if bitsPerSec >= 1e9 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.1f Gbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e9)
-		} else if bitsPerSec >= 1e6 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Mbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e6)
-		} else if bitsPerSec >= 1e3 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Kbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e3)
-		} else {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f bit/s", bitsPerSec)
-		}
-	} else {
-		avgUploadSpeed = "N/A"
+// formatUploadSpeed formats bytes uploaded and duration into a human-readable speed string
+func formatUploadSpeed(bytesUploaded int64, duration time.Duration) string {
+	if bytesUploaded <= 0 || duration <= 0 {
+		return "N/A"
 	}
+	bytesPerSec := float64(bytesUploaded) / duration.Seconds()
+	bitsPerSec := bytesPerSec * 8
+	switch {
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e9:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f Gbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e9)
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e6:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Mbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e6)
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e3:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Kbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e3)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f bit/s", bitsPerSec)
+	}
+}
+
+// printSnapshotSummary prints the comprehensive snapshot completion summary
+func (v *Vaultik) printSnapshotSummary(snapshotID string, startTime time.Time, stats *snapshotStats) {
+	snapshotDuration := time.Since(startTime)
+	totalFilesChanged := stats.totalFiles - stats.totalFilesSkipped
+	totalBytesAll := stats.totalBytes + stats.totalBytesSkipped
 
 	// Get total blob sizes from database
-	totalBlobSizeCompressed := int64(0)
-	totalBlobSizeUncompressed := int64(0)
-	if blobHashes, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetBlobHashes(v.ctx, snapshotID); err == nil {
-		for _, hash := range blobHashes {
-			if blob, err := v.Repositories.Blobs.GetByHash(v.ctx, hash); err == nil && blob != nil {
-				totalBlobSizeCompressed += blob.CompressedSize
-				totalBlobSizeUncompressed += blob.UncompressedSize
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	totalBlobSizeCompressed, totalBlobSizeUncompressed := v.getSnapshotBlobSizes(snapshotID)
 
-	// Calculate compression ratio
 	var compressionRatio float64
 	if totalBlobSizeUncompressed > 0 {
 		compressionRatio = float64(totalBlobSizeCompressed) / float64(totalBlobSizeUncompressed)
@@ -275,60 +319,96 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		compressionRatio = 1.0
 	}
 
-	// Print comprehensive summary
 	v.printfStdout("=== Snapshot Complete ===\n")
 	v.printfStdout("ID: %s\n", snapshotID)
 	v.printfStdout("Files: %s examined, %s to process, %s unchanged",
-		formatNumber(totalFiles),
+		formatNumber(stats.totalFiles),
 		formatNumber(totalFilesChanged),
-		formatNumber(totalFilesSkipped))
-	if totalFilesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", formatNumber(totalFilesDeleted))
+		formatNumber(stats.totalFilesSkipped))
+	if stats.totalFilesDeleted > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", formatNumber(stats.totalFilesDeleted))
 	}
 	v.printlnStdout()
 	v.printfStdout("Data: %s total (%s to process)",
 		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesAll)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesChanged)))
-	if totalBytesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesDeleted)))
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytes)))
+	if stats.totalBytesDeleted > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesDeleted)))
 	}
 	v.printlnStdout()
-	if totalBlobsUploaded > 0 {
+	if stats.totalBlobsUploaded > 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("Storage: %s compressed from %s (%.2fx)\n",
 			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeCompressed)),
 			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeUncompressed)),
 			compressionRatio)
 		v.printfStdout("Upload: %d blobs, %s in %s (%s)\n",
-			totalBlobsUploaded,
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesUploaded)),
-			formatDuration(uploadDuration),
-			avgUploadSpeed)
+			stats.totalBlobsUploaded,
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesUploaded)),
+			formatDuration(stats.uploadDuration),
+			formatUploadSpeed(stats.totalBytesUploaded, stats.uploadDuration))
 	}
 	v.printfStdout("Duration: %s\n", formatDuration(snapshotDuration))
+}
 
-	if opts.Prune {
-		log.Info("Pruning enabled - will delete old snapshots after snapshot")
-		// TODO: Implement pruning
+// getSnapshotBlobSizes returns total compressed and uncompressed blob sizes for a snapshot
+func (v *Vaultik) getSnapshotBlobSizes(snapshotID string) (compressed int64, uncompressed int64) {
+	blobHashes, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetBlobHashes(v.ctx, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
 	}
-
-	return nil
+	for _, hash := range blobHashes {
+		if blob, err := v.Repositories.Blobs.GetByHash(v.ctx, hash); err == nil && blob != nil {
+			compressed += blob.CompressedSize
+			uncompressed += blob.UncompressedSize
+		}
+	}
+	return compressed, uncompressed
 }
 
 // ListSnapshots lists all snapshots
 func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
-	// Get all remote snapshots
+	log.Info("Listing snapshots")
+	remoteSnapshots, err := v.listRemoteSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	localSnapshotMap, err := v.reconcileLocalWithRemote(remoteSnapshots)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	snapshots, err := v.buildSnapshotInfoList(remoteSnapshots, localSnapshotMap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Sort by timestamp (newest first)
+	sort.Slice(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
+	})
+
+	if jsonOutput {
+		encoder := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return encoder.Encode(snapshots)
+	}
+
+	return v.printSnapshotTable(snapshots)
+}
+
+// listRemoteSnapshotIDs returns a set of snapshot IDs found in remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listRemoteSnapshotIDs() (map[string]bool, error) {
 	remoteSnapshots := make(map[string]bool)
 	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 
 	for object := range objectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
 		}
 
-		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
 		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
-			// Skip macOS resource fork files (._*) and other hidden files
 			if strings.HasPrefix(parts[1], ".") {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -336,56 +416,33 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Get all local snapshots
+	return remoteSnapshots, nil
+}
+
+// reconcileLocalWithRemote builds a map of local snapshots keyed by ID for cross-referencing with remote
+func (v *Vaultik) reconcileLocalWithRemote(remoteSnapshots map[string]bool) (map[string]*database.Snapshot, error) {
 	localSnapshots, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.ListRecent(v.ctx, 10000)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listing local snapshots: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing local snapshots: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Build a map of local snapshots for quick lookup
 	localSnapshotMap := make(map[string]*database.Snapshot)
 	for _, s := range localSnapshots {
 		localSnapshotMap[s.ID.String()] = s
 	}
 
-	// Remove local snapshots that don't exist remotely
-	for _, snapshot := range localSnapshots {
-		snapshotIDStr := snapshot.ID.String()
-		if !remoteSnapshots[snapshotIDStr] {
-			log.Info("Removing local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
+	return localSnapshotMap, nil
+}
 
-			// Delete related records first to avoid foreign key constraints
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-
-			// Now delete the snapshot itself
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete local snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			} else {
-				log.Info("Deleted local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
-				delete(localSnapshotMap, snapshotIDStr)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Build final snapshot list
+// buildSnapshotInfoList constructs SnapshotInfo entries from remote IDs and local data
+func (v *Vaultik) buildSnapshotInfoList(remoteSnapshots map[string]bool, localSnapshotMap map[string]*database.Snapshot) ([]SnapshotInfo, error) {
 	snapshots := make([]SnapshotInfo, 0, len(remoteSnapshots))
 
 	for snapshotID := range remoteSnapshots {
-		// Check if we have this snapshot locally
 		if localSnap, exists := localSnapshotMap[snapshotID]; exists && localSnap.CompletedAt != nil {
-			// Get total compressed size of all blobs referenced by this snapshot
 			totalSize, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetSnapshotTotalCompressedSize(v.ctx, snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to get total compressed size", "id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-				// Fall back to stored blob size
 				totalSize = localSnap.BlobSize
 			}
 
@@ -395,17 +452,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 				CompressedSize: totalSize,
 			})
 		} else {
-			// Remote snapshot not in local DB - fetch manifest to get size
 			timestamp, err := parseSnapshotTimestamp(snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to parse snapshot timestamp", "id", snapshotID, "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			// Try to download manifest to get size
 			totalSize, err := v.getManifestSize(snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to get manifest size for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get manifest size for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 			}
 
 			snapshots = append(snapshots, SnapshotInfo{
@@ -416,22 +471,13 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Sort by timestamp (newest first)
-	sort.Slice(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
-	})
+	return snapshots, nil
+}
 
-	if jsonOutput {
-		// JSON output
-		encoder := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
-		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
-		return encoder.Encode(snapshots)
-	}
-
-	// Table output
+// printSnapshotTable renders the snapshot list as a formatted table
+func (v *Vaultik) printSnapshotTable(snapshots []SnapshotInfo) error {
 	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(v.Stdout, 0, 0, 3, ' ', 0)
 
-	// Show configured snapshots from config file
 	if _, err := fmt.Fprintln(w, "CONFIGURED SNAPSHOTS:"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -452,7 +498,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Show remote snapshots
 	if _, err := fmt.Fprintln(w, "REMOTE SNAPSHOTS:"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -505,26 +550,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PurgeSnapshots(keepLatest bool, olderThan string, force bool)
 		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
 	})
 
-	var toDelete []SnapshotInfo
-
-	if keepLatest {
-		// Keep only the most recent snapshot
-		if len(snapshots) > 1 {
-			toDelete = snapshots[1:]
-		}
-	} else if olderThan != "" {
-		// Parse duration
-		duration, err := parseDuration(olderThan)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		cutoff := time.Now().UTC().Add(-duration)
-		for _, snap := range snapshots {
-			if snap.Timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
-				toDelete = append(toDelete, snap)
-			}
-		}
+	toDelete, err := v.collectSnapshotsToPurge(snapshots, keepLatest, olderThan)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	if len(toDelete) == 0 {
@@ -532,6 +560,41 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PurgeSnapshots(keepLatest bool, olderThan string, force bool)
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	return v.confirmAndExecutePurge(toDelete, force)
+}
+
+// collectSnapshotsToPurge determines which snapshots to delete based on retention criteria
+func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotsToPurge(snapshots []SnapshotInfo, keepLatest bool, olderThan string) ([]SnapshotInfo, error) {
+	if keepLatest {
+		// Keep only the most recent snapshot
+		if len(snapshots) > 1 {
+			return snapshots[1:], nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if olderThan != "" {
+		// Parse duration
+		duration, err := parseDuration(olderThan)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid duration: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		cutoff := time.Now().UTC().Add(-duration)
+		var toDelete []SnapshotInfo
+		for _, snap := range snapshots {
+			if snap.Timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
+				toDelete = append(toDelete, snap)
+			}
+		}
+		return toDelete, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// confirmAndExecutePurge shows deletion candidates, confirms with user, and deletes snapshots
+func (v *Vaultik) confirmAndExecutePurge(toDelete []SnapshotInfo, force bool) error {
 	// Show what will be deleted
 	v.printfStdout("The following snapshots will be deleted:\n\n")
 	for _, snap := range toDelete {
@@ -597,29 +660,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 		result.Mode = "deep"
 	}
 
-	// Parse snapshot ID to extract timestamp
-	parts := strings.Split(snapshotID, "-")
-	var snapshotTime time.Time
-	if len(parts) >= 3 {
-		// Format: hostname-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSSZ
-		dateStr := parts[len(parts)-2]
-		timeStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
-		if len(dateStr) == 8 && len(timeStr) == 7 && strings.HasSuffix(timeStr, "Z") {
-			timeStr = timeStr[:6] // Remove Z
-			timestamp, err := time.Parse("20060102150405", dateStr+timeStr)
-			if err == nil {
-				snapshotTime = timestamp
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Verifying snapshot %s\n", snapshotID)
-		if !snapshotTime.IsZero() {
-			v.printfStdout("Snapshot time: %s\n", snapshotTime.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST"))
-		}
-		v.printlnStdout()
-	}
+	v.printVerifyHeader(snapshotID, opts)
 
 	// Download and parse manifest
 	manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
@@ -650,10 +691,40 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence...\n")
 	}
 
-	missing := 0
-	verified := 0
-	missingSize := int64(0)
+	result.Verified, result.Missing, result.MissingSize = v.verifyManifestBlobsExist(manifest, opts)
 
+	return v.formatVerifyResult(result, manifest, opts)
+}
+
+// printVerifyHeader prints the snapshot ID and parsed timestamp for verification output
+func (v *Vaultik) printVerifyHeader(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) {
+	// Parse snapshot ID to extract timestamp
+	parts := strings.Split(snapshotID, "-")
+	var snapshotTime time.Time
+	if len(parts) >= 3 {
+		// Format: hostname-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSSZ
+		dateStr := parts[len(parts)-2]
+		timeStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
+		if len(dateStr) == 8 && len(timeStr) == 7 && strings.HasSuffix(timeStr, "Z") {
+			timeStr = timeStr[:6] // Remove Z
+			timestamp, err := time.Parse("20060102150405", dateStr+timeStr)
+			if err == nil {
+				snapshotTime = timestamp
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Verifying snapshot %s\n", snapshotID)
+		if !snapshotTime.IsZero() {
+			v.printfStdout("Snapshot time: %s\n", snapshotTime.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST"))
+		}
+		v.printlnStdout()
+	}
+}
+
+// verifyManifestBlobsExist checks that each blob in the manifest exists in storage
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyManifestBlobsExist(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, opts *VerifyOptions) (verified, missing int, missingSize int64) {
 	for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blob.Hash[:2], blob.Hash[2:4], blob.Hash)
 
@@ -669,15 +740,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 			verified++
 		}
 	}
+	return verified, missing, missingSize
+}
 
-	result.Verified = verified
-	result.Missing = missing
-	result.MissingSize = missingSize
-
+// formatVerifyResult outputs the final verification results as JSON or human-readable text
+func (v *Vaultik) formatVerifyResult(result *VerifyResult, manifest *snapshot.Manifest, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	if opts.JSON {
-		if missing > 0 {
+		if result.Missing > 0 {
 			result.Status = "failed"
-			result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("%d blobs are missing", missing)
+			result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("%d blobs are missing", result.Missing)
 		} else {
 			result.Status = "ok"
 		}
@@ -685,20 +756,19 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 	}
 
 	v.printfStdout("\nVerification complete:\n")
-	v.printfStdout("  Verified:     %d blobs (%s)\n", verified,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize-missingSize)))
-	if missing > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      %d blobs (%s)\n", missing, humanize.Bytes(uint64(missingSize)))
+	v.printfStdout("  Verified:     %d blobs (%s)\n", result.Verified,
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize-result.MissingSize)))
+	if result.Missing > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      %d blobs (%s)\n", result.Missing, humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.MissingSize)))
 	} else {
 		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      0 blobs\n")
 	}
 	v.printfStdout("  Status:       ")
-	if missing > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("FAILED - %d blobs are missing\n", missing)
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d blobs are missing", missing)
-	} else {
-		v.printfStdout("OK - All blobs verified\n")
+	if result.Missing > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("FAILED - %d blobs are missing\n", result.Missing)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d blobs are missing", result.Missing)
 	}
+	v.printfStdout("OK - All blobs verified\n")
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -789,7 +859,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) syncWithRemote() error {
 		snapshotIDStr := snapshot.ID.String()
 		if !remoteSnapshots[snapshotIDStr] {
 			log.Info("Removing local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
+			if err := v.deleteSnapshotFromLocalDB(snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
 				log.Error("Failed to delete local snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
 			} else {
 				removedCount++
@@ -894,9 +964,27 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveSnapshot(snapshotID string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*Remov
 
 // RemoveAllSnapshots removes all snapshots from local database and optionally from remote
 func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
-	result := &RemoveResult{}
+	snapshotIDs, err := v.listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
-	// List all snapshots
+	if len(snapshotIDs) == 0 {
+		if !opts.JSON {
+			v.printlnStdout("No snapshots found")
+		}
+		return &RemoveResult{}, nil
+	}
+
+	if opts.DryRun {
+		return v.handleRemoveAllDryRun(snapshotIDs, opts)
+	}
+
+	return v.executeRemoveAll(snapshotIDs, opts)
+}
+
+// listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs collects all unique snapshot IDs from remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs() ([]string, error) {
 	log.Info("Listing all snapshots")
 	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 
@@ -928,32 +1016,33 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(snapshotIDs) == 0 {
-		if !opts.JSON {
-			v.printlnStdout("No snapshots found")
-		}
-		return result, nil
-	}
+	return snapshotIDs, nil
+}
 
-	if opts.DryRun {
-		result.DryRun = true
-		result.SnapshotsRemoved = snapshotIDs
-		if !opts.JSON {
-			v.printfStdout("Would remove %d snapshot(s):\n", len(snapshotIDs))
-			for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
-				v.printfStdout("  %s\n", id)
-			}
-			if opts.Remote {
-				v.printlnStdout("Would also remove from remote storage")
-			}
-			v.printlnStdout("[Dry run - no changes made]")
-		}
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return result, v.outputRemoveJSON(result)
-		}
-		return result, nil
+// handleRemoveAllDryRun handles the dry-run mode for removing all snapshots
+func (v *Vaultik) handleRemoveAllDryRun(snapshotIDs []string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
+	result := &RemoveResult{
+		DryRun:           true,
+		SnapshotsRemoved: snapshotIDs,
 	}
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Would remove %d snapshot(s):\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+		for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
+			v.printfStdout("  %s\n", id)
+		}
+		if opts.Remote {
+			v.printlnStdout("Would also remove from remote storage")
+		}
+		v.printlnStdout("[Dry run - no changes made]")
+	}
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return result, v.outputRemoveJSON(result)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
 
+// executeRemoveAll removes all snapshots from local database and optionally from remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) executeRemoveAll(snapshotIDs []string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
 	// --all requires --force
 	if !opts.Force {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("--all requires --force")
@@ -961,6 +1050,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error)
 
 	log.Info("Removing all snapshots", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
 
+	result := &RemoveResult{}
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		log.Info("Removing snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
 
@@ -1004,16 +1094,16 @@ func (v *Vaultik) deleteSnapshotFromLocalDB(snapshotID string) error {
 
 	// Delete related records first to avoid foreign key constraints
 	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot files for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 	}
 	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot blobs for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 	}
 	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot uploads for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 	}
 	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot record", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot record %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

internal/vaultik/snapshot_prune_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package vaultik
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestSnapshotCreateOptions_PruneFlag verifies the Prune field exists on
+// SnapshotCreateOptions and can be set.
+func TestSnapshotCreateOptions_PruneFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	opts := &SnapshotCreateOptions{
+		Prune: true,
+	}
+	if !opts.Prune {
+		t.Error("Expected Prune to be true")
+	}
+
+	opts2 := &SnapshotCreateOptions{
+		Prune: false,
+	}
+	if opts2.Prune {
+		t.Error("Expected Prune to be false")
+	}
+}

internal/vaultik/verify.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
+	"hash"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"time"
@@ -35,6 +36,19 @@ type VerifyResult struct {
 	ErrorMessage string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// deepVerifyFailure records a failure in the result and returns it appropriately
+func (v *Vaultik) deepVerifyFailure(result *VerifyResult, opts *VerifyOptions, msg string, err error) error {
+	result.Status = "failed"
+	result.ErrorMessage = msg
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("%s", msg)
+}
+
 // RunDeepVerify executes deep verification operation
 func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	result := &VerifyResult{
@@ -42,89 +56,20 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		Mode:       "deep",
 	}
 
-	// Check for decryption capability
 	if !v.CanDecrypt() {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = "VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification")
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			"VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification",
+			fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"))
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"mode", "deep",
-	)
-
+	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep")
 	if !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("Deep verification of snapshot: %s\n\n", snapshotID)
 	}
 
-	// Step 1: Download manifest
-	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading manifest...\n")
-	}
-
-	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	manifest, tempDB, dbBlobs, err := v.loadVerificationData(snapshotID, opts, result)
 	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
-
-	// Decompress manifest
-	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
-		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
-		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)),
-	)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
-	}
-
-	// Step 2: Download and decrypt database (authoritative source)
-	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
-	}
-
-	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
-
-	// Decrypt and decompress database
-	tempDB, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if tempDB != nil {
@@ -132,17 +77,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// Step 3: Get authoritative blob list from database
-	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tempDB.DB)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	result.BlobCount = len(dbBlobs)
 	var totalSize int64
 	for _, blob := range dbBlobs {
@@ -150,54 +84,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 	result.TotalSize = totalSize
 
-	log.Info("Database loaded",
-		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
-		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)),
-	)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-		v.printfStdout("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
-	}
-
-	// Step 4: Verify manifest matches database
-	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
+	if err := v.runVerificationSteps(manifest, dbBlobs, tempDB, opts, result, totalSize); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Step 5: Verify all blobs exist in S3 (using database as source)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest verified.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
-	}
-	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Step 6: Deep verification - download and verify blob contents
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("All blobs exist.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-	}
-	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tempDB.DB, opts); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Success
 	result.Status = "ok"
 	result.Verified = len(dbBlobs)
 
@@ -206,11 +96,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	log.Info("✓ Verification completed successfully",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"mode", "deep",
-		"blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs),
-	)
-
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep", "blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs))
 	v.printfStdout("\n✓ Verification completed successfully\n")
 	v.printfStdout("  Snapshot:       %s\n", snapshotID)
 	v.printfStdout("  Blobs verified: %d\n", len(dbBlobs))
@@ -219,6 +105,106 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// loadVerificationData downloads manifest, database, and blob list for verification
+func (v *Vaultik) loadVerificationData(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult) (*snapshot.Manifest, *tempDB, []snapshot.BlobInfo, error) {
+	// Download manifest
+	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading manifest...\n")
+	}
+	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
+
+	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
+		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
+		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
+	}
+
+	// Download and decrypt database
+	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
+	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
+
+	tdb, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tdb.DB)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = tdb.Close()
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	var dbTotalSize int64
+	for _, b := range dbBlobs {
+		dbTotalSize += b.CompressedSize
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Database loaded",
+		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
+		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
+	}
+
+	return manifest, tdb, dbBlobs, nil
+}
+
+// runVerificationSteps executes manifest verification, blob existence check, and deep content verification
+func (v *Vaultik) runVerificationSteps(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, dbBlobs []snapshot.BlobInfo, tdb *tempDB, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult, totalSize int64) error {
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
+	}
+	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Manifest verified.\n")
+		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
+	}
+	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("All blobs exist.\n")
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+	}
+	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tdb.DB, opts); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // tempDB wraps sql.DB with cleanup
 type tempDB struct {
 	*sql.DB
@@ -316,7 +302,27 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	}
 	defer decompressor.Close()
 
-	// Query blob chunks from database to get offsets and lengths
+	chunkCount, err := v.verifyBlobChunks(db, blobInfo.Hash, decompressor)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := v.verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor, blobHasher, blobInfo.Hash); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Blob verified",
+		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
+		"chunks", chunkCount,
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
+	)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyBlobChunks queries blob chunks from the database and verifies each chunk's hash
+// against the decompressed blob stream
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.Reader) (int, error) {
 	query := `
 		SELECT bc.chunk_hash, bc.offset, bc.length
 		FROM blob_chunks bc
@@ -324,9 +330,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		WHERE b.blob_hash = ?
 		ORDER BY bc.offset
 	`
-	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobInfo.Hash)
+	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobHash)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
 
@@ -339,12 +345,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		var chunkHash string
 		var offset, length int64
 		if err := rows.Scan(&chunkHash, &offset, &length); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		// Verify chunk ordering
 		if offset <= lastOffset {
-			return fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
 		}
 		lastOffset = offset
 
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 			// Skip to the correct offset
 			skipBytes := offset - totalRead
 			if _, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, decompressor, skipBytes); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 			}
 			totalRead = offset
 		}
@@ -361,7 +367,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		// Read chunk data
 		chunkData := make([]byte, length)
 		if _, err := io.ReadFull(decompressor, chunkData); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 		}
 		totalRead += length
 
@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		calculatedHash := hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil))
 
 		if calculatedHash != chunkHash {
-			return fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
 				offset, calculatedHash, chunkHash)
 		}
 
@@ -379,9 +385,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	return chunkCount, nil
+}
+
+// verifyBlobFinalIntegrity checks that no trailing data exists in the decompressed stream
+// and that the encrypted blob hash matches the expected value
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor io.Reader, blobHasher hash.Hash, expectedHash string) error {
 	// Verify no remaining data in blob - if chunk list is accurate, blob should be fully consumed
 	remaining, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, decompressor)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -393,17 +405,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 
 	// Verify blob hash matches the encrypted data we downloaded
 	calculatedBlobHash := hex.EncodeToString(blobHasher.Sum(nil))
-	if calculatedBlobHash != blobInfo.Hash {
+	if calculatedBlobHash != expectedHash {
 		return fmt.Errorf("blob hash mismatch: calculated %s, expected %s",
-			calculatedBlobHash, blobInfo.Hash)
+			calculatedBlobHash, expectedHash)
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Blob verified",
-		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
-		"chunks", chunkCount,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
-	)
-
 	return nil
 }