chore: conform post-merge config validation code to v2.12.2 lint config

The stricter canonical .golangci.yml surfaced 81 findings in the
config validation code merged from main (#53). Fix them all with no
behavior change: static sentinel errors wrapped with %w preserving the
existing messages (err113), config key name constants (goconst),
t.Parallel() throughout except the Setenv/Chdir test (paralleltest),
white-box test renamed to config_validation_internal_test.go
(testpackage), case tables extracted into builder functions plus a
shared runAbortCases helper (funlen/dupl/gochecknoglobals), plain
error assignments (noinlineerr), any instead of interface{} and
strings.SplitSeq (modernize), slog.DiscardHandler (sloglint), 88-col
wrapping (lll), and removal of two stale nolint:gosec directives
(nolintlint).

.dockerignore

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 .git
 .gitignore
-*.md
+.DS_Store
-Dockerfile
-.dockerignore
 .env*
 .claude
+node_modules
+bin/
+data/

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+end_of_line = lf
+charset = utf-8
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true
+
+[Makefile]
+indent_style = tab
+
+[*.go]
+indent_style = tab

.gitea/workflows/check.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+name: check
+on: [push]
+jobs:
+    check:
+        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+        steps:
+            # actions/checkout v4.2.2, 2026-02-22
+            - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683
+            - run: script/cibuild

.gitignore

@@ -1,20 +1,35 @@
+# OS
+.DS_Store
+Thumbs.db
+
+# Editors
+*.swp
+*.swo
+*~
+*.bak
+.idea/
+.vscode/
+*.sublime-*
+
+# Environment / secrets
+.env
+.env.*
+*.pem
+*.key
+
 # Dependencies
 vendor/
+node_modules/
 
 # Build output
 /bin/
 /pixad
 /cmd/pixad/pixad
 
-# IDE
-.idea/
-.vscode/
-*.swp
-*.swo
-
-# OS
-.DS_Store
-
 # Data
 /data/
 *.sqlite3
+
+# Local dev configs
+config.yaml
+config.dev.yml

.golangci.yml

@@ -1,117 +1,34 @@
 version: "2"
 
+# Config schema uses the golangci-lint v2 layout (settings live under
+# linters.settings, not top-level linters-settings) so that the
+# thresholds below are actually applied by golangci-lint >= v2.
+
 run:
-  go: "1.24"
+  timeout: 5m
-  tests: false
+  modules-download-mode: readonly
 
 linters:
-  enable:
+  default: all
-    # Additional linters requested
+  disable:
-    - testifylint      # Checks usage of github.com/stretchr/testify
+    # Genuinely incompatible with project patterns
-    - usetesting       # usetesting is an analyzer that detects using os.Setenv instead of t.Setenv since Go 1.17
+    - exhaustruct      # Requires all struct fields
-    # - tagliatelle      # Disabled: we need snake_case for external API compatibility
+    - depguard         # Dependency allow/block lists
-    - nlreturn         # nlreturn checks for a new line before return and branch statements
+    - godot            # Requires comments to end with periods
-    - nilnil           # Checks that there is no simultaneous return of nil error and an invalid value
+    - wsl              # Deprecated, replaced by wsl_v5
-    - nestif           # Reports deeply nested if statements
+    - wrapcheck        # Too verbose for internal packages
-    - mnd              # An analyzer to detect magic numbers
+    - varnamelen       # Short names like db, id are idiomatic Go
-    - lll              # Reports long lines
+  settings:
-    - intrange         # intrange is a linter to find places where for loops could make use of an integer range
+    lll:
-    - gochecknoglobals # Check that no global variables exist
+      line-length: 88
-
+    funlen:
-    # Default/existing linters that are commonly useful
+      lines: 80
-    - govet
+      statements: 50
-    - errcheck
+    cyclop:
-    - staticcheck
+      max-complexity: 15
-    - unused
+    dupl:
-    - ineffassign
+      threshold: 100
-    - misspell
-    - revive
-    - gosec
-    - unconvert
-    - unparam
-
-linters-settings:
-  lll:
-    line-length: 120
-
-  nestif:
-    min-complexity: 4
-
-  nlreturn:
-    block-size: 2
-
-  revive:
-    rules:
-      - name: var-naming
-        arguments:
-          - []
-          - []
-          - "upperCaseConst=true"
-
-  tagliatelle:
-    case:
-      rules:
-        json: snake
-        yaml: snake
-        xml: snake
-        bson: snake
-
-  testifylint:
-    enable-all: true
-
-  usetesting: {}
 
 issues:
   max-issues-per-linter: 0
   max-same-issues: 0
-  exclude-rules:
-    # Exclude unused parameter warnings for cobra command signatures
-    - text: "parameter '(args|cmd)' seems to be unused"
-      linters:
-        - revive
-
-    # Allow ALL_CAPS constant names
-    - text: "don't use ALL_CAPS in Go names"
-      linters:
-        - revive
-
-    # Allow snake_case JSON tags for external API compatibility
-    - path: "internal/types/ris.go"
-      linters:
-        - tagliatelle
-
-    # Allow snake_case JSON tags for database models
-    - path: "internal/database/models.go"
-      linters:
-        - tagliatelle
-
-    # Allow generic package name for types that define data structures
-    - path: "internal/types/"
-      text: "avoid meaningless package names"
-      linters:
-        - revive
-
-    # Allow globals in the globals package (by design)
-    - path: "internal/globals/"
-      linters:
-        - gochecknoglobals
-
-    # Allow globals in main (Version/Buildarch set by ldflags)
-    - path: "cmd/"
-      linters:
-        - gochecknoglobals
-
-    # Allow blank imports for driver registration
-    - text: "blank-imports"
-      linters:
-        - revive
-
-    # Allow unused fx.Lifecycle parameters (required by fx signature)
-    - text: "parameter 'lc' seems to be unused"
-      linters:
-        - revive
-
-    # Allow unused context parameters in fx hooks
-    - text: "parameter 'ctx' seems to be unused"
-      linters:
-        - revive

Dockerfile

@@ -1,5 +1,28 @@
+# Lint stage
+# golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine, 2026-08-07
+FROM golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine@sha256:91b27804074a0bacea298707f016911e60cf0cdbc6c7bf5ccacb5f0606d18d60 AS lint
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache make build-base vips-dev libheif-dev pkgconfig
+
+WORKDIR /src
+
+# Copy go mod files first for better layer caching
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+
+# Copy source code
+COPY . .
+
+# Run formatting check and linter
+RUN make fmt-check
+RUN make lint
+
 # Build stage
-FROM golang:1.24-alpine AS builder
+# golang:1.25.4-alpine, 2026-02-25
+FROM golang:1.25.4-alpine@sha256:d3f0cf7723f3429e3f9ed846243970b20a2de7bae6a5b66fc5914e228d831bbb AS builder
+
+# Depend on lint stage passing
+COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 
@@ -19,11 +42,15 @@ RUN GOTOOLCHAIN=auto go mod download
 # Copy source code
 COPY . .
 
+# Run tests
+RUN make test
+
 # Build with CGO enabled
 RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 GOTOOLCHAIN=auto go build -ldflags "-X main.Version=${VERSION}" -o /pixad ./cmd/pixad
 
 # Runtime stage
-FROM alpine:3.21
+# alpine:3.21, 2026-02-25
+FROM alpine:3.21@sha256:c3f8e73fdb79deaebaa2037150150191b9dcbfba68b4a46d70103204c53f4709
 
 # Install runtime dependencies only
 RUN apk add --no-cache \

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
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+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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+  Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
+form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
+the above requirements apply either way.
+
+  8. Termination.
+
+  You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
+provided under this License.  Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
+modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
+this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
+paragraph of section 11).
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+  However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
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+your receipt of the notice.
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+  Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
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+material under section 10.
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+  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
+
+  You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
+run a copy of the Program.  Ancillary propagation of a covered work
+occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
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+  Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
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+  You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
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+not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
+rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
+(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
+any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
+sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
+
+  11. Patents.
+
+  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
+License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
+work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
+
+  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
+owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
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+(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
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+  If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
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+available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
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+consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
+license to downstream recipients.  "Knowingly relying" means you have
+actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
+covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
+in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
+country that you have reason to believe are valid.
+
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+receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
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+you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
+work and works based on it.
+
+  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
+specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
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+for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
+covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
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+but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
+section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
+combination as such.
+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
+the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
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+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

Makefile

@@ -1,45 +1,61 @@
-.PHONY: check lint test fmt build clean docker docker-test devserver devserver-stop
+.PHONY: bootstrap setup check lint test fmt fmt-check build clean docker docker-versioned docker-test devserver devserver-stop hooks
 
 VERSION := $(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo "dev")
 LDFLAGS := -X main.Version=$(VERSION)
 
+# Use nix-shell to provide CGO dependencies unless they are already available
+# (e.g. inside a Docker build or an existing nix-shell).
+HAS_PKGCONFIG := $(shell command -v pkg-config 2>/dev/null)
+ifdef HAS_PKGCONFIG
+  NIX_RUN_PREFIX =
+  NIX_RUN_SUFFIX =
+else
+  NIX_RUN_PREFIX = nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run '
+  NIX_RUN_SUFFIX = '
+endif
+
 # Default target: run all checks
-check: fmt-check lint test
+check:
+	@script/check
+
+bootstrap:
+	@script/bootstrap
+
+setup:
+	@script/setup
 
 # Check formatting without modifying files
 fmt-check:
-	@echo "Checking formatting..."
+	@script/fmt-check
-	@test -z "$$(gofmt -l . | grep -v '^vendor/')" || (echo "Files need formatting:"; gofmt -l . | grep -v '^vendor/'; exit 1)
 
 # Format code
 fmt:
-	@echo "Formatting code..."
+	@script/fmt
-	gofmt -w $$(find . -name '*.go' -not -path './vendor/*')
 
 # Run linter
 lint:
-	@echo "Running linter..."
+	@script/lint
-	golangci-lint run
 
-# Run tests
+# Run tests (30-second timeout)
 test:
-	@echo "Running tests..."
+	@script/test
-	go test -v ./...
 
 # Build the binary
-build: ./bin/pixad
+build:
-
-./bin/pixad: ./internal/*/*.go ./cmd/pixad/*.go ./internal/static/* ./internal/templates/*
 	@echo "Building pixad..."
-	go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/pixad
+	$(NIX_RUN_PREFIX)CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./bin/pixad ./cmd/pixad$(NIX_RUN_SUFFIX)
 
 # Clean build artifacts
 clean:
 	rm -rf bin/
 	rm -rf ./data
 
-# Build Docker image
+# Build Docker image (tagged via script/projectname)
 docker:
+	@script/docker
+
+# Build Docker image tagged pixad:$(VERSION) and pixad:latest
+docker-versioned:
 	docker build --build-arg VERSION=$(VERSION) -t pixad:$(VERSION) -t pixad:latest .
 
 # Run tests in Docker (needed for CGO/libvips)
@@ -48,7 +64,7 @@ docker-test:
 	docker run --rm pixad-builder sh -c "CGO_ENABLED=1 GOTOOLCHAIN=auto go test -v ./..."
 
 # Run local dev server in Docker
-devserver: docker devserver-stop
+devserver: docker-versioned devserver-stop
 	docker run -d --name pixad-dev -p 8080:8080 \
 		-v $(CURDIR)/config.dev.yml:/etc/pixa/config.yml:ro \
 		pixad:latest
@@ -58,3 +74,7 @@ devserver: docker devserver-stop
 devserver-stop:
 	-docker stop pixad-dev 2>/dev/null
 	-docker rm pixad-dev 2>/dev/null
+
+# Install pre-commit hook
+hooks:
+	@script/install-precommit

README.md

@@ -1,324 +1,166 @@
-# pixa caching image reverse proxy server
+# pixa
 
-This is a web service written in go that is designed to proxy images from
+pixa is a GPL-3.0-licensed Go web server by
-source URLs, optionally resizing or transforming them, and serving the
+[@sneak](https://sneak.berlin) that proxies images from upstream
-results.  Both the source images as well as the transformed images are
+sources, optionally resizing or transforming them, and serves the
-cached.  The images served to the client are cached a configurable interval
+results. Both source and transformed images are cached to disk so that
-so that subsequent requests to the same path on the pixa server are served
+subsequent requests are served without origin fetches or additional
-from disk without origin server requests or additional processing.
+processing.
 
-# storage
+## Getting Started
 
-* unaltered source file straight from upstream:
+```bash
-    * `<statedir>/cache/src-content/<ab>/<cd>/<abcdef0123... sha256 of source content>`
+# clone and build
-* source path metadata
+git clone https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/pixa.git
-    * `<statedir>/cache/src-metadata/<hostname>/<sha256 of path component>.json`
+cd pixa
-    * fetch time
+make build
-    * all original resp headers
-    * original request
-    * sha256 hash
 
-Note that multiple source paths may reference the same content blob.  We
+# run with a config file
-won't do refcounting here, we'll use the state database for that.
+./bin/pixad --config config.example.yml
 
-* database:
+# or build and run via Docker
-    * `<statedir>/state.sqlite3`
+make docker
+docker run -p 8080:8080 pixad:latest
+```
 
-* output documents:
+## Rationale
-    * `<statedir>/cache/dst-content/<ab>/<cd>/<abcd... sha256 of output content>`
 
-While the database is the long-term authority on what we have in the output
+Image-heavy web applications need a fast, caching reverse proxy that
-cache, we must aggressively cache in-process the mapping between requests
+can resize and transcode images on the fly. pixa fills that role as a
-and output content hashes so as to serve as a maximally efficient caching
+single, self-contained binary with no external runtime dependencies
-proxy for extremely popular/hot request paths.  The goal is the ability to
+beyond libvips. It supports HMAC-SHA256 signed URLs with expiration to
-easily support 1-5k r/s.
+prevent abuse, and allowlisted source hosts for open access.
 
-# Routes
+## Design
 
-/img/<size>/<orig host>/<orig path>?signature=<sig>&format=<format>
+### Storage
 
-Images are only fetched from origins using TLS.  Origin certificates must be
+- **Source content**:
-valid at time of fetch.
+  `<statedir>/cache/src-content/<ab>/<cd>/<sha256 of source content>`
+- **Source metadata**:
+  `<statedir>/cache/src-metadata/<hostname>/<sha256 of path>.json`
+  (fetch time, original headers, request, content hash)
+- **Database**: `<statedir>/state.sqlite3` (SQLite)
+- **Output documents**:
+  `<statedir>/cache/dst-content/<ab>/<cd>/<sha256 of output content>`
 
-<format> is one of 'orig', 'png', 'jpeg', 'webp'
+Multiple source paths may reference the same content blob; the
+database tracks references rather than using filesystem refcounting.
+In-process caching of request-to-output mappings targets 1-5k r/s.
 
-<size> is one of 'orig' or '<x resolution>x<y resolution>'
+### Routes
 
-# Source Hosts
+```
+/v1/image/<host>/<path>/<size>.<format>?sig=<signature>&exp=<expiration>
+```
 
-Source hosts may be whitelisted in the pixa configuration.  If not in the
+Images are only fetched from origins using TLS with valid certificates.
-explicit whitelist, a signature using a shared secret must be appended.
 
-## Signature Specification
+- `<format>`: one of `orig`, `png`, `jpeg`, `webp`
+- `<size>`: `orig` or `<width>x<height>` (e.g. `800x600`)
 
-Signatures use HMAC-SHA256 and include an expiration timestamp to prevent replay attacks.
+### Source Hosts
 
-### Signed Data Format
+Source hosts may be allowlisted in the configuration. Non-allowlisted
+hosts require an HMAC-SHA256 signature.
 
-The signature is computed over a colon-separated string:
+#### Signature Specification
+
+Signatures use HMAC-SHA256 and include an expiration timestamp to
+prevent replay attacks. Signatures are **exact match only**: every
+component (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration) must
+match exactly what was signed. No suffix matching, wildcard matching,
+or partial matching is supported.
+
+**Signed data format** (colon-separated):
 
 ```
 HMAC-SHA256(secret, "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration")
 ```
 
 Where:
-- `host` - Source origin hostname (e.g., `cdn.example.com`)
-- `path` - Source path (e.g., `/photos/cat.jpg`)
-- `query` - Source query string, empty string if none
-- `width` - Requested width in pixels, `0` for original
-- `height` - Requested height in pixels, `0` for original
-- `format` - Output format (jpeg, png, webp, avif, gif, orig)
-- `expiration` - Unix timestamp when signature expires
 
-### URL Format with Signature
+- `host` — source origin hostname (e.g. `cdn.example.com`)
+- `path` — source path (e.g. `/photos/cat.jpg`)
+- `query` — source query string, empty string if none
+- `width` — requested width in pixels, `0` for original
+- `height` — requested height in pixels, `0` for original
+- `format` — output format (jpeg, png, webp, avif, gif, orig)
+- `expiration` — Unix timestamp when signature expires
 
-```
+**Example:** resize
-/v1/image/<host>/<path>/<size>.<format>?sig=<signature>&exp=<expiration>
+`https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg` to 800x600 WebP with
-```
+expiration 1704067200:
-
-### Example
-
-For a request to resize `https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg` to 800x600 WebP
-with expiration at Unix timestamp 1704067200:
-
-1. Build the signature input:
-   ```
-   cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200
-   ```
 
+1. Build input:
+   `cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200`
 2. Compute HMAC-SHA256 with your secret key
-
 3. Base64URL-encode the result
+4. URL:
+   `/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp?sig=<base64url>&exp=1704067200`
 
-4. Final URL:
+**Allowlist patterns:**
-   ```
-   /v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp?sig=<base64url>&exp=1704067200
-   ```
 
-### Whitelist Patterns
+- **Exact match**: `cdn.example.com` — matches only that host
+- **Suffix match**: `.example.com` — matches `cdn.example.com`,
+  `images.example.com`, and `example.com`
 
-The whitelist supports two pattern types:
+### Configuration
-- **Exact match**: `cdn.example.com` - matches only that host
-- **Suffix match**: `.example.com` - matches `cdn.example.com`, `images.example.com`, and `example.com`
 
-# configuration
+Configured via YAML file (`--config`). Key settings:
 
-* access-control-allow-origin config
+- `access_control_allow_origin` — CORS origin
-* source host whitelist
+- `allowlist_hosts` — list of allowed upstream hosts
-* upstream fetch timeout
+- `upstream_fetch_timeout` — timeout for origin requests
-* upstream max response size
+- `upstream_max_response_size` — max origin response size
-* downstream timeout
+- `downstream_timeout` — client response timeout
-* downstream max request size
+- `signing_key` — HMAC secret for URL signatures
-* downstream max response size
-* internal processing timeout
-* referer blacklist
 
-# Design Review & Recommendations
+See `config.example.yml` for all options with defaults.
 
-## Security Concerns
+### Architecture
 
-### Critical
+- **Dependency injection**: Uber fx
-- **HMAC signature scheme is undefined** - The "FIXME" for signature
+- **HTTP router**: go-chi
-  construction is a blocker. Recommend HMAC-SHA256 over the full path:
+- **Image processing**: govips (CGO wrapper for libvips)
-  `HMAC-SHA256(secret, "/<size>/<host>/<path>?format=<format>")`
+- **Database**: SQLite via modernc.org/sqlite
-- **No signature expiration** - Signatures should include a timestamp to
+- **Static assets**: embedded via `//go:embed`
-  prevent indefinite replay. Add `&expires=<unix_ts>` and include it in the
+- **Metrics**: Prometheus
-  HMAC input
+- **Logging**: stdlib slog
-- **Path traversal risk** - Ensure `<orig path>` cannot contain `..`
-  sequences or be used to access unintended resources on origin
-- **SSRF potential** - Even with TLS requirement, internal/private IPs
-  (10.x, 172.16.x, 192.168.x, 127.x, ::1, link-local) must be blocked to
-  prevent server-side request forgery
-- **Open redirect via Host header** - Validate that requests cannot be
-  manipulated to cache content under incorrect keys
 
-### Important
+## Entrypoints
-- **No authentication for cache purge** - If cache invalidation is needed, it requires auth
-- **Response header sanitization** - Strip sensitive headers from upstream before forwarding (X-Powered-By, Server, etc.)
-- **Content-Type validation** - Verify upstream Content-Type matches expected image types before processing
-- **Maximum image dimensions** - Limit output dimensions to prevent resource exhaustion (e.g., max 4096x4096)
 
-## URL Route Improvements
+This repository adheres to the
+[Scripts to Rule Them All](https://github.com/github/scripts-to-rule-them-all)
+standard: normalized scripts in `script/` are the entrypoints for the
+development workflow, and the Makefile targets are thin shims that call
+them. We provide:
 
-Current: `/img/<size>/<orig host>/<orig path>?signature=<sig>&format=<format>`
+- `script/bootstrap` — install all dependencies (idempotent)
+- `script/setup` — make a fresh clone ready for development
+  (bootstrap, then install-precommit)
+- `script/projectname` — output the project name ("pixa")
+- `script/test` — run the test suite
+- `script/lint` — run golangci-lint
+- `script/fmt` — format all code (writes)
+- `script/fmt-check` — check formatting (read-only)
+- `script/check` — run test, lint, and fmt-check
+- `script/docker` — build the Docker image tagged via `script/projectname`
+- `script/cibuild` — CI entrypoint: `docker build .` (the Dockerfile
+  runs the checks, so a green build implies a green repo)
+- `script/precommit` — pre-commit checks (`go mod tidy` guard, then
+  `script/check`)
+- `script/install-precommit` — install the git pre-commit hook that
+  runs `script/precommit`
 
-### Recommended Scheme
+## TODO
-```
-/v1/image/<host>/<path>/<width>x<height>.<format>?sig=<sig>&exp=<expires>
-```
 
-The size+format segment (e.g., `800x600.webp`) is appended to the source path and stripped when constructing the upstream request. This pattern is unambiguous (regex: `(\d+x\d+|orig)\.(webp|jpg|jpeg|png|avif)$`) and won't collide with real paths.
+See [TODO.md](TODO.md) for the full prioritized task list.
 
-**Size options:**
+## License
-- `800x600.<format>` - resize to 800x600
-- `0x0.<format>` - original size, format conversion only
-- `orig.<format>` - original size, format conversion only (human-friendly alias)
 
-**Benefits:**
+GPL-3.0. See [LICENSE](LICENSE).
-- API versioning (`/v1/`) allows breaking changes later
-- Human-readable URLs that can be manually constructed for whitelisted domains
-- Format as extension is intuitive and CDN-friendly
 
-### Examples
+## Author
 
-**Basic resize and convert:**
+[@sneak](https://sneak.berlin)
-```
-/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp?sig=abc123&exp=1704067200
-```
-Fetches `https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg`, resizes to 800x600, converts to webp.
-
-**Source URL with query parameters:**
-```
-/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg%3Farg1=val1%26arg2=val2/800x600.webp?sig=abc123&exp=1704067200
-```
-Fetches `https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg?arg1=val1&arg2=val2`, resizes to 800x600, converts to webp.
-
-Note: The source query string must be URL-encoded (`?` → `%3F`, `&` → `%26`) to avoid ambiguity with pixa's own query parameters.
-
-**Original size, format conversion only:**
-```
-/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.webp?sig=abc123&exp=1704067200
-/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/0x0.webp?sig=abc123&exp=1704067200
-```
-Both fetch the original image and convert to webp without resizing.
-
-## Additional Formats
-
-### Output Formats to Support
-- `avif` - Superior compression, growing browser support
-- `gif` - For animated image passthrough (with frame limit)
-- `svg` - Passthrough only, no resizing (vector)
-
-### Input Format Whitelist (MIME types to accept)
-- `image/jpeg`
-- `image/png`
-- `image/webp`
-- `image/gif`
-- `image/avif`
-- `image/svg+xml` (passthrough or rasterize)
-- **Reject all others** - Especially `image/x-*`, `application/*`
-
-### Input Validation
-- Verify magic bytes match declared Content-Type
-- Maximum input file size (e.g., 50MB)
-- Maximum input dimensions (e.g., 16384x16384)
-- Reject files with embedded scripts (SVG sanitization)
-
-## Rate Limiting
-
-### Per-IP Limits
-- Requests per second (e.g., 10 req/s burst, 100 req/min sustained)
-- Concurrent connections (e.g., 50 per IP)
-
-### Global Limits
-- Total concurrent upstream fetches (prevent origin overwhelm)
-- Per-origin fetch rate limiting (be a good citizen)
-- Cache miss rate limiting (prevent cache-busting attacks)
-
-### Response
-- Return `429 Too Many Requests` with `Retry-After` header
-- Consider `X-RateLimit-*` headers for transparency
-
-## Additional Features for 1.0
-
-### Must Have
-- **Health check endpoint** - `/health` or `/healthz` for load balancers
-- **Metrics endpoint** - `/metrics` (Prometheus format) for observability
-- **Graceful shutdown** - Drain connections on SIGTERM
-- **Request ID/tracing** - `X-Request-ID` header propagation
-- **Cache-Control headers** - Proper `Cache-Control`, `ETag`, `Last-Modified` on responses
-- **Vary header** - `Vary: Accept` if doing content negotiation
-
-### Should Have
-- **Auto-format selection** - If `format=auto`, pick best format based on `Accept` header
-- **Quality parameter** - `&q=85` for lossy format quality control
-- **Fit modes** - `fit=cover|contain|fill|inside|outside` for resize behavior
-- **Background color** - For transparent-to-JPEG conversion
-- **Blur/sharpen** - Common post-resize operations
-- **Watermarking** - Optional overlay support
-
-### Nice to Have
-- **Cache warming API** - Pre-populate cache for known images
-- **Cache stats API** - Hit/miss rates, storage usage
-- **Admin UI** - Simple dashboard for monitoring
-
-## Configuration Additions
-
-```yaml
-server:
-  listen: ":8080"
-  read_timeout: 30s
-  write_timeout: 60s
-  max_header_bytes: 8192
-
-cache:
-  directory: "/var/cache/pixa"
-  max_size_gb: 100
-  ttl: 168h  # 7 days
-  negative_ttl: 5m  # Cache 404s briefly
-
-upstream:
-  timeout: 30s
-  max_response_size: 52428800  # 50MB
-  max_concurrent: 100
-  user_agent: "Pixa/1.0"
-
-processing:
-  max_input_pixels: 268435456  # 16384x16384
-  max_output_dimension: 4096
-  default_quality: 85
-  strip_metadata: true  # Remove EXIF etc.
-
-security:
-  hmac_secret: "${PIXA_HMAC_SECRET}"  # From env
-  signature_ttl: 3600  # 1 hour
-  blocked_networks:
-    - "10.0.0.0/8"
-    - "172.16.0.0/12"
-    - "192.168.0.0/16"
-    - "127.0.0.0/8"
-    - "::1/128"
-    - "fc00::/7"
-
-rate_limit:
-  per_ip_rps: 10
-  per_ip_burst: 50
-  per_origin_rps: 100
-
-cors:
-  allowed_origins: ["*"]  # Or specific list
-  allowed_methods: ["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"]
-  max_age: 86400
-```
-
-## Error Handling
-
-### HTTP Status Codes
-- `400` - Bad request (invalid parameters, malformed URL)
-- `403` - Forbidden (invalid/expired signature, blocked origin)
-- `404` - Origin returned 404 (cache negative response briefly)
-- `413` - Payload too large (origin image exceeds limits)
-- `415` - Unsupported media type (origin returned non-image)
-- `422` - Unprocessable (valid image but cannot transform as requested)
-- `429` - Rate limited
-- `500` - Internal error
-- `502` - Bad gateway (origin connection failed)
-- `503` - Service unavailable (overloaded)
-- `504` - Gateway timeout (origin timeout)
-
-### Error Response Format
-```json
-{
-  "error": "invalid_signature",
-  "message": "Signature has expired",
-  "request_id": "abc123"
-}
-```
-
-## Quick Wins
-
-1. **Conditional requests** - Support `If-None-Match` / `If-Modified-Since` to return `304 Not Modified`
-2. **HEAD support** - Allow clients to check image metadata without downloading
-3. **Canonical URLs** - Redirect non-canonical requests to prevent cache fragmentation
-4. **Debug header** - `X-Pixa-Cache: HIT|MISS|STALE` for debugging
-5. **Robots.txt** - Serve a robots.txt to prevent search engine crawling of proxy URLs

REPO_POLICIES.md

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+---
+title: Repository Policies
+last_modified: 2026-07-06
+---
+
+This document covers repository structure, tooling, and workflow standards. Code
+style conventions are in separate documents:
+
+- [Code Styleguide](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/prompts/CODE_STYLEGUIDE.md)
+  (general, bash, Docker)
+- [Go](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/prompts/CODE_STYLEGUIDE_GO.md)
+- [JavaScript](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/prompts/CODE_STYLEGUIDE_JS.md)
+- [Python](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/prompts/CODE_STYLEGUIDE_PYTHON.md)
+- [Go HTTP Server Conventions](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/prompts/GO_HTTP_SERVER_CONVENTIONS.md)
+
+---
+
+- Cross-project documentation (such as this file) must include
+  `last_modified: YYYY-MM-DD` in the YAML front matter so it can be kept in sync
+  with the authoritative source as policies evolve.
+
+- **ALL external references must be pinned by cryptographic hash.** This
+  includes Docker base images, Go modules, npm packages, GitHub Actions, and
+  anything else fetched from a remote source. Version tags (`@v4`, `@latest`,
+  `:3.21`, etc.) are server-mutable and therefore remote code execution
+  vulnerabilities. The ONLY acceptable way to reference an external dependency
+  is by its content hash (Docker `@sha256:...`, Go module hash in `go.sum`, npm
+  integrity hash in lockfile, GitHub Actions `@<commit-sha>`). No exceptions.
+  This also means never `curl | bash` to install tools like pyenv, nvm, rustup,
+  etc. Instead, download a specific release archive from GitHub, verify its hash
+  (hardcoded in the Dockerfile or script), and only then install. Unverified
+  install scripts are arbitrary remote code execution. This is the single most
+  important rule in this document. Double-check every external reference in
+  every file before committing. There are zero exceptions to this rule.
+
+- Every repo with software must have a root `Makefile` with these targets:
+  `make bootstrap`, `make setup`, `make test`, `make lint`, `make fmt` (writes),
+  `make fmt-check` (read-only), `make check` (runs `test`, `lint`, `fmt-check`),
+  `make docker`, and `make hooks` (installs pre-commit hook). A model Makefile
+  is at `https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/Makefile`.
+
+- Repos follow the
+  [Scripts to Rule Them All](https://github.com/github/scripts-to-rule-them-all)
+  pattern: the implementation of each Makefile target lives in an executable
+  script in `script/` (`script/bootstrap`, `script/setup`, `script/test`,
+  `script/lint`, `script/fmt`, `script/fmt-check`, `script/check`,
+  `script/docker`), and the Makefile targets are thin shims that call them. The
+  scripts must be POSIX sh (`#!/bin/sh`, `set -eu`, no bashisms) so they run in
+  minimal containers (e.g. alpine images have no bash); locate the repo root
+  with `$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)` and `cd` there before acting. From
+  the standard's canonical set we use `bootstrap`, `setup` (make the repo ready
+  for development after a fresh clone: runs `bootstrap`, then
+  `install-precommit`, plus any repo-specific initialization), `test`, and
+  `cibuild`. `script/bootstrap` installs all dependencies idempotently and
+  assumes nothing is present: base tools come from nix, apt, brew, or apk
+  (detected in that order; apt runs noninteractive). For node it uses the
+  installed node if present; otherwise it installs a PINNED node version via
+  nvm, first installing nvm itself if missing — from a hash-verified GitHub
+  release archive (never `curl | sh`), with bash installed as an explicit
+  prerequisite since nvm requires bash. yarn is then pinned via
+  `corepack prepare yarn@<version> --activate`. Never install "latest" or "lts";
+  always exact versions. `script/cibuild` runs the CI build: it changes to the
+  repo root and runs `docker build .`; the Gitea workflow calls it. Four further
+  scripts are our own extensions to the standard: `script/check` runs
+  `script/test`, `script/lint`, and `script/fmt-check`; `script/precommit` is
+  what the git pre-commit hook runs, and it calls `script/check`;
+  `script/install-precommit` installs the git pre-commit hook (the `make hooks`
+  target shims to it); and `script/projectname` (literally that filename) simply
+  outputs the project's name. Scripts that need the name call
+  `script/projectname` — e.g. `script/docker` assembles its image tag from it —
+  so those scripts stay byte-identical across all repos. Repo-type-specific
+  pre-commit extras (e.g. `go mod tidy` verification in Go repos) belong in
+  `script/precommit`, not in the hook itself. Model scripts are at
+  `https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/script/<name>`. The README
+  must document the provided scripts in an **Entrypoints** section (see the
+  README requirements below).
+
+- Always use Makefile targets (`make fmt`, `make test`, `make lint`, etc.)
+  instead of invoking the underlying tools directly. The Makefile is the single
+  source of truth for how these operations are run.
+
+- The Makefile is authoritative documentation for how the repo is used. Beyond
+  the required targets above, it should have targets for every common operation:
+  running a local development server (`make run`, `make dev`), re-initializing
+  or migrating the database (`make db-reset`, `make migrate`), building
+  artifacts (`make build`), generating code, seeding data, or anything else a
+  developer would do regularly. If someone checks out the repo and types
+  `make<tab>`, they should see every meaningful operation available. A new
+  contributor should be able to understand the entire development workflow by
+  reading the Makefile.
+
+- Every repo should have a `Dockerfile`. All Dockerfiles must run `make check`
+  as a build step so the build fails if the branch is not green. For non-server
+  repos, the Dockerfile should bring up a development environment and run
+  `make check`. For server repos, `make check` should run as an early build
+  stage before the final image is assembled. Dockerfiles install development
+  prerequisites by running `script/bootstrap` rather than duplicating installs
+  inline; COPY `script/` and the dependency manifests (`package.json` +
+  `yarn.lock`, `go.mod` + `go.sum`, etc.) before running it so the bootstrap
+  layer stays cached until dependencies change.
+
+- **Dockerfiles must use a separate lint stage for fail-fast feedback.** Go
+  repos use a multistage build where linting runs in an independent stage based
+  on the `golangci/golangci-lint` image (pinned by hash). This stage runs
+  `make fmt-check` and `make lint` before the full build begins. The build stage
+  then declares an explicit dependency on the lint stage via
+  `COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null`, which forces BuildKit to complete
+  linting before proceeding to compilation and tests. This ensures lint failures
+  surface in seconds rather than minutes, without blocking on dependency
+  download or compilation in the build stage.
+
+    The standard pattern for a Go repo Dockerfile is:
+
+    ```dockerfile
+    # Lint stage — fast feedback on formatting and lint issues
+    # golangci/golangci-lint:v2.x.x, YYYY-MM-DD
+    FROM golangci/golangci-lint@sha256:... AS lint
+    WORKDIR /src
+    COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+    RUN go mod download
+    COPY . .
+    RUN make fmt-check
+    RUN make lint
+
+    # Build stage
+    # golang:1.x-alpine, YYYY-MM-DD
+    FROM golang@sha256:... AS builder
+    WORKDIR /src
+
+    # Force BuildKit to run the lint stage before proceeding
+    COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
+
+    COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+    RUN go mod download
+    COPY . .
+    RUN make test
+
+    ARG VERSION=dev
+    RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -trimpath \
+        -ldflags="-s -w -X main.Version=${VERSION}" \
+        -o /app ./cmd/app/
+
+    # Runtime stage
+    FROM alpine@sha256:...
+    COPY --from=builder /app /usr/local/bin/app
+    ENTRYPOINT ["app"]
+    ```
+
+    Key points:
+    - The lint stage uses the `golangci/golangci-lint` image directly (it
+      includes both Go and the linter), so there is no need to install the
+      linter separately.
+    - `COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null` is a no-op file copy that creates
+      a stage dependency. BuildKit runs stages in parallel by default; without
+      this line, the build stage would not wait for lint to finish and a lint
+      failure might not fail the overall build.
+    - If the project uses `//go:embed` directives that reference build artifacts
+      (e.g. a web frontend compiled in a separate stage), the lint stage must
+      create placeholder files so the embed directives resolve. Example:
+      `RUN mkdir -p web/dist && touch web/dist/index.html web/dist/style.css`.
+      The lint stage should not depend on the actual build output — it exists to
+      fail fast.
+    - If the project requires CGO or system libraries for linting (e.g.
+      `vips-dev`), install them in the lint stage with `apk add`.
+    - The build stage runs `make test` after compilation setup. Tests run in the
+      build stage, not the lint stage, because they may require compiled
+      artifacts or heavier dependencies.
+
+- Every repo should have a Gitea Actions workflow (`.gitea/workflows/`) that
+  runs `script/cibuild` (which runs `docker build .`) on push. Since the
+  Dockerfile already runs `make check`, a successful build implies all checks
+  pass.
+
+- Use platform-standard formatters: `black` for Python, `prettier` for
+  JS/CSS/Markdown/HTML, `go fmt` for Go. Always use default configuration with
+  two exceptions: four-space indents (except Go), and `proseWrap: always` for
+  Markdown (hard-wrap at 80 columns). Documentation and writing repos (Markdown,
+  HTML, CSS) should also have `.prettierrc` and `.prettierignore`.
+
+- Pre-commit hook: runs `script/precommit`, which calls `script/check`. If local
+  testing is not possible in the repo, `script/precommit` may skip `script/test`
+  and run only `script/lint` and `script/fmt-check`. The hook is installed by
+  `script/install-precommit`; the Makefile must provide a `make hooks` target
+  that shims to it.
+
+- All repos with software must have tests that run via the platform-standard
+  test framework (`go test`, `pytest`, `jest`/`vitest`, etc.). If no meaningful
+  tests exist yet, add the most minimal test possible — e.g. importing the
+  module under test to verify it compiles/parses. There is no excuse for
+  `make test` to be a no-op.
+
+- `make test` must complete in under 20 seconds. Add a 30-second timeout in the
+  Makefile.
+
+- **`make test` should use the conditional verbose rerun pattern.** Run tests
+  without `-v` (verbose) first. If tests fail, automatically rerun with `-v` to
+  show full output. This keeps CI logs and `docker build` output clean on
+  success (just package/suite summaries) while providing full diagnostic detail
+  on failure (every test case, every assertion). The general shell pattern:
+
+    ```makefile
+    test:
+    	@<test-command> || \
+    		{ echo "--- Rerunning with -v for details ---"; \
+    		  <test-command-with-v>; exit 1; }
+    ```
+
+    Go example:
+
+    ```makefile
+    test:
+    	@go test -timeout 30s -race -cover ./... || \
+    		{ echo "--- Rerunning with -v for details ---"; \
+    		  go test -timeout 30s -race -v ./...; exit 1; }
+    ```
+
+    Python example:
+
+    ```makefile
+    test:
+    	@python -m pytest || \
+    		{ echo "--- Rerunning with -v for details ---"; \
+    		  python -m pytest -v; exit 1; }
+    ```
+
+    The `exit 1` ensures the target always fails after a rerun — the first run
+    already proved the tests are broken, so the build must not pass even if a
+    flaky test happens to succeed on the second attempt. The rerun exists solely
+    for diagnostic output.
+
+- Docker builds must complete in under 5 minutes.
+
+- `make check` must not modify any files in the repo. Tests may use temporary
+  directories.
+
+- `main` must always pass `make check`, no exceptions.
+
+- Never commit secrets. `.env` files, credentials, API keys, and private keys
+  must be in `.gitignore`. No exceptions.
+
+- `.gitignore` should be comprehensive from the start: OS files (`.DS_Store`),
+  editor files (`.swp`, `*~`), language build artifacts, and `node_modules/`.
+  Fetch the standard `.gitignore` from
+  `https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/.gitignore` when setting up
+  a new repo.
+
+- **No build artifacts in version control.** Code-derived data (compiled
+  bundles, minified output, generated assets) must never be committed to the
+  repository if it can be avoided. The build process (e.g. Dockerfile, Makefile)
+  should generate these at build time. Notable exception: Go protobuf generated
+  files (`.pb.go`) ARE committed because repos need to work with `go get`, which
+  downloads code but does not execute code generation.
+
+- Never use `git add -A` or `git add .`. Always stage files explicitly by name.
+
+- Never force-push to `main`.
+
+- Make all changes on a feature branch. You can do whatever you want on a
+  feature branch.
+
+- `.golangci.yml` is standardized and must _NEVER_ be modified by an agent, only
+  manually by the user. Fetch from
+  `https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/.golangci.yml`.
+
+- When pinning images or packages by hash, add a comment above the reference
+  with the version and date (YYYY-MM-DD).
+
+- Use `yarn`, not `npm`.
+
+- Write all dates as YYYY-MM-DD (ISO 8601).
+
+- Simple projects should be configured with environment variables.
+
+- Dockerized web services listen on port 8080 by default, overridable with
+  `PORT`.
+
+- **HTTP/web services must be hardened for production internet exposure before
+  tagging 1.0.** This means full compliance with security best practices
+  including, without limitation, all of the following:
+    - **Security headers** on every response:
+        - `Strict-Transport-Security` (HSTS) with `max-age` of at least one year
+          and `includeSubDomains`.
+        - `Content-Security-Policy` (CSP) with a restrictive default policy
+          (`default-src 'self'` as a baseline, tightened per-resource as
+          needed). Never use `unsafe-inline` or `unsafe-eval` unless
+          unavoidable, and document the reason.
+        - `X-Frame-Options: DENY` (or `SAMEORIGIN` if framing is required).
+          Prefer the `frame-ancestors` CSP directive as the primary control.
+        - `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.
+        - `Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin` (or stricter).
+        - `Permissions-Policy` restricting access to browser features the
+          application does not use (camera, microphone, geolocation, etc.).
+    - **Request and response limits:**
+        - Maximum request body size enforced on all endpoints (e.g. Go
+          `http.MaxBytesReader`). Choose a sane default per-route; never accept
+          unbounded input.
+        - Maximum response body size where applicable (e.g. paginated APIs).
+        - `ReadTimeout` and `ReadHeaderTimeout` on the `http.Server` to defend
+          against slowloris attacks.
+        - `WriteTimeout` on the `http.Server`.
+        - `IdleTimeout` on the `http.Server`.
+        - Per-handler execution time limits via `context.WithTimeout` or
+          chi/stdlib `middleware.Timeout`.
+    - **Authentication and session security:**
+        - Rate limiting on password-based authentication endpoints. API keys are
+          high-entropy and not susceptible to brute force, so they are exempt.
+        - CSRF tokens on all state-mutating HTML forms. API endpoints
+          authenticated via `Authorization` header (Bearer token, API key) are
+          exempt because the browser does not attach these automatically.
+        - Passwords stored using bcrypt, scrypt, or argon2 — never plain-text,
+          MD5, or SHA.
+        - Session cookies set with `HttpOnly`, `Secure`, and `SameSite=Lax` (or
+          `Strict`) attributes.
+    - **Reverse proxy awareness:**
+        - True client IP detection when behind a reverse proxy
+          (`X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Real-IP`). The application must accept
+          forwarded headers only from a configured set of trusted proxy
+          addresses — never trust `X-Forwarded-For` unconditionally.
+    - **CORS:**
+        - Authenticated endpoints must restrict `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` to
+          an explicit allowlist of known origins. Wildcard (`*`) is acceptable
+          only for public, unauthenticated read-only APIs.
+    - **Error handling:**
+        - Internal errors must never leak stack traces, SQL queries, file paths,
+          or other implementation details to the client. Return generic error
+          messages in production; detailed errors only when `DEBUG` is enabled.
+    - **TLS:**
+        - Services never terminate TLS directly. They are always deployed behind
+          a TLS-terminating reverse proxy. The service itself listens on plain
+          HTTP. However, HSTS headers and `Secure` cookie flags must still be
+          set by the application so that the browser enforces HTTPS end-to-end.
+
+    This list is non-exhaustive. Apply defense-in-depth: if a standard security
+    hardening measure exists for HTTP services and is not listed here, it is
+    still expected. When in doubt, harden.
+
+- `README.md` is the primary documentation. Required sections:
+    - **Description**: First line must include the project name, purpose,
+      category (web server, SPA, CLI tool, etc.), license, and author. Example:
+      "µPaaS is an MIT-licensed Go web application by @sneak that receives
+      git-frontend webhooks and deploys applications via Docker in realtime."
+    - **Getting Started**: Copy-pasteable install/usage code block.
+    - **Entrypoints**: Opens by stating that the repo adheres to the
+      [Scripts to Rule Them All](https://github.com/github/scripts-to-rule-them-all)
+      standard (with that link), then documents each provided `script/`
+      entrypoint and its purpose.
+    - **Rationale**: Why does this exist?
+    - **Design**: How is the program structured?
+    - **TODO**: Update meticulously, even between commits. When planning, put
+      the todo list in the README so a new agent can pick up where the last one
+      left off.
+    - **License**: MIT, GPL, or WTFPL. Ask the user for new projects. Include a
+      `LICENSE` file in the repo root and a License section in the README.
+    - **Author**: [@sneak](https://sneak.berlin).
+
+- First commit of a new repo should contain only `README.md`.
+
+- Go module root: `sneak.berlin/go/<name>`. Always run `go mod tidy` before
+  committing.
+
+- Use SemVer.
+
+- Database migrations live in `internal/db/migrations/` and must be embedded in
+  the binary.
+    - `000_migration.sql` — contains ONLY the creation of the migrations
+      tracking table itself. Nothing else.
+    - `001_schema.sql` — the full application schema.
+    - **Pre-1.0.0:** never add additional migration files (002, 003, etc.).
+      There is no installed base to migrate. Edit `001_schema.sql` directly.
+    - **Post-1.0.0:** add new numbered migration files for each schema change.
+      Never edit existing migrations after release.
+
+- All repos should have an `.editorconfig` enforcing the project's indentation
+  settings.
+
+- Avoid putting files in the repo root unless necessary. Root should contain
+  only project-level config files (`README.md`, `Makefile`, `Dockerfile`,
+  `LICENSE`, `.gitignore`, `.editorconfig`, `REPO_POLICIES.md`, and
+  language-specific config). Everything else goes in a subdirectory. Canonical
+  subdirectory names:
+    - `bin/` — executable scripts and tools
+    - `cmd/` — Go command entrypoints
+    - `configs/` — configuration templates and examples
+    - `deploy/` — deployment manifests (k8s, compose, terraform)
+    - `docs/` — documentation and markdown (README.md stays in root)
+    - `internal/` — Go internal packages
+    - `internal/db/migrations/` — database migrations
+    - `pkg/` — Go library packages
+    - `share/` — systemd units, data files
+    - `static/` — static assets (images, fonts, etc.)
+    - `web/` — web frontend source
+
+- When setting up a new repo, files from the `prompts` repo may be used as
+  templates. Fetch them from
+  `https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/prompts/raw/branch/main/<path>`.
+
+- New repos must contain at minimum:
+    - `README.md`, `.git`, `.gitignore`, `.editorconfig`
+    - `LICENSE`, `REPO_POLICIES.md` (copy from the `prompts` repo)
+    - `Makefile`
+    - `script/` entrypoints (`bootstrap`, `setup`, `projectname`, `test`,
+      `lint`, `fmt`, `fmt-check`, `check`, `docker`, `cibuild`, `precommit`,
+      `install-precommit`)
+    - `Dockerfile`, `.dockerignore`
+    - `.gitea/workflows/check.yml`
+    - Go: `go.mod`, `go.sum`, `.golangci.yml`
+    - JS: `package.json`, `yarn.lock`, `.prettierrc`, `.prettierignore`
+    - Python: `pyproject.toml`

TODO.md

@@ -1,65 +1,120 @@
-# Pixa 1.0 TODO
+# Workflow
 
-Remaining tasks sorted by priority for a working 1.0 release.
+* branch (from `main`)
+* do the work in Next Step
+* move Next Step to the top of Completed Steps
+* move the top item of Future Steps into Next Step
+* commit (`TODO.md` changes in the same commit as the work)
+* merge to `main` if the branch is not protected, otherwise open a PR
+* push
 
-## P0: Critical for 1.0
+# Status
 
-### Image Processing
+pre-1.0. No git tags exist. Recent work extracted the internal/magic,
-- [x] Add WebP encoding support (currently returns error)
+internal/allowlist, internal/httpfetcher, and internal/signature
-- [ ] Add AVIF encoding support (currently returns error)
+packages. The gosec findings from the 2026-07-06 survey are resolved:
+the last two open findings (G124, session cookie attributes in
+internal/session) are fixed as of this change, so `make check` is green
+on main.
 
-### Manual Testing (verify auth/encrypted URLs work)
+# Next Step
-- [ ] Manual test: visit `/`, see login form
-- [ ] Manual test: enter wrong key, see error
-- [ ] Manual test: enter correct signing key, see generator form
-- [ ] Manual test: generate encrypted URL, verify it works
-- [ ] Manual test: wait for expiration or use short TTL, verify expired URL returns 410
-- [ ] Manual test: logout, verify redirected to login
 
-### Cache Management
+P0: implement cache size management and eviction so the disk cannot
-- [ ] Implement cache size management/eviction (prevent disk from filling up)
+fill up
 
-### Configuration
+# Completed Steps
-- [ ] Validate configuration on startup (fail fast on bad config)
 
-## P1: Important for Production
+- 2026-08-07 update golangci-lint to v2.12.2 with the canonical
+  `.golangci.yml` (v2 schema, `default: all` minus six disabled
+  linters, `lll` 88, tests included): bumped the pinned
+  `golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine` image in `Dockerfile` and the
+  release-archive sha256 pins in `script/bootstrap`; fixed all 747
+  findings the stricter config surfaced (notably `paralleltest`,
+  `wsl_v5`, `goconst`, `lll`, `noinlineerr`, `err113`, `errcheck`,
+  `testpackage` — white-box test files renamed to
+  `*_internal_test.go`); three `//nolint:tagliatelle` directives keep
+  the snake_case JSON wire/disk formats unchanged; `make check` green
+- 2026-08-07 validate configuration on startup, fail fast on bad
+  config (closes #52): a config value that is set but unparseable or
+  invalid aborts startup naming the key and value (defaults apply only
+  to omitted keys), unknown config keys abort startup, a malformed
+  config file aborts instead of being skipped, and `state_dir` is
+  verified creatable and writable before the listener binds
+- 2026-08-07 manual test pass of the auth and encrypted URL flows
+  against a locally built and running `pixad` (built from `main` at
+  `6573b9d`, port 18099, local throwaway config); all six checks
+  passed, plus all nine tests in `scripts/manual-test.sh` (closes #49):
+    - [x] visit `/` and see the login form: HTTP 200, `Pixa - Login`
+      page with `name="key"` password form
+    - [x] wrong key shows an error: POST `/` with `key=wrong-key`
+      returned HTTP 200 login page containing "Invalid signing key"
+    - [x] correct signing key shows the generator form: POST `/`
+      returned HTTP 303 to `/` with
+      `Set-Cookie: pixa_session=...; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict`;
+      GET `/` with that cookie rendered `Pixa - URL Generator` with the
+      `/generate` form and logout link
+    - [x] a generated encrypted URL serves the image: POST `/generate`
+      (ttl=3600) produced a `/v1/e/<token>/img.jpeg` URL that returned
+      HTTP 200, `Content-Type: image/jpeg`, an 800x600 baseline JPEG of
+      61706 bytes
+    - [x] an expired URL (short TTL) returns 410: a ttl=1 URL fetched
+      after 3 s returned HTTP 410 Gone with
+      `{"error":"URL has expired","status":410,...}`
+    - [x] logout redirects back to login: GET `/logout` returned HTTP
+      303 to `/` with `Set-Cookie: pixa_session=; Max-Age=0`;
+      subsequent GET `/` rendered the login form again
+- 2026-08-07 fix the two remaining gosec findings (G124 in
+  internal/session): session cookies now always carry
+  Secure/HttpOnly/SameSite=Strict on both the set and clear paths;
+  `make check` green (closes #47)
+- 2026-07-07 Adopted scripts-to-rule-them-all: `script/` entrypoints,
+  Makefile shims, README Entrypoints section
+- 2026-04-07 extract magic byte detection into internal/magic (#42)
+- 2026-03-25 extract allowlist package from internal/imgcache (#41)
+- 2026-03-25 move schema_migrations table creation into 000.sql (#36)
+- 2026-03-20 enforce and document exact-match-only signature
+  verification (#40)
+- 2026-03-20 bound imageprocessor.Process input read to prevent
+  unbounded memory use (#37); consolidate appname into an
+  internal/globals constant (#34)
+- 2026-03-18 parse version prefix from migration filenames (#33)
+- 2026-03-15 QA audit fixes for 1.0/MVP readiness (#25)
+- 2026-03-02 split Dockerfile with pre-built golangci-lint stage for
+  faster CI (#23)
+- 2026-02-25 repo policy compliance: CI workflow, hash-pinned images,
+  golangci-lint and gosec fixes of that date (#14); arm64 Docker build
+  fix (#16)
+- 2026-01-08 WebP and AVIF encoding support via govips (both former P0
+  image processing items, now done)
 
-### Security
+# Future Steps
-- [ ] Implement blocked networks configuration (extend SSRF protection)
-- [ ] Add rate limiting global concurrent fetches (prevent resource exhaustion)
 
-### Image Processing
+- P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF
-- [ ] Implement EXIF/metadata stripping (privacy)
+  protection
-
+- P1: rate limit global concurrent upstream fetches to prevent
-## P2: Nice to Have
+  resource exhaustion
-
+- P1: strip EXIF and other metadata from processed images (privacy)
-### Security
+- P2: security
-- [ ] Implement referer blacklist
+    - referer blacklist
-- [ ] Add rate limiting per-IP
+    - per-IP rate limiting
-- [ ] Add rate limiting per-origin
+    - per-origin rate limiting
-
+- P2: HTTP response handling
-### HTTP Response Handling
+    - Last-Modified headers
-- [ ] Implement Last-Modified headers
+    - Vary header for content negotiation
-- [ ] Implement Vary header for content negotiation
+    - X-Request-ID propagation
-- [ ] Implement X-Request-ID propagation
+- P2: auto format selection (format=auto based on Accept header)
-
+- P2: configuration
-### Additional Endpoints
+    - add all configuration options from README
-- [ ] Implement auto-format selection (format=auto based on Accept header)
+    - environment variable overrides
-
+    - YAML config file support
-### Configuration
+- P2: operational
-- [ ] Add all configuration options from README
+    - optional Sentry error reporting
-- [ ] Implement environment variable overrides
+    - comprehensive request logging
-- [ ] Implement YAML config file support
+    - Prometheus performance metrics
-
+    - integration tests for the image proxy flow
-### Operational
+    - load tests to verify the 1k to 5k req/s target
-- [ ] Implement Sentry error reporting (optional)
+- P2: documentation
-- [ ] Add comprehensive request logging
+    - configuration options
-- [ ] Add performance metrics (Prometheus)
+    - API endpoints
-- [ ] Write integration tests for image proxy flow
+    - deployment guide
-- [ ] Write load tests to verify 1-5k req/s target
+    - example nginx or caddy reverse proxy config
-
-### Documentation
-- [ ] Document configuration options
-- [ ] Document API endpoints
-- [ ] Document deployment guide
-- [ ] Add example nginx/caddy reverse proxy config

cmd/pixad/main.go

@@ -17,10 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/server"
 )
 
-var (
+var Version string //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set by ldflags
-	Appname = "pixad" //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set by ldflags
-	Version string    //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set by ldflags
-)
 
 var configPath string //nolint:gochecknoglobals // cobra flag
 
@@ -33,14 +30,14 @@ func main() {
 
 	rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&configPath, "config", "c", "", "path to config file")
 
-	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+	err := rootCmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 }
 
 func run(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) {
-	globals.Appname = Appname
 	globals.Version = Version
 
 	// Set config path in environment if specified via flag

config.dev.yml

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Development config for local Docker testing
-signing_key: "dev-signing-key-minimum-32-chars!"
-debug: true
-allow_http: true
-whitelist_hosts:
-  - localhost
-  - s3.sneak.cloud
-  - static.sneak.cloud
-  - sneak.berlin
-  - github.com
-  - user-images.githubusercontent.com

config.example.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,37 @@
-# Pixa configuration
+# Pixa Example Configuration
-#
-# REQUIRED: Set signing_key before starting the server.
-# Generate with: openssl rand -base64 32
 
+# Server settings
+port: 8080
+debug: false
+maintenance_mode: false
+
+# Data directory for SQLite database and cache files
+state_dir: ./data
+
+# Image proxy settings
+# HMAC signing key for URL signatures (required, at least 32 characters)
+# Generate with: openssl rand -base64 32
 signing_key: "CHANGE_ME_generate_with_openssl_rand_base64_32"
 
-whitelist_hosts:
+# Hosts that don't require signatures
+# Use "." prefix for wildcard subdomain matching (e.g., ".example.com" matches "cdn.example.com")
+allowlist_hosts:
   - s3.sneak.cloud
   - static.sneak.cloud
   - sneak.berlin
   - github.com
   - user-images.githubusercontent.com
+
+# Allow HTTP upstream (only for testing, always use HTTPS in production)
+allow_http: false
+
+# Maximum concurrent connections per upstream host (default: 20)
+upstream_connections_per_host: 20
+
+# Sentry error reporting (optional)
+sentry_dsn: ""
+
+# Metrics endpoint authentication (optional)
+# metrics:
+#   username: "admin"
+#   password: "secret"

config.yaml

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-debug: true
-port: 8080
-state_dir: ./data
-signing_key: "test-signing-key-for-development-only"
-whitelist_hosts:
-  - "*.example.com"
-  - "images.unsplash.com"
-  - "picsum.photos"
-  - "s3.sneak.cloud"
-allow_http: false

example-config.yml

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# Pixa Example Configuration
-
-# Server settings
-port: 8080
-debug: false
-maintenance_mode: false
-
-# Data directory for SQLite database and cache files
-state_dir: ./data
-
-# Image proxy settings
-# HMAC signing key for URL signatures (leave empty to require whitelist for all requests)
-signing_key: "change-me-to-a-secure-random-string"
-
-# Hosts that don't require signatures
-# Use "." prefix for wildcard subdomain matching (e.g., ".example.com" matches "cdn.example.com")
-whitelist_hosts:
-  - static.sneak.cloud
-  - sneak.berlin
-  - s3.sneak.cloud
-
-# Allow HTTP upstream (only for testing, always use HTTPS in production)
-allow_http: false
-
-# Maximum concurrent connections per upstream host (default: 20)
-upstream_connections_per_host: 20
-
-# Sentry error reporting (optional)
-sentry_dsn: ""
-
-# Metrics endpoint authentication (optional)
-# metrics:
-#   username: "admin"
-#   password: "secret"

internal/allowlist/allowlist.go

@@ -1,25 +1,27 @@
-package imgcache
+// Package allowlist provides host-based URL allow-listing for the image proxy.
+package allowlist
 
 import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 )
 
-// HostWhitelist implements the Whitelist interface for checking allowed source hosts.
+// HostAllowList checks whether source hosts are permitted.
-type HostWhitelist struct {
+type HostAllowList struct {
 	// exactHosts contains hosts that must match exactly (e.g., "cdn.example.com")
 	exactHosts map[string]struct{}
-	// suffixHosts contains domain suffixes to match (e.g., ".example.com" matches "cdn.example.com")
+	// suffixHosts contains domain suffixes to match
+	// (e.g., ".example.com" matches "cdn.example.com")
 	suffixHosts []string
 }
 
-// NewHostWhitelist creates a whitelist from a list of host patterns.
+// New creates a HostAllowList from a list of host patterns.
 // Patterns starting with "." are treated as suffix matches.
 // Examples:
 //   - "cdn.example.com" - exact match only
 //   - ".example.com" - matches cdn.example.com, images.example.com, etc.
-func NewHostWhitelist(patterns []string) *HostWhitelist {
+func New(patterns []string) *HostAllowList {
-	w := &HostWhitelist{
+	w := &HostAllowList{
 		exactHosts:  make(map[string]struct{}),
 		suffixHosts: make([]string, 0),
 	}
@@ -40,8 +42,8 @@ func NewHostWhitelist(patterns []string) *HostWhitelist {
 	return w
 }
 
-// IsWhitelisted checks if a URL's host is in the whitelist.
+// IsAllowed checks if a URL's host is in the allow list.
-func (w *HostWhitelist) IsWhitelisted(u *url.URL) bool {
+func (w *HostAllowList) IsAllowed(u *url.URL) bool {
 	if u == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -71,12 +73,12 @@ func (w *HostWhitelist) IsWhitelisted(u *url.URL) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// IsEmpty returns true if the whitelist has no entries.
+// IsEmpty returns true if the allow list has no entries.
-func (w *HostWhitelist) IsEmpty() bool {
+func (w *HostAllowList) IsEmpty() bool {
 	return len(w.exactHosts) == 0 && len(w.suffixHosts) == 0
 }
 
-// Count returns the total number of whitelist entries.
+// Count returns the total number of allow list entries.
-func (w *HostWhitelist) Count() int {
+func (w *HostAllowList) Count() int {
 	return len(w.exactHosts) + len(w.suffixHosts)
 }

internal/allowlist/allowlist_test.go

@@ -1,119 +1,148 @@
-package imgcache
+package allowlist_test
 
 import (
 	"net/url"
 	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/allowlist"
 )
 
-func TestHostWhitelist_IsWhitelisted(t *testing.T) {
+const (
-	tests := []struct {
+	testExactHost = "cdn.example.com"
-		name     string
+	testImageURL  = "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg"
-		patterns []string
+	testSuffix    = ".example.com"
-		testURL  string
+)
-		want     bool
+
-	}{
+type isAllowedCase struct {
+	name     string
+	patterns []string
+	testURL  string
+	want     bool
+}
+
+func runIsAllowedCases(t *testing.T, tests []isAllowedCase) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := allowlist.New(tt.patterns)
+
+			var u *url.URL
+
+			if tt.testURL != "" {
+				parsed, err := url.Parse(tt.testURL)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("failed to parse test URL: %v", err)
+				}
+
+				u = parsed
+			}
+
+			got := w.IsAllowed(u)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("IsAllowed() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHostAllowList_IsAllowed_ExactMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runIsAllowedCases(t, []isAllowedCase{
 		{
 			name:     "exact match",
-			patterns: []string{"cdn.example.com"},
+			patterns: []string{testExactHost},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg",
+			testURL:  testImageURL,
 			want:     true,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "exact match case insensitive",
 			patterns: []string{"CDN.Example.COM"},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg",
+			testURL:  testImageURL,
 			want:     true,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "exact match not found",
-			patterns: []string{"cdn.example.com"},
+			patterns: []string{testExactHost},
 			testURL:  "https://other.example.com/image.jpg",
 			want:     false,
 		},
-		{
-			name:     "suffix match",
-			patterns: []string{".example.com"},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg",
-			want:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "suffix match deep subdomain",
-			patterns: []string{".example.com"},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.images.example.com/image.jpg",
-			want:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "suffix match apex domain",
-			patterns: []string{".example.com"},
-			testURL:  "https://example.com/image.jpg",
-			want:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "suffix match not found",
-			patterns: []string{".example.com"},
-			testURL:  "https://notexample.com/image.jpg",
-			want:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "suffix match partial not allowed",
-			patterns: []string{".example.com"},
-			testURL:  "https://fakeexample.com/image.jpg",
-			want:     false,
-		},
 		{
 			name:     "multiple patterns",
-			patterns: []string{"cdn.example.com", ".images.org", "static.test.net"},
+			patterns: []string{testExactHost, ".images.org", "static.test.net"},
 			testURL:  "https://photos.images.org/image.jpg",
 			want:     true,
 		},
 		{
-			name:     "empty whitelist",
+			name:     "empty allow list",
 			patterns: []string{},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg",
+			testURL:  testImageURL,
 			want:     false,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "nil url",
-			patterns: []string{"cdn.example.com"},
+			patterns: []string{testExactHost},
 			testURL:  "",
 			want:     false,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "url with port",
-			patterns: []string{"cdn.example.com"},
+			patterns: []string{testExactHost},
 			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com:443/image.jpg",
 			want:     true,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "whitespace in patterns",
 			patterns: []string{"  cdn.example.com  ", "  .other.com  "},
-			testURL:  "https://cdn.example.com/image.jpg",
+			testURL:  testImageURL,
 			want:     true,
 		},
-	}
+	})
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			w := NewHostWhitelist(tt.patterns)
-
-			var u *url.URL
-			if tt.testURL != "" {
-				var err error
-				u, err = url.Parse(tt.testURL)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("failed to parse test URL: %v", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			got := w.IsWhitelisted(u)
-			if got != tt.want {
-				t.Errorf("IsWhitelisted() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
 }
 
-func TestHostWhitelist_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHostAllowList_IsAllowed_SuffixMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runIsAllowedCases(t, []isAllowedCase{
+		{
+			name:     "suffix match",
+			patterns: []string{testSuffix},
+			testURL:  testImageURL,
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "suffix match deep subdomain",
+			patterns: []string{testSuffix},
+			testURL:  "https://cdn.images.example.com/image.jpg",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "suffix match apex domain",
+			patterns: []string{testSuffix},
+			testURL:  "https://example.com/image.jpg",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "suffix match not found",
+			patterns: []string{testSuffix},
+			testURL:  "https://notexample.com/image.jpg",
+			want:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "suffix match partial not allowed",
+			patterns: []string{testSuffix},
+			testURL:  "https://fakeexample.com/image.jpg",
+			want:     false,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func TestHostAllowList_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		patterns []string
@@ -143,7 +172,9 @@ func TestHostWhitelist_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			w := NewHostWhitelist(tt.patterns)
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := allowlist.New(tt.patterns)
 			if got := w.IsEmpty(); got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("IsEmpty() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
 			}
@@ -151,7 +182,9 @@ func TestHostWhitelist_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestHostWhitelist_Count(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHostAllowList_Count(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		patterns []string
@@ -181,7 +214,9 @@ func TestHostWhitelist_Count(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			w := NewHostWhitelist(tt.patterns)
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := allowlist.New(tt.patterns)
 			if got := w.Count(); got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("Count() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
 			}

internal/config/config.go

@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"math"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
@@ -21,9 +26,54 @@ const (
 	DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost = 20
 )
 
+// Configuration key names.
+const (
+	keyDebug                      = "debug"
+	keyMaintenanceMode            = "maintenance_mode"
+	keyPort                       = "port"
+	keyStateDir                   = "state_dir"
+	keySentryDSN                  = "sentry_dsn"
+	keyDBURL                      = "db_url"
+	keyMetrics                    = "metrics"
+	keyMetricsUsername            = "metrics.username"
+	keyMetricsPassword            = "metrics.password"
+	keySigningKey                 = "signing_key"
+	keyAllowlistHosts             = "allowlist_hosts"
+	keyAllowHTTP                  = "allow_http"
+	keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost = "upstream_connections_per_host"
+)
+
+// Static validation errors. Each use site attaches the offending key
+// and value by wrapping these with fmt.Errorf and %w.
+var (
+	errValueRequired     = errors.New("a value is required")
+	errValueEmpty        = errors.New("value must not be empty")
+	errUnknownConfigKeys = errors.New("unknown config keys")
+	errNotAString        = errors.New("not a string")
+	errNotAnInteger      = errors.New("not an integer")
+	errNotABoolean       = errors.New("not a boolean")
+	errNotAStringList    = errors.New("not a list of strings")
+	errNotAMetricsMap    = errors.New("not a map of metrics settings")
+	errEmptyListEntry    = errors.New("list contains an empty entry")
+	errEmptyEntry        = errors.New("contains an empty entry")
+	errNotAValidURL      = errors.New("not a valid URL")
+	errPortOutOfRange    = errors.New("outside the valid port range")
+	errTooFewConnections = errors.New("must be at least 1")
+	errValueTooShort     = errors.New("value too short")
+	errMustBeSetTogether = errors.New("must be set together")
+	errValueNull         = errors.New(
+		"value is null; omit the key entirely to use the default")
+	errValuesNull = errors.New(
+		"value is null; omit a key entirely to use its default")
+	errNotBareHostname = errors.New(
+		"must be a bare hostname without scheme, path, or whitespace")
+	errNoHostnameLabels = errors.New("contains no hostname labels")
+)
+
 // Params defines dependencies for Config.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Globals *globals.Globals
 	Logger  *logger.Logger
 }
@@ -41,7 +91,7 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// Image proxy settings
 	SigningKey                 string   // HMAC signing key for URL signatures
-	WhitelistHosts             []string // Hosts that don't require signatures
+	AllowlistHosts             []string // Hosts that don't require signatures
 	AllowHTTP                  bool     // Allow non-TLS upstream (testing only)
 	UpstreamConnectionsPerHost int      // Max concurrent connections per upstream host
 }
@@ -60,54 +110,281 @@ func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Config, error) {
 		log.Info("no config file found, using defaults")
 	}
 
-	c := &Config{
+	c, err := newFromSmartConfig(sc)
-		Debug:                      getBool(sc, "debug", false),
+	if err != nil {
-		MaintenanceMode:            getBool(sc, "maintenance_mode", false),
+		return nil, err
-		Port:                       getInt(sc, "port", DefaultPort),
-		StateDir:                   getString(sc, "state_dir", DefaultStateDir),
-		SentryDSN:                  getString(sc, "sentry_dsn", ""),
-		MetricsUsername:            getString(sc, "metrics.username", ""),
-		MetricsPassword:            getString(sc, "metrics.password", ""),
-		SigningKey:                 getString(sc, "signing_key", ""),
-		WhitelistHosts:             getStringSlice(sc, "whitelist_hosts"),
-		AllowHTTP:                  getBool(sc, "allow_http", false),
-		UpstreamConnectionsPerHost: getInt(sc, "upstream_connections_per_host", DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost),
 	}
 
-	// Build DBURL from StateDir if not explicitly set
+	err = c.ensureStateDirWritable()
-	c.DBURL = getString(sc, "db_url", "")
+	if err != nil {
-	if c.DBURL == "" {
+		return nil, err
-		c.DBURL = fmt.Sprintf("file:%s/state.sqlite3?_journal_mode=WAL", c.StateDir)
 	}
 
 	if c.Debug {
 		params.Logger.EnableDebugLogging()
 	}
 
-	// Validate required configuration
+	return c, nil
-	if err := c.validate(); err != nil {
+}
+
+// newFromSmartConfig constructs a Config from a loaded smartconfig
+// instance and validates it. A nil sc means no config file was found,
+// in which case every option takes its default value. A key that is
+// present but unparseable or invalid is an error: defaults apply only
+// to omitted keys, never to invalid explicit values.
+func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
+	if sc != nil {
+		err := validateKnownKeys(sc)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		err = validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	loader := &strictLoader{sc: sc}
+
+	c := &Config{
+		Debug:           loader.boolVal(keyDebug, false),
+		MaintenanceMode: loader.boolVal(keyMaintenanceMode, false),
+		Port:            loader.intVal(keyPort, DefaultPort),
+		StateDir:        loader.stringVal(keyStateDir, DefaultStateDir),
+		SentryDSN:       loader.stringVal(keySentryDSN, ""),
+		MetricsUsername: loader.stringVal(keyMetricsUsername, ""),
+		MetricsPassword: loader.stringVal(keyMetricsPassword, ""),
+		SigningKey:      loader.stringVal(keySigningKey, ""),
+		AllowlistHosts:  getStringSlice(sc),
+		AllowHTTP:       loader.boolVal(keyAllowHTTP, false),
+		UpstreamConnectionsPerHost: loader.intVal(
+			keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost),
+	}
+
+	// Build DBURL from StateDir if not explicitly set. The derived URL
+	// is a default: it applies only when db_url is omitted, never to an
+	// explicitly empty value.
+	c.DBURL = loader.stringVal(keyDBURL, "")
+	if c.DBURL == "" && loader.err == nil {
+		if sc != nil {
+			if _, present := sc.Get(keyDBURL); present {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+					"config key %q: %w; omit the key to derive it from state_dir",
+					keyDBURL, errValueEmpty)
+			}
+		}
+
+		c.DBURL = fmt.Sprintf("file:%s/state.sqlite3?_journal_mode=WAL", c.StateDir)
+	}
+
+	if loader.err != nil {
+		return nil, loader.err
+	}
+
+	err := c.validate()
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	return c, nil
 }
 
-// validate checks that all required configuration values are set.
+// validateKnownKeys rejects configuration files containing keys the
-func (c *Config) validate() error {
+// application does not understand, so typos fail at startup instead of
-	if c.SigningKey == "" {
+// being silently ignored, and rejects keys that are explicitly set to
-		return fmt.Errorf("signing_key is required")
+// null: a null is a SET value, never an omission, so it must not
+// silently take the default. The env section is permitted because
+// smartconfig consumes it for environment variable injection.
+func validateKnownKeys(sc *smartconfig.Config) error {
+	var unknown, nullKeys []string
+
+	for key, value := range sc.Data() {
+		if !isKnownConfigKey(key) {
+			unknown = append(unknown, key)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if value == nil {
+			nullKeys = append(nullKeys, key)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if key == keyMetrics {
+			metricsMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v is %w",
+					keyMetrics, value, errNotAMetricsMap)
+			}
+
+			for subkey, subvalue := range metricsMap {
+				if subkey != "username" && subkey != "password" {
+					unknown = append(unknown, keyMetrics+"."+subkey)
+
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if subvalue == nil {
+					nullKeys = append(nullKeys, keyMetrics+"."+subkey)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
-	// Minimum key length for security (32 bytes = 256 bits)
+	if len(unknown) > 0 {
-	const minKeyLength = 32
+		sort.Strings(unknown)
-	if len(c.SigningKey) < minKeyLength {
+
-		return fmt.Errorf("signing_key must be at least %d characters", minKeyLength)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errUnknownConfigKeys, strings.Join(unknown, ", "))
+	}
+
+	if len(nullKeys) > 0 {
+		sort.Strings(nullKeys)
+
+		if len(nullKeys) == 1 {
+			return errNullConfigValue(nullKeys[0])
+		}
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("config keys %s: %w",
+			strings.Join(nullKeys, ", "), errValuesNull)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-// loadConfigFile loads configuration from PIXA_CONFIG_PATH env var or standard locations.
+// errNullConfigValue reports a config key that is explicitly set to
+// null (including the bare "key:" form and the "~" alias). Silently
+// applying the default would mask a truncated or typo'd config entry.
+func errNullConfigValue(key string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w", key, errValueNull)
+}
+
+// isKnownConfigKey reports whether key is a permitted top-level
+// configuration key.
+func isKnownConfigKey(key string) bool {
+	switch key {
+	case keyDebug, keyMaintenanceMode, keyPort, keyStateDir, keySentryDSN,
+		keyDBURL, keyMetrics, keySigningKey, keyAllowlistHosts, keyAllowHTTP,
+		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, "env":
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// ensureStateDirWritable verifies at startup that StateDir can be
+// created and written to, so a misconfigured path aborts startup
+// instead of failing later at first use.
+func (c *Config) ensureStateDirWritable() error {
+	const stateDirPerms = 0o750
+
+	err := os.MkdirAll(c.StateDir, stateDirPerms)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot create directory %q: %w",
+			keyStateDir, c.StateDir, err)
+	}
+
+	probe, err := os.CreateTemp(c.StateDir, ".startup-write-probe-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: directory %q is not writable: %w",
+			keyStateDir, c.StateDir, err)
+	}
+
+	probePath := probe.Name()
+
+	err = probe.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot close probe file %q: %w",
+			keyStateDir, probePath, err)
+	}
+
+	err = os.Remove(probePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot remove probe file %q: %w",
+			keyStateDir, probePath, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validate checks that all required configuration values are set and
+// that every value is within its valid range.
+func (c *Config) validate() error {
+	// The signing key value is never echoed in error messages.
+	if c.SigningKey == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w", keySigningKey, errValueRequired)
+	}
+
+	// Minimum key length for security (32 bytes = 256 bits)
+	const minKeyLength = 32
+	if len(c.SigningKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w: must be at least %d characters, got %d",
+			keySigningKey, errValueTooShort, minKeyLength, len(c.SigningKey))
+	}
+
+	const maxPort = 65535
+	if c.Port < 1 || c.Port > maxPort {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %d is %w 1-%d",
+			keyPort, c.Port, errPortOutOfRange, maxPort)
+	}
+
+	if c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %d %w",
+			keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost,
+			errTooFewConnections)
+	}
+
+	if c.StateDir == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w", keyStateDir, errValueEmpty)
+	}
+
+	for _, host := range c.AllowlistHosts {
+		err := validateAllowlistHost(host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if c.SentryDSN != "" {
+		parsed, err := url.Parse(c.SentryDSN)
+		if err != nil || parsed.Scheme == "" || parsed.Host == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
+				keySentryDSN, c.SentryDSN, errNotAValidURL)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (c.MetricsUsername == "") != (c.MetricsPassword == "") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config keys %q and %q %w",
+			keyMetricsUsername, keyMetricsPassword, errMustBeSetTogether)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateAllowlistHost checks that an allowlist_hosts entry is a bare
+// hostname, optionally with a leading dot for suffix matching. URLs,
+// paths, and whitespace indicate a misconfigured entry. An entry with
+// no hostname labels (such as ".") is rejected: the allowlist matcher
+// treats a leading dot as a suffix pattern, so a bare "." would match
+// any upstream host written in FQDN trailing-dot form and effectively
+// disable URL signing.
+func validateAllowlistHost(host string) error {
+	if strings.Contains(host, "://") || strings.ContainsAny(host, "/ \t") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: entry %q %w",
+			keyAllowlistHosts, host, errNotBareHostname)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Trim(host, ".") == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: entry %q %w",
+			keyAllowlistHosts, host, errNoHostnameLabels)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// loadConfigFile loads configuration from the PIXA_CONFIG_PATH env var
+// or standard locations.
 func loadConfigFile(log *slog.Logger, appName string) (*smartconfig.Config, error) {
 	// Check for explicit config path from environment
 	if envPath := os.Getenv("PIXA_CONFIG_PATH"); envPath != "" {
@@ -132,12 +409,15 @@ func loadConfigFile(log *slog.Logger, appName string) (*smartconfig.Config, erro
 	}
 
 	for _, path := range configPaths {
-		if _, statErr := os.Stat(path); statErr == nil {
+		cleanPath := filepath.Clean(path)
+
+		_, statErr := os.Stat(cleanPath)
+		if statErr == nil {
+			// A config file that exists but does not parse is a fatal
+			// startup error, never something to skip over.
 			sc, err := smartconfig.NewFromConfigPath(path)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Warn("failed to parse config file", "path", path, "error", err)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config file %s: %w", path, err)
-
-				continue
 			}
 
 			log.Info("loaded config file", "path", path)
@@ -149,57 +429,221 @@ func loadConfigFile(log *slog.Logger, appName string) (*smartconfig.Config, erro
 	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // nil config is valid (use defaults)
 }
 
-func getString(sc *smartconfig.Config, key, defaultVal string) string {
+// strictLoader accumulates the first error encountered while reading
-	if sc == nil {
+// typed values out of a smartconfig instance, so Config construction
-		return defaultVal
+// can stay a single struct literal.
+type strictLoader struct {
+	sc  *smartconfig.Config
+	err error
+}
+
+func (l *strictLoader) stringVal(key, defaultVal string) string {
+	if l.err != nil {
+		return ""
 	}
 
-	val, err := sc.GetString(key)
+	val, err := getString(l.sc, key, defaultVal)
 	if err != nil {
-		return defaultVal
+		l.err = err
 	}
 
 	return val
 }
 
-func getInt(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int) int {
+func (l *strictLoader) intVal(key string, defaultVal int) int {
-	if sc == nil {
+	if l.err != nil {
-		return defaultVal
+		return 0
 	}
 
-	val, err := sc.GetInt(key)
+	val, err := getInt(l.sc, key, defaultVal)
 	if err != nil {
-		return defaultVal
+		l.err = err
 	}
 
 	return val
 }
 
-func getBool(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal bool) bool {
+func (l *strictLoader) boolVal(key string, defaultVal bool) bool {
-	if sc == nil {
+	if l.err != nil {
-		return defaultVal
+		return false
 	}
 
-	val, err := sc.GetBool(key)
+	val, err := getBool(l.sc, key, defaultVal)
 	if err != nil {
-		return defaultVal
+		l.err = err
 	}
 
 	return val
 }
 
-func getStringSlice(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string) []string {
+// getString returns the string value for key, or defaultVal if the key
+// is omitted. A present value that is not a string, or is explicitly
+// null, is an error.
+func getString(sc *smartconfig.Config, key, defaultVal string) (string, error) {
+	if sc == nil {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return "", errNullConfigValue(key)
+	}
+
+	str, ok := raw.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			key, raw, raw, errNotAString)
+	}
+
+	return str, nil
+}
+
+// getInt returns the integer value for key, or defaultVal if the key is
+// omitted. A present value that is not a whole number, or is explicitly
+// null, is an error; fractional values are never truncated.
+func getInt(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int) (int, error) {
+	if sc == nil {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return 0, errNullConfigValue(key)
+	}
+
+	switch val := raw.(type) {
+	case int:
+		return val, nil
+	case int64:
+		return int(val), nil
+	case float64:
+		if val != math.Trunc(val) {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v is %w",
+				key, val, errNotAnInteger)
+		}
+
+		return int(val), nil
+	case string:
+		parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(val))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
+				key, val, errNotAnInteger)
+		}
+
+		return parsed, nil
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			key, raw, raw, errNotAnInteger)
+	}
+}
+
+// getBool returns the boolean value for key, or defaultVal if the key
+// is omitted. A present value that is not a boolean (or a ParseBool-able
+// string), or is explicitly null, is an error; numbers are not accepted
+// as booleans.
+func getBool(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal bool) (bool, error) {
+	if sc == nil {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return defaultVal, nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return false, errNullConfigValue(key)
+	}
+
+	switch val := raw.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		return val, nil
+	case string:
+		parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(val))
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
+				key, val, errNotABoolean)
+		}
+
+		return parsed, nil
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			key, raw, raw, errNotABoolean)
+	}
+}
+
+// validateAllowlistHostsValue checks the raw shape of the
+// allowlist_hosts value before the lenient extraction in getStringSlice
+// runs: an explicitly null value, a value that is not a list of strings
+// (or a comma-separated string), a non-string entry, or an empty entry
+// is an error, never silently skipped.
+func validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc *smartconfig.Config) error {
+	raw, ok := sc.Get(keyAllowlistHosts)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return errNullConfigValue(keyAllowlistHosts)
+	}
+
+	switch val := raw.(type) {
+	case []any:
+		for _, item := range val {
+			str, ok := item.(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: list entry %v (%T) is %w",
+					keyAllowlistHosts, item, item, errNotAString)
+			}
+
+			if strings.TrimSpace(str) == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w",
+					keyAllowlistHosts, errEmptyListEntry)
+			}
+		}
+	case string:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(val) == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(val, ",") {
+			if strings.TrimSpace(part) == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q %w",
+					keyAllowlistHosts, val, errEmptyEntry)
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			keyAllowlistHosts, raw, raw, errNotAStringList)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getStringSlice returns the allowlist_hosts list of strings, or nil if
+// the key is omitted. It accepts a YAML list of strings or a
+// comma-separated string (backwards compatibility). Malformed entries
+// are rejected beforehand by validateAllowlistHostsValue.
+func getStringSlice(sc *smartconfig.Config) []string {
 	if sc == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	val, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	val, ok := sc.Get(keyAllowlistHosts)
 	if !ok || val == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// Handle YAML list format
-	if slice, ok := val.([]interface{}); ok {
+	if slice, ok := val.([]any); ok {
 		result := make([]string, 0, len(slice))
 		for _, item := range slice {
 			if str, ok := item.(string); ok {

internal/config/config_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
+)
+
+// writeTestConfig writes yamlContent to a temp config file and returns
+// the file path.
+func writeTestConfig(t *testing.T, yamlContent string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0o600)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return configPath
+}
+
+// checkAllowlistHosts loads the config at configPath and asserts that
+// getStringSlice returns the three expected hosts.
+func checkAllowlistHosts(t *testing.T, configPath string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	sc, err := loadTestConfig(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hosts := getStringSlice(sc)
+
+	if len(hosts) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 3 hosts, got %d: %v", len(hosts), hosts)
+	}
+
+	expected := []string{"static.sneak.cloud", "sneak.berlin", testHostS3}
+	for i, want := range expected {
+		if i >= len(hosts) {
+			t.Errorf("missing host at index %d: want %q", i, want)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if hosts[i] != want {
+			t.Errorf("host[%d] = %q, want %q", i, hosts[i], want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStringSlice_YAMLList(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := `
+allowlist_hosts:
+  - static.sneak.cloud
+  - sneak.berlin
+  - s3.sneak.cloud
+`
+
+	checkAllowlistHosts(t, writeTestConfig(t, yamlContent))
+}
+
+func TestGetStringSlice_CommaSeparated(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Backwards compatibility with comma-separated string values.
+	yamlContent := `allowlist_hosts: "static.sneak.cloud, sneak.berlin, s3.sneak.cloud"`
+
+	checkAllowlistHosts(t, writeTestConfig(t, yamlContent))
+}
+
+func TestGetStringSlice_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	configPath := writeTestConfig(t, `port: 8080`)
+
+	sc, err := loadTestConfig(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hosts := getStringSlice(sc)
+	if len(hosts) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil or empty slice, got %v", hosts)
+	}
+}
+
+// loadTestConfig is a helper to load a config file for testing.
+func loadTestConfig(path string) (*smartconfig.Config, error) {
+	return smartconfig.NewFromConfigPath(path)
+}

internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-package config
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
-)
-
-func TestGetStringSlice_YAMLList(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a temp config file with YAML list format
-	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
-	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
-
-	yamlContent := `
-whitelist_hosts:
-  - static.sneak.cloud
-  - sneak.berlin
-  - s3.sneak.cloud
-`
-	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Load config using smartconfig
-	sc, err := loadTestConfig(configPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to load config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Test that getStringSlice correctly parses YAML list
-	hosts := getStringSlice(sc, "whitelist_hosts")
-
-	if len(hosts) != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 3 hosts, got %d: %v", len(hosts), hosts)
-	}
-
-	expected := []string{"static.sneak.cloud", "sneak.berlin", "s3.sneak.cloud"}
-	for i, want := range expected {
-		if i >= len(hosts) {
-			t.Errorf("missing host at index %d: want %q", i, want)
-			continue
-		}
-		if hosts[i] != want {
-			t.Errorf("host[%d] = %q, want %q", i, hosts[i], want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGetStringSlice_CommaSeparated(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test backwards compatibility with comma-separated string
-	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
-	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
-
-	yamlContent := `whitelist_hosts: "static.sneak.cloud, sneak.berlin, s3.sneak.cloud"`
-
-	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	sc, err := loadTestConfig(configPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to load config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	hosts := getStringSlice(sc, "whitelist_hosts")
-
-	if len(hosts) != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 3 hosts, got %d: %v", len(hosts), hosts)
-	}
-
-	expected := []string{"static.sneak.cloud", "sneak.berlin", "s3.sneak.cloud"}
-	for i, want := range expected {
-		if i >= len(hosts) {
-			t.Errorf("missing host at index %d: want %q", i, want)
-			continue
-		}
-		if hosts[i] != want {
-			t.Errorf("host[%d] = %q, want %q", i, hosts[i], want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGetStringSlice_Empty(t *testing.T) {
-	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
-	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
-
-	yamlContent := `port: 8080`
-
-	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	sc, err := loadTestConfig(configPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to load config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	hosts := getStringSlice(sc, "whitelist_hosts")
-
-	if hosts != nil && len(hosts) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected nil or empty slice, got %v", hosts)
-	}
-}
-
-// loadTestConfig is a helper to load a config file for testing
-func loadTestConfig(path string) (*smartconfig.Config, error) {
-	return smartconfig.NewFromConfigPath(path)
-}

internal/config/config_validation_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
+)
+
+// validTestSigningKey is a 32-character signing key that satisfies the
+// minimum length requirement in validate().
+const validTestSigningKey = "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef"
+
+// signingKeyLine is a valid signing_key config line used as the base of
+// test config files.
+const signingKeyLine = "signing_key: " + validTestSigningKey + "\n"
+
+// testHostS3 is an allowlist host entry used across the config tests.
+const testHostS3 = "s3.sneak.cloud"
+
+// nullValueText is the substring that error messages about explicitly
+// null config values must contain.
+const nullValueText = "null"
+
+// abortCase describes a config file that must abort startup with an
+// error mentioning every string in wantErrSubstrings.
+type abortCase struct {
+	name string
+	yaml string
+	// wantErrSubstrings must all appear in the error message.
+	wantErrSubstrings []string
+}
+
+// configFromYAML writes yamlContent to a temporary config file, loads it
+// via smartconfig, and constructs a Config from it using the same code
+// path the server uses at startup.
+func configFromYAML(t *testing.T, yamlContent string) (*Config, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0o600)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sc, err := smartconfig.NewFromConfigPath(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load test config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return newFromSmartConfig(sc)
+}
+
+func TestOmittedValuesUseDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("minimal config should be valid, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.Port != DefaultPort {
+		t.Errorf("Port = %d, want default %d", c.Port, DefaultPort)
+	}
+
+	if c.StateDir != DefaultStateDir {
+		t.Errorf("StateDir = %q, want default %q", c.StateDir, DefaultStateDir)
+	}
+
+	if c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost != DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost {
+		t.Errorf("UpstreamConnectionsPerHost = %d, want default %d",
+			c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost, DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost)
+	}
+
+	if c.Debug {
+		t.Error("Debug = true, want default false")
+	}
+
+	if c.MaintenanceMode {
+		t.Error("MaintenanceMode = true, want default false")
+	}
+
+	if c.AllowHTTP {
+		t.Error("AllowHTTP = true, want default false")
+	}
+
+	if len(c.AllowlistHosts) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("AllowlistHosts = %v, want empty", c.AllowlistHosts)
+	}
+
+	wantDBURL := "file:" + DefaultStateDir + "/state.sqlite3?_journal_mode=WAL"
+	if c.DBURL != wantDBURL {
+		t.Errorf("DBURL = %q, want derived default %q", c.DBURL, wantDBURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExplicitValidValuesAreUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := `
+port: 9090
+debug: true
+maintenance_mode: true
+state_dir: /tmp/pixa-test-state
+db_url: "file:/tmp/pixa-test-state/other.sqlite3"
+signing_key: ` + validTestSigningKey + `
+allowlist_hosts:
+  - s3.sneak.cloud
+  - .example.com
+allow_http: true
+upstream_connections_per_host: 5
+sentry_dsn: "https://abc123@sentry.example.com/42"
+metrics:
+  username: metricsuser
+  password: metricspass
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("valid config should load, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.Port != 9090 {
+		t.Errorf("Port = %d, want 9090", c.Port)
+	}
+
+	if !c.Debug || !c.MaintenanceMode || !c.AllowHTTP {
+		t.Errorf("bool fields = debug %v maintenance %v allow_http %v, want all true",
+			c.Debug, c.MaintenanceMode, c.AllowHTTP)
+	}
+
+	if c.StateDir != "/tmp/pixa-test-state" {
+		t.Errorf("StateDir = %q, want /tmp/pixa-test-state", c.StateDir)
+	}
+
+	if c.DBURL != "file:/tmp/pixa-test-state/other.sqlite3" {
+		t.Errorf("DBURL = %q, want explicit value", c.DBURL)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.AllowlistHosts) != 2 || c.AllowlistHosts[0] != testHostS3 ||
+		c.AllowlistHosts[1] != ".example.com" {
+		t.Errorf("AllowlistHosts = %v, want [s3.sneak.cloud .example.com]",
+			c.AllowlistHosts)
+	}
+
+	if c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("UpstreamConnectionsPerHost = %d, want 5", c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost)
+	}
+
+	if c.SentryDSN != "https://abc123@sentry.example.com/42" {
+		t.Errorf("SentryDSN = %q, want explicit value", c.SentryDSN)
+	}
+
+	if c.MetricsUsername != "metricsuser" || c.MetricsPassword != "metricspass" {
+		t.Errorf("metrics = %q/%q, want metricsuser/metricspass",
+			c.MetricsUsername, c.MetricsPassword)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCommaSeparatedAllowlistStillSupported(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine +
+		`allowlist_hosts: "s3.sneak.cloud, sneak.berlin"
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("comma-separated allowlist should load, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.AllowlistHosts) != 2 || c.AllowlistHosts[0] != testHostS3 ||
+		c.AllowlistHosts[1] != "sneak.berlin" {
+		t.Errorf("AllowlistHosts = %v, want [s3.sneak.cloud sneak.berlin]",
+			c.AllowlistHosts)
+	}
+}
+
+// runAbortCases asserts that each case's config aborts startup with an
+// error message mentioning every expected substring.
+func runAbortCases(t *testing.T, cases []abortCase) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			c, err := configFromYAML(t, tc.yaml)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("config with %s must abort startup, got config: %+v", tc.name, c)
+			}
+
+			t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+			for _, want := range tc.wantErrSubstrings {
+				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), want) {
+					t.Errorf("error %q does not mention %q", err.Error(), want)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// invalidScalarValueCases are configs where a scalar key is explicitly
+// set to an unparseable or out-of-range value; each must abort startup
+// naming the offending key, never silently fall back to the default.
+func invalidScalarValueCases() []abortCase {
+	return []abortCase{
+		{
+			name:              "port not a number",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port: banana\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, "banana"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "port zero",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port: 0\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, "0"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "port above 65535",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port: 99999\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, "99999"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "port fractional",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port: 8080.5\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, "8080.5"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "debug not a bool",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "debug: notabool\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyDebug, "notabool"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "maintenance_mode not a bool",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "maintenance_mode: sometimes\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyMaintenanceMode, "sometimes"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allow_http numeric",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allow_http: 2\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowHTTP, "2"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "upstream_connections_per_host zero",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "upstream_connections_per_host: 0\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, "0"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "upstream_connections_per_host negative",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "upstream_connections_per_host: -3\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, "-3"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "upstream_connections_per_host not a number",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "upstream_connections_per_host: many\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, "many"},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// invalidHostAndCredentialCases are configs where allowlist_hosts,
+// signing_key, state_dir, sentry_dsn, or metrics is explicitly set to
+// an invalid value; each must abort startup naming the offending key.
+func invalidHostAndCredentialCases() []abortCase {
+	return []abortCase{
+		{
+			name: "allowlist host with scheme",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts:\n  - https://example.com\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{
+				keyAllowlistHosts, "https://example.com",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "allowlist host with path",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts:\n  - example.com/images\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{
+				keyAllowlistHosts, "example.com/images",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allowlist host with whitespace",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts:\n  - \"exa mple.com\"\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowlistHosts, "exa mple.com"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allowlist entry not a string",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts:\n  - 123\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowlistHosts, "123"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allowlist not a list",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts:\n  key: value\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowlistHosts},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "signing_key too short",
+			yaml:              "signing_key: short\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySigningKey},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "signing_key missing",
+			yaml:              "port: 8080\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySigningKey},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "state_dir explicitly empty",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "state_dir: \"\"\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyStateDir},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "sentry_dsn not a URL",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "sentry_dsn: \"not a url\"\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySentryDSN, "not a url"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "metrics username without password",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "metrics:\n  username: bob\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyMetrics},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "metrics password without username",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "metrics:\n  password: hunter2\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyMetrics},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSetButInvalidValueAbortsStartup verifies the no-silent-fallback
+// rule: a key that is explicitly set to an unparseable or out-of-range
+// value must produce a startup error naming the offending key, never
+// silently fall back to the default.
+func TestSetButInvalidValueAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, append(
+		invalidScalarValueCases(), invalidHostAndCredentialCases()...))
+}
+
+// explicitNullValueCases are configs where a key is explicitly set to
+// null (including the bare "key:" form and the "~" alias); each must
+// abort startup naming the key.
+func explicitNullValueCases() []abortCase {
+	return []abortCase{
+		{
+			name:              "port explicit null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "port bare key no value",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "port:\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyPort, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "debug tilde null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "debug: ~\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyDebug, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "maintenance_mode null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "maintenance_mode: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyMaintenanceMode, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allow_http null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allow_http: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowHTTP, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "state_dir null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "state_dir: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyStateDir, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "db_url null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "db_url: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyDBURL, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "sentry_dsn null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "sentry_dsn: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySentryDSN, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "upstream_connections_per_host null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "upstream_connections_per_host: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "allowlist_hosts null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "allowlist_hosts: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyAllowlistHosts, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "signing_key null",
+			yaml:              "signing_key: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySigningKey, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "metrics null",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "metrics: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyMetrics, nullValueText},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "metrics subkeys null",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + "metrics:\n  username: null\n  password: null\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{
+				keyMetricsUsername, keyMetricsPassword, nullValueText,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExplicitNullValueAbortsStartup verifies that a key explicitly
+// set to null (including the bare "key:" form and the "~" alias) aborts
+// startup naming the key. An explicit null is a SET value: it must
+// never silently fall back to the default the way an omitted key does.
+func TestExplicitNullValueAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, explicitNullValueCases())
+}
+
+// TestExplicitlyEmptyDBURLAbortsStartup verifies that db_url set to an
+// empty string aborts startup: the derived file:...state.sqlite3 URL is
+// a default, and defaults apply only to omitted keys. This matches
+// state_dir, where an explicitly empty value already aborts.
+func TestExplicitlyEmptyDBURLAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + "db_url: \"\"\n"
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("explicitly empty db_url must abort startup, got config: %+v", c)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), keyDBURL) {
+		t.Errorf("error %q does not name the offending key db_url", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAllowlistHostsRejectsDotOnlyEntries verifies that entries with no
+// hostname labels are rejected. The allowlist matcher treats a leading
+// dot as a suffix pattern, so a bare "." entry would match any upstream
+// host written in FQDN trailing-dot form (e.g. evil.com.) and
+// effectively disable URL signing with a single character.
+func TestAllowlistHostsRejectsDotOnlyEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, entry := range []string{".", ".."} {
+		t.Run(entry, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			yamlContent := signingKeyLine +
+				"allowlist_hosts:\n  - \"" + entry + "\"\n"
+
+			c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("allowlist entry %q must abort startup, got config: %+v",
+					entry, c)
+			}
+
+			t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), keyAllowlistHosts) {
+				t.Errorf("error %q does not name the offending key allowlist_hosts",
+					err.Error())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownTopLevelKeyAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + `whitelist_hosts:
+  - example.com
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("config with unknown key must abort startup, got config: %+v", c)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "whitelist_hosts") {
+		t.Errorf("error %q does not name the unknown key whitelist_hosts", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownMetricsSubkeyAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + `metrics:
+  username: bob
+  password: hunter2
+  port: 9100
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("config with unknown metrics subkey must abort startup, got config: %+v", c)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "metrics.port") {
+		t.Errorf("error %q does not name the unknown key metrics.port", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnvSectionIsPermitted(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + `env:
+  PIXA_TEST_ENV_INJECTION: injected
+`
+
+	_, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf(
+			"env section must be permitted (smartconfig consumes it), got error: %v",
+			err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMalformedConfigFileAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte("port: [unclosed\n"), 0o600)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write malformed config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// loadConfigFile falls through to the relative config.yml candidate;
+	// the appname is chosen so no /etc or $HOME candidate can exist.
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_CONFIG_PATH", "")
+	t.Chdir(tmpDir)
+
+	log := slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
+
+	sc, err := loadConfigFile(log, "pixa-test-nonexistent-app")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("malformed config file must abort startup, got config: %v", sc)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+}
+
+func TestEnsureStateDirCreatesDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	stateDir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "nested", "state")
+
+	c := &Config{StateDir: stateDir}
+
+	err := c.ensureStateDirWritable()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("creatable state_dir must validate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	info, err := os.Stat(stateDir)
+	if err != nil || !info.IsDir() {
+		t.Fatalf("state_dir was not created: info=%v err=%v", info, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureStateDirFailsOnUncreatablePath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// A path below /dev/null can never be created, even when running
+	// as root (as in the Docker build).
+	c := &Config{StateDir: "/dev/null/pixa-state"}
+
+	err := c.ensureStateDirWritable()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("uncreatable state_dir must abort startup, got nil error")
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), keyStateDir) {
+		t.Errorf("error %q does not name the offending key state_dir", err.Error())
+	}
+}

internal/database/database.go

@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"embed"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
@@ -21,13 +23,22 @@ import (
 //go:embed schema/*.sql
 var schemaFS embed.FS
 
+// bootstrapVersion is the migration that creates the schema_migrations
+// table itself. It is applied before the normal migration loop.
+const bootstrapVersion = 0
+
 // Params defines dependencies for Database.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Logger *logger.Logger
 	Config *config.Config
 }
 
+// errInvalidMigrationFilename is returned when a migration filename does
+// not match the "<version>[_<description>].sql" pattern.
+var errInvalidMigrationFilename = errors.New("invalid migration filename")
+
 // Database wraps the SQL database connection.
 type Database struct {
 	db     *sql.DB
@@ -35,6 +46,44 @@ type Database struct {
 	config *config.Config
 }
 
+// ParseMigrationVersion extracts the numeric version prefix from a migration
+// filename. Filenames must follow the pattern "<version>.sql" or
+// "<version>_<description>.sql", where version is a zero-padded numeric
+// string (e.g. "001", "002"). Returns the version as an integer and an
+// error if the filename does not match the expected pattern.
+func ParseMigrationVersion(filename string) (int, error) {
+	name := strings.TrimSuffix(filename, filepath.Ext(filename))
+	if name == "" {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w %q: empty name", errInvalidMigrationFilename, filename)
+	}
+
+	// Split on underscore to separate version from description.
+	// If there's no underscore, the entire stem is the version.
+	versionStr, _, _ := strings.Cut(name, "_")
+	if versionStr == "" {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w %q: empty version prefix", errInvalidMigrationFilename, filename,
+		)
+	}
+
+	// Validate the version is purely numeric.
+	for _, ch := range versionStr {
+		if ch < '0' || ch > '9' {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+				"%w %q: version %q contains non-numeric character %q",
+				errInvalidMigrationFilename, filename, versionStr, string(ch),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	version, err := strconv.Atoi(versionStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w %q: %w", errInvalidMigrationFilename, filename, err)
+	}
+
+	return version, nil
+}
+
 // New creates a new Database instance.
 func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Database, error) {
 	s := &Database{
@@ -52,6 +101,7 @@ func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Database, error) {
 		},
 		OnStop: func(_ context.Context) error {
 			s.log.Info("Database OnStop Hook")
+
 			if s.db != nil {
 				return s.db.Close()
 			}
@@ -63,6 +113,137 @@ func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Database, error) {
 	return s, nil
 }
 
+// collectMigrations reads the embedded schema directory and returns
+// migration filenames sorted lexicographically.
+func collectMigrations() ([]string, error) {
+	entries, err := schemaFS.ReadDir("schema")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read schema directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var migrations []string
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !entry.IsDir() && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".sql") {
+			migrations = append(migrations, entry.Name())
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(migrations)
+
+	return migrations, nil
+}
+
+// bootstrapMigrationsTable ensures the schema_migrations table exists
+// by applying 000.sql if the table is missing.
+func bootstrapMigrationsTable(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, log *slog.Logger) error {
+	var tableExists int
+
+	err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
+		"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='schema_migrations'",
+	).Scan(&tableExists)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check for migrations table: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if tableExists > 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	content, err := schemaFS.ReadFile("schema/000.sql")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read bootstrap migration 000.sql: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if log != nil {
+		log.Info("applying bootstrap migration", "version", bootstrapVersion)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, string(content))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply bootstrap migration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ApplyMigrations applies all pending migrations to db. An optional logger
+// may be provided for informational output; pass nil for silent operation.
+// This is exported so tests can apply the real schema without the full fx
+// lifecycle.
+func ApplyMigrations(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, log *slog.Logger) error {
+	err := bootstrapMigrationsTable(ctx, db, log)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	migrations, err := collectMigrations()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, migration := range migrations {
+		version, parseErr := ParseMigrationVersion(migration)
+		if parseErr != nil {
+			return parseErr
+		}
+
+		// Check if already applied.
+		var count int
+
+		err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
+			"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = ?",
+			version,
+		).Scan(&count)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to check migration status: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if count > 0 {
+			if log != nil {
+				log.Debug("migration already applied", "version", version)
+			}
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Read and apply migration.
+		content, readErr := schemaFS.ReadFile(filepath.Join("schema", migration))
+		if readErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read migration %s: %w", migration, readErr)
+		}
+
+		if log != nil {
+			log.Info("applying migration", "version", version)
+		}
+
+		_, execErr := db.ExecContext(ctx, string(content))
+		if execErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply migration %s: %w", migration, execErr)
+		}
+
+		// Record migration as applied.
+		_, recErr := db.ExecContext(ctx,
+			"INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (?)",
+			version,
+		)
+		if recErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to record migration %s: %w", migration, recErr)
+		}
+
+		if log != nil {
+			log.Info("migration applied successfully", "version", version)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DB returns the underlying sql.DB.
+func (s *Database) DB() *sql.DB {
+	return s.db
+}
+
 func (s *Database) connect(ctx context.Context) error {
 	dbURL := s.config.DBURL
 
@@ -75,7 +256,8 @@ func (s *Database) connect(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := db.PingContext(ctx); err != nil {
+	err = db.PingContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to ping database", "error", err)
 
 		return err
@@ -84,159 +266,5 @@ func (s *Database) connect(ctx context.Context) error {
 	s.db = db
 	s.log.Info("database connected")
 
-	return s.runMigrations(ctx)
+	return ApplyMigrations(ctx, s.db, s.log)
-}
-
-func (s *Database) runMigrations(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Create migrations tracking table
-	_, err := s.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
-			version TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migrations table: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Get list of migration files
-	entries, err := schemaFS.ReadDir("schema")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read schema directory: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Sort migration files by name (001.sql, 002.sql, etc.)
-	var migrations []string
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		if !entry.IsDir() && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".sql") {
-			migrations = append(migrations, entry.Name())
-		}
-	}
-	sort.Strings(migrations)
-
-	// Apply each migration that hasn't been applied yet
-	for _, migration := range migrations {
-		version := strings.TrimSuffix(migration, filepath.Ext(migration))
-
-		// Check if already applied
-		var count int
-		err := s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-			"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = ?",
-			version,
-		).Scan(&count)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to check migration status: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if count > 0 {
-			s.log.Debug("migration already applied", "version", version)
-
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Read and apply migration
-		content, err := schemaFS.ReadFile(filepath.Join("schema", migration))
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-
-		s.log.Info("applying migration", "version", version)
-
-		_, err = s.db.ExecContext(ctx, string(content))
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-
-		// Record migration as applied
-		_, err = s.db.ExecContext(ctx,
-			"INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (?)",
-			version,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to record migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-
-		s.log.Info("migration applied successfully", "version", version)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// DB returns the underlying sql.DB.
-func (s *Database) DB() *sql.DB {
-	return s.db
-}
-
-// ApplyMigrations applies all migrations to the given database.
-// This is useful for testing where you want to use the real schema
-// without the full fx lifecycle.
-func ApplyMigrations(db *sql.DB) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	// Create migrations tracking table
-	_, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
-			version TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migrations table: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Get list of migration files
-	entries, err := schemaFS.ReadDir("schema")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read schema directory: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Sort migration files by name (001.sql, 002.sql, etc.)
-	var migrations []string
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		if !entry.IsDir() && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".sql") {
-			migrations = append(migrations, entry.Name())
-		}
-	}
-	sort.Strings(migrations)
-
-	// Apply each migration that hasn't been applied yet
-	for _, migration := range migrations {
-		version := strings.TrimSuffix(migration, filepath.Ext(migration))
-
-		// Check if already applied
-		var count int
-		err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-			"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = ?",
-			version,
-		).Scan(&count)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to check migration status: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if count > 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Read and apply migration
-		content, err := schemaFS.ReadFile(filepath.Join("schema", migration))
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-
-		_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, string(content))
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-
-		// Record migration as applied
-		_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx,
-			"INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (?)",
-			version,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to record migration %s: %w", migration, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }

internal/database/database_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+package database
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"testing"
+
+	_ "modernc.org/sqlite" // SQLite driver registration
+)
+
+// openTestDB returns a fresh in-memory SQLite database.
+func openTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite", ":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to open test db: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
+
+	return db
+}
+
+func TestParseMigrationVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		filename string
+		want     int
+		wantErr  bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "version only",
+			filename: "001.sql",
+			want:     1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "version with description",
+			filename: "001_initial_schema.sql",
+			want:     1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "multi-digit version",
+			filename: "042_add_indexes.sql",
+			want:     42,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "long version number",
+			filename: "00001_long_prefix.sql",
+			want:     1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "description with multiple underscores",
+			filename: "003_add_user_auth_tables.sql",
+			want:     3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty filename",
+			filename: ".sql",
+			wantErr:  true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "leading underscore",
+			filename: "_description.sql",
+			wantErr:  true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "non-numeric version",
+			filename: "abc_migration.sql",
+			wantErr:  true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "mixed alphanumeric version",
+			filename: "001a_migration.sql",
+			wantErr:  true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got, err := ParseMigrationVersion(tt.filename)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("ParseMigrationVersion(%q) expected error, got %d", tt.filename, got)
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("ParseMigrationVersion(%q) unexpected error: %v", tt.filename, err)
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("ParseMigrationVersion(%q) = %d, want %d", tt.filename, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyMigrations_CreatesSchemaAndTables(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := openTestDB(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	err := ApplyMigrations(ctx, db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ApplyMigrations failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// The schema_migrations table must exist and contain at least
+	// version 0 (the bootstrap) and 1 (the initial schema).
+	rows, err := db.QueryContext(
+		ctx, "SELECT version FROM schema_migrations ORDER BY version",
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to query schema_migrations: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	var versions []int
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var v int
+
+		scanErr := rows.Scan(&v)
+		if scanErr != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to scan version: %v", scanErr)
+		}
+
+		versions = append(versions, v)
+	}
+
+	err = rows.Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("row iteration error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(versions) < 2 {
+		t.Fatalf(
+			"expected at least 2 migrations recorded, got %d: %v",
+			len(versions), versions,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if versions[0] != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("first recorded migration = %d, want %d", versions[0], 0)
+	}
+
+	if versions[1] != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("second recorded migration = %d, want %d", versions[1], 1)
+	}
+
+	// Verify that the application tables created by 001.sql exist.
+	tables := []string{
+		"source_content", "source_metadata", "output_content",
+		"request_cache", "negative_cache", "cache_stats",
+	}
+	for _, table := range tables {
+		var count int
+
+		err := db.QueryRowContext(
+			ctx,
+			"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name=?",
+			table,
+		).Scan(&count)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to check for table %s: %v", table, err)
+		}
+
+		if count != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("table %s does not exist after migrations", table)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyMigrations_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := openTestDB(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	err := ApplyMigrations(ctx, db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("first ApplyMigrations failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Running a second time must succeed without errors.
+	err = ApplyMigrations(ctx, db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("second ApplyMigrations failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify no duplicate rows in schema_migrations.
+	var count int
+
+	err = db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx, "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = 0",
+	).Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to count version 0 rows: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected exactly 1 row for version 0, got %d", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBootstrapMigrationsTable_FreshDatabase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := openTestDB(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	err := bootstrapMigrationsTable(ctx, db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bootstrapMigrationsTable failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// schema_migrations table must exist.
+	var tableCount int
+
+	err = db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='schema_migrations'",
+	).Scan(&tableCount)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to check for table: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if tableCount != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("schema_migrations table not created")
+	}
+
+	// Version 0 must be recorded.
+	var recorded int
+
+	err = db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx, "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = 0",
+	).Scan(&recorded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to check version: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if recorded != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected version 0 to be recorded, got count %d", recorded)
+	}
+}

internal/database/schema/000.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-- Migration 000: Schema migrations tracking table
+-- Applied as a bootstrap step before the normal migration loop.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
+    version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (0);

internal/encurl/encurl.go

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ type Generator struct {
 	key [seal.KeySize]byte
 }
 
-// NewGenerator creates an encrypted URL generator with a key derived from the signing key.
+// NewGenerator creates an encrypted URL generator with a key derived
+// from the signing key.
 func NewGenerator(signingKey string) (*Generator, error) {
 	key, err := seal.DeriveKey([]byte(signingKey), urlKeySalt)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ func (g *Generator) Parse(token string) (*Payload, error) {
 	// Decrypt
 	data, err := seal.Decrypt(g.key, token)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, seal.ErrDecryptionFailed) || errors.Is(err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload) {
+		if errors.Is(err, seal.ErrDecryptionFailed) ||
+			errors.Is(err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload) {
 			return nil, ErrDecryptFailed
 		}
 
@@ -86,7 +88,9 @@ func (g *Generator) Parse(token string) (*Payload, error) {
 
 	// CBOR decode
 	var p Payload
-	if err := cbor.Unmarshal(data, &p); err != nil {
+
+	err = cbor.Unmarshal(data, &p)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrInvalidFormat
 	}
 

internal/encurl/encurl_test.go

@@ -1,22 +1,33 @@
-package encurl
+package encurl_test
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 )
 
+// Shared test fixture strings.
+const (
+	testSourceHost  = "cdn.example.com"
+	testSourcePath  = "/images/photo.jpg"
+	testSourceQuery = "v=2"
+)
+
 func TestGenerator_GenerateAndParse(t *testing.T) {
-	gen, err := NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	gen, err := encurl.NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewGenerator() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	payload := &Payload{
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testSourceHost,
-		SourcePath:  "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testSourcePath,
-		SourceQuery: "v=2",
+		SourceQuery: testSourceQuery,
 		Width:       800,
 		Height:      600,
 		Format:      imgcache.FormatWebP,
@@ -43,38 +54,48 @@ func TestGenerator_GenerateAndParse(t *testing.T) {
 	if parsed.SourceHost != payload.SourceHost {
 		t.Errorf("SourceHost = %q, want %q", parsed.SourceHost, payload.SourceHost)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.SourcePath != payload.SourcePath {
 		t.Errorf("SourcePath = %q, want %q", parsed.SourcePath, payload.SourcePath)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.SourceQuery != payload.SourceQuery {
 		t.Errorf("SourceQuery = %q, want %q", parsed.SourceQuery, payload.SourceQuery)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.Width != payload.Width {
 		t.Errorf("Width = %d, want %d", parsed.Width, payload.Width)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.Height != payload.Height {
 		t.Errorf("Height = %d, want %d", parsed.Height, payload.Height)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.Format != payload.Format {
 		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", parsed.Format, payload.Format)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.Quality != payload.Quality {
 		t.Errorf("Quality = %d, want %d", parsed.Quality, payload.Quality)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.FitMode != payload.FitMode {
 		t.Errorf("FitMode = %q, want %q", parsed.FitMode, payload.FitMode)
 	}
+
 	if parsed.ExpiresAt != payload.ExpiresAt {
 		t.Errorf("ExpiresAt = %d, want %d", parsed.ExpiresAt, payload.ExpiresAt)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestGenerator_Parse_Expired(t *testing.T) {
-	gen, _ := NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	payload := &Payload{
+	gen, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
 		ExpiresAt:  time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix(), // Already expired
 	}
 
@@ -88,13 +109,15 @@ func TestGenerator_Parse_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Parse() should fail for expired token")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrExpired {
+	if !errors.Is(err, encurl.ErrExpired) {
-		t.Errorf("Parse() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrExpired)
+		t.Errorf("Parse() error = %v, want %v", err, encurl.ErrExpired)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestGenerator_Parse_InvalidToken(t *testing.T) {
-	gen, _ := NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	gen, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
 
 	_, err := gen.Parse("not-a-valid-token")
 	if err == nil {
@@ -103,11 +126,13 @@ func TestGenerator_Parse_InvalidToken(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGenerator_Parse_TamperedToken(t *testing.T) {
-	gen, _ := NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	payload := &Payload{
+	gen, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
 		ExpiresAt:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 	}
 
@@ -126,12 +151,14 @@ func TestGenerator_Parse_TamperedToken(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGenerator_Parse_WrongKey(t *testing.T) {
-	gen1, _ := NewGenerator("signing-key-1")
+	t.Parallel()
-	gen2, _ := NewGenerator("signing-key-2")
 
-	payload := &Payload{
+	gen1, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("signing-key-1")
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+	gen2, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("signing-key-2")
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
 		ExpiresAt:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 	}
 
@@ -144,10 +171,12 @@ func TestGenerator_Parse_WrongKey(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestPayload_ToImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
-	payload := &Payload{
+	t.Parallel()
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+
-		SourcePath:  "/images/photo.jpg",
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
-		SourceQuery: "v=2",
+		SourceHost:  testSourceHost,
+		SourcePath:  testSourcePath,
+		SourceQuery: testSourceQuery,
 		Width:       800,
 		Height:      600,
 		Format:      imgcache.FormatWebP,
@@ -161,55 +190,68 @@ func TestPayload_ToImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	if req.SourceHost != payload.SourceHost {
 		t.Errorf("SourceHost = %q, want %q", req.SourceHost, payload.SourceHost)
 	}
+
 	if req.SourcePath != payload.SourcePath {
 		t.Errorf("SourcePath = %q, want %q", req.SourcePath, payload.SourcePath)
 	}
+
 	if req.SourceQuery != payload.SourceQuery {
 		t.Errorf("SourceQuery = %q, want %q", req.SourceQuery, payload.SourceQuery)
 	}
+
 	if req.Size.Width != payload.Width {
 		t.Errorf("Width = %d, want %d", req.Size.Width, payload.Width)
 	}
+
 	if req.Size.Height != payload.Height {
 		t.Errorf("Height = %d, want %d", req.Size.Height, payload.Height)
 	}
+
 	if req.Format != payload.Format {
 		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", req.Format, payload.Format)
 	}
+
 	if req.Quality != payload.Quality {
 		t.Errorf("Quality = %d, want %d", req.Quality, payload.Quality)
 	}
+
 	if req.FitMode != payload.FitMode {
 		t.Errorf("FitMode = %q, want %q", req.FitMode, payload.FitMode)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestPayload_ToImageRequest_Defaults(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Payload with only required fields - should get defaults
-	payload := &Payload{
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
 		ExpiresAt:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 	}
 
 	req := payload.ToImageRequest()
 
-	if req.Format != DefaultFormat {
+	if req.Format != encurl.DefaultFormat {
-		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want default %q", req.Format, DefaultFormat)
+		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want default %q", req.Format, encurl.DefaultFormat)
 	}
-	if req.Quality != DefaultQuality {
+
-		t.Errorf("Quality = %d, want default %d", req.Quality, DefaultQuality)
+	if req.Quality != encurl.DefaultQuality {
+		t.Errorf("Quality = %d, want default %d", req.Quality, encurl.DefaultQuality)
 	}
-	if req.FitMode != DefaultFitMode {
+
-		t.Errorf("FitMode = %q, want default %q", req.FitMode, DefaultFitMode)
+	if req.FitMode != encurl.DefaultFitMode {
+		t.Errorf("FitMode = %q, want default %q", req.FitMode, encurl.DefaultFitMode)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestFromImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	req := &imgcache.ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testSourceHost,
-		SourcePath:  "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testSourcePath,
-		SourceQuery: "v=2",
+		SourceQuery: testSourceQuery,
 		Size:        imgcache.Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:      imgcache.FormatWebP,
 		Quality:     90,
@@ -217,52 +259,62 @@ func TestFromImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	expiresAt := time.Now().Add(time.Hour)
-	payload := FromImageRequest(req, expiresAt)
+	payload := encurl.FromImageRequest(req, expiresAt)
 
 	if payload.SourceHost != req.SourceHost {
 		t.Errorf("SourceHost = %q, want %q", payload.SourceHost, req.SourceHost)
 	}
+
 	if payload.SourcePath != req.SourcePath {
 		t.Errorf("SourcePath = %q, want %q", payload.SourcePath, req.SourcePath)
 	}
+
 	if payload.Width != req.Size.Width {
 		t.Errorf("Width = %d, want %d", payload.Width, req.Size.Width)
 	}
+
 	if payload.ExpiresAt != expiresAt.Unix() {
 		t.Errorf("ExpiresAt = %d, want %d", payload.ExpiresAt, expiresAt.Unix())
 	}
 }
 
 func TestFromImageRequest_OmitsDefaults(t *testing.T) {
-	// Request with default values - payload should omit them for smaller encoding
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Request with default values - payload should omit them for
+	// smaller encoding
 	req := &imgcache.ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
-		Format:     DefaultFormat,
+		Format:     encurl.DefaultFormat,
-		Quality:    DefaultQuality,
+		Quality:    encurl.DefaultQuality,
-		FitMode:    DefaultFitMode,
+		FitMode:    encurl.DefaultFitMode,
 	}
 
-	payload := FromImageRequest(req, time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
+	payload := encurl.FromImageRequest(req, time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
 
 	// These should be zero/empty because they match defaults
 	if payload.Format != "" {
 		t.Errorf("Format should be empty for default, got %q", payload.Format)
 	}
+
 	if payload.Quality != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("Quality should be 0 for default, got %d", payload.Quality)
 	}
+
 	if payload.FitMode != "" {
 		t.Errorf("FitMode should be empty for default, got %q", payload.FitMode)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestGenerator_TokenIsURLSafe(t *testing.T) {
-	gen, _ := NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	payload := &Payload{
+	gen, _ := encurl.NewGenerator("test-signing-key-12345")
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: testSourceHost,
+		SourcePath: testSourcePath,
 		ExpiresAt:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 	}
 

internal/globals/globals.go

@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
 
-// Build-time variables populated from main() via ldflags.
+const appname = "pixad"
-var (
+
-	Appname string //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set from main
+// Version is populated from main() via ldflags.
-	Version string //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set from main
+var Version string //nolint:gochecknoglobals // set from main
-)
 
 // Globals holds application-wide constants.
 type Globals struct {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ type Globals struct {
 // New creates a new Globals instance from build-time variables.
 func New(_ fx.Lifecycle) (*Globals, error) {
 	return &Globals{
-		Appname: Appname,
+		Appname: appname,
 		Version: Version,
 	}, nil
 }

internal/handlers/auth.go

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleRoot() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 // handleLoginPost handles login form submission.
 func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if err := r.ParseForm(); err != nil {
+	err := r.ParseForm()
+	if err != nil {
 		s.renderLogin(w, "Invalid form data")
 
 		return
@@ -52,7 +53,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 
 	// Create session
-	if err := s.sessMgr.CreateSession(w); err != nil {
+	err = s.sessMgr.CreateSession(w)
+	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to create session", "error", err)
 		s.renderLogin(w, "Failed to create session")
 
@@ -83,20 +85,14 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		if err := r.ParseForm(); err != nil {
+		err := r.ParseForm()
+		if err != nil {
 			s.renderGenerator(w, &generatorData{Error: "Invalid form data"})
 
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Parse form values
 		sourceURL := r.FormValue("url")
-		widthStr := r.FormValue("width")
-		heightStr := r.FormValue("height")
-		format := r.FormValue("format")
-		qualityStr := r.FormValue("quality")
-		fit := r.FormValue("fit")
-		ttlStr := r.FormValue("ttl")
 
 		// Validate source URL
 		parsed, err := url.Parse(sourceURL)
@@ -106,38 +102,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Parse dimensions
+		payload, expiresAt, ttl := buildGeneratePayload(parsed, r.Form)
-		width, _ := strconv.Atoi(widthStr)
-		height, _ := strconv.Atoi(heightStr)
-		quality, _ := strconv.Atoi(qualityStr)
-		ttl, _ := strconv.Atoi(ttlStr)
-
-		if quality <= 0 {
-			quality = 85
-		}
-
-		// Create payload
-		// ttl=0 means never expires
-		var expiresAt time.Time
-		var expiresAtUnix int64
-
-		if ttl > 0 {
-			expiresAt = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(ttl) * time.Second)
-			expiresAtUnix = expiresAt.Unix()
-		}
-		// else expiresAtUnix stays 0 (never expires)
-
-		payload := &encurl.Payload{
-			SourceHost:  parsed.Host,
-			SourcePath:  parsed.Path,
-			SourceQuery: parsed.RawQuery,
-			Width:       width,
-			Height:      height,
-			Format:      imgcache.ImageFormat(format),
-			Quality:     quality,
-			FitMode:     imgcache.FitMode(fit),
-			ExpiresAt:   expiresAtUnix,
-		}
 
 		// Generate encrypted token
 		token, err := s.encGen.Generate(payload)
@@ -148,20 +113,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Build full URL (URL-encode the token for safety)
+		generatedURL := s.buildGeneratedURL(r, token, r.FormValue("format"))
-		scheme := "https"
-		if s.config.Debug {
-			scheme = "http"
-		}
-
-		// Determine file extension for the trailing filename
-		ext := format
-		if ext == "" || ext == "orig" {
-			ext = "jpg" // Default extension
-		}
-
-		host := r.Host
-		generatedURL := scheme + "://" + host + "/v1/e/" + url.PathEscape(token) + "/img." + ext
 
 		// Format expiry for display
 		expiresAtStr := "Never"
@@ -173,16 +125,55 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 			GeneratedURL: generatedURL,
 			ExpiresAt:    expiresAtStr,
 			FormURL:      sourceURL,
-			FormWidth:    widthStr,
+			FormWidth:    r.FormValue("width"),
-			FormHeight:   heightStr,
+			FormHeight:   r.FormValue("height"),
-			FormFormat:   format,
+			FormFormat:   r.FormValue("format"),
-			FormQuality:  qualityStr,
+			FormQuality:  r.FormValue("quality"),
-			FormFit:      fit,
+			FormFit:      r.FormValue("fit"),
-			FormTTL:      ttlStr,
+			FormTTL:      r.FormValue("ttl"),
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// buildGeneratePayload parses the numeric form fields and assembles the
+// encrypted URL payload. ttl=0 means never expires (ExpiresAt stays 0).
+func buildGeneratePayload(
+	parsed *url.URL, form url.Values,
+) (*encurl.Payload, time.Time, int) {
+	width, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("width"))
+	height, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("height"))
+	quality, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("quality"))
+	ttl, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("ttl"))
+
+	if quality <= 0 {
+		quality = 85
+	}
+
+	var (
+		expiresAt     time.Time
+		expiresAtUnix int64
+	)
+
+	if ttl > 0 {
+		expiresAt = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(ttl) * time.Second)
+		expiresAtUnix = expiresAt.Unix()
+	}
+
+	payload := &encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost:  parsed.Host,
+		SourcePath:  parsed.Path,
+		SourceQuery: parsed.RawQuery,
+		Width:       width,
+		Height:      height,
+		Format:      imgcache.ImageFormat(form.Get("format")),
+		Quality:     quality,
+		FitMode:     imgcache.FitMode(form.Get("fit")),
+		ExpiresAt:   expiresAtUnix,
+	}
+
+	return payload, expiresAt, ttl
+}
+
 // generatorData holds template data for the generator page.
 type generatorData struct {
 	GeneratedURL string
@@ -206,7 +197,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) renderLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string) {
 		Error: errorMsg,
 	}
 
-	if err := templates.Render(w, "login.html", data); err != nil {
+	err := templates.Render(w, "login.html", data)
+	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to render login template", "error", err)
 		http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 	}
@@ -219,13 +211,16 @@ func (s *Handlers) renderGenerator(w http.ResponseWriter, data *generatorData) {
 		data = &generatorData{}
 	}
 
-	if err := templates.Render(w, "generator.html", data); err != nil {
+	err := templates.Render(w, "generator.html", data)
+	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to render generator template", "error", err)
 		http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorWithForm(w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string, form url.Values) {
+func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorWithForm(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string, form url.Values,
+) {
 	s.renderGenerator(w, &generatorData{
 		Error:       errorMsg,
 		FormURL:     form.Get("url"),
@@ -237,3 +232,19 @@ func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorWithForm(w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg strin
 		FormTTL:     form.Get("ttl"),
 	})
 }
+
+func (s *Handlers) buildGeneratedURL(r *http.Request, token, format string) string {
+	// Build full URL (URL-encode the token for safety)
+	scheme := "https"
+	if s.config.Debug {
+		scheme = "http"
+	}
+
+	// Determine file extension for the trailing filename
+	ext := format
+	if ext == "" || ext == "orig" {
+		ext = "jpg" // Default extension
+	}
+
+	return scheme + "://" + r.Host + "/v1/e/" + url.PathEscape(token) + "/img." + ext
+}

internal/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/database"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/healthcheck"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/session"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 // Params defines dependencies for Handlers.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Logger      *logger.Logger
 	Healthcheck *healthcheck.Healthcheck
 	Database    *database.Database
@@ -72,8 +74,9 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 	s.imgCache = cache
 
 	// Create the fetcher config
-	fetcherCfg := imgcache.DefaultFetcherConfig()
+	fetcherCfg := httpfetcher.DefaultConfig()
 	fetcherCfg.AllowHTTP = s.config.AllowHTTP
+
 	if s.config.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost > 0 {
 		fetcherCfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost = s.config.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost
 	}
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 		Cache:         cache,
 		FetcherConfig: fetcherCfg,
 		SigningKey:    s.config.SigningKey,
-		Whitelist:     s.config.WhitelistHosts,
+		Allowlist:     s.config.AllowlistHosts,
 		Logger:        s.log,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -93,11 +96,13 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 	s.imgSvc = svc
 	s.log.Info("image service initialized")
 
-	// Initialize session manager (signing key is validated at config load time)
+	// Initialize session manager (signing key is validated at config load
-	sessMgr, err := session.NewManager(s.config.SigningKey, !s.config.Debug)
+	// time). Session cookies are always Secure/HttpOnly/SameSite=Strict.
+	sessMgr, err := session.NewManager(s.config.SigningKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	s.sessMgr = sessMgr
 
 	// Initialize encrypted URL generator
@@ -105,6 +110,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	s.encGen = encGen
 
 	s.log.Info("session manager and URL generator initialized")
@@ -112,9 +118,10 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *Handlers) respondJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, data interface{}, status int) {
+func (s *Handlers) respondJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, data any, status int) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	w.WriteHeader(status)
+
 	if data != nil {
 		err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(data)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -124,7 +131,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) respondJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, data interface{}, status i
 }
 
 func (s *Handlers) respondError(w http.ResponseWriter, message string, status int) {
-	s.respondJSON(w, map[string]interface{}{
+	s.respondJSON(w, map[string]any{
 		"error":     message,
 		"status":    status,
 		"timestamp": time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),

internal/handlers/handlers_internal_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 )
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ func setupTestHandler(t *testing.T) *testFixtures {
 		Cache:      cache,
 		Fetcher:    newMockFetcher(mockFS),
 		SigningKey: "test-signing-key-must-be-32-chars",
-		Whitelist:  []string{goodHost},
+		Allowlist:  []string{goodHost},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create service: %v", err)
@@ -82,7 +83,8 @@ func setupTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open test db: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := database.ApplyMigrations(db); err != nil {
+	err = database.ApplyMigrations(context.Background(), db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to apply migrations: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -93,14 +95,16 @@ func generateTestJPEG(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+	for y := range height {
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.Set(x, y, c)
 		}
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 85}); err != nil {
+
+	err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 85})
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test JPEG: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -116,16 +120,18 @@ func newMockFetcher(fs fs.FS) *mockFetcher {
 	return &mockFetcher{fs: fs}
 }
 
-func (f *mockFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*imgcache.FetchResult, error) {
+func (f *mockFetcher) Fetch(
+	_ context.Context, url string,
+) (*httpfetcher.FetchResult, error) {
 	// Remove https:// prefix
 	path := url[8:] // Remove "https://"
 
 	data, err := fs.ReadFile(f.fs, path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, imgcache.ErrUpstreamError
+		return nil, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError
 	}
 
-	return &imgcache.FetchResult{
+	return &httpfetcher.FetchResult{
 		Content:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(data)),
 		ContentLength: int64(len(data)),
 		ContentType:   "image/jpeg",
@@ -133,13 +139,16 @@ func (f *mockFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*imgcache.FetchRes
 }
 
 func TestHandleImage_HEAD_ReturnsHeadersOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
 
 	// Create a chi router to properly handle wildcards
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	r.Head("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
 
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, "/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodHead,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
@@ -166,13 +175,16 @@ func TestHandleImage_HEAD_ReturnsHeadersOnly(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestHandleImage_ConditionalRequest_IfNoneMatch_Returns304(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
 
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
 
 	// First request to get the ETag
-	req1 := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
+	req1 := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
 	rec1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	r.ServeHTTP(rec1, req1)
@@ -187,15 +199,18 @@ func TestHandleImage_ConditionalRequest_IfNoneMatch_Returns304(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Second request with If-None-Match header
-	req2 := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
+	req2 := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
 	req2.Header.Set("If-None-Match", etag)
+
 	rec2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	r.ServeHTTP(rec2, req2)
 
 	// Should return 304 Not Modified
 	if rec2.Code != http.StatusNotModified {
-		t.Errorf("Conditional request status = %d, want %d", rec2.Code, http.StatusNotModified)
+		t.Errorf("Conditional request status = %d, want %d",
+			rec2.Code, http.StatusNotModified)
 	}
 
 	// Body should be empty for 304 response
@@ -205,21 +220,26 @@ func TestHandleImage_ConditionalRequest_IfNoneMatch_Returns304(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestHandleImage_ConditionalRequest_IfNoneMatch_DifferentETag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
 
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
 
 	// Request with non-matching ETag
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
 	req.Header.Set("If-None-Match", `"different-etag"`)
+
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 
 	// Should return 200 OK with full response
 	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
-		t.Errorf("Request with non-matching ETag status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+		t.Errorf("Request with non-matching ETag status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
 	}
 
 	// Body should not be empty
@@ -229,12 +249,15 @@ func TestHandleImage_ConditionalRequest_IfNoneMatch_DifferentETag(t *testing.T)
 }
 
 func TestHandleImage_ETagHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
 
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
 
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg", nil)
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)

internal/handlers/image.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 )
 
@@ -15,64 +16,14 @@ import (
 // /v1/image/<host>/<path>/<width>x<height>.<format>
 func (s *Handlers) HandleImage() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		ctx := r.Context()
+		req, ok := s.parseImageRequest(w, r)
-
+		if !ok {
-		// Get the wildcard path from chi
-		pathParam := chi.URLParam(r, "*")
-
-		// Parse the URL path
-		parsed, err := imgcache.ParseImagePath(pathParam)
-		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Warn("failed to parse image URL",
-				"path", pathParam,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-			s.respondError(w, "invalid image URL: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
-
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Convert to ImageRequest
-		req := parsed.ToImageRequest()
-
-		// Parse signature params from query string
-		query := r.URL.Query()
-		req.Signature = query.Get("sig")
-
-		if expStr := query.Get("exp"); expStr != "" {
-			if exp, err := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64); err == nil {
-				req.Expires = time.Unix(exp, 0)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Parse optional quality and fit params
-		if qStr := query.Get("q"); qStr != "" {
-			if q, err := strconv.Atoi(qStr); err == nil && q > 0 && q <= 100 {
-				req.Quality = q
-			}
-		}
-
-		if fit := query.Get("fit"); fit != "" {
-			req.FitMode = imgcache.FitMode(fit)
-			if err := imgcache.ValidateFitMode(req.FitMode); err != nil {
-				s.respondError(w, "invalid fit mode: "+fit, http.StatusBadRequest)
-
-				return
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Default quality if not set
-		if req.Quality == 0 {
-			req.Quality = 85
-		}
-
-		// Default fit mode if not set
-		if req.FitMode == "" {
-			req.FitMode = imgcache.FitCover
-		}
-
 		// Validate signature if required
-		if err := s.imgSvc.ValidateRequest(req); err != nil {
+		err := s.imgSvc.ValidateRequest(req)
+		if err != nil {
 			s.log.Warn("signature validation failed",
 				"host", req.SourceHost,
 				"path", req.SourcePath,
@@ -88,83 +39,17 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImage() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Get the image (from cache or fetch/process)
 		startTime := time.Now()
-		resp, err := s.imgSvc.Get(ctx, req)
+
+		resp, err := s.imgSvc.Get(r.Context(), req)
 		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Error("failed to get image",
+			s.respondImageError(w, req, err)
-				"host", req.SourceHost,
-				"path", req.SourcePath,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-
-			// Check for specific error types
-			if errors.Is(err, imgcache.ErrSSRFBlocked) {
-				s.respondError(w, "forbidden", http.StatusForbidden)
-
-				return
-			}
-
-			if errors.Is(err, imgcache.ErrUpstreamError) {
-				s.respondError(w, "upstream error", http.StatusBadGateway)
-
-				return
-			}
-
-			s.respondError(w, "internal error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 
 			return
 		}
+
 		defer func() { _ = resp.Content.Close() }()
 
-		// Set response headers
+		s.writeImageResponse(w, r, req, resp, cacheKey, startTime)
-		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", resp.ContentType)
-		if resp.ContentLength > 0 {
-			w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.FormatInt(resp.ContentLength, 10))
-		}
-
-		// Cache control headers
-		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=31536000, immutable")
-		w.Header().Set("X-Pixa-Cache", string(resp.CacheStatus))
-
-		if resp.ETag != "" {
-			w.Header().Set("ETag", resp.ETag)
-
-			// Check for conditional request (If-None-Match)
-			if ifNoneMatch := r.Header.Get("If-None-Match"); ifNoneMatch != "" {
-				if ifNoneMatch == resp.ETag {
-					w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotModified)
-
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Handle HEAD request - return headers only
-		if r.Method == http.MethodHead {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		// Stream the response
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-
-		servedBytes, err := io.Copy(w, resp.Content)
-		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Error("failed to write response",
-				"error", err,
-			)
-		}
-
-		// Log cache status and timing after serving
-		duration := time.Since(startTime)
-		s.log.Info("image served",
-			"cache_key", cacheKey,
-			"cache_status", resp.CacheStatus,
-			"duration_ms", duration.Milliseconds(),
-			"format", req.Format,
-			"served_bytes", servedBytes,
-			"fetched_bytes", resp.FetchedBytes,
-		)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -179,3 +64,156 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleRobotsTxt() http.HandlerFunc {
 		_, _ = w.Write(robotsTxt)
 	}
 }
+
+// parseImageRequest parses the wildcard path and query parameters into
+// an ImageRequest. On invalid input it writes an error response and
+// returns false.
+func (s *Handlers) parseImageRequest(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request,
+) (*imgcache.ImageRequest, bool) {
+	// Get the wildcard path from chi
+	pathParam := chi.URLParam(r, "*")
+
+	// Parse the URL path
+	parsed, err := imgcache.ParseImagePath(pathParam)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Warn("failed to parse image URL",
+			"path", pathParam,
+			"error", err,
+		)
+		s.respondError(w, "invalid image URL: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	// Convert to ImageRequest
+	req := parsed.ToImageRequest()
+
+	// Parse signature params from query string
+	query := r.URL.Query()
+	req.Signature = query.Get("sig")
+
+	if expStr := query.Get("exp"); expStr != "" {
+		exp, parseErr := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64)
+		if parseErr == nil {
+			req.Expires = time.Unix(exp, 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Parse optional quality and fit params
+	if qStr := query.Get("q"); qStr != "" {
+		q, parseErr := strconv.Atoi(qStr)
+		if parseErr == nil && q > 0 && q <= 100 {
+			req.Quality = q
+		}
+	}
+
+	if fit := query.Get("fit"); fit != "" {
+		req.FitMode = imgcache.FitMode(fit)
+
+		fitErr := imgcache.ValidateFitMode(req.FitMode)
+		if fitErr != nil {
+			s.respondError(w, "invalid fit mode: "+fit, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return nil, false
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Default quality if not set
+	if req.Quality == 0 {
+		req.Quality = 85
+	}
+
+	// Default fit mode if not set
+	if req.FitMode == "" {
+		req.FitMode = imgcache.FitCover
+	}
+
+	return req, true
+}
+
+// respondImageError maps image retrieval errors to HTTP responses.
+func (s *Handlers) respondImageError(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, req *imgcache.ImageRequest, err error,
+) {
+	s.log.Error("failed to get image",
+		"host", req.SourceHost,
+		"path", req.SourcePath,
+		"error", err,
+	)
+
+	// Check for specific error types
+	if errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+		s.respondError(w, "forbidden", http.StatusForbidden)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	if errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError) {
+		s.respondError(w, "upstream error", http.StatusBadGateway)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.respondError(w, "internal error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+}
+
+// writeImageResponse writes headers and streams the image content,
+// handling conditional and HEAD requests.
+func (s *Handlers) writeImageResponse(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request,
+	req *imgcache.ImageRequest, resp *imgcache.ImageResponse,
+	cacheKey imgcache.VariantKey, startTime time.Time,
+) {
+	// Set response headers
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", resp.ContentType)
+
+	if resp.ContentLength > 0 {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.FormatInt(resp.ContentLength, 10))
+	}
+
+	// Cache control headers
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=31536000, immutable")
+	w.Header().Set("X-Pixa-Cache", string(resp.CacheStatus))
+
+	if resp.ETag != "" {
+		w.Header().Set("ETag", resp.ETag)
+
+		// Check for conditional request (If-None-Match)
+		if ifNoneMatch := r.Header.Get("If-None-Match"); ifNoneMatch != "" {
+			if ifNoneMatch == resp.ETag {
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotModified)
+
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Handle HEAD request - return headers only
+	if r.Method == http.MethodHead {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Stream the response
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+
+	servedBytes, err := io.Copy(w, resp.Content)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Error("failed to write response",
+			"error", err,
+		)
+	}
+
+	// Log cache status and timing after serving
+	duration := time.Since(startTime)
+	s.log.Info("image served",
+		"cache_key", cacheKey,
+		"cache_status", resp.CacheStatus,
+		"duration_ms", duration.Milliseconds(),
+		"format", req.Format,
+		"served_bytes", servedBytes,
+		"fetched_bytes", resp.FetchedBytes,
+	)
+}

internal/handlers/imageenc.go

@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 )
 
-// HandleImageEnc handles requests to /v1/e/{token}/* for encrypted image URLs.
+// HandleImageEnc handles requests to /v1/e/{token}/* for encrypted
-// The trailing path (e.g., /img.jpg) is ignored but helps browsers identify the content type.
+// image URLs. The trailing path (e.g., /img.jpg) is ignored but helps
+// browsers identify the content type.
 func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		ctx := r.Context()
@@ -56,7 +58,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 			"format", req.Format,
 		)
 
-		// Fetch and process the image (no signature validation needed - encrypted URL is trusted)
+		// Fetch and process the image (no signature validation
+		// needed - encrypted URL is trusted)
 		resp, err := s.imgSvc.Get(ctx, req)
 		if err != nil {
 			s.handleImageError(w, err)
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Set response headers
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", resp.ContentType)
+
 		if resp.ContentLength > 0 {
 			w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.FormatInt(resp.ContentLength, 10))
 		}
@@ -100,11 +104,11 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 // handleImageError converts image service errors to HTTP responses.
 func (s *Handlers) handleImageError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
 	switch {
-	case errors.Is(err, imgcache.ErrSSRFBlocked):
+	case errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrSSRFBlocked):
 		s.respondError(w, "forbidden", http.StatusForbidden)
-	case errors.Is(err, imgcache.ErrUpstreamError):
+	case errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError):
 		s.respondError(w, "upstream error", http.StatusBadGateway)
-	case errors.Is(err, imgcache.ErrUpstreamTimeout):
+	case errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamTimeout):
 		s.respondError(w, "upstream timeout", http.StatusGatewayTimeout)
 	default:
 		s.log.Error("image request failed", "error", err)

internal/healthcheck/healthcheck.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 // Params defines dependencies for Healthcheck.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Globals  *globals.Globals
 	Config   *config.Config
 	Logger   *logger.Logger
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Healthcheck, error) {
 }
 
 // Response is the JSON response for health checks.
+//
+//nolint:tagliatelle // health endpoint response format uses snake_case
 type Response struct {
 	Status        string `json:"status"`
 	Now           string `json:"now"`
@@ -63,10 +66,6 @@ type Response struct {
 	Maintenance   bool   `json:"maintenance_mode"`
 }
 
-func (s *Healthcheck) uptime() time.Duration {
-	return time.Since(s.StartupTime)
-}
-
 // Healthcheck returns the current health status.
 func (s *Healthcheck) Healthcheck() *Response {
 	resp := &Response{
@@ -81,3 +80,7 @@ func (s *Healthcheck) Healthcheck() *Response {
 
 	return resp
 }
+
+func (s *Healthcheck) uptime() time.Duration {
+	return time.Since(s.StartupTime)
+}

internal/httpfetcher/httpfetcher.go

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package imgcache
+// Package httpfetcher fetches content from upstream HTTP origins with SSRF
+// protection, per-host connection limits, and content-type validation.
+package httpfetcher
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -9,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptrace"
+	neturl "net/url"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -25,6 +29,23 @@ const (
 	DefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost = 20
 )
 
+// MIME content types.
+const (
+	contentTypeJPEG        = "image/jpeg"
+	contentTypePNG         = "image/png"
+	contentTypeGIF         = "image/gif"
+	contentTypeWebP        = "image/webp"
+	contentTypeAVIF        = "image/avif"
+	contentTypeSVG         = "image/svg+xml"
+	contentTypeOctetStream = "application/octet-stream"
+)
+
+// Loopback addresses blocked by SSRF protection.
+const (
+	localhostIPv4 = "127.0.0.1"
+	localhostIPv6 = "::1"
+)
+
 // Fetcher errors.
 var (
 	ErrSSRFBlocked        = errors.New("request blocked: private or internal IP")
@@ -36,53 +57,89 @@ var (
 	ErrUpstreamTimeout    = errors.New("upstream request timeout")
 )
 
-// FetcherConfig holds configuration for the upstream fetcher.
+// Internal fetcher errors.
-type FetcherConfig struct {
+var (
-	// Timeout for upstream requests
+	errTooManyRedirects = errors.New("too many redirects")
+	errConnectFailed    = errors.New("failed to connect")
+)
+
+// Fetcher retrieves content from upstream origins.
+type Fetcher interface {
+	// Fetch retrieves content from the given URL.
+	Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, error)
+}
+
+// FetchResult contains the result of fetching from upstream.
+type FetchResult struct {
+	// Content is the raw image data.
+	Content io.ReadCloser
+	// ContentLength is the size in bytes (-1 if unknown).
+	ContentLength int64
+	// ContentType is the MIME type from upstream.
+	ContentType string
+	// Headers contains all response headers from upstream.
+	Headers map[string][]string
+	// StatusCode is the HTTP status code from upstream.
+	StatusCode int
+	// FetchDurationMs is how long the fetch took in milliseconds.
+	FetchDurationMs int64
+	// RemoteAddr is the IP:port of the upstream server.
+	RemoteAddr string
+	// HTTPVersion is the protocol version (e.g., "1.1", "2.0").
+	HTTPVersion string
+	// TLSVersion is the TLS protocol version (e.g., "TLS 1.3").
+	TLSVersion string
+	// TLSCipherSuite is the negotiated cipher suite name.
+	TLSCipherSuite string
+}
+
+// Config holds configuration for the upstream fetcher.
+type Config struct {
+	// Timeout for upstream requests.
 	Timeout time.Duration
-	// MaxResponseSize is the maximum allowed response body size
+	// MaxResponseSize is the maximum allowed response body size.
 	MaxResponseSize int64
-	// UserAgent to send to upstream servers
+	// UserAgent to send to upstream servers.
 	UserAgent string
-	// AllowedContentTypes is a whitelist of MIME types to accept
+	// AllowedContentTypes is an allow list of MIME types to accept.
 	AllowedContentTypes []string
-	// AllowHTTP allows non-TLS connections (for testing only)
+	// AllowHTTP allows non-TLS connections (for testing only).
 	AllowHTTP bool
-	// MaxConnectionsPerHost limits concurrent connections to each upstream host
+	// MaxConnectionsPerHost limits concurrent connections to each upstream host.
 	MaxConnectionsPerHost int
 }
 
-// DefaultFetcherConfig returns sensible defaults.
+// DefaultConfig returns a Config with sensible defaults.
-func DefaultFetcherConfig() *FetcherConfig {
+func DefaultConfig() *Config {
-	return &FetcherConfig{
+	return &Config{
 		Timeout:         DefaultFetchTimeout,
 		MaxResponseSize: DefaultMaxResponseSize,
 		UserAgent:       "pixa/1.0",
 		AllowedContentTypes: []string{
-			"image/jpeg",
+			contentTypeJPEG,
-			"image/png",
+			contentTypePNG,
-			"image/gif",
+			contentTypeGIF,
-			"image/webp",
+			contentTypeWebP,
-			"image/avif",
+			contentTypeAVIF,
-			"image/svg+xml",
+			contentTypeSVG,
 		},
 		AllowHTTP:             false,
 		MaxConnectionsPerHost: DefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost,
 	}
 }
 
-// HTTPFetcher implements the Fetcher interface with SSRF protection.
+// HTTPFetcher implements Fetcher with SSRF protection and per-host connection limits.
 type HTTPFetcher struct {
 	client    *http.Client
-	config    *FetcherConfig
+	config    *Config
 	hostSems  map[string]chan struct{} // per-host semaphores
 	hostSemMu sync.Mutex               // protects hostSems map
 }
 
-// NewHTTPFetcher creates a new fetcher with SSRF protection.
+// New creates a new HTTPFetcher with SSRF protection.
-func NewHTTPFetcher(config *FetcherConfig) *HTTPFetcher {
+func New(config *Config) *HTTPFetcher {
 	if config == nil {
-		config = DefaultFetcherConfig()
+		config = DefaultConfig()
 	}
 
 	// Create transport with SSRF-safe dialer
@@ -99,10 +156,12 @@ func NewHTTPFetcher(config *FetcherConfig) *HTTPFetcher {
 		// Don't follow redirects automatically - we need to validate each hop
 		CheckRedirect: func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 			if len(via) >= DefaultMaxRedirects {
-				return errors.New("too many redirects")
+				return errTooManyRedirects
 			}
+
 			// Validate the redirect target
-			if err := validateURL(req.URL.String(), config.AllowHTTP); err != nil {
+			err := validateURL(req.Context(), req.URL.String(), config.AllowHTTP)
+			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("redirect blocked: %w", err)
 			}
 
@@ -117,24 +176,11 @@ func NewHTTPFetcher(config *FetcherConfig) *HTTPFetcher {
 	}
 }
 
-// getHostSemaphore returns the semaphore for a host, creating it if necessary.
-func (f *HTTPFetcher) getHostSemaphore(host string) chan struct{} {
-	f.hostSemMu.Lock()
-	defer f.hostSemMu.Unlock()
-
-	sem, ok := f.hostSems[host]
-	if !ok {
-		sem = make(chan struct{}, f.config.MaxConnectionsPerHost)
-		f.hostSems[host] = sem
-	}
-
-	return sem
-}
-
 // Fetch retrieves content from the given URL with SSRF protection.
 func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, error) {
 	// Validate URL before making request
-	if err := validateURL(url, f.config.AllowHTTP); err != nil {
+	err := validateURL(ctx, url, f.config.AllowHTTP)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -158,9 +204,15 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 		}
 	}()
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	parsedURL, err := neturl.Parse(url)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req := &http.Request{
+		Method: http.MethodGet,
+		URL:    parsedURL,
+		Header: make(http.Header),
 	}
 
 	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", f.config.UserAgent)
@@ -176,7 +228,7 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 			}
 		},
 	}
-	req = req.WithContext(httptrace.WithClientTrace(req.Context(), trace))
+	req = req.WithContext(httptrace.WithClientTrace(ctx, trace))
 
 	startTime := time.Now()
 
@@ -192,6 +244,39 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	result, err := f.buildResult(resp, remoteAddr, fetchDuration, sem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Mark success so defer doesn't release the semaphore
+	success = true
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// getHostSemaphore returns the semaphore for a host, creating it if necessary.
+func (f *HTTPFetcher) getHostSemaphore(host string) chan struct{} {
+	f.hostSemMu.Lock()
+	defer f.hostSemMu.Unlock()
+
+	sem, ok := f.hostSems[host]
+	if !ok {
+		sem = make(chan struct{}, f.config.MaxConnectionsPerHost)
+		f.hostSems[host] = sem
+	}
+
+	return sem
+}
+
+// buildResult validates the upstream response and assembles a FetchResult
+// whose Content releases the host semaphore slot when closed.
+func (f *HTTPFetcher) buildResult(
+	resp *http.Response,
+	remoteAddr string,
+	fetchDuration time.Duration,
+	sem chan struct{},
+) (*FetchResult, error) {
 	// Extract HTTP version (strip "HTTP/" prefix)
 	httpVersion := strings.TrimPrefix(resp.Proto, "HTTP/")
 
@@ -224,9 +309,6 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 		remaining: f.config.MaxResponseSize,
 	}
 
-	// Mark success so defer doesn't release the semaphore
-	success = true
-
 	return &FetchResult{
 		Content:         &semaphoreReleasingReadCloser{limitedBody, resp.Body, sem},
 		ContentLength:   resp.ContentLength,
@@ -241,7 +323,7 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// isAllowedContentType checks if the content type is in the whitelist.
+// isAllowedContentType checks if the content type is in the allow list.
 func (f *HTTPFetcher) isAllowedContentType(contentType string) bool {
 	// Extract the MIME type without parameters
 	mediaType := strings.TrimSpace(strings.Split(contentType, ";")[0])
@@ -256,7 +338,7 @@ func (f *HTTPFetcher) isAllowedContentType(contentType string) bool {
 }
 
 // validateURL checks if a URL is safe to fetch (not internal/private).
-func validateURL(rawURL string, allowHTTP bool) error {
+func validateURL(ctx context.Context, rawURL string, allowHTTP bool) error {
 	if !allowHTTP && !strings.HasPrefix(rawURL, "https://") {
 		return ErrUnsupportedScheme
 	}
@@ -268,7 +350,8 @@ func validateURL(rawURL string, allowHTTP bool) error {
 	}
 
 	// Remove port if present
-	if h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host); err == nil {
+	h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host)
+	if err == nil {
 		host = h
 	}
 
@@ -278,15 +361,16 @@ func validateURL(rawURL string, allowHTTP bool) error {
 	}
 
 	// Resolve the host to check IP addresses
-	ips, err := net.LookupIP(host)
+	addrs, err := net.DefaultResolver.LookupIPAddr(ctx, host)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrInvalidHost, host)
 	}
 
-	for _, ip := range ips {
+	private := slices.ContainsFunc(addrs, func(addr net.IPAddr) bool {
-		if isPrivateIP(ip) {
+		return isPrivateIP(addr.IP)
-			return ErrSSRFBlocked
+	})
-		}
+	if private {
+		return ErrSSRFBlocked
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -299,9 +383,11 @@ func extractHost(rawURL string) string {
 	if idx := strings.Index(url, "://"); idx != -1 {
 		url = url[idx+3:]
 	}
+
 	if idx := strings.Index(url, "/"); idx != -1 {
 		url = url[:idx]
 	}
+
 	if idx := strings.Index(url, "?"); idx != -1 {
 		url = url[:idx]
 	}
@@ -314,8 +400,8 @@ func isLocalhost(host string) bool {
 	host = strings.ToLower(host)
 
 	return host == "localhost" ||
-		host == "127.0.0.1" ||
+		host == localhostIPv4 ||
-		host == "::1" ||
+		host == localhostIPv6 ||
 		host == "[::1]" ||
 		strings.HasSuffix(host, ".localhost") ||
 		strings.HasSuffix(host, ".local")
@@ -381,23 +467,23 @@ func ssrfSafeDialer(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
 	}
 
 	// Check all resolved IPs
-	for _, ip := range ips {
+	if slices.ContainsFunc(ips, isPrivateIP) {
-		if isPrivateIP(ip) {
+		return nil, ErrSSRFBlocked
-			return nil, ErrSSRFBlocked
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Connect using the first valid IP
 	var dialer net.Dialer
+
 	for _, ip := range ips {
 		addr := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), port)
+
 		conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
 		if err == nil {
 			return conn, nil
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to %s", host)
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w to %s", errConnectFailed, host)
 }
 
 // limitedReader wraps a reader and limits the number of bytes read.
@@ -424,6 +510,7 @@ func (r *limitedReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 // semaphoreReleasingReadCloser releases a semaphore slot when closed.
 type semaphoreReleasingReadCloser struct {
 	*limitedReader
+
 	closer io.Closer
 	sem    chan struct{}
 }

internal/httpfetcher/httpfetcher_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+package httpfetcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+)
+
+// testHost is the hostname used by mock fetch tests.
+const testHost = "example.com"
+
+func TestDefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+
+	if cfg.Timeout != DefaultFetchTimeout {
+		t.Errorf("Timeout = %v, want %v", cfg.Timeout, DefaultFetchTimeout)
+	}
+
+	if cfg.MaxResponseSize != DefaultMaxResponseSize {
+		t.Errorf("MaxResponseSize = %d, want %d", cfg.MaxResponseSize, DefaultMaxResponseSize)
+	}
+
+	if cfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost != DefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost {
+		t.Errorf("MaxConnectionsPerHost = %d, want %d",
+			cfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost, DefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost)
+	}
+
+	if cfg.AllowHTTP {
+		t.Error("AllowHTTP should default to false")
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.AllowedContentTypes) == 0 {
+		t.Error("AllowedContentTypes should not be empty")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewWithNilConfigUsesDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := New(nil)
+
+	if f == nil {
+		t.Fatal("New(nil) returned nil")
+	}
+
+	if f.config == nil {
+		t.Fatal("config should be populated from DefaultConfig")
+	}
+
+	if f.config.Timeout != DefaultFetchTimeout {
+		t.Errorf("Timeout = %v, want %v", f.config.Timeout, DefaultFetchTimeout)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsAllowedContentType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := New(DefaultConfig())
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		contentType string
+		want        bool
+	}{
+		{contentTypeJPEG, true},
+		{contentTypePNG, true},
+		{contentTypeWebP, true},
+		{"image/jpeg; charset=utf-8", true},
+		{"IMAGE/JPEG", true},
+		{"text/html", false},
+		{contentTypeOctetStream, false},
+		{"", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.contentType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := f.isAllowedContentType(tc.contentType)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("isAllowedContentType(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.contentType, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractHost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		url  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"https://example.com/path", testHost},
+		{"http://example.com:8080/path", "example.com:8080"},
+		{"https://example.com", testHost},
+		{"https://example.com?q=1", testHost},
+		{"example.com/path", testHost},
+		{"", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.url, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := extractHost(tc.url)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("extractHost(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.url, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsLocalhost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		host string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{"localhost", true},
+		{"LOCALHOST", true},
+		{localhostIPv4, true},
+		{localhostIPv6, true},
+		{"[::1]", true},
+		{"foo.localhost", true},
+		{"foo.local", true},
+		{testHost, false},
+		{"127.0.0.2", false}, // Handled by isPrivateIP, not isLocalhost string match
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.host, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := isLocalhost(tc.host)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("isLocalhost(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.host, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsPrivateIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip   string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{localhostIPv4, true},           // loopback
+		{"10.0.0.1", true},              // private
+		{"192.168.1.1", true},           // private
+		{"172.16.0.1", true},            // private
+		{"169.254.1.1", true},           // link-local
+		{"0.0.0.0", true},               // unspecified
+		{"224.0.0.1", true},             // multicast
+		{localhostIPv6, true},           // IPv6 loopback
+		{"fe80::1", true},               // IPv6 link-local
+		{"8.8.8.8", false},              // public
+		{"2001:4860:4860::8888", false}, // public IPv6
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.ip, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			ip := net.ParseIP(tc.ip)
+			if ip == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to parse IP %q", tc.ip)
+			}
+
+			got := isPrivateIP(ip)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("isPrivateIP(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.ip, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	if !isPrivateIP(nil) {
+		t.Error("isPrivateIP(nil) should return true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateURL_RejectsNonHTTPS(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	err := validateURL(t.Context(), "http://example.com/path", false)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUnsupportedScheme) {
+		t.Errorf("validateURL http = %v, want ErrUnsupportedScheme", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateURL_AllowsHTTPWhenConfigured(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Use a host that won't resolve (explicit .invalid TLD) so we don't hit DNS.
+	err := validateURL(t.Context(), "http://nonexistent.invalid/path", true)
+	// We expect a host resolution error, not ErrUnsupportedScheme.
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrUnsupportedScheme) {
+		t.Error("validateURL with AllowHTTP should not return ErrUnsupportedScheme")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateURL_RejectsLocalhost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	err := validateURL(t.Context(), "https://localhost/path", false)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+		t.Errorf("validateURL localhost = %v, want ErrSSRFBlocked", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateURL_EmptyHost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	err := validateURL(t.Context(), "https:///path", false)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidHost) {
+		t.Errorf("validateURL empty host = %v, want ErrInvalidHost", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMockFetcher_FetchesFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mockFS := fstest.MapFS{
+		"example.com/images/photo.jpg": &fstest.MapFile{Data: []byte("fake-jpeg-data")},
+	}
+
+	m := NewMock(mockFS)
+
+	result, err := m.Fetch(context.Background(), "https://example.com/images/photo.jpg")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
+
+	if result.ContentType != contentTypeJPEG {
+		t.Errorf("ContentType = %q, want image/jpeg", result.ContentType)
+	}
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read content: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if string(data) != "fake-jpeg-data" {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want %q", string(data), "fake-jpeg-data")
+	}
+
+	if result.ContentLength != int64(len("fake-jpeg-data")) {
+		t.Errorf("ContentLength = %d, want %d", result.ContentLength, len("fake-jpeg-data"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMockFetcher_MissingFileReturnsUpstreamError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mockFS := fstest.MapFS{}
+	m := NewMock(mockFS)
+
+	_, err := m.Fetch(context.Background(), "https://example.com/missing.jpg")
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamError) {
+		t.Errorf("Fetch() error = %v, want ErrUpstreamError", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMockFetcher_RespectsContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mockFS := fstest.MapFS{
+		"example.com/photo.jpg": &fstest.MapFile{Data: []byte("data")},
+	}
+	m := NewMock(mockFS)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+
+	_, err := m.Fetch(ctx, "https://example.com/photo.jpg")
+	if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Errorf("Fetch() error = %v, want context.Canceled", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDetectContentTypeFromPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		path string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"foo/bar.jpg", contentTypeJPEG},
+		{"foo/bar.JPG", contentTypeJPEG},
+		{"foo/bar.jpeg", contentTypeJPEG},
+		{"foo/bar.png", contentTypePNG},
+		{"foo/bar.gif", contentTypeGIF},
+		{"foo/bar.webp", contentTypeWebP},
+		{"foo/bar.avif", contentTypeAVIF},
+		{"foo/bar.svg", contentTypeSVG},
+		{"foo/bar.bin", contentTypeOctetStream},
+		{"foo/bar", contentTypeOctetStream},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.path, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := detectContentTypeFromPath(tc.path)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("detectContentTypeFromPath(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.path, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLimitedReader_EnforcesLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	src := make([]byte, 100)
+	r := &limitedReader{
+		reader:    &byteReader{data: src},
+		remaining: 50,
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 100)
+
+	n, err := r.Read(buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("first Read error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if n > 50 {
+		t.Errorf("read %d bytes, should be capped at 50", n)
+	}
+
+	// Drain until limit is exhausted.
+	total := n
+	for total < 50 {
+		nn, err := r.Read(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("during drain: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		total += nn
+	}
+
+	// Now the limit is exhausted — next read should error.
+	_, err = r.Read(buf)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrResponseTooLarge) {
+		t.Errorf("exhausted Read error = %v, want ErrResponseTooLarge", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// byteReader is a minimal io.Reader over a byte slice for testing.
+type byteReader struct {
+	data []byte
+	pos  int
+}
+
+func (r *byteReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if r.pos >= len(r.data) {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+
+	n := copy(p, r.data[r.pos:])
+	r.pos += n
+
+	return n, nil
+}

internal/httpfetcher/mock.go

@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
-package imgcache
+package httpfetcher
 
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 )
 
-// MockFetcher implements the Fetcher interface using an embedded filesystem.
+// errEmptyURLPath is returned when a mock URL has no usable path.
+var errEmptyURLPath = errors.New("empty URL path")
+
+// MockFetcher implements Fetcher using an embedded filesystem.
 // Files are organized as: hostname/path/to/file.ext
-// URLs like https://example.com/images/photo.jpg map to example.com/images/photo.jpg
+// URLs like https://example.com/images/photo.jpg map to example.com/images/photo.jpg.
 type MockFetcher struct {
 	fs fs.FS
 }
 
-// NewMockFetcher creates a new mock fetcher backed by the given filesystem.
+// NewMock creates a new mock fetcher backed by the given filesystem.
-func NewMockFetcher(fsys fs.FS) *MockFetcher {
+func NewMock(fsys fs.FS) *MockFetcher {
 	return &MockFetcher{fs: fsys}
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ func (m *MockFetcher) Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, erro
 	contentType := detectContentTypeFromPath(path)
 
 	return &FetchResult{
-		Content:       f.(io.ReadCloser),
+		Content:       f,
 		ContentLength: stat.Size(),
 		ContentType:   contentType,
 		Headers:       make(http.Header),
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ func urlToFSPath(rawURL string) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	if url == "" {
-		return "", errors.New("empty URL path")
+		return "", errEmptyURLPath
 	}
 
 	return url, nil
@@ -98,18 +100,18 @@ func detectContentTypeFromPath(path string) string {
 
 	switch {
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".jpg"), strings.HasSuffix(path, ".jpeg"):
-		return "image/jpeg"
+		return contentTypeJPEG
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".png"):
-		return "image/png"
+		return contentTypePNG
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".gif"):
-		return "image/gif"
+		return contentTypeGIF
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".webp"):
-		return "image/webp"
+		return contentTypeWebP
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".avif"):
-		return "image/avif"
+		return contentTypeAVIF
 	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".svg"):
-		return "image/svg+xml"
+		return contentTypeSVG
 	default:
-		return "application/octet-stream"
+		return contentTypeOctetStream
 	}
 }

internal/imageprocessor/imageprocessor.go

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-package imgcache
+// Package imageprocessor provides image format conversion and resizing using libvips.
+package imageprocessor
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 // vipsOnce ensures vips is initialized exactly once.
+//
+//nolint:gochecknoglobals // package-level sync.Once for one-time vips init
 var vipsOnce sync.Once
 
 // initVips initializes libvips with quiet logging.
@@ -22,37 +25,135 @@ func initVips() {
 	})
 }
 
+// Format represents supported output image formats.
+type Format string
+
+// Supported image output formats.
+const (
+	FormatOriginal Format = "orig"
+	FormatJPEG     Format = "jpeg"
+	FormatPNG      Format = "png"
+	FormatWebP     Format = "webp"
+	FormatAVIF     Format = "avif"
+	FormatGIF      Format = "gif"
+)
+
+// FitMode represents how to fit an image into requested dimensions.
+type FitMode string
+
+// Supported image fit modes.
+const (
+	FitCover   FitMode = "cover"
+	FitContain FitMode = "contain"
+	FitFill    FitMode = "fill"
+	FitInside  FitMode = "inside"
+	FitOutside FitMode = "outside"
+)
+
+// ErrInvalidFitMode is returned when an invalid fit mode is provided.
+var ErrInvalidFitMode = errors.New("invalid fit mode")
+
+// Size represents requested image dimensions.
+type Size struct {
+	Width  int
+	Height int
+}
+
+// Request holds the parameters for image processing.
+type Request struct {
+	Size    Size
+	Format  Format
+	Quality int
+	FitMode FitMode
+}
+
+// Result contains the output of image processing.
+type Result struct {
+	// Content is the processed image data.
+	Content io.ReadCloser
+	// ContentLength is the size in bytes.
+	ContentLength int64
+	// ContentType is the MIME type of the output.
+	ContentType string
+	// Width is the output image width.
+	Width int
+	// Height is the output image height.
+	Height int
+	// InputWidth is the original image width before processing.
+	InputWidth int
+	// InputHeight is the original image height before processing.
+	InputHeight int
+	// InputFormat is the detected input format (e.g., "jpeg", "png").
+	InputFormat string
+}
+
 // MaxInputDimension is the maximum allowed width or height for input images.
 // Images larger than this are rejected to prevent DoS via decompression bombs.
 const MaxInputDimension = 8192
 
+// DefaultMaxInputBytes is the default maximum input size in bytes (50 MiB).
+// This matches the default upstream fetcher limit.
+const DefaultMaxInputBytes = 50 << 20
+
 // ErrInputTooLarge is returned when input image dimensions exceed MaxInputDimension.
 var ErrInputTooLarge = errors.New("input image dimensions exceed maximum")
 
-// ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat is returned when the requested output format is not supported.
+// ErrInputDataTooLarge is returned when the raw input data exceeds the
+// configured byte limit.
+var ErrInputDataTooLarge = errors.New("input data exceeds maximum allowed size")
+
+// ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat is returned when the requested output format is
+// not supported.
 var ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat = errors.New("unsupported output format")
 
-// ImageProcessor implements the Processor interface using libvips via govips.
+// ImageProcessor implements image transformation using libvips via govips.
-type ImageProcessor struct{}
+type ImageProcessor struct {
+	maxInputBytes int64
+}
 
-// NewImageProcessor creates a new image processor.
+// Params holds configuration for creating an ImageProcessor.
-func NewImageProcessor() *ImageProcessor {
+// Zero values use sensible defaults (MaxInputBytes defaults to DefaultMaxInputBytes).
+type Params struct {
+	// MaxInputBytes is the maximum allowed input size in bytes.
+	// If <= 0, DefaultMaxInputBytes is used.
+	MaxInputBytes int64
+}
+
+// New creates a new image processor with the given parameters.
+// A zero-value Params{} uses sensible defaults.
+func New(params Params) *ImageProcessor {
 	initVips()
-	return &ImageProcessor{}
+
+	maxInputBytes := params.MaxInputBytes
+	if maxInputBytes <= 0 {
+		maxInputBytes = DefaultMaxInputBytes
+	}
+
+	return &ImageProcessor{
+		maxInputBytes: maxInputBytes,
+	}
 }
 
 // Process transforms an image according to the request.
 func (p *ImageProcessor) Process(
 	_ context.Context,
 	input io.Reader,
-	req *ImageRequest,
+	req *Request,
-) (*ProcessResult, error) {
+) (*Result, error) {
-	// Read input
+	// Read input with a size limit to prevent unbounded memory consumption.
-	data, err := io.ReadAll(input)
+	// We read at most maxInputBytes+1 so we can detect if the input exceeds
+	// the limit without consuming additional memory.
+	limited := io.LimitReader(input, p.maxInputBytes+1)
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(limited)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read input: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if int64(len(data)) > p.maxInputBytes {
+		return nil, ErrInputDataTooLarge
+	}
+
 	// Decode image
 	img, err := vips.NewImageFromBuffer(data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -73,25 +174,12 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) Process(
 	}
 
 	// Determine target dimensions
-	targetWidth := req.Size.Width
+	targetWidth, targetHeight := targetDimensions(req.Size, origWidth, origHeight)
-	targetHeight := req.Size.Height
-
-	// Handle dimension calculation
-	if targetWidth == 0 && targetHeight == 0 {
-		// Both are 0: keep original size
-		targetWidth = origWidth
-		targetHeight = origHeight
-	} else if targetWidth == 0 {
-		// Only height specified: calculate width proportionally
-		targetWidth = origWidth * targetHeight / origHeight
-	} else if targetHeight == 0 {
-		// Only width specified: calculate height proportionally
-		targetHeight = origHeight * targetWidth / origWidth
-	}
 
 	// Resize if needed
 	if targetWidth != origWidth || targetHeight != origHeight {
-		if err := p.resize(img, targetWidth, targetHeight, req.FitMode); err != nil {
+		err := p.resize(img, targetWidth, targetHeight, req.FitMode)
+		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resize: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -108,10 +196,10 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) Process(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return &ProcessResult{
+	return &Result{
 		Content:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(output)),
 		ContentLength: int64(len(output)),
-		ContentType:   ImageFormatToMIME(outputFormat),
+		ContentType:   FormatToMIME(outputFormat),
 		Width:         img.Width(),
 		Height:        img.Height(),
 		InputWidth:    origWidth,
@@ -120,20 +208,48 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) Process(
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// targetDimensions calculates the output dimensions for a requested size,
+// scaling proportionally when only one dimension is given and keeping the
+// original dimensions when both are zero.
+func targetDimensions(size Size, origWidth, origHeight int) (int, int) {
+	switch {
+	case size.Width == 0 && size.Height == 0:
+		// Both are 0: keep original size
+		return origWidth, origHeight
+	case size.Width == 0:
+		// Only height specified: calculate width proportionally
+		return origWidth * size.Height / origHeight, size.Height
+	case size.Height == 0:
+		// Only width specified: calculate height proportionally
+		return size.Width, origHeight * size.Width / origWidth
+	default:
+		return size.Width, size.Height
+	}
+}
+
+// MIME types for the supported image formats.
+const (
+	mimeJPEG = "image/jpeg"
+	mimePNG  = "image/png"
+	mimeGIF  = "image/gif"
+	mimeWebP = "image/webp"
+	mimeAVIF = "image/avif"
+)
+
 // SupportedInputFormats returns MIME types this processor can read.
 func (p *ImageProcessor) SupportedInputFormats() []string {
 	return []string{
-		string(MIMETypeJPEG),
+		mimeJPEG,
-		string(MIMETypePNG),
+		mimePNG,
-		string(MIMETypeGIF),
+		mimeGIF,
-		string(MIMETypeWebP),
+		mimeWebP,
-		string(MIMETypeAVIF),
+		mimeAVIF,
 	}
 }
 
 // SupportedOutputFormats returns formats this processor can write.
-func (p *ImageProcessor) SupportedOutputFormats() []ImageFormat {
+func (p *ImageProcessor) SupportedOutputFormats() []Format {
-	return []ImageFormat{
+	return []Format{
 		FormatJPEG,
 		FormatPNG,
 		FormatGIF,
@@ -142,6 +258,26 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) SupportedOutputFormats() []ImageFormat {
 	}
 }
 
+// FormatToMIME converts a Format to its MIME type string.
+func FormatToMIME(format Format) string {
+	switch format {
+	case FormatJPEG:
+		return mimeJPEG
+	case FormatPNG:
+		return mimePNG
+	case FormatWebP:
+		return mimeWebP
+	case FormatGIF:
+		return mimeGIF
+	case FormatAVIF:
+		return mimeAVIF
+	case FormatOriginal:
+		return "application/octet-stream"
+	default:
+		return "application/octet-stream"
+	}
+}
+
 // detectFormat returns the format string from a vips image.
 func (p *ImageProcessor) detectFormat(img *vips.ImageRef) string {
 	format := img.Format()
@@ -155,14 +291,20 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) detectFormat(img *vips.ImageRef) string {
 	case vips.ImageTypeWEBP:
 		return "webp"
 	case vips.ImageTypeAVIF, vips.ImageTypeHEIF:
-		return "avif"
+		return string(FormatAVIF)
+	case vips.ImageTypeUnknown, vips.ImageTypeMagick, vips.ImageTypePDF,
+		vips.ImageTypeSVG, vips.ImageTypeTIFF, vips.ImageTypeBMP,
+		vips.ImageTypeJP2K, vips.ImageTypeJXL:
+		return "unknown"
 	default:
 		return "unknown"
 	}
 }
 
 // resize resizes the image according to the fit mode.
-func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMode) error {
+func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(
+	img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMode,
+) error {
 	switch fit {
 	case FitCover, "":
 		// Resize and crop to fill exact dimensions (default)
@@ -170,17 +312,17 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMo
 
 	case FitContain:
 		// Resize to fit within dimensions, maintaining aspect ratio
-		// Calculate target dimensions maintaining aspect ratio
 		imgW, imgH := img.Width(), img.Height()
 		scaleW := float64(width) / float64(imgW)
 		scaleH := float64(height) / float64(imgH)
 		scale := min(scaleW, scaleH)
 		newW := int(float64(imgW) * scale)
 		newH := int(float64(imgH) * scale)
+
 		return img.Thumbnail(newW, newH, vips.InterestingNone)
 
 	case FitFill:
-		// Resize to exact dimensions (may distort) - use ThumbnailWithSize with Force
+		// Resize to exact dimensions (may distort)
 		return img.ThumbnailWithSize(width, height, vips.InterestingNone, vips.SizeForce)
 
 	case FitInside:
@@ -188,12 +330,14 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMo
 		if img.Width() <= width && img.Height() <= height {
 			return nil // Already fits
 		}
+
 		imgW, imgH := img.Width(), img.Height()
 		scaleW := float64(width) / float64(imgW)
 		scaleH := float64(height) / float64(imgH)
 		scale := min(scaleW, scaleH)
 		newW := int(float64(imgW) * scale)
 		newH := int(float64(imgH) * scale)
+
 		return img.Thumbnail(newW, newH, vips.InterestingNone)
 
 	case FitOutside:
@@ -204,6 +348,7 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMo
 		scale := max(scaleW, scaleH)
 		newW := int(float64(imgW) * scale)
 		newH := int(float64(imgH) * scale)
+
 		return img.Thumbnail(newW, newH, vips.InterestingNone)
 
 	default:
@@ -214,7 +359,9 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) resize(img *vips.ImageRef, width, height int, fit FitMo
 const defaultQuality = 85
 
 // encode encodes an image to the specified format.
-func (p *ImageProcessor) encode(img *vips.ImageRef, format ImageFormat, quality int) ([]byte, error) {
+func (p *ImageProcessor) encode(
+	img *vips.ImageRef, format Format, quality int,
+) ([]byte, error) {
 	if quality <= 0 {
 		quality = defaultQuality
 	}
@@ -250,8 +397,11 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) encode(img *vips.ImageRef, format ImageFormat, quality
 			Quality: quality,
 		}
 
+	case FormatOriginal:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat, format)
+
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported output format: %s", format)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat, format)
 	}
 
 	output, _, err := img.Export(&params)
@@ -262,8 +412,8 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) encode(img *vips.ImageRef, format ImageFormat, quality
 	return output, nil
 }
 
-// formatFromString converts a format string to ImageFormat.
+// formatFromString converts a format string to Format.
-func (p *ImageProcessor) formatFromString(format string) ImageFormat {
+func (p *ImageProcessor) formatFromString(format string) Format {
 	switch format {
 	case "jpeg":
 		return FormatJPEG
@@ -273,7 +423,7 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) formatFromString(format string) ImageFormat {
 		return FormatGIF
 	case "webp":
 		return FormatWebP
-	case "avif":
+	case string(FormatAVIF):
 		return FormatAVIF
 	default:
 		return FormatJPEG

internal/imageprocessor/imageprocessor_internal_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-package imgcache
+package imageprocessor
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"image"
 	"image/color"
 	"image/jpeg"
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import (
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	initVips()
+
 	code := m.Run()
+
 	vips.Shutdown()
 	os.Exit(code)
 }
@@ -27,11 +30,11 @@ func createTestJPEG(t *testing.T, width, height int) []byte {
 
 	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
 	// Fill with a gradient
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+	for y := range height {
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.Set(x, y, color.RGBA{
-				R: uint8(x * 255 / width),
+				R: uint8((x * 255 / width) & 0xff),
-				G: uint8(y * 255 / height),
+				G: uint8((y * 255 / height) & 0xff),
 				B: 128,
 				A: 255,
 			})
@@ -39,7 +42,9 @@ func createTestJPEG(t *testing.T, width, height int) []byte {
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 90}); err != nil {
+
+	err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 90})
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test JPEG: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -51,11 +56,11 @@ func createTestPNG(t *testing.T, width, height int) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+	for y := range height {
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.Set(x, y, color.RGBA{
-				R: uint8(x * 255 / width),
+				R: uint8((x * 255 / width) & 0xff),
-				G: uint8(y * 255 / height),
+				G: uint8((y * 255 / height) & 0xff),
 				B: 128,
 				A: 255,
 			})
@@ -63,20 +68,60 @@ func createTestPNG(t *testing.T, width, height int) []byte {
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := png.Encode(&buf, img); err != nil {
+
+	err := png.Encode(&buf, img)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test PNG: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return buf.Bytes()
 }
 
+// isAVIF reports whether data starts with an AVIF ftyp box.
+func isAVIF(data []byte) bool {
+	if len(data) < 12 || string(data[4:8]) != "ftyp" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	brand := string(data[8:12])
+
+	return brand == string(FormatAVIF) || brand == "avis"
+}
+
+// detectMIME is a minimal magic-byte detector for test assertions.
+func detectMIME(data []byte) string {
+	if len(data) >= 3 && data[0] == 0xFF && data[1] == 0xD8 && data[2] == 0xFF {
+		return mimeJPEG
+	}
+
+	if len(data) >= 8 && string(data[:8]) == "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n" {
+		return mimePNG
+	}
+
+	if len(data) >= 4 && string(data[:4]) == "GIF8" {
+		return mimeGIF
+	}
+
+	if len(data) >= 12 && string(data[:4]) == "RIFF" && string(data[8:12]) == "WEBP" {
+		return mimeWebP
+	}
+
+	if isAVIF(data) {
+		return mimeAVIF
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
 func TestImageProcessor_ResizeJPEG(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	input := createTestJPEG(t, 800, 600)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 400, Height: 300},
 		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
@@ -87,7 +132,8 @@ func TestImageProcessor_ResizeJPEG(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 
 	if result.Width != 400 {
 		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want 400", result.Width)
@@ -107,23 +153,21 @@ func TestImageProcessor_ResizeJPEG(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	mime, err := DetectFormat(data)
+	mime := detectMIME(data)
-	if err != nil {
+	if mime != mimeJPEG {
-		t.Fatalf("DetectFormat() error = %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want image/jpeg", mime)
-	}
-
-	if mime != MIMETypeJPEG {
-		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, MIMETypeJPEG)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_ConvertToPNG(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	input := createTestJPEG(t, 200, 150)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 200, Height: 150},
 		Format:  FormatPNG,
 		FitMode: FitCover,
@@ -133,31 +177,34 @@ func TestImageProcessor_ConvertToPNG(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	mime, err := DetectFormat(data)
+	mime := detectMIME(data)
-	if err != nil {
+	if mime != mimePNG {
-		t.Fatalf("DetectFormat() error = %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want image/png", mime)
-	}
-
-	if mime != MIMETypePNG {
-		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, MIMETypePNG)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestImageProcessor_OriginalSize(t *testing.T) {
+// processAndCheckSize processes a test JPEG of the given input dimensions
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+// with the requested size and asserts the resulting dimensions.
+func processAndCheckSize(
+	t *testing.T, inputW, inputH int, size Size, wantW, wantH int,
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 640, 480)
+	input := createTestJPEG(t, inputW, inputH)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
-		Size:    Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}, // Original size
+		Size:    size,
 		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
 		FitMode: FitCover,
@@ -167,26 +214,36 @@ func TestImageProcessor_OriginalSize(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
 
-	if result.Width != 640 {
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
-		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want 640", result.Width)
+
+	if result.Width != wantW {
+		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want %d", result.Width, wantW)
 	}
 
-	if result.Height != 480 {
+	if result.Height != wantH {
-		t.Errorf("Process() height = %d, want 480", result.Height)
+		t.Errorf("Process() height = %d, want %d", result.Height, wantH)
 	}
 }
 
+func TestImageProcessor_OriginalSize(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Width and height 0: keep original size
+	processAndCheckSize(t, 640, 480, Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}, 640, 480)
+}
+
 func TestImageProcessor_FitContain(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// 800x400 image (2:1 aspect) into 400x400 box with contain
 	// Should result in 400x200 (maintaining aspect ratio)
 	input := createTestJPEG(t, 800, 400)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 400, Height: 400},
 		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
@@ -197,7 +254,8 @@ func TestImageProcessor_FitContain(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 
 	// With contain, the image should fit within the box
 	if result.Width > 400 || result.Height > 400 {
@@ -206,72 +264,30 @@ func TestImageProcessor_FitContain(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_ProportionalScale_WidthOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
-	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// 800x600 image, request width=400 height=0
 	// Should scale proportionally to 400x300
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 800, 600)
+	processAndCheckSize(t, 800, 600, Size{Width: 400, Height: 0}, 400, 300)
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		Size:    Size{Width: 400, Height: 0},
-		Format:  FormatJPEG,
-		Quality: 85,
-		FitMode: FitCover,
-	}
-
-	result, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
-	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
-
-	if result.Width != 400 {
-		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want 400", result.Width)
-	}
-
-	if result.Height != 300 {
-		t.Errorf("Process() height = %d, want 300", result.Height)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_ProportionalScale_HeightOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
-	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// 800x600 image, request width=0 height=300
 	// Should scale proportionally to 400x300
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 800, 600)
+	processAndCheckSize(t, 800, 600, Size{Width: 0, Height: 300}, 400, 300)
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		Size:    Size{Width: 0, Height: 300},
-		Format:  FormatJPEG,
-		Quality: 85,
-		FitMode: FitCover,
-	}
-
-	result, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
-	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
-
-	if result.Width != 400 {
-		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want 400", result.Width)
-	}
-
-	if result.Height != 300 {
-		t.Errorf("Process() height = %d, want 300", result.Height)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_ProcessPNG(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	input := createTestPNG(t, 400, 300)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 200, Height: 150},
 		Format:  FormatPNG,
 		FitMode: FitCover,
@@ -281,7 +297,8 @@ func TestImageProcessor_ProcessPNG(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 
 	if result.Width != 200 {
 		t.Errorf("Process() width = %d, want 200", result.Width)
@@ -292,13 +309,10 @@ func TestImageProcessor_ProcessPNG(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestImageProcessor_ImplementsInterface(t *testing.T) {
-	// Verify ImageProcessor implements Processor interface
-	var _ Processor = (*ImageProcessor)(nil)
-}
-
 func TestImageProcessor_SupportedFormats(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 
 	inputFormats := proc.SupportedInputFormats()
 	if len(inputFormats) == 0 {
@@ -312,63 +326,56 @@ func TestImageProcessor_SupportedFormats(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_RejectsOversizedInput(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
-	ctx := context.Background()
 
-	// Create an image that exceeds MaxInputDimension (e.g., 10000x100)
+	// Images exceeding MaxInputDimension in either dimension must be
-	// This should be rejected before processing to prevent DoS
+	// rejected before processing to prevent DoS.
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 10000, 100)
+	tests := []struct {
-
+		name   string
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+		width  int
-		Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 100},
+		height int
-		Format:  FormatJPEG,
+	}{
-		Quality: 85,
+		{name: "oversized width", width: 10000, height: 100},
-		FitMode: FitCover,
+		{name: "oversized height", width: 100, height: 10000},
 	}
 
-	_, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
+	for _, tt := range tests {
-	if err == nil {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Error("Process() should reject oversized input images")
+			t.Parallel()
-	}
 
-	if err != ErrInputTooLarge {
+			proc := New(Params{})
-		t.Errorf("Process() error = %v, want ErrInputTooLarge", err)
+			ctx := context.Background()
-	}
+			input := createTestJPEG(t, tt.width, tt.height)
-}
 
-func TestImageProcessor_RejectsOversizedInputHeight(t *testing.T) {
+			req := &Request{
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+				Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 100},
-	ctx := context.Background()
+				Format:  FormatJPEG,
+				Quality: 85,
+				FitMode: FitCover,
+			}
 
-	// Create an image with oversized height
+			_, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 100, 10000)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Error("Process() should reject oversized input images")
+			}
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrInputTooLarge) {
-		Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 100},
+				t.Errorf("Process() error = %v, want ErrInputTooLarge", err)
-		Format:  FormatJPEG,
+			}
-		Quality: 85,
+		})
-		FitMode: FitCover,
-	}
-
-	_, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("Process() should reject oversized input images")
-	}
-
-	if err != ErrInputTooLarge {
-		t.Errorf("Process() error = %v, want ErrInputTooLarge", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestImageProcessor_AcceptsMaxDimensionInput(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// Create an image at exactly MaxInputDimension - should be accepted
-	// Using smaller dimensions to keep test fast
 	input := createTestJPEG(t, MaxInputDimension, 100)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 100},
 		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
@@ -377,21 +384,29 @@ func TestImageProcessor_AcceptsMaxDimensionInput(t *testing.T) {
 
 	result, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process() should accept images at MaxInputDimension, got error: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf(
+			"Process() should accept images at MaxInputDimension, got error: %v",
+			err,
+		)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 }
 
-func TestImageProcessor_EncodeWebP(t *testing.T) {
+// encodeAndCheck processes a 200x150 test JPEG into a 100x75 output of the
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+// given format and asserts the output MIME type and dimensions.
+func encodeAndCheck(t *testing.T, format Format, quality int, wantMIME string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	input := createTestJPEG(t, 200, 150)
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 75},
-		Format:  FormatWebP,
+		Format:  format,
-		Quality: 80,
+		Quality: quality,
 		FitMode: FitCover,
 	}
 
@@ -399,34 +414,40 @@ func TestImageProcessor_EncodeWebP(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
 
-	// Verify output is valid WebP
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
+
+	// Verify output format
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	mime, err := DetectFormat(data)
+	mime := detectMIME(data)
-	if err != nil {
+	if mime != wantMIME {
-		t.Fatalf("DetectFormat() error = %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, wantMIME)
-	}
-
-	if mime != MIMETypeWebP {
-		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, MIMETypeWebP)
 	}
 
 	// Verify dimensions
 	if result.Width != 100 {
 		t.Errorf("Width = %d, want 100", result.Width)
 	}
+
 	if result.Height != 75 {
 		t.Errorf("Height = %d, want 75", result.Height)
 	}
 }
 
+func TestImageProcessor_EncodeWebP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	encodeAndCheck(t, FormatWebP, 80, mimeWebP)
+}
+
 func TestImageProcessor_DecodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	proc := New(Params{})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// Load test AVIF file
@@ -436,7 +457,7 @@ func TestImageProcessor_DecodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Request resize and convert to JPEG
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 2, Height: 2},
 		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
@@ -447,7 +468,8 @@ func TestImageProcessor_DecodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v, want nil (AVIF decoding should work)", err)
 	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
 
 	// Verify output is valid JPEG
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
@@ -455,55 +477,87 @@ func TestImageProcessor_DecodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	mime, err := DetectFormat(data)
+	mime := detectMIME(data)
-	if err != nil {
+	if mime != mimeJPEG {
-		t.Fatalf("DetectFormat() error = %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want image/jpeg", mime)
-	}
-
-	if mime != MIMETypeJPEG {
-		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, MIMETypeJPEG)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestImageProcessor_EncodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
+func TestImageProcessor_RejectsOversizedInputData(t *testing.T) {
-	proc := NewImageProcessor()
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create a processor with a very small byte limit
+	const limit = 1024
+
+	proc := New(Params{MaxInputBytes: limit})
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
-	input := createTestJPEG(t, 200, 150)
+	// Create a valid JPEG that exceeds the byte limit
+	input := createTestJPEG(t, 800, 600) // will be well over 1 KiB
+	if int64(len(input)) <= limit {
+		t.Fatalf("test JPEG must exceed %d bytes, got %d", limit, len(input))
+	}
 
-	req := &ImageRequest{
+	req := &Request{
 		Size:    Size{Width: 100, Height: 75},
-		Format:  FormatAVIF,
+		Format:  FormatJPEG,
+		Quality: 85,
+		FitMode: FitCover,
+	}
+
+	_, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Process() should reject input exceeding maxInputBytes")
+	}
+
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrInputDataTooLarge) {
+		t.Errorf("Process() error = %v, want ErrInputDataTooLarge", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageProcessor_AcceptsInputWithinLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create a small image and set limit well above its size
+	input := createTestJPEG(t, 10, 10)
+	limit := int64(len(input)) * 10 // 10× headroom
+
+	proc := New(Params{MaxInputBytes: limit})
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	req := &Request{
+		Size:    Size{Width: 10, Height: 10},
+		Format:  FormatJPEG,
 		Quality: 85,
 		FitMode: FitCover,
 	}
 
 	result, err := proc.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(input), req)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v, want nil (AVIF encoding should work)", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v, want nil", err)
-	}
-	defer result.Content.Close()
-
-	// Verify output is valid AVIF
-	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	mime, err := DetectFormat(data)
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
-	if err != nil {
+}
-		t.Fatalf("DetectFormat() error = %v", err)
+
+func TestImageProcessor_DefaultMaxInputBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Passing 0 should use the default
+	proc := New(Params{})
+	if proc.maxInputBytes != DefaultMaxInputBytes {
+		t.Errorf("maxInputBytes = %d, want %d", proc.maxInputBytes, DefaultMaxInputBytes)
 	}
 
-	if mime != MIMETypeAVIF {
+	// Passing negative should also use the default
-		t.Errorf("Output format = %v, want %v", mime, MIMETypeAVIF)
+	proc = New(Params{MaxInputBytes: -1})
-	}
+	if proc.maxInputBytes != DefaultMaxInputBytes {
-
+		t.Errorf("maxInputBytes = %d, want %d", proc.maxInputBytes, DefaultMaxInputBytes)
-	// Verify dimensions
-	if result.Width != 100 {
-		t.Errorf("Width = %d, want 100", result.Width)
-	}
-	if result.Height != 75 {
-		t.Errorf("Height = %d, want 75", result.Height)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestImageProcessor_EncodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	encodeAndCheck(t, FormatAVIF, 85, mimeAVIF)
+}

internal/imgcache/cache.go

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 )
 
 // Cache errors.
@@ -42,24 +43,30 @@ type Cache struct {
 	srcMetadata *MetadataStorage // source metadata by host/path
 	config      CacheConfig
 
-	// In-memory cache of variant metadata (content type, size) to avoid reading .meta files
+	// In-memory cache of variant metadata (content type, size) to avoid
-	metaCache   map[VariantKey]variantMeta
+	// reading .meta files
-	metaCacheMu sync.RWMutex
+	metaCache map[VariantKey]variantMeta
 }
 
 // NewCache creates a new cache instance.
 func NewCache(db *sql.DB, config CacheConfig) (*Cache, error) {
-	srcContent, err := NewContentStorage(filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "sources"))
+	srcContent, err := NewContentStorage(
+		filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "sources"),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create source content storage: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	variants, err := NewVariantStorage(filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "variants"))
+	variants, err := NewVariantStorage(
+		filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "variants"),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create variant storage: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	srcMetadata, err := NewMetadataStorage(filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "metadata"))
+	srcMetadata, err := NewMetadataStorage(
+		filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "metadata"),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create source metadata storage: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@ func (c *Cache) StoreSource(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	req *ImageRequest,
 	content io.Reader,
-	result *FetchResult,
+	result *httpfetcher.FetchResult,
 ) (ContentHash, error) {
 	// Store content
 	contentHash, size, err := c.srcContent.Store(content)
@@ -123,7 +130,11 @@ func (c *Cache) StoreSource(
 
 	// Store in database
 	pathHash := HashPath(req.SourcePath + "?" + req.SourceQuery)
-	headersJSON, _ := json.Marshal(result.Headers)
+
+	headersJSON, err := json.Marshal(result.Headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal response headers: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	_, err = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO source_content (content_hash, content_type, size_bytes)
@@ -166,23 +177,26 @@ func (c *Cache) StoreSource(
 		RemoteAddr:      result.RemoteAddr,
 	}
 
-	if err := c.srcMetadata.Store(req.SourceHost, pathHash, meta); err != nil {
+	// A failure here is non-fatal; the metadata is in the database.
-		// Non-fatal, we have it in the database
+	_ = c.srcMetadata.Store(req.SourceHost, pathHash, meta)
-		_ = err
-	}
 
 	return contentHash, nil
 }
 
 // StoreVariant stores a processed variant by its cache key.
-func (c *Cache) StoreVariant(cacheKey VariantKey, content io.Reader, contentType string) error {
+func (c *Cache) StoreVariant(
+	cacheKey VariantKey, content io.Reader, contentType string,
+) error {
 	_, err := c.variants.Store(cacheKey, content, contentType)
+
 	return err
 }
 
 // LookupSource checks if we have cached source content for a request.
 // Returns the content hash and content type if found, or empty values if not.
-func (c *Cache) LookupSource(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (ContentHash, string, error) {
+func (c *Cache) LookupSource(
+	ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest,
+) (ContentHash, string, error) {
 	var hashStr, contentType string
 
 	err := c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
@@ -209,11 +223,15 @@ func (c *Cache) LookupSource(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (ContentHas
 }
 
 // StoreNegative stores a negative cache entry for a failed fetch.
-func (c *Cache) StoreNegative(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest, statusCode int, errMsg string) error {
+func (c *Cache) StoreNegative(
+	ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest, statusCode int, errMsg string,
+) error {
 	expiresAt := time.Now().UTC().Add(c.config.NegativeTTL)
 
 	_, err := c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		INSERT INTO negative_cache (source_host, source_path, source_query, status_code, error_message, expires_at)
+		INSERT INTO negative_cache
+			(source_host, source_path, source_query, status_code,
+			 error_message, expires_at)
 		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 		ON CONFLICT(source_host, source_path, source_query) DO UPDATE SET
 			status_code = excluded.status_code,
@@ -228,46 +246,16 @@ func (c *Cache) StoreNegative(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest, statusCode
 	return nil
 }
 
-// checkNegativeCache checks if a request is in the negative cache.
-func (c *Cache) checkNegativeCache(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (bool, error) {
-	var expiresAt time.Time
-
-	err := c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
-		SELECT expires_at FROM negative_cache
-		WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
-	`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery).Scan(&expiresAt)
-
-	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to check negative cache: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Check if expired
-	if time.Now().After(expiresAt) {
-		// Clean up expired entry
-		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-			DELETE FROM negative_cache
-			WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
-		`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery)
-
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	return true, nil
-}
-
 // GetSourceMetadataID returns the source metadata ID for a request.
-func (c *Cache) GetSourceMetadataID(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (int64, error) {
+func (c *Cache) GetSourceMetadataID(
+	ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest,
+) (int64, error) {
 	var id int64
 
 	err := c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT id FROM source_metadata
 		WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
 	`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery).Scan(&id)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to get source metadata ID: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -308,8 +296,12 @@ func (c *Cache) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Get actual item count and total size from content tables
-	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM request_cache`).Scan(&stats.TotalItems)
+	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(size_bytes), 0) FROM output_content`).Scan(&stats.TotalSizeBytes)
+		`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM request_cache`,
+	).Scan(&stats.TotalItems)
+	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
+		`SELECT COALESCE(SUM(size_bytes), 0) FROM output_content`,
+	).Scan(&stats.TotalSizeBytes)
 
 	// Compute hit rate as a ratio
 	if stats.HitCount+stats.MissCount > 0 {
@@ -323,11 +315,17 @@ func (c *Cache) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {
 func (c *Cache) IncrementStats(ctx context.Context, hit bool, fetchBytes int64) {
 	if hit {
 		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-			UPDATE cache_stats SET hit_count = hit_count + 1, last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = 1
+			UPDATE cache_stats
+			SET hit_count = hit_count + 1,
+			    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+			WHERE id = 1
 		`)
 	} else {
 		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-			UPDATE cache_stats SET miss_count = miss_count + 1, last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = 1
+			UPDATE cache_stats
+			SET miss_count = miss_count + 1,
+			    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+			WHERE id = 1
 		`)
 	}
 
@@ -341,3 +339,36 @@ func (c *Cache) IncrementStats(ctx context.Context, hit bool, fetchBytes int64)
 		`, fetchBytes)
 	}
 }
+
+// checkNegativeCache checks if a request is in the negative cache.
+func (c *Cache) checkNegativeCache(
+	ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest,
+) (bool, error) {
+	var expiresAt time.Time
+
+	err := c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
+		SELECT expires_at FROM negative_cache
+		WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
+	`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery).Scan(&expiresAt)
+
+	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to check negative cache: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check if expired
+	if time.Now().After(expiresAt) {
+		// Clean up expired entry
+		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+			DELETE FROM negative_cache
+			WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
+		`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery)
+
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	return true, nil
+}

internal/imgcache/cache_internal_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 )
 
 func setupTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
@@ -85,14 +86,15 @@ func setupTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
 		INSERT INTO cache_stats (id) VALUES (1);
 	`
 
-	if _, err := db.Exec(schema); err != nil {
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(t.Context(), schema)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create schema: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return db
 }
 
-func setupTestCache(t *testing.T) (*Cache, string) {
+func setupTestCache(t *testing.T) *Cache {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
@@ -107,16 +109,18 @@ func setupTestCache(t *testing.T) (*Cache, string) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create cache: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	return cache, tmpDir
+	return cache
 }
 
 func TestCache_LookupMiss(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathCat,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -138,12 +142,14 @@ func TestCache_LookupMiss(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_StoreAndLookup(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathCat,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -152,12 +158,13 @@ func TestCache_StoreAndLookup(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Store source content
 	sourceContent := []byte("fake jpeg data")
-	fetchResult := &FetchResult{
+	fetchResult := &httpfetcher.FetchResult{
-		ContentType: "image/jpeg",
+		ContentType: testContentTypeJPEG,
-		Headers:     map[string][]string{"Content-Type": {"image/jpeg"}},
+		Headers:     map[string][]string{"Content-Type": {testContentTypeJPEG}},
 	}
 
-	contentHash, err := cache.StoreSource(ctx, req, bytes.NewReader(sourceContent), fetchResult)
+	contentHash, err := cache.StoreSource(
+		ctx, req, bytes.NewReader(sourceContent), fetchResult)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("StoreSource() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -169,6 +176,7 @@ func TestCache_StoreAndLookup(t *testing.T) {
 	// Store variant
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)
 	outputContent := []byte("fake webp data")
+
 	err = cache.StoreVariant(cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(outputContent), "image/webp")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("StoreVariant() error = %v", err)
@@ -194,11 +202,13 @@ func TestCache_StoreAndLookup(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_NegativeCache(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
 		SourcePath: "/photos/notfound.jpg",
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
@@ -222,6 +232,8 @@ func TestCache_NegativeCache(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_NegativeCacheExpiry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 
@@ -238,7 +250,7 @@ func TestCache_NegativeCacheExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
 		SourcePath: "/photos/expired.jpg",
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
@@ -265,11 +277,13 @@ func TestCache_NegativeCacheExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_VariantLookup(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
 		SourcePath: "/photos/variant.jpg",
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
@@ -280,6 +294,7 @@ func TestCache_VariantLookup(t *testing.T) {
 	// Store variant
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)
 	outputContent := []byte("output data")
+
 	err := cache.StoreVariant(cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(outputContent), "image/webp")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("StoreVariant() error = %v", err)
@@ -311,11 +326,13 @@ func TestCache_VariantLookup(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_GetVariant_ReturnsContentType(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
 		SourcePath: "/photos/variantct.jpg",
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
@@ -326,6 +343,7 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant_ReturnsContentType(t *testing.T) {
 	// Store variant
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)
 	outputContent := []byte("output webp data")
+
 	err := cache.StoreVariant(cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(outputContent), "image/webp")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("StoreVariant() error = %v", err)
@@ -346,7 +364,8 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant_ReturnsContentType(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetVariant() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer reader.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()
 
 	if contentType != "image/webp" {
 		t.Errorf("GetVariant() ContentType = %q, want %q", contentType, "image/webp")
@@ -358,11 +377,13 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant_ReturnsContentType(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_GetVariant(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
 		SourcePath: "/photos/output.jpg",
 		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:     FormatWebP,
@@ -373,6 +394,7 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant(t *testing.T) {
 	// Store variant
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)
 	outputContent := []byte("the actual output content")
+
 	err := cache.StoreVariant(cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(outputContent), "image/webp")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("StoreVariant() error = %v", err)
@@ -389,7 +411,8 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetVariant() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer reader.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()
 
 	buf := make([]byte, 100)
 	n, _ := reader.Read(buf)
@@ -400,7 +423,9 @@ func TestCache_GetVariant(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_Stats(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, _ := setupTestCache(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache := setupTestCache(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// Increment some stats
@@ -423,6 +448,8 @@ func TestCache_Stats(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCache_CleanExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 
@@ -435,7 +462,8 @@ func TestCache_CleanExpired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Insert expired negative cache entry directly
 	_, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		INSERT INTO negative_cache (source_host, source_path, source_query, status_code, expires_at)
+		INSERT INTO negative_cache
+			(source_host, source_path, source_query, status_code, expires_at)
 		VALUES ('example.com', '/old.jpg', '', 404, datetime('now', '-1 hour'))
 	`)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -444,7 +472,12 @@ func TestCache_CleanExpired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Verify it exists
 	var count int
-	db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM negative_cache`).Scan(&count)
+
+	err = db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM negative_cache`).Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to count negative cache entries: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	if count != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 1 negative cache entry, got %d", count)
 	}
@@ -456,13 +489,19 @@ func TestCache_CleanExpired(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Verify it's gone
-	db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM negative_cache`).Scan(&count)
+	err = db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM negative_cache`).Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to count negative cache entries: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	if count != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("expected 0 negative cache entries after clean, got %d", count)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestCache_StorageDirectoriesCreated(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 
@@ -482,7 +521,9 @@ func TestCache_StorageDirectoriesCreated(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, dir := range dirs {
 		path := tmpDir + "/" + dir
-		if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+
+		_, err := os.Stat(path)
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			t.Errorf("directory %s was not created", dir)
 		}
 	}

internal/imgcache/divzero_internal_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestSizePercentSafeWithZeroFetchBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Simulate the calculation from processAndStore
 	fetchBytes := int64(0)
 	outputSize := int64(100)
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@ func TestSizePercentSafeWithZeroFetchBytes(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSizePercentNormalCase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	fetchBytes := int64(1000)
 	outputSize := int64(500)
 

internal/imgcache/imgcache.go

@@ -75,15 +75,23 @@ type ImageRequest struct {
 	Quality int
 	// FitMode is how to fit the image into requested dimensions
 	FitMode FitMode
-	// Signature is the HMAC signature for non-whitelisted hosts
+	// Signature is the HMAC signature for non-allowlisted hosts
 	Signature string
 	// Expires is the signature expiration timestamp
 	Expires time.Time
+	// AllowHTTP indicates whether HTTP (non-TLS) is allowed for this request
+	AllowHTTP bool
 }
 
-// SourceURL returns the full upstream URL to fetch
+// SourceURL returns the full upstream URL to fetch.
+// Uses http:// scheme when AllowHTTP is true, otherwise https://.
 func (r *ImageRequest) SourceURL() string {
-	url := "https://" + r.SourceHost + r.SourcePath
+	scheme := "https"
+	if r.AllowHTTP {
+		scheme = "http"
+	}
+
+	url := scheme + "://" + r.SourceHost + r.SourcePath
 	if r.SourceQuery != "" {
 		url += "?" + r.SourceQuery
 	}
@@ -156,70 +164,10 @@ type SignatureValidator interface {
 	Generate(req *ImageRequest) string
 }
 
-// Whitelist checks if a URL is whitelisted (no signature required)
+// Allowlist checks if a URL is allowlisted (no signature required)
-type Whitelist interface {
+type Allowlist interface {
-	// IsWhitelisted returns true if the URL doesn't require a signature
+	// IsAllowlisted returns true if the URL doesn't require a signature
-	IsWhitelisted(u *url.URL) bool
+	IsAllowlisted(u *url.URL) bool
-}
-
-// Fetcher fetches images from upstream origins
-type Fetcher interface {
-	// Fetch retrieves an image from the origin
-	Fetch(ctx context.Context, url string) (*FetchResult, error)
-}
-
-// FetchResult contains the result of fetching from upstream
-type FetchResult struct {
-	// Content is the raw image data
-	Content io.ReadCloser
-	// ContentLength is the size in bytes (-1 if unknown)
-	ContentLength int64
-	// ContentType is the MIME type from upstream
-	ContentType string
-	// Headers contains all response headers from upstream
-	Headers map[string][]string
-	// StatusCode is the HTTP status code from upstream
-	StatusCode int
-	// FetchDurationMs is how long the fetch took in milliseconds
-	FetchDurationMs int64
-	// RemoteAddr is the IP:port of the upstream server
-	RemoteAddr string
-	// HTTPVersion is the protocol version (e.g., "1.1", "2.0")
-	HTTPVersion string
-	// TLSVersion is the TLS protocol version (e.g., "TLS 1.3")
-	TLSVersion string
-	// TLSCipherSuite is the negotiated cipher suite name
-	TLSCipherSuite string
-}
-
-// Processor handles image transformation (resize, format conversion)
-type Processor interface {
-	// Process transforms an image according to the request
-	Process(ctx context.Context, input io.Reader, req *ImageRequest) (*ProcessResult, error)
-	// SupportedInputFormats returns MIME types this processor can read
-	SupportedInputFormats() []string
-	// SupportedOutputFormats returns formats this processor can write
-	SupportedOutputFormats() []ImageFormat
-}
-
-// ProcessResult contains the result of image processing
-type ProcessResult struct {
-	// Content is the processed image data
-	Content io.ReadCloser
-	// ContentLength is the size in bytes
-	ContentLength int64
-	// ContentType is the MIME type of the output
-	ContentType string
-	// Width is the output image width
-	Width int
-	// Height is the output image height
-	Height int
-	// InputWidth is the original image width before processing
-	InputWidth int
-	// InputHeight is the original image height before processing
-	InputHeight int
-	// InputFormat is the detected input format (e.g., "jpeg", "png")
-	InputFormat string
 }
 
 // Storage handles persistent storage of cached content

internal/imgcache/negative_cache_internal_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestNegativeCache_StoreAndCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ func TestNegativeCache_StoreAndCheck(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostExample,
 		SourcePath: "/missing.jpg",
 	}
 
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ func TestNegativeCache_StoreAndCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
 	if hit {
 		t.Error("expected no negative cache hit initially")
 	}
@@ -46,12 +49,15 @@ func TestNegativeCache_StoreAndCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
 	if !hit {
 		t.Error("expected negative cache hit after storing")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestNegativeCache_Expired(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ func TestNegativeCache_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "example.com",
+		SourceHost: testHostExample,
 		SourcePath: "/expired.jpg",
 	}
 
@@ -84,12 +90,15 @@ func TestNegativeCache_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
 	if hit {
 		t.Error("expected expired negative cache entry to be a miss")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_ReturnsErrorForNegativeCachedURL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// This test verifies that Service.Get() checks the negative cache
 	// We can't easily test the full pipeline without vips, but we can
 	// verify the error type

internal/imgcache/service.go

@@ -11,16 +11,24 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/allowlist"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imageprocessor"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/magic"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
 )
 
-// Service implements the ImageCache interface, orchestrating cache, fetcher, and processor.
+// Service implements the ImageCache interface, orchestrating cache,
+// fetcher, and processor.
 type Service struct {
-	cache     *Cache
+	cache           *Cache
-	fetcher   Fetcher
+	fetcher         httpfetcher.Fetcher
-	processor Processor
+	processor       *imageprocessor.ImageProcessor
-	signer    *Signer
+	signer          *signature.Signer
-	whitelist *HostWhitelist
+	allowlist       *allowlist.HostAllowList
-	log       *slog.Logger
+	log             *slog.Logger
+	allowHTTP       bool
+	maxResponseSize int64
 }
 
 // ServiceConfig holds configuration for the image service.
@@ -28,53 +36,74 @@ type ServiceConfig struct {
 	// Cache is the cache instance
 	Cache *Cache
 	// FetcherConfig configures the upstream fetcher (ignored if Fetcher is set)
-	FetcherConfig *FetcherConfig
+	FetcherConfig *httpfetcher.Config
 	// Fetcher is an optional custom fetcher (for testing)
-	Fetcher Fetcher
+	Fetcher httpfetcher.Fetcher
 	// SigningKey is the HMAC signing key (empty disables signing)
 	SigningKey string
-	// Whitelist is the list of hosts that don't require signatures
+	// Allowlist is the list of hosts that don't require signatures
-	Whitelist []string
+	Allowlist []string
 	// Logger for logging
 	Logger *slog.Logger
 }
 
+// Static errors for service construction and unimplemented operations.
+var (
+	errCacheRequired       = errors.New("cache is required")
+	errSigningKeyRequired  = errors.New("signing key is required")
+	errPurgeNotImplemented = errors.New("purge not implemented")
+)
+
 // NewService creates a new image service.
 func NewService(cfg *ServiceConfig) (*Service, error) {
 	if cfg.Cache == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("cache is required")
+		return nil, errCacheRequired
 	}
 
 	if cfg.SigningKey == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("signing key is required")
+		return nil, errSigningKeyRequired
+	}
+
+	// Resolve fetcher config for defaults
+	fetcherCfg := cfg.FetcherConfig
+	if fetcherCfg == nil {
+		fetcherCfg = httpfetcher.DefaultConfig()
 	}
 
 	// Use custom fetcher if provided, otherwise create HTTP fetcher
-	var fetcher Fetcher
+	var fetcher httpfetcher.Fetcher
 	if cfg.Fetcher != nil {
 		fetcher = cfg.Fetcher
 	} else {
-		fetcherCfg := cfg.FetcherConfig
+		fetcher = httpfetcher.New(fetcherCfg)
-		if fetcherCfg == nil {
-			fetcherCfg = DefaultFetcherConfig()
-		}
-		fetcher = NewHTTPFetcher(fetcherCfg)
 	}
 
-	signer := NewSigner(cfg.SigningKey)
+	signer := signature.New(cfg.SigningKey)
 
 	log := cfg.Logger
 	if log == nil {
 		log = slog.Default()
 	}
 
+	allowHTTP := false
+	if cfg.FetcherConfig != nil {
+		allowHTTP = cfg.FetcherConfig.AllowHTTP
+	}
+
+	maxResponseSize := fetcherCfg.MaxResponseSize
+	processor := imageprocessor.New(
+		imageprocessor.Params{MaxInputBytes: maxResponseSize},
+	)
+
 	return &Service{
-		cache:     cfg.Cache,
+		cache:           cfg.Cache,
-		fetcher:   fetcher,
+		fetcher:         fetcher,
-		processor: NewImageProcessor(),
+		processor:       processor,
-		signer:    signer,
+		signer:          signer,
-		whitelist: NewHostWhitelist(cfg.Whitelist),
+		allowlist:       allowlist.New(cfg.Allowlist),
-		log:       log,
+		log:             log,
+		allowHTTP:       allowHTTP,
+		maxResponseSize: maxResponseSize,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -83,17 +112,22 @@ var ErrNegativeCached = errors.New("request is in negative cache (recently faile
 
 // Get retrieves a processed image, fetching and processing if necessary.
 func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (*ImageResponse, error) {
+	// Propagate AllowHTTP setting to the request
+	req.AllowHTTP = s.allowHTTP
+
 	// Check negative cache first - skip fetching for recently-failed URLs
 	negHit, err := s.cache.checkNegativeCache(ctx, req)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Warn("negative cache check failed", "error", err)
 	}
+
 	if negHit {
 		s.log.Debug("negative cache hit",
 			"host", req.SourceHost,
 			"path", req.SourcePath,
 		)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrUpstreamError, ErrNegativeCached)
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError, ErrNegativeCached)
 	}
 
 	// Check variant cache first (disk only, no DB)
@@ -123,6 +157,7 @@ func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (*ImageResponse, e
 
 	// Cache miss - check if we have source content cached
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)
+
 	s.cache.IncrementStats(ctx, false, 0)
 
 	response, err := s.processFromSourceOrFetch(ctx, req, cacheKey)
@@ -135,7 +170,93 @@ func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (*ImageResponse, e
 	return response, nil
 }
 
-// processFromSourceOrFetch processes an image, using cached source content if available.
+// Warm pre-fetches and caches an image without returning it.
+func (s *Service) Warm(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) error {
+	_, err := s.Get(ctx, req)
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// Purge removes a cached image. Purging is not implemented yet.
+func (s *Service) Purge(_ context.Context, _ *ImageRequest) error {
+	return errPurgeNotImplemented
+}
+
+// Stats returns cache statistics.
+func (s *Service) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {
+	return s.cache.Stats(ctx)
+}
+
+// ValidateRequest validates the request signature if required.
+func (s *Service) ValidateRequest(req *ImageRequest) error {
+	// Check if host is allowed (no signature required)
+	sourceURL := req.SourceURL()
+
+	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(sourceURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid source URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if s.allowlist.IsAllowed(parsedURL) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Signature required for non-allowed hosts
+	return s.signer.Verify(signatureRequest(req))
+}
+
+// GenerateSignedURL generates a signed URL for the given request.
+func (s *Service) GenerateSignedURL(
+	baseURL string,
+	req *ImageRequest,
+	ttl time.Duration,
+) (string, error) {
+	sigReq := signatureRequest(req)
+	path, sig, exp := s.signer.GenerateSignedURL(sigReq, ttl)
+
+	// Propagate the generated signature and expiration back onto the request.
+	req.Expires = sigReq.Expires
+	req.Signature = sigReq.Signature
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?sig=%s&exp=%d", baseURL, path, sig, exp), nil
+}
+
+// loadCachedSource attempts to load source content from cache, returning nil
+// if the cached data is unavailable or exceeds maxResponseSize.
+func (s *Service) loadCachedSource(contentHash ContentHash) []byte {
+	reader, err := s.cache.GetSourceContent(contentHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Warn("failed to load cached source, fetching", "error", err)
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Bound the read to maxResponseSize to prevent unbounded memory use
+	// from unexpectedly large cached files.
+	limited := io.LimitReader(reader, s.maxResponseSize+1)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(limited)
+	_ = reader.Close()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Warn("failed to read cached source, fetching", "error", err)
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if int64(len(data)) > s.maxResponseSize {
+		s.log.Warn("cached source exceeds max response size, discarding",
+			"hash", contentHash,
+			"max_bytes", s.maxResponseSize,
+		)
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return data
+}
+
+// processFromSourceOrFetch processes an image, using cached source content
+// if available.
 func (s *Service) processFromSourceOrFetch(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	req *ImageRequest,
@@ -147,26 +268,14 @@ func (s *Service) processFromSourceOrFetch(
 		s.log.Warn("source lookup failed", "error", err)
 	}
 
-	var sourceData []byte
+	var (
-	var fetchBytes int64
+		sourceData []byte
+		fetchBytes int64
+	)
 
 	if contentHash != "" {
-		// We have cached source - load it
 		s.log.Debug("using cached source", "hash", contentHash)
-
+		sourceData = s.loadCachedSource(contentHash)
-		reader, err := s.cache.GetSourceContent(contentHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Warn("failed to load cached source, fetching", "error", err)
-			// Fall through to fetch
-		} else {
-			sourceData, err = io.ReadAll(reader)
-			_ = reader.Close()
-
-			if err != nil {
-				s.log.Warn("failed to read cached source, fetching", "error", err)
-				// Fall through to fetch
-			}
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Fetch from upstream if we don't have source data or it's empty
@@ -216,6 +325,7 @@ func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 
 	// Calculate download bitrate
 	fetchBytes := int64(len(sourceData))
+
 	var downloadRate string
 
 	if fetchResult.FetchDurationMs > 0 {
@@ -238,7 +348,8 @@ func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 	)
 
 	// Validate magic bytes match content type
-	if err := ValidateMagicBytes(sourceData, fetchResult.ContentType); err != nil {
+	err = magic.ValidateMagicBytes(sourceData, fetchResult.ContentType)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("content validation failed: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -263,7 +374,14 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(
 	// Process the image
 	processStart := time.Now()
 
-	processResult, err := s.processor.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(sourceData), req)
+	processReq := &imageprocessor.Request{
+		Size:    imageprocessor.Size{Width: req.Size.Width, Height: req.Size.Height},
+		Format:  imageprocessor.Format(req.Format),
+		Quality: req.Quality,
+		FitMode: imageprocessor.FitMode(req.FitMode),
+	}
+
+	processResult, err := s.processor.Process(ctx, bytes.NewReader(sourceData), processReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("image processing failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -283,7 +401,8 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(
 
 	var sizePercent float64
 	if fetchBytes > 0 {
-		sizePercent = float64(outputSize) / float64(fetchBytes) * 100.0 //nolint:mnd // percentage calculation
+		//nolint:mnd // percentage calculation
+		sizePercent = float64(outputSize) / float64(fetchBytes) * 100.0
 	}
 
 	s.log.Info("image converted",
@@ -293,8 +412,10 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(
 		"dst_format", req.Format,
 		"src_bytes", fetchBytes,
 		"dst_bytes", outputSize,
-		"src_dimensions", fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", processResult.InputWidth, processResult.InputHeight),
+		"src_dimensions", fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d",
-		"dst_dimensions", fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", processResult.Width, processResult.Height),
+			processResult.InputWidth, processResult.InputHeight),
+		"dst_dimensions", fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d",
+			processResult.Width, processResult.Height),
 		"size_ratio", fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%%", sizePercent),
 		"convert_ms", processDuration.Milliseconds(),
 		"quality", req.Quality,
@@ -302,7 +423,10 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(
 	)
 
 	// Store variant to cache
-	if err := s.cache.StoreVariant(cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(processedData), processResult.ContentType); err != nil {
+	err = s.cache.StoreVariant(
+		cacheKey, bytes.NewReader(processedData), processResult.ContentType,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Warn("failed to store variant", "error", err)
 		// Continue even if caching fails
 	}
@@ -316,51 +440,20 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// Warm pre-fetches and caches an image without returning it.
+// signatureRequest projects an ImageRequest onto the standalone
-func (s *Service) Warm(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) error {
+// signature.Request type used by the signature package. This keeps the
-	_, err := s.Get(ctx, req)
+// import edge one-way: imgcache depends on signature, never the reverse.
-
+func signatureRequest(req *ImageRequest) *signature.Request {
-	return err
+	return &signature.Request{
-}
+		SourceHost:  req.SourceHost,
-
+		SourcePath:  req.SourcePath,
-// Purge removes a cached image.
+		SourceQuery: req.SourceQuery,
-func (s *Service) Purge(_ context.Context, _ *ImageRequest) error {
+		Width:       req.Size.Width,
-	// TODO: Implement purge
+		Height:      req.Size.Height,
-	return errors.New("purge not implemented")
+		Format:      string(req.Format),
-}
+		Signature:   req.Signature,
-
+		Expires:     req.Expires,
-// Stats returns cache statistics.
-func (s *Service) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {
-	return s.cache.Stats(ctx)
-}
-
-// ValidateRequest validates the request signature if required.
-func (s *Service) ValidateRequest(req *ImageRequest) error {
-	// Check if host is whitelisted (no signature required)
-	sourceURL := req.SourceURL()
-
-	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(sourceURL)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid source URL: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	if s.whitelist.IsWhitelisted(parsedURL) {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Signature required for non-whitelisted hosts
-	return s.signer.Verify(req)
-}
-
-// GenerateSignedURL generates a signed URL for the given request.
-func (s *Service) GenerateSignedURL(
-	baseURL string,
-	req *ImageRequest,
-	ttl time.Duration,
-) (string, error) {
-	path, sig, exp := s.signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, ttl)
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?sig=%s&exp=%d", baseURL, path, sig, exp), nil
 }
 
 // HTTP status codes for error responses.
@@ -371,13 +464,13 @@ const (
 
 // isNegativeCacheable returns true if the error should be cached.
 func isNegativeCacheable(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamError)
+	return errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError)
 }
 
 // extractStatusCode extracts HTTP status code from error message.
 func extractStatusCode(err error) int {
 	// Default to 502 Bad Gateway for upstream errors
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamError) {
+	if errors.Is(err, httpfetcher.ErrUpstreamError) {
 		return httpStatusBadGateway
 	}
 

internal/imgcache/service_internal_test.go

@@ -5,15 +5,27 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/magic"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
 )
 
-func TestService_Get_WhitelistedHost(t *testing.T) {
+// Test data literals used repeatedly in this file (goconst).
+const (
+	testPathPhoto  = "/images/photo.jpg"
+	testPathUpload = "/uploads/image.jpg"
+	testSigningKey = "test-signing-key-12345"
+)
+
+func TestService_Get_AllowlistedHost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -24,7 +36,8 @@ func TestService_Get_WhitelistedHost(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer resp.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Content.Close() }()
 
 	// Verify we got content
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Content)
@@ -36,38 +49,42 @@ func TestService_Get_WhitelistedHost(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected non-empty response")
 	}
 
-	if resp.ContentType != "image/jpeg" {
+	if resp.ContentType != testContentTypeJPEG {
-		t.Errorf("ContentType = %q, want %q", resp.ContentType, "image/jpeg")
+		t.Errorf("ContentType = %q, want %q", resp.ContentType, testContentTypeJPEG)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_NoSignature(t *testing.T) {
+func TestService_Get_NonAllowlistedHost_NoSignature(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithSigningKey("test-key"))
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.OtherHost,
-		SourcePath: "/uploads/image.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathUpload,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
 		FitMode:    FitCover,
 	}
 
-	// Should fail validation - not whitelisted and no signature
+	// Should fail validation - not allowlisted and no signature
 	err := svc.ValidateRequest(req)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("ValidateRequest() expected error for non-whitelisted host without signature")
+		t.Error("ValidateRequest() expected error for non-allowlisted host without signature")
 	}
 }
 
-func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ValidSignature(t *testing.T) {
+func TestService_Get_NonAllowlistedHost_ValidSignature(t *testing.T) {
-	signingKey := "test-signing-key-12345"
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signingKey := testSigningKey
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithSigningKey(signingKey))
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.OtherHost,
-		SourcePath: "/uploads/image.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathUpload,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -75,9 +92,9 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ValidSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Generate a valid signature
-	signer := NewSigner(signingKey)
+	signer := signature.New(signingKey)
 	req.Expires = time.Now().Add(time.Hour)
-	req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+	req.Signature = signer.Sign(signatureRequest(req))
 
 	// Should pass validation
 	err := svc.ValidateRequest(req)
@@ -90,7 +107,8 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ValidSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer resp.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Content.Close() }()
 
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Content)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -102,13 +120,15 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ValidSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ExpiredSignature(t *testing.T) {
+func TestService_Get_NonAllowlistedHost_ExpiredSignature(t *testing.T) {
-	signingKey := "test-signing-key-12345"
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signingKey := testSigningKey
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithSigningKey(signingKey))
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.OtherHost,
-		SourcePath: "/uploads/image.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathUpload,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -116,9 +136,9 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ExpiredSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Generate an expired signature
-	signer := NewSigner(signingKey)
+	signer := signature.New(signingKey)
 	req.Expires = time.Now().Add(-time.Hour) // Already expired
-	req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+	req.Signature = signer.Sign(signatureRequest(req))
 
 	// Should fail validation
 	err := svc.ValidateRequest(req)
@@ -127,13 +147,15 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_ExpiredSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_InvalidSignature(t *testing.T) {
+func TestService_Get_NonAllowlistedHost_InvalidSignature(t *testing.T) {
-	signingKey := "test-signing-key-12345"
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signingKey := testSigningKey
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithSigningKey(signingKey))
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.OtherHost,
-		SourcePath: "/uploads/image.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathUpload,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -151,7 +173,84 @@ func TestService_Get_NonWhitelistedHost_InvalidSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestService_ValidateRequest_SignatureExactHostMatch verifies that
+// ValidateRequest enforces exact host matching for signatures. A
+// signature for one host must not verify for a different host, even
+// if they share a domain suffix.
+func TestService_ValidateRequest_SignatureExactHostMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signingKey := "test-signing-key-must-be-32-chars"
+	svc, _ := SetupTestService(t,
+		WithSigningKey(signingKey),
+		WithNoAllowlist(),
+	)
+
+	signer := signature.New(signingKey)
+
+	// Sign a request for "cdn.example.com"
+	signedReq := &ImageRequest{
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
+		SourcePath: testPathCat,
+		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
+		Format:     FormatJPEG,
+		Quality:    85,
+		FitMode:    FitCover,
+		Expires:    time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
+	}
+	signedReq.Signature = signer.Sign(signatureRequest(signedReq))
+
+	// The original request should pass validation
+	t.Run("exact host passes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		err := svc.ValidateRequest(signedReq)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("ValidateRequest() exact host failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Try to reuse the signature with different hosts
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		host string
+	}{
+		{"parent domain", testHostExample},
+		{"sibling subdomain", "images.example.com"},
+		{"deeper subdomain", "a.cdn.example.com"},
+		{"evil suffix domain", "cdn.example.com.evil.com"},
+		{"prefixed host", "evilcdn.example.com"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name+" rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			req := &ImageRequest{
+				SourceHost:  tt.host,
+				SourcePath:  signedReq.SourcePath,
+				SourceQuery: signedReq.SourceQuery,
+				Size:        signedReq.Size,
+				Format:      signedReq.Format,
+				Quality:     signedReq.Quality,
+				FitMode:     signedReq.FitMode,
+				Expires:     signedReq.Expires,
+				Signature:   signedReq.Signature,
+			}
+
+			err := svc.ValidateRequest(req)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf(
+					"ValidateRequest() should reject signature for host %q (signed for %q)",
+					tt.host, signedReq.SourceHost)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestService_Get_InvalidFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -172,6 +271,8 @@ func TestService_Get_InvalidFile(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -191,6 +292,8 @@ func TestService_Get_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -202,7 +305,7 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			name:       "JPEG to PNG",
-			sourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+			sourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 			outFormat:  FormatPNG,
 			wantMIME:   "image/png",
 		},
@@ -210,7 +313,7 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 			name:       "PNG to JPEG",
 			sourcePath: "/images/logo.png",
 			outFormat:  FormatJPEG,
-			wantMIME:   "image/jpeg",
+			wantMIME:   testContentTypeJPEG,
 		},
 		{
 			name:       "GIF to PNG",
@@ -222,6 +325,8 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			req := &ImageRequest{
 				SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
 				SourcePath: tt.sourcePath,
@@ -235,7 +340,8 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Get() error = %v", err)
 			}
-			defer resp.Content.Close()
+
+			defer func() { _ = resp.Content.Close() }()
 
 			if resp.ContentType != tt.wantMIME {
 				t.Errorf("ContentType = %q, want %q", resp.ContentType, tt.wantMIME)
@@ -247,17 +353,17 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to read response: %v", err)
 			}
 
-			detectedMIME, err := DetectFormat(data)
+			detectedMIME, err := magic.DetectFormat(data)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to detect format: %v", err)
 			}
 
-			expectedFormat, ok := MIMEToImageFormat(tt.wantMIME)
+			expectedFormat, ok := magic.MIMEToImageFormat(tt.wantMIME)
 			if !ok {
 				t.Fatalf("unknown format for MIME type: %s", tt.wantMIME)
 			}
 
-			detectedFormat, ok := MIMEToImageFormat(string(detectedMIME))
+			detectedFormat, ok := magic.MIMEToImageFormat(string(detectedMIME))
 			if !ok {
 				t.Fatalf("unknown format for detected MIME type: %s", detectedMIME)
 			}
@@ -270,12 +376,14 @@ func TestService_Get_FormatConversion(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_Caching(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -296,7 +404,8 @@ func TestService_Get_Caching(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read first response: %v", err)
 	}
-	resp1.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp1.Content.Close()
 
 	// Second request - should be a cache hit
 	resp2, err := svc.Get(ctx, req)
@@ -312,7 +421,8 @@ func TestService_Get_Caching(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read second response: %v", err)
 	}
-	resp2.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp2.Content.Close()
 
 	// Content should be identical
 	if len(data1) != len(data2) {
@@ -321,6 +431,8 @@ func TestService_Get_Caching(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_DifferentSizes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -331,12 +443,12 @@ func TestService_Get_DifferentSizes(t *testing.T) {
 		{Width: 75, Height: 75},
 	}
 
-	var responses [][]byte
+	responses := make([][]byte, 0, len(sizes))
 
 	for _, size := range sizes {
 		req := &ImageRequest{
 			SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-			SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+			SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 			Size:       size,
 			Format:     FormatJPEG,
 			Quality:    85,
@@ -352,27 +464,31 @@ func TestService_Get_DifferentSizes(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("failed to read response: %v", err)
 		}
-		resp.Content.Close()
+
+		_ = resp.Content.Close()
 
 		responses = append(responses, data)
 	}
 
 	// All responses should be different sizes (different cache entries)
-	for i := 0; i < len(responses)-1; i++ {
+	for i := range len(responses) - 1 {
 		if len(responses[i]) == len(responses[i+1]) {
 			// Not necessarily an error, but worth noting
-			t.Logf("responses %d and %d have same size: %d bytes", i, i+1, len(responses[i]))
+			t.Logf("responses %d and %d have same size: %d bytes",
+				i, i+1, len(responses[i]))
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 func TestService_ValidateRequest_NoSigningKey(t *testing.T) {
-	// Service with no signing key - all non-whitelisted requests should fail
+	t.Parallel()
-	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithNoWhitelist())
+
+	// Service with no signing key - all non-allowlisted requests should fail
+	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t, WithNoAllowlist())
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.OtherHost,
-		SourcePath: "/uploads/image.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathUpload,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -381,11 +497,15 @@ func TestService_ValidateRequest_NoSigningKey(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := svc.ValidateRequest(req)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("ValidateRequest() expected error when no signing key and host not whitelisted")
+		t.Error(
+			"ValidateRequest() expected error when no signing key and host not allowlisted",
+		)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_ContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -393,7 +513,7 @@ func TestService_Get_ContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -407,12 +527,14 @@ func TestService_Get_ContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_ReturnsETag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -423,7 +545,8 @@ func TestService_Get_ReturnsETag(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer resp.Content.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Content.Close() }()
 
 	// ETag should be set
 	if resp.ETag == "" {
@@ -437,12 +560,14 @@ func TestService_Get_ReturnsETag(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_ETagConsistency(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	req := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -454,16 +579,20 @@ func TestService_Get_ETagConsistency(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() first request error = %v", err)
 	}
+
 	etag1 := resp1.ETag
-	resp1.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp1.Content.Close()
 
 	// Second request (from cache)
 	resp2, err := svc.Get(ctx, req)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() second request error = %v", err)
 	}
+
 	etag2 := resp2.ETag
-	resp2.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp2.Content.Close()
 
 	// ETags should be identical for the same content
 	if etag1 != etag2 {
@@ -472,13 +601,15 @@ func TestService_Get_ETagConsistency(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestService_Get_DifferentETagsForDifferentContent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// Request same image at different sizes - should get different ETags
 	req1 := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 25, Height: 25},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -487,7 +618,7 @@ func TestService_Get_DifferentETagsForDifferentContent(t *testing.T) {
 
 	req2 := &ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
-		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
 		Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
 		Format:     FormatJPEG,
 		Quality:    85,
@@ -498,15 +629,19 @@ func TestService_Get_DifferentETagsForDifferentContent(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() first request error = %v", err)
 	}
+
 	etag1 := resp1.ETag
-	resp1.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp1.Content.Close()
 
 	resp2, err := svc.Get(ctx, req2)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Get() second request error = %v", err)
 	}
+
 	etag2 := resp2.ETag
-	resp2.Content.Close()
+
+	_ = resp2.Content.Close()
 
 	// ETags should be different for different content
 	if etag1 == etag2 {

internal/imgcache/signature.go

@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-package imgcache
-
-import (
-	"crypto/hmac"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/url"
-	"strconv"
-	"time"
-)
-
-// Signature errors.
-var (
-	ErrSignatureRequired = errors.New("signature required for non-whitelisted host")
-	ErrSignatureInvalid  = errors.New("invalid signature")
-	ErrSignatureExpired  = errors.New("signature has expired")
-	ErrMissingExpiration = errors.New("signature expiration is required")
-)
-
-// Signer handles HMAC-SHA256 signature generation and verification.
-type Signer struct {
-	secretKey []byte
-}
-
-// NewSigner creates a new Signer with the given secret key.
-func NewSigner(secretKey string) *Signer {
-	return &Signer{
-		secretKey: []byte(secretKey),
-	}
-}
-
-// Sign generates an HMAC-SHA256 signature for the given image request.
-// The signature covers: host + path + query + width + height + format + expiration.
-func (s *Signer) Sign(req *ImageRequest) string {
-	data := s.buildSignatureData(req)
-	mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, s.secretKey)
-	mac.Write([]byte(data))
-	sig := mac.Sum(nil)
-
-	return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(sig)
-}
-
-// Verify checks if the signature on the request is valid and not expired.
-func (s *Signer) Verify(req *ImageRequest) error {
-	// Check expiration first
-	if req.Expires.IsZero() {
-		return ErrMissingExpiration
-	}
-
-	if time.Now().After(req.Expires) {
-		return ErrSignatureExpired
-	}
-
-	// Compute expected signature
-	expected := s.Sign(req)
-
-	// Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
-	if !hmac.Equal([]byte(req.Signature), []byte(expected)) {
-		return ErrSignatureInvalid
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// buildSignatureData creates the string to be signed.
-// Format: "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration"
-func (s *Signer) buildSignatureData(req *ImageRequest) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%d:%d:%s:%d",
-		req.SourceHost,
-		req.SourcePath,
-		req.SourceQuery,
-		req.Size.Width,
-		req.Size.Height,
-		req.Format,
-		req.Expires.Unix(),
-	)
-}
-
-// GenerateSignedURL creates a complete URL with signature and expiration.
-// Returns the path portion that should be appended to the base URL.
-func (s *Signer) GenerateSignedURL(req *ImageRequest, ttl time.Duration) (path string, sig string, exp int64) {
-	// Set expiration
-	req.Expires = time.Now().Add(ttl)
-	exp = req.Expires.Unix()
-
-	// Generate signature
-	sig = s.Sign(req)
-	req.Signature = sig
-
-	// Build the size component
-	var sizeStr string
-	if req.Size.OriginalSize() {
-		sizeStr = "orig"
-	} else {
-		sizeStr = fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", req.Size.Width, req.Size.Height)
-	}
-
-	// Build the path.
-	// When a source query is present, it is embedded as a path segment
-	// (e.g. /host/path?query/size.fmt) so that ParseImagePath can extract
-	// it from the last-slash split. The "?" inside a path segment is
-	// percent-encoded by clients but chi delivers it decoded, which is
-	// exactly what the URL parser expects.
-	if req.SourceQuery != "" {
-		path = fmt.Sprintf("/v1/image/%s%s%%3F%s/%s.%s",
-			req.SourceHost,
-			req.SourcePath,
-			url.PathEscape(req.SourceQuery),
-			sizeStr,
-			req.Format,
-		)
-	} else {
-		path = fmt.Sprintf("/v1/image/%s%s/%s.%s",
-			req.SourceHost,
-			req.SourcePath,
-			sizeStr,
-			req.Format,
-		)
-	}
-
-	return path, sig, exp
-}
-
-// ParseSignatureParams extracts signature and expiration from query parameters.
-func ParseSignatureParams(sig, expStr string) (signature string, expires time.Time, err error) {
-	signature = sig
-
-	if expStr == "" {
-		return signature, time.Time{}, nil
-	}
-
-	expUnix, err := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid expiration: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	expires = time.Unix(expUnix, 0)
-
-	return signature, expires, nil
-}

internal/imgcache/signature_query_test.go

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-package imgcache
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-)
-
-func TestGenerateSignedURL_WithQueryString(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key-for-testing!")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		SourceQuery: "token=abc&v=2",
-		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:      FormatWebP,
-	}
-
-	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
-
-	// The path must NOT contain a bare "?" that would be interpreted as a query string delimiter.
-	// The size segment must appear as the last path component.
-	if strings.Contains(path, "?token=abc") {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() produced bare query string in path: %q", path)
-	}
-
-	// The size segment must be present in the path
-	if !strings.Contains(path, "/800x600.webp") {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() missing size segment in path: %q", path)
-	}
-
-	// Path should end with the size.format, not with query params
-	if !strings.HasSuffix(path, "/800x600.webp") {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path should end with size.format: %q", path)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGenerateSignedURL_WithoutQueryString(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key-for-testing!")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:     FormatWebP,
-	}
-
-	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
-
-	expected := "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp"
-	if path != expected {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, expected)
-	}
-}

internal/imgcache/signature_test.go

@@ -1,295 +0,0 @@
-package imgcache
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-)
-
-func TestSigner_Sign(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		SourceQuery: "",
-		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:      FormatWebP,
-		Expires:     time.Unix(1704067200, 0), // Fixed timestamp for reproducibility
-	}
-
-	sig1 := signer.Sign(req)
-	sig2 := signer.Sign(req)
-
-	// Same input should produce same signature
-	if sig1 != sig2 {
-		t.Errorf("Sign() produced different signatures for same input: %q vs %q", sig1, sig2)
-	}
-
-	// Signature should be non-empty
-	if sig1 == "" {
-		t.Error("Sign() produced empty signature")
-	}
-
-	// Different input should produce different signature
-	req2 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/dog.jpg", // Different path
-		SourceQuery: "",
-		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:      FormatWebP,
-		Expires:     time.Unix(1704067200, 0),
-	}
-
-	sig3 := signer.Sign(req2)
-	if sig1 == sig3 {
-		t.Error("Sign() produced same signature for different input")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSigner_Verify(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		setup   func() *ImageRequest
-		wantErr error
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "valid signature",
-			setup: func() *ImageRequest {
-				req := &ImageRequest{
-					SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-					SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-					Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-					Format:     FormatWebP,
-					Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
-				}
-				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
-
-				return req
-			},
-			wantErr: nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "expired signature",
-			setup: func() *ImageRequest {
-				req := &ImageRequest{
-					SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-					SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-					Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-					Format:     FormatWebP,
-					Expires:    time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour), // Expired
-				}
-				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
-
-				return req
-			},
-			wantErr: ErrSignatureExpired,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "invalid signature",
-			setup: func() *ImageRequest {
-				return &ImageRequest{
-					SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-					SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-					Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-					Format:     FormatWebP,
-					Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
-					Signature:  "invalid-signature",
-				}
-			},
-			wantErr: ErrSignatureInvalid,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "missing expiration",
-			setup: func() *ImageRequest {
-				return &ImageRequest{
-					SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-					SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-					Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-					Format:     FormatWebP,
-					Signature:  "some-signature",
-					// Expires is zero
-				}
-			},
-			wantErr: ErrMissingExpiration,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "tampered request",
-			setup: func() *ImageRequest {
-				req := &ImageRequest{
-					SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-					SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-					Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-					Format:     FormatWebP,
-					Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
-				}
-				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
-				// Tamper with the request
-				req.SourcePath = "/photos/secret.jpg"
-
-				return req
-			},
-			wantErr: ErrSignatureInvalid,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			req := tt.setup()
-			err := signer.Verify(req)
-
-			if tt.wantErr == nil {
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Errorf("Verify() unexpected error = %v", err)
-				}
-			} else {
-				if err != tt.wantErr {
-					t.Errorf("Verify() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSigner_DifferentKeys(t *testing.T) {
-	signer1 := NewSigner("secret-key-1")
-	signer2 := NewSigner("secret-key-2")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		Size:       Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:     FormatWebP,
-		Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
-	}
-
-	// Sign with key 1
-	req.Signature = signer1.Sign(req)
-
-	// Verify with key 1 should succeed
-	if err := signer1.Verify(req); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Verify() with same key failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Verify with key 2 should fail
-	if err := signer2.Verify(req); err != ErrSignatureInvalid {
-		t.Errorf("Verify() with different key should fail, got: %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGenerateSignedURL(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		SourceQuery: "",
-		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-		Format:      FormatWebP,
-	}
-
-	ttl := 1 * time.Hour
-	path, sig, exp := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, ttl)
-
-	// Path should be correct format
-	expectedPath := "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp"
-	if path != expectedPath {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, expectedPath)
-	}
-
-	// Signature should be non-empty
-	if sig == "" {
-		t.Error("GenerateSignedURL() produced empty signature")
-	}
-
-	// Expiration should be approximately now + TTL
-	expTime := time.Unix(exp, 0)
-	expectedExp := time.Now().Add(ttl)
-	if expTime.Sub(expectedExp) > time.Second {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() exp time off by too much")
-	}
-
-	// Request should have been updated with signature and expiration
-	if req.Signature != sig {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() didn't update request signature")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGenerateSignedURL_OrigSize(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := NewSigner("test-secret-key")
-
-	req := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
-		SourcePath: "/photos/cat.jpg",
-		Size:       Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}, // Original size
-		Format:     FormatPNG,
-	}
-
-	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
-
-	expectedPath := "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.png"
-	if path != expectedPath {
-		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, expectedPath)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParseSignatureParams(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		sig       string
-		expStr    string
-		wantSig   string
-		wantErr   bool
-		checkTime bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "valid params",
-			sig:     "abc123",
-			expStr:  "1704067200",
-			wantSig: "abc123",
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "empty expiration",
-			sig:     "abc123",
-			expStr:  "",
-			wantSig: "abc123",
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "invalid expiration",
-			sig:     "abc123",
-			expStr:  "not-a-number",
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			sig, exp, err := ParseSignatureParams(tt.sig, tt.expStr)
-
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Error("ParseSignatureParams() expected error, got nil")
-				}
-
-				return
-			}
-
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("ParseSignatureParams() unexpected error = %v", err)
-
-				return
-			}
-
-			if sig != tt.wantSig {
-				t.Errorf("sig = %q, want %q", sig, tt.wantSig)
-			}
-
-			if tt.expStr != "" && exp.IsZero() {
-				t.Error("exp should not be zero when expStr is provided")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

internal/imgcache/sourceurl_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package imgcache
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestImageRequest_SourceURL_DefaultHTTPS(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	req := &ImageRequest{
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
+		SourceQuery: "v=2",
+	}
+
+	got := req.SourceURL()
+
+	want := "https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg?v=2"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("SourceURL() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageRequest_SourceURL_AllowHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	req := &ImageRequest{
+		SourceHost: "localhost:8080",
+		SourcePath: testPathCat,
+		AllowHTTP:  true,
+	}
+
+	got := req.SourceURL()
+
+	want := "http://localhost:8080/photos/cat.jpg"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("SourceURL() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageRequest_SourceURL_AllowHTTPFalse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	req := &ImageRequest{
+		SourceHost: testHostCDN,
+		SourcePath: "/img.jpg",
+		AllowHTTP:  false,
+	}
+
+	got := req.SourceURL()
+	if got != "https://cdn.example.com/img.jpg" {
+		t.Errorf("SourceURL() = %q, want https scheme", got)
+	}
+}

internal/imgcache/stats_internal_test.go

@@ -12,18 +12,25 @@ import (
 
 func setupStatsTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
 	t.Helper()
+
 	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite", ":memory:")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if err := database.ApplyMigrations(db); err != nil {
+
+	err = database.ApplyMigrations(context.Background(), db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { db.Close() })
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
+
 	return db
 }
 
 func TestStats_HitRateIsRatio(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	db := setupStatsTestDB(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 
@@ -40,7 +47,9 @@ func TestStats_HitRateIsRatio(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Set some hit/miss counts and a transform_count
 	_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		UPDATE cache_stats SET hit_count = 75, miss_count = 25, transform_count = 9999 WHERE id = 1
+		UPDATE cache_stats
+		SET hit_count = 75, miss_count = 25, transform_count = 9999
+		WHERE id = 1
 	`)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ func TestStats_HitRateIsRatio(t *testing.T) {
 	if stats.HitCount != 75 {
 		t.Errorf("HitCount = %d, want 75", stats.HitCount)
 	}
+
 	if stats.MissCount != 25 {
 		t.Errorf("MissCount = %d, want 25", stats.MissCount)
 	}
@@ -61,11 +71,14 @@ func TestStats_HitRateIsRatio(t *testing.T) {
 	// HitRate should be 0.75, NOT 9999 (transform_count)
 	expectedRate := 0.75
 	if math.Abs(stats.HitRate-expectedRate) > 0.001 {
-		t.Errorf("HitRate = %f, want %f (was it scanning transform_count?)", stats.HitRate, expectedRate)
+		t.Errorf("HitRate = %f, want %f (was it scanning transform_count?)",
+			stats.HitRate, expectedRate)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestStats_ZeroCounts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	db := setupStatsTestDB(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 

internal/imgcache/storage.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import (
 const (
 	// StorageDirPerm is the permission mode for storage directories.
 	StorageDirPerm = 0750
+	// StorageFilePerm is the permission mode for storage files.
+	StorageFilePerm = 0600
 	// MinHashLength is the minimum hash length for path splitting.
 	MinHashLength = 4
 )
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ type ContentStorage struct {
 
 // NewContentStorage creates a new content storage at the given base directory.
 func NewContentStorage(baseDir string) (*ContentStorage, error) {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+	err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create storage directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ func NewContentStorage(baseDir string) (*ContentStorage, error) {
 
 // Store writes content to storage and returns its SHA256 hash.
 // The content is read fully into memory to compute the hash before writing.
-func (s *ContentStorage) Store(r io.Reader) (hash ContentHash, size int64, err error) {
+func (s *ContentStorage) Store(r io.Reader) (ContentHash, int64, error) {
 	// Read all content to compute hash
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -60,20 +63,23 @@ func (s *ContentStorage) Store(r io.Reader) (hash ContentHash, size int64, err e
 
 	// Compute hash
 	h := sha256.Sum256(data)
-	hash = ContentHash(hex.EncodeToString(h[:]))
+	hash := ContentHash(hex.EncodeToString(h[:]))
-	size = int64(len(data))
+	size := int64(len(data))
 
 	// Build path: <basedir>/<ab>/<cd>/<hash>
 	path := s.hashToPath(hash)
 
 	// Check if already exists
-	if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
+	_, err = os.Stat(path)
+	if err == nil {
 		return hash, size, nil
 	}
 
 	// Create directory structure
 	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+
+	err = os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -82,26 +88,29 @@ func (s *ContentStorage) Store(r io.Reader) (hash ContentHash, size int64, err e
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create temp file: %w", err)
 	}
+
 	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
 
-	defer func() {
+	_, err = tmpFile.Write(data)
-		if err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-			_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if _, err := tmpFile.Write(data); err != nil {
 		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write content: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+	err = tmpFile.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Atomic rename
-	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, path); err != nil {
+	err = os.Rename(filepath.Clean(tmpPath), filepath.Clean(path))
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to rename temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -171,10 +180,10 @@ func (s *ContentStorage) Exists(hash ContentHash) bool {
 func (s *ContentStorage) hashToPath(hash ContentHash) string {
 	h := string(hash)
 	if len(h) < MinHashLength {
-		return filepath.Join(s.baseDir, h)
+		return filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(s.baseDir, h))
 	}
 
-	return filepath.Join(s.baseDir, h[0:2], h[2:4], h)
+	return filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(s.baseDir, h[0:2], h[2:4], h))
 }
 
 // MetadataStorage handles JSON metadata file storage.
@@ -185,7 +194,8 @@ type MetadataStorage struct {
 
 // NewMetadataStorage creates a new metadata storage at the given base directory.
 func NewMetadataStorage(baseDir string) (*MetadataStorage, error) {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+	err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create metadata directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -193,6 +203,8 @@ func NewMetadataStorage(baseDir string) (*MetadataStorage, error) {
 }
 
 // SourceMetadata represents cached metadata about a source URL.
+//
+//nolint:tagliatelle // stored metadata format uses snake_case
 type SourceMetadata struct {
 	Host            string              `json:"host"`
 	Path            string              `json:"path"`
@@ -211,12 +223,16 @@ type SourceMetadata struct {
 }
 
 // Store writes metadata to storage.
-func (s *MetadataStorage) Store(host string, pathHash PathHash, meta *SourceMetadata) error {
+func (s *MetadataStorage) Store(
+	host string, pathHash PathHash, meta *SourceMetadata,
+) error {
 	path := s.metaPath(host, pathHash)
 
 	// Create directory structure
 	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+
+	err := os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -231,26 +247,29 @@ func (s *MetadataStorage) Store(host string, pathHash PathHash, meta *SourceMeta
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create temp file: %w", err)
 	}
+
 	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
 
-	defer func() {
+	_, err = tmpFile.Write(data)
-		if err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-			_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if _, err := tmpFile.Write(data); err != nil {
 		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write metadata: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+	err = tmpFile.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Atomic rename
-	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, path); err != nil {
+	err = os.Rename(filepath.Clean(tmpPath), filepath.Clean(path))
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -258,7 +277,9 @@ func (s *MetadataStorage) Store(host string, pathHash PathHash, meta *SourceMeta
 }
 
 // Load reads metadata from storage.
-func (s *MetadataStorage) Load(host string, pathHash PathHash) (*SourceMetadata, error) {
+func (s *MetadataStorage) Load(
+	host string, pathHash PathHash,
+) (*SourceMetadata, error) {
 	path := s.metaPath(host, pathHash)
 
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(path) //nolint:gosec // path derived from host+hash
@@ -271,7 +292,9 @@ func (s *MetadataStorage) Load(host string, pathHash PathHash) (*SourceMetadata,
 	}
 
 	var meta SourceMetadata
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &meta); err != nil {
+
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &meta)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal metadata: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -300,7 +323,7 @@ func (s *MetadataStorage) Exists(host string, pathHash PathHash) bool {
 
 // metaPath returns the file path for metadata: <basedir>/<host>/<path_hash>.json
 func (s *MetadataStorage) metaPath(host string, pathHash PathHash) string {
-	return filepath.Join(s.baseDir, host, string(pathHash)+".json")
+	return filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(s.baseDir, host, string(pathHash)+".json"))
 }
 
 // HashPath computes the SHA256 hash of a path string.
@@ -337,6 +360,8 @@ type VariantStorage struct {
 }
 
 // VariantMeta contains metadata about a cached variant.
+//
+//nolint:tagliatelle // stored metadata format uses snake_case
 type VariantMeta struct {
 	ContentType string `json:"content_type"`
 	Size        int64  `json:"size"`
@@ -345,7 +370,8 @@ type VariantMeta struct {
 
 // NewVariantStorage creates a new variant storage at the given base directory.
 func NewVariantStorage(baseDir string) (*VariantStorage, error) {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+	err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create variant storage directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -353,19 +379,23 @@ func NewVariantStorage(baseDir string) (*VariantStorage, error) {
 }
 
 // Store writes content and metadata to storage at the given key.
-func (s *VariantStorage) Store(key VariantKey, r io.Reader, contentType string) (size int64, err error) {
+func (s *VariantStorage) Store(
+	key VariantKey, r io.Reader, contentType string,
+) (int64, error) {
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read content: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	size = int64(len(data))
+	size := int64(len(data))
 	path := s.keyToPath(key)
 	metaPath := path + ".meta"
 
 	// Create directory structure
 	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm); err != nil {
+
+	err = os.MkdirAll(dir, StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -374,26 +404,29 @@ func (s *VariantStorage) Store(key VariantKey, r io.Reader, contentType string)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create temp file: %w", err)
 	}
+
 	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
 
-	defer func() {
+	_, err = tmpFile.Write(data)
-		if err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-			_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if _, err := tmpFile.Write(data); err != nil {
 		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write content: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+	err = tmpFile.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Atomic rename content
-	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, path); err != nil {
+	err = os.Rename(filepath.Clean(tmpPath), filepath.Clean(path))
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to rename temp file: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -409,10 +442,8 @@ func (s *VariantStorage) Store(key VariantKey, r io.Reader, contentType string)
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal metadata: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := os.WriteFile(metaPath, metaData, 0640); err != nil {
+	// Metadata write failure is non-fatal; content is already stored.
-		// Non-fatal, content is stored
+	_ = os.WriteFile(metaPath, metaData, StorageFilePerm)
-		_ = err
-	}
 
 	return size, nil
 }
@@ -433,8 +464,11 @@ func (s *VariantStorage) Load(key VariantKey) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	return f, nil
 }
 
-// LoadWithMeta returns a reader, size, and content type for the content at the given key.
+// LoadWithMeta returns a reader, size, and content type for the content at
-func (s *VariantStorage) LoadWithMeta(key VariantKey) (io.ReadCloser, int64, string, error) {
+// the given key.
+func (s *VariantStorage) LoadWithMeta(
+	key VariantKey,
+) (io.ReadCloser, int64, string, error) {
 	path := s.keyToPath(key)
 	metaPath := path + ".meta"
 

internal/imgcache/storage_internal_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package imgcache
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -9,13 +10,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestContentStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	content := []byte("hello world")
+
 	hash, size, err := storage.Store(bytes.NewReader(content))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v", err)
@@ -31,8 +36,11 @@ func TestContentStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Verify file exists at expected path
 	hashStr := string(hash)
+
 	expectedPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, hashStr[0:2], hashStr[2:4], hashStr)
-	if _, err := os.Stat(expectedPath); err != nil {
+
+	_, err = os.Stat(expectedPath)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("File not at expected path %s: %v", expectedPath, err)
 	}
 
@@ -41,7 +49,8 @@ func TestContentStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Load() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	defer r.Close()
+
+	defer func() { _ = r.Close() }()
 
 	loaded, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -54,7 +63,10 @@ func TestContentStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestContentStorage_StoreIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
@@ -78,26 +90,33 @@ func TestContentStorage_StoreIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestContentStorage_LoadNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	_, err = storage.Load(ContentHash("nonexistent"))
-	if err != ErrNotFound {
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
 		t.Errorf("Load() error = %v, want ErrNotFound", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestContentStorage_Delete(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	content := []byte("to be deleted")
+
 	hash, _, err := storage.Store(bytes.NewReader(content))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v", err)
@@ -107,7 +126,8 @@ func TestContentStorage_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Exists() = false, want true")
 	}
 
-	if err := storage.Delete(hash); err != nil {
+	err = storage.Delete(hash)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Delete() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -117,20 +137,27 @@ func TestContentStorage_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestContentStorage_DeleteNonexistent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Should not error
-	if err := storage.Delete(ContentHash("nonexistent")); err != nil {
+	err = storage.Delete(ContentHash("nonexistent"))
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Delete() error = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestContentStorage_HashToPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewContentStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewContentStorage() error = %v", err)
@@ -138,50 +165,59 @@ func TestContentStorage_HashToPath(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Test by storing and verifying the resulting path structure
 	content := []byte("test content for path verification")
+
 	hash, _, err := storage.Store(bytes.NewReader(content))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	hashStr := string(hash)
+
 	expectedPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, hashStr[0:2], hashStr[2:4], hashStr)
-	if _, err := os.Stat(expectedPath); err != nil {
+
+	_, err = os.Stat(expectedPath)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("File not at expected path %s: %v", expectedPath, err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestMetadataStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewMetadataStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewMetadataStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	meta := &SourceMetadata{
-		Host:        "cdn.example.com",
+		Host:        testHostCDN,
-		Path:        "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		Path:        testPathCat,
 		ContentHash: "abc123",
 		StatusCode:  200,
-		ContentType: "image/jpeg",
+		ContentType: testContentTypeJPEG,
 		FetchedAt:   1704067200,
 		ETag:        `"etag123"`,
 	}
 
-	pathHash := HashPath("/photos/cat.jpg")
+	pathHash := HashPath(testPathCat)
 
-	err = storage.Store("cdn.example.com", pathHash, meta)
+	err = storage.Store(testHostCDN, pathHash, meta)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Verify file exists at expected path
-	expectedPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "cdn.example.com", string(pathHash)+".json")
+	expectedPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, testHostCDN, string(pathHash)+".json")
-	if _, err := os.Stat(expectedPath); err != nil {
+
+	_, err = os.Stat(expectedPath)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("File not at expected path %s: %v", expectedPath, err)
 	}
 
 	// Load and verify
-	loaded, err := storage.Load("cdn.example.com", pathHash)
+	loaded, err := storage.Load(testHostCDN, pathHash)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Load() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -208,55 +244,64 @@ func TestMetadataStorage_StoreAndLoad(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestMetadataStorage_LoadNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewMetadataStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewMetadataStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = storage.Load("example.com", PathHash("nonexistent"))
+	_, err = storage.Load(testHostExample, PathHash("nonexistent"))
-	if err != ErrNotFound {
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
 		t.Errorf("Load() error = %v, want ErrNotFound", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestMetadataStorage_Delete(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
 	storage, err := NewMetadataStorage(tmpDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewMetadataStorage() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	meta := &SourceMetadata{
-		Host:       "example.com",
+		Host:       testHostExample,
 		Path:       "/test.jpg",
 		StatusCode: 200,
 	}
 
 	pathHash := HashPath("/test.jpg")
 
-	err = storage.Store("example.com", pathHash, meta)
+	err = storage.Store(testHostExample, pathHash, meta)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if !storage.Exists("example.com", pathHash) {
+	if !storage.Exists(testHostExample, pathHash) {
 		t.Error("Exists() = false, want true")
 	}
 
-	if err := storage.Delete("example.com", pathHash); err != nil {
+	err = storage.Delete(testHostExample, pathHash)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Delete() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if storage.Exists("example.com", pathHash) {
+	if storage.Exists(testHostExample, pathHash) {
 		t.Error("Exists() = true after delete, want false")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestHashPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Same input should produce same hash
-	hash1 := HashPath("/photos/cat.jpg")
+	hash1 := HashPath(testPathCat)
-	hash2 := HashPath("/photos/cat.jpg")
+	hash2 := HashPath(testPathCat)
 
 	if hash1 != hash2 {
 		t.Errorf("HashPath() not deterministic: %s vs %s", hash1, hash2)
@@ -276,9 +321,11 @@ func TestHashPath(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	req1 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
 		SourceQuery: "",
 		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:      FormatWebP,
@@ -287,8 +334,8 @@ func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	req2 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
 		SourceQuery: "",
 		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:      FormatWebP,
@@ -311,8 +358,8 @@ func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Different size should produce different key
 	req3 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
 		SourceQuery: "",
 		Size:        Size{Width: 400, Height: 300}, // Different size
 		Format:      FormatWebP,
@@ -327,8 +374,8 @@ func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Different format should produce different key
 	req4 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
 		SourceQuery: "",
 		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:      FormatPNG, // Different format
@@ -343,8 +390,8 @@ func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Different quality should produce different key
 	req5 := &ImageRequest{
-		SourceHost:  "cdn.example.com",
+		SourceHost:  testHostCDN,
-		SourcePath:  "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		SourcePath:  testPathCat,
 		SourceQuery: "",
 		Size:        Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format:      FormatWebP,

internal/imgcache/testutil_internal_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package imgcache
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"image"
 	"image/color"
@@ -14,16 +15,25 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
+)
+
+// Shared test data literals, extracted as constants for goconst.
+const (
+	testHostCDN         = "cdn.example.com"
+	testHostExample     = "example.com"
+	testPathCat         = "/photos/cat.jpg"
+	testContentTypeJPEG = "image/jpeg"
 )
 
 // TestFixtures contains paths to test files in the mock filesystem.
 type TestFixtures struct {
 	// Valid image files
-	GoodHostJPEG  string // whitelisted host, valid JPEG
+	GoodHostJPEG  string // allowlisted host, valid JPEG
-	GoodHostPNG   string // whitelisted host, valid PNG
+	GoodHostPNG   string // allowlisted host, valid PNG
-	GoodHostGIF   string // whitelisted host, valid GIF
+	GoodHostGIF   string // allowlisted host, valid GIF
-	OtherHostJPEG string // non-whitelisted host, valid JPEG
+	OtherHostJPEG string // non-allowlisted host, valid JPEG
-	OtherHostPNG  string // non-whitelisted host, valid PNG
+	OtherHostPNG  string // non-allowlisted host, valid PNG
 
 	// Invalid/edge case files
 	InvalidFile string // file with wrong magic bytes
@@ -31,8 +41,8 @@ type TestFixtures struct {
 	TextFile    string // text file masquerading as image
 
 	// Hostnames
-	GoodHost  string // whitelisted hostname
+	GoodHost  string // allowlisted hostname
-	OtherHost string // non-whitelisted hostname
+	OtherHost string // non-allowlisted hostname
 }
 
 // DefaultFixtures returns the standard test fixture paths.
@@ -87,14 +97,16 @@ func generateTestJPEG(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+	for y := range height {
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.Set(x, y, c)
 		}
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 85}); err != nil {
+
+	err := jpeg.Encode(&buf, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: 85})
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test JPEG: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -106,14 +118,16 @@ func generateTestPNG(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height))
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+	for y := range height {
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.Set(x, y, c)
 		}
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := png.Encode(&buf, img); err != nil {
+
+	err := png.Encode(&buf, img)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test PNG: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -124,15 +138,20 @@ func generateTestPNG(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 func generateTestGIF(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	img := image.NewPaletted(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height), []color.Color{c, color.White})
+	img := image.NewPaletted(
-	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
+		image.Rect(0, 0, width, height),
-		for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
+		[]color.Color{c, color.White},
+	)
+	for y := range height {
+		for x := range width {
 			img.SetColorIndex(x, y, 0)
 		}
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := gif.Encode(&buf, img, nil); err != nil {
+
+	err := gif.Encode(&buf, img, nil)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to encode test GIF: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -140,13 +159,15 @@ func generateTestGIF(t *testing.T, width, height int, c color.Color) []byte {
 }
 
 // SetupTestService creates a Service with mock fetcher for testing.
-func SetupTestService(t *testing.T, opts ...TestServiceOption) (*Service, *TestFixtures) {
+func SetupTestService(
+	t *testing.T, opts ...TestServiceOption,
+) (*Service, *TestFixtures) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	mockFS, fixtures := NewTestFS(t)
 
 	cfg := &testServiceConfig{
-		whitelist:  []string{fixtures.GoodHost},
+		allowlist:  []string{fixtures.GoodHost},
 		signingKey: "test-signing-key-must-be-32-chars",
 	}
 
@@ -171,9 +192,9 @@ func SetupTestService(t *testing.T, opts ...TestServiceOption) (*Service, *TestF
 
 	svc, err := NewService(&ServiceConfig{
 		Cache:      cache,
-		Fetcher:    NewMockFetcher(mockFS),
+		Fetcher:    httpfetcher.NewMock(mockFS),
 		SigningKey: cfg.signingKey,
-		Whitelist:  cfg.whitelist,
+		Allowlist:  cfg.allowlist,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create service: %v", err)
@@ -193,7 +214,8 @@ func setupServiceTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
 	}
 
 	// Use the real production schema via migrations
-	if err := database.ApplyMigrations(db); err != nil {
+	err = database.ApplyMigrations(context.Background(), db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to apply migrations: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -201,17 +223,17 @@ func setupServiceTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
 }
 
 type testServiceConfig struct {
-	whitelist  []string
+	allowlist  []string
 	signingKey string
 }
 
 // TestServiceOption configures the test service.
 type TestServiceOption func(*testServiceConfig)
 
-// WithWhitelist sets the whitelist for the test service.
+// WithAllowlist sets the allowlist for the test service.
-func WithWhitelist(hosts ...string) TestServiceOption {
+func WithAllowlist(hosts ...string) TestServiceOption {
 	return func(c *testServiceConfig) {
-		c.whitelist = hosts
+		c.allowlist = hosts
 	}
 }
 
@@ -222,9 +244,9 @@ func WithSigningKey(key string) TestServiceOption {
 	}
 }
 
-// WithNoWhitelist removes all whitelisted hosts.
+// WithNoAllowlist removes all allowlisted hosts.
-func WithNoWhitelist() TestServiceOption {
+func WithNoAllowlist() TestServiceOption {
 	return func(c *testServiceConfig) {
-		c.whitelist = nil
+		c.allowlist = nil
 	}
 }

internal/imgcache/urlparser.go

@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ type ParsedURL struct {
 	Format ImageFormat
 }
 
-// ParseImagePath parses the path captured by chi's wildcard: <host>/<path>/<size>.<format>
+// ParseImagePath parses the path captured by chi's wildcard:
+// <host>/<path>/<size>.<format>
 // This is the primary entry point when using chi routing.
 // Examples:
 //   - cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@ func ParseImageURL(urlPath string) (*ParsedURL, error) {
 // parseImageComponents parses <host>/<path>/<size>.<format> structure.
 func parseImageComponents(remainder string) (*ParsedURL, error) {
 	// Check for path traversal before any other processing
-	if err := checkPathTraversal(remainder); err != nil {
+	err := checkPathTraversal(remainder)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ func parseImageComponents(remainder string) (*ParsedURL, error) {
 	// Split host from path
 	// The first segment is the host, everything after is the path
 	firstSlash := strings.Index(hostAndPath, "/")
+
 	var host, path, query string
 
 	if firstSlash == -1 {
@@ -181,8 +184,7 @@ func checkPathTraversal(path string) error {
 
 	// Also check for ".." as a path segment in the original path
 	// This catches cases where the path hasn't been normalized
-	segments := strings.Split(path, "/")
+	for seg := range strings.SplitSeq(path, "/") {
-	for _, seg := range segments {
 		// URL decode the segment
 		decodedSeg, _ := url.PathUnescape(seg)
 		decodedSeg = strings.ReplaceAll(decodedSeg, "\\", "/")
@@ -202,8 +204,10 @@ func parseSizeFormat(s string) (Size, ImageFormat, error) {
 		return Size{}, "", ErrInvalidSize
 	}
 
-	var size Size
+	var (
-	var formatStr string
+		size      Size
+		formatStr string
+	)
 
 	if matches[4] == "orig" {
 		// "orig.format" pattern

internal/imgcache/urlparser_internal_test.go

@@ -1,93 +1,124 @@
 package imgcache
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 )
 
+// assertParsedURL compares all fields of a parsed URL against the
+// expected value.
+func assertParsedURL(t *testing.T, got, want *ParsedURL) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if got.Host != want.Host {
+		t.Errorf("Host = %q, want %q", got.Host, want.Host)
+	}
+
+	if got.Path != want.Path {
+		t.Errorf("Path = %q, want %q", got.Path, want.Path)
+	}
+
+	if got.Query != want.Query {
+		t.Errorf("Query = %q, want %q", got.Query, want.Query)
+	}
+
+	if got.Size != want.Size {
+		t.Errorf("Size = %v, want %v", got.Size, want.Size)
+	}
+
+	if got.Format != want.Format {
+		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", got.Format, want.Format)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseImageURL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
+		name  string
-		input   string
+		input string
-		want    *ParsedURL
+		want  *ParsedURL
-		wantErr error
 	}{
 		{
 			name:  "basic path with size",
 			input: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host: testHostCDN, Path: testPathCat,
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Size: Size{Width: 800, Height: 600}, Format: FormatWebP,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-				Format: FormatWebP,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "original size with 0x0",
 			input: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/0x0.jpeg",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host: testHostCDN, Path: testPathCat,
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Size: Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}, Format: FormatJPEG,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 0, Height: 0},
-				Format: FormatJPEG,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "original size with orig keyword",
 			input: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.png",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host: testHostCDN, Path: testPathCat,
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Size: Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}, Format: FormatPNG,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 0, Height: 0},
-				Format: FormatPNG,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "path with query string",
 			input: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg?arg1=val1&arg2=val2/800x600.webp",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host: testHostCDN, Path: testPathCat, Query: "arg1=val1&arg2=val2",
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Size: Size{Width: 800, Height: 600}, Format: FormatWebP,
-				Query:  "arg1=val1&arg2=val2",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
-				Format: FormatWebP,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "deep nested path",
 			input: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/a/b/c/d/image.jpg/1920x1080.avif",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host: testHostCDN, Path: "/a/b/c/d/image.jpg",
-				Path:   "/a/b/c/d/image.jpg",
+				Size: Size{Width: 1920, Height: 1080}, Format: FormatAVIF,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 1920, Height: 1080},
-				Format: FormatAVIF,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "jpg alias for jpeg",
 			input: "/v1/image/example.com/img.png/100x100.jpg",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "example.com",
+				Host: testHostExample, Path: "/img.png",
-				Path:   "/img.png",
+				Size: Size{Width: 100, Height: 100}, Format: FormatJPEG,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 100, Height: 100},
-				Format: FormatJPEG,
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "gif format",
 			input: "/v1/image/example.com/animated.gif/200x200.gif",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "example.com",
+				Host: testHostExample, Path: "/animated.gif",
-				Path:   "/animated.gif",
+				Size: Size{Width: 200, Height: 200}, Format: FormatGIF,
-				Query:  "",
-				Size:   Size{Width: 200, Height: 200},
-				Format: FormatGIF,
 			},
 		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got, err := ParseImageURL(tt.input)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ParseImageURL() unexpected error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			assertParsedURL(t, got, tt.want)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseImageURL_Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		input   string
+		wantErr error
+	}{
 		{
 			name:    "missing prefix",
 			input:   "/image/cdn.example.com/photo.jpg/800x600.webp",
@@ -122,47 +153,23 @@ func TestParseImageURL(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := ParseImageURL(tt.input)
+			t.Parallel()
 
-			if tt.wantErr != nil {
+			_, err := ParseImageURL(tt.input)
-				if err == nil {
+			if err == nil {
-					t.Errorf("ParseImageURL() error = nil, wantErr %v", tt.wantErr)
+				t.Fatalf("ParseImageURL() error = nil, wantErr %v", tt.wantErr)
-
-					return
-				}
-				if !errorIs(err, tt.wantErr) {
-					t.Errorf("ParseImageURL() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
-				}
-
-				return
 			}
 
-			if err != nil {
+			if !errorIs(err, tt.wantErr) {
-				t.Errorf("ParseImageURL() unexpected error = %v", err)
+				t.Errorf("ParseImageURL() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
-
-				return
-			}
-
-			if got.Host != tt.want.Host {
-				t.Errorf("Host = %q, want %q", got.Host, tt.want.Host)
-			}
-			if got.Path != tt.want.Path {
-				t.Errorf("Path = %q, want %q", got.Path, tt.want.Path)
-			}
-			if got.Query != tt.want.Query {
-				t.Errorf("Query = %q, want %q", got.Query, tt.want.Query)
-			}
-			if got.Size != tt.want.Size {
-				t.Errorf("Size = %v, want %v", got.Size, tt.want.Size)
-			}
-			if got.Format != tt.want.Format {
-				t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", got.Format, tt.want.Format)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestParseImagePath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// ParseImagePath is for chi wildcard capture (no /v1/image/ prefix)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
@@ -174,8 +181,8 @@ func TestParseImagePath(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "chi wildcard capture",
 			input: "cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host:   testHostCDN,
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Path:   testPathCat,
 				Size:   Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 				Format: FormatWebP,
 			},
@@ -184,8 +191,8 @@ func TestParseImagePath(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "with leading slash from chi",
 			input: "/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp",
 			want: &ParsedURL{
-				Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+				Host:   testHostCDN,
-				Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+				Path:   testPathCat,
 				Size:   Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 				Format: FormatWebP,
 			},
@@ -194,35 +201,30 @@ func TestParseImagePath(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got, err := ParseImagePath(tt.input)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("ParseImagePath() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 
 				return
 			}
+
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			if got.Host != tt.want.Host {
+
-				t.Errorf("Host = %q, want %q", got.Host, tt.want.Host)
+			assertParsedURL(t, got, tt.want)
-			}
-			if got.Path != tt.want.Path {
-				t.Errorf("Path = %q, want %q", got.Path, tt.want.Path)
-			}
-			if got.Size != tt.want.Size {
-				t.Errorf("Size = %v, want %v", got.Size, tt.want.Size)
-			}
-			if got.Format != tt.want.Format {
-				t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", got.Format, tt.want.Format)
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestParsedURL_ToImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	parsed := &ParsedURL{
-		Host:   "cdn.example.com",
+		Host:   testHostCDN,
-		Path:   "/photos/cat.jpg",
+		Path:   testPathCat,
 		Query:  "version=2",
 		Size:   Size{Width: 800, Height: 600},
 		Format: FormatWebP,
@@ -233,21 +235,27 @@ func TestParsedURL_ToImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	if req.SourceHost != parsed.Host {
 		t.Errorf("SourceHost = %q, want %q", req.SourceHost, parsed.Host)
 	}
+
 	if req.SourcePath != parsed.Path {
 		t.Errorf("SourcePath = %q, want %q", req.SourcePath, parsed.Path)
 	}
+
 	if req.SourceQuery != parsed.Query {
 		t.Errorf("SourceQuery = %q, want %q", req.SourceQuery, parsed.Query)
 	}
+
 	if req.Size != parsed.Size {
 		t.Errorf("Size = %v, want %v", req.Size, parsed.Size)
 	}
+
 	if req.Format != parsed.Format {
 		t.Errorf("Format = %q, want %q", req.Format, parsed.Format)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestParseImageURL_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// All path traversal attempts should be rejected
 	tests := []struct {
 		name  string
@@ -293,12 +301,14 @@ func TestParseImageURL_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			_, err := ParseImageURL(tt.input)
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Error("ParseImageURL() should reject path traversal attempts")
 			}
 
-			if err != ErrPathTraversal {
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrPathTraversal) {
 				t.Errorf("ParseImageURL() error = %v, want ErrPathTraversal", err)
 			}
 		})
@@ -306,6 +316,8 @@ func TestParseImageURL_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseImagePath_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Test path traversal via ParseImagePath (chi wildcard)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name  string
@@ -323,12 +335,14 @@ func TestParseImagePath_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			_, err := ParseImagePath(tt.input)
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Error("ParseImagePath() should reject path traversal attempts")
 			}
 
-			if err != ErrPathTraversal {
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrPathTraversal) {
 				t.Errorf("ParseImagePath() error = %v, want ErrPathTraversal", err)
 			}
 		})
@@ -337,7 +351,7 @@ func TestParseImagePath_PathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 
 // errorIs checks if err matches target (handles wrapped errors).
 func errorIs(err, target error) bool {
-	if err == target {
+	if errors.Is(err, target) {
 		return true
 	}
 	// Check if error message contains target message for wrapped errors

internal/logger/logger.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 // Params defines dependencies for Logger.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Globals *globals.Globals
 }
 
@@ -40,12 +41,13 @@ func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Logger, error) {
 	}
 
 	// replaceAttr simplifies the source attribute to "file.go:line"
-	replaceAttr := func(groups []string, a slog.Attr) slog.Attr {
+	replaceAttr := func(_ []string, a slog.Attr) slog.Attr {
 		if a.Key == slog.SourceKey {
 			if src, ok := a.Value.Any().(*slog.Source); ok {
 				a.Value = slog.StringValue(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", filepath.Base(src.File), src.Line))
 			}
 		}
+
 		return a
 	}
 

internal/magic/magic.go

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package imgcache
+// Package magic detects image formats from magic bytes and validates
+// content against declared MIME types.
+package magic
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -27,9 +29,27 @@ const (
 	MIMETypeSVG  = MIMEType("image/svg+xml")
 )
 
+// ImageFormat represents supported output image formats.
+// This mirrors the type in imgcache to avoid circular imports.
+type ImageFormat string
+
+// Supported image output formats.
+const (
+	FormatOriginal ImageFormat = "orig"
+	FormatJPEG     ImageFormat = "jpeg"
+	FormatPNG      ImageFormat = "png"
+	FormatWebP     ImageFormat = "webp"
+	FormatAVIF     ImageFormat = "avif"
+	FormatGIF      ImageFormat = "gif"
+)
+
 // MinMagicBytes is the minimum number of bytes needed to detect format.
 const MinMagicBytes = 12
 
+// mimeOctetStream is the fallback MIME type for formats without a
+// specific MIME type.
+const mimeOctetStream = "application/octet-stream"
+
 // Magic byte signatures for supported formats.
 // These are effectively constants but Go doesn't support const slices.
 //
@@ -174,14 +194,17 @@ func IsSupportedMIMEType(mimeType string) bool {
 func PeekAndValidate(r io.Reader, declaredType string) (io.Reader, error) {
 	// Read minimum bytes for detection
 	buf := make([]byte, MinMagicBytes)
+
 	n, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf)
-	if err != nil && err != io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	buf = buf[:n]
 
 	// Validate magic bytes
-	if err := ValidateMagicBytes(buf, declaredType); err != nil {
+	err = ValidateMagicBytes(buf, declaredType)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -189,7 +212,7 @@ func PeekAndValidate(r io.Reader, declaredType string) (io.Reader, error) {
 	return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(buf), r), nil
 }
 
-// MIMEToImageFormat converts a MIME type to our ImageFormat type.
+// MIMEToImageFormat converts a MIME type to an ImageFormat.
 func MIMEToImageFormat(mimeType string) (ImageFormat, bool) {
 	normalized := normalizeMIMEType(mimeType)
 	switch MIMEType(normalized) {
@@ -203,12 +226,15 @@ func MIMEToImageFormat(mimeType string) (ImageFormat, bool) {
 		return FormatGIF, true
 	case MIMETypeAVIF:
 		return FormatAVIF, true
+	case MIMETypeSVG:
+		// SVG has no corresponding output format.
+		return "", false
 	default:
 		return "", false
 	}
 }
 
-// ImageFormatToMIME converts our ImageFormat to a MIME type string.
+// ImageFormatToMIME converts an ImageFormat to a MIME type string.
 func ImageFormatToMIME(format ImageFormat) string {
 	switch format {
 	case FormatJPEG:
@@ -221,7 +247,10 @@ func ImageFormatToMIME(format ImageFormat) string {
 		return string(MIMETypeGIF)
 	case FormatAVIF:
 		return string(MIMETypeAVIF)
+	case FormatOriginal:
+		// Original format passes content through unchanged.
+		return mimeOctetStream
 	default:
-		return "application/octet-stream"
+		return mimeOctetStream
 	}
 }

internal/magic/magic_internal_test.go

@@ -1,122 +1,91 @@
-package imgcache
+package magic
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
+// Shared test fixture strings.
+const (
+	testNameEmpty      = "empty"
+	testMIMEJPEG       = "image/jpeg"
+	testMIMEJPEGParams = "image/jpeg; charset=utf-8"
+	testMIMEPNG        = "image/png"
+	testMIMEWebP       = "image/webp"
+	testMIMEGIF        = "image/gif"
+	testMIMEAVIF       = "image/avif"
+)
+
+// pad appends zero bytes so data is comfortably above MinMagicBytes.
+func pad(b ...byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, make([]byte, 100)...)
+}
+
 func TestDetectFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	jpeg := pad(0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01)
+	png := pad(0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D)
+	gif87a := pad(0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38, 0x37, 0x61, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+	gif89a := pad(0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38, 0x39, 0x61, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+	// RIFF + size placeholder + WEBP
+	webp := pad(0x52, 0x49, 0x46, 0x46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x57, 0x45, 0x42, 0x50)
+	// box size + ftyp + brand
+	avif := pad(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x66, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x61, 0x76, 0x69, 0x66)
+	avis := pad(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x66, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x61, 0x76, 0x69, 0x73)
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		data     []byte
 		wantMIME MIMEType
 		wantErr  error
 	}{
-		{
+		{name: "JPEG", data: jpeg, wantMIME: MIMETypeJPEG},
-			name:     "JPEG",
+		{name: "PNG", data: png, wantMIME: MIMETypePNG},
-			data:     append([]byte{0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01}, make([]byte, 100)...),
+		{name: "GIF87a", data: gif87a, wantMIME: MIMETypeGIF},
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeJPEG,
+		{name: "GIF89a", data: gif89a, wantMIME: MIMETypeGIF},
-			wantErr:  nil,
+		{name: "WebP", data: webp, wantMIME: MIMETypeWebP},
-		},
+		{name: "AVIF", data: avif, wantMIME: MIMETypeAVIF},
-		{
+		{name: "AVIF sequence", data: avis, wantMIME: MIMETypeAVIF},
-			name:     "PNG",
-			data:     append([]byte{0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypePNG,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "GIF87a",
-			data:     append([]byte{0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38, 0x37, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeGIF,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "GIF89a",
-			data:     append([]byte{0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38, 0x39, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeGIF,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "WebP",
-			data: append([]byte{
-				0x52, 0x49, 0x46, 0x46, // RIFF
-				0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // file size (placeholder)
-				0x57, 0x45, 0x42, 0x50, // WEBP
-			}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeWebP,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "AVIF",
-			data: append([]byte{
-				0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, // box size
-				0x66, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, // ftyp
-				0x61, 0x76, 0x69, 0x66, // avif brand
-			}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeAVIF,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "AVIF sequence",
-			data: append([]byte{
-				0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, // box size
-				0x66, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, // ftyp
-				0x61, 0x76, 0x69, 0x73, // avis brand
-			}, make([]byte, 100)...),
-			wantMIME: MIMETypeAVIF,
-			wantErr:  nil,
-		},
 		{
 			name:     "SVG with XML declaration",
 			data:     []byte(`<?xml version="1.0"?><svg></svg>`),
 			wantMIME: MIMETypeSVG,
-			wantErr:  nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "SVG without declaration",
 			data:     []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"></svg>`),
 			wantMIME: MIMETypeSVG,
-			wantErr:  nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "SVG with whitespace",
 			data:     []byte(`   <?xml version="1.0"?><svg></svg>`),
 			wantMIME: MIMETypeSVG,
-			wantErr:  nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "SVG with BOM",
 			data:     append([]byte{0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF}, []byte(`<svg></svg>`)...),
 			wantMIME: MIMETypeSVG,
-			wantErr:  nil,
 		},
 		{
-			name:     "unknown format",
+			name:    "unknown format",
-			data:     []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			data:    make([]byte, MinMagicBytes),
-			wantMIME: "",
+			wantErr: ErrUnknownFormat,
-			wantErr:  ErrUnknownFormat,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "too short",
-			data:     []byte{0xFF, 0xD8},
-			wantMIME: "",
-			wantErr:  ErrNotEnoughData,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "empty",
-			data:     []byte{},
-			wantMIME: "",
-			wantErr:  ErrNotEnoughData,
 		},
+		{name: "too short", data: []byte{0xFF, 0xD8}, wantErr: ErrNotEnoughData},
+		{name: testNameEmpty, data: []byte{}, wantErr: ErrNotEnoughData},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := DetectFormat(tt.data)
+			t.Parallel()
 
-			if err != tt.wantErr {
+			got, err := DetectFormat(tt.data)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Errorf("DetectFormat() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 
 				return
@@ -130,8 +99,10 @@ func TestDetectFormat(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestValidateMagicBytes(t *testing.T) {
-	jpegData := append([]byte{0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01}, make([]byte, 100)...)
+	t.Parallel()
-	pngData := append([]byte{0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D}, make([]byte, 100)...)
+
+	jpegData := pad(0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01)
+	pngData := pad(0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -142,40 +113,42 @@ func TestValidateMagicBytes(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:         "matching JPEG",
 			data:         jpegData,
-			declaredType: "image/jpeg",
+			declaredType: testMIMEJPEG,
 			wantErr:      nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "matching JPEG with params",
 			data:         jpegData,
-			declaredType: "image/jpeg; charset=utf-8",
+			declaredType: testMIMEJPEGParams,
 			wantErr:      nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "matching PNG",
 			data:         pngData,
-			declaredType: "image/png",
+			declaredType: testMIMEPNG,
 			wantErr:      nil,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "mismatched type",
 			data:         jpegData,
-			declaredType: "image/png",
+			declaredType: testMIMEPNG,
 			wantErr:      ErrMagicByteMismatch,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "unknown data",
-			data:         []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			data:         make([]byte, MinMagicBytes),
-			declaredType: "image/jpeg",
+			declaredType: testMIMEJPEG,
 			wantErr:      ErrUnknownFormat,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			err := ValidateMagicBytes(tt.data, tt.declaredType)
 
-			if err != tt.wantErr {
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Errorf("ValidateMagicBytes() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 			}
 		})
@@ -183,27 +156,31 @@ func TestValidateMagicBytes(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsSupportedMIMEType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		mimeType string
 		want     bool
 	}{
-		{"image/jpeg", true},
+		{testMIMEJPEG, true},
-		{"image/png", true},
+		{testMIMEPNG, true},
-		{"image/webp", true},
+		{testMIMEWebP, true},
-		{"image/gif", true},
+		{testMIMEGIF, true},
-		{"image/avif", true},
+		{testMIMEAVIF, true},
 		{"image/svg+xml", true},
 		{"IMAGE/JPEG", true},
-		{"image/jpeg; charset=utf-8", true},
+		{testMIMEJPEGParams, true},
 		{"image/tiff", false},
 		{"image/bmp", false},
-		{"application/octet-stream", false},
+		{mimeOctetStream, false},
 		{"text/plain", false},
 		{"", false},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.mimeType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			if got := IsSupportedMIMEType(tt.mimeType); got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("IsSupportedMIMEType(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.mimeType, got, tt.want)
 			}
@@ -212,8 +189,16 @@ func TestIsSupportedMIMEType(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestPeekAndValidate(t *testing.T) {
-	jpegData := append([]byte{0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01}, []byte("rest of jpeg data")...)
+	t.Parallel()
-	pngData := append([]byte{0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D}, []byte("rest of png data")...)
+
+	jpegMagic := []byte{
+		0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x10, 0x4A, 0x46, 0x49, 0x46, 0x00, 0x01,
+	}
+	pngMagic := []byte{
+		0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D,
+	}
+	jpegData := slices.Concat(jpegMagic, []byte("rest of jpeg data"))
+	pngData := slices.Concat(pngMagic, []byte("rest of png data"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -225,30 +210,32 @@ func TestPeekAndValidate(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:         "valid JPEG",
 			data:         jpegData,
-			declaredType: "image/jpeg",
+			declaredType: testMIMEJPEG,
 			wantErr:      false,
 			wantData:     jpegData,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "valid PNG",
 			data:         pngData,
-			declaredType: "image/png",
+			declaredType: testMIMEPNG,
 			wantErr:      false,
 			wantData:     pngData,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "mismatched type",
 			data:         jpegData,
-			declaredType: "image/png",
+			declaredType: testMIMEPNG,
 			wantErr:      true,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			r := bytes.NewReader(tt.data)
+			t.Parallel()
-			result, err := PeekAndValidate(r, tt.declaredType)
 
+			r := bytes.NewReader(tt.data)
+
+			result, err := PeekAndValidate(r, tt.declaredType)
 			if tt.wantErr {
 				if err == nil {
 					t.Error("PeekAndValidate() expected error, got nil")
@@ -272,23 +259,28 @@ func TestPeekAndValidate(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			if !bytes.Equal(got, tt.wantData) {
-				t.Errorf("PeekAndValidate() data mismatch: got %d bytes, want %d bytes", len(got), len(tt.wantData))
+				t.Errorf(
+					"PeekAndValidate() data mismatch: got %d bytes, want %d bytes",
+					len(got), len(tt.wantData),
+				)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestMIMEToImageFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		mimeType   string
 		wantFormat ImageFormat
 		wantOk     bool
 	}{
-		{"image/jpeg", FormatJPEG, true},
+		{testMIMEJPEG, FormatJPEG, true},
-		{"image/png", FormatPNG, true},
+		{testMIMEPNG, FormatPNG, true},
-		{"image/webp", FormatWebP, true},
+		{testMIMEWebP, FormatWebP, true},
-		{"image/gif", FormatGIF, true},
+		{testMIMEGIF, FormatGIF, true},
-		{"image/avif", FormatAVIF, true},
+		{testMIMEAVIF, FormatAVIF, true},
 		{"image/svg+xml", "", false}, // SVG doesn't convert to ImageFormat
 		{"image/tiff", "", false},
 		{"text/plain", "", false},
@@ -296,6 +288,8 @@ func TestMIMEToImageFormat(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.mimeType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got, ok := MIMEToImageFormat(tt.mimeType)
 
 			if ok != tt.wantOk {
@@ -310,21 +304,25 @@ func TestMIMEToImageFormat(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestImageFormatToMIME(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		format   ImageFormat
 		wantMIME string
 	}{
-		{FormatJPEG, "image/jpeg"},
+		{FormatJPEG, testMIMEJPEG},
-		{FormatPNG, "image/png"},
+		{FormatPNG, testMIMEPNG},
-		{FormatWebP, "image/webp"},
+		{FormatWebP, testMIMEWebP},
-		{FormatGIF, "image/gif"},
+		{FormatGIF, testMIMEGIF},
-		{FormatAVIF, "image/avif"},
+		{FormatAVIF, testMIMEAVIF},
-		{FormatOriginal, "application/octet-stream"},
+		{FormatOriginal, mimeOctetStream},
-		{"unknown", "application/octet-stream"},
+		{"unknown", mimeOctetStream},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(string(tt.format), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got := ImageFormatToMIME(tt.format)
 
 			if got != tt.wantMIME {
@@ -335,19 +333,23 @@ func TestImageFormatToMIME(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNormalizeMIMEType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		input string
 		want  string
 	}{
-		{"image/jpeg", "image/jpeg"},
+		{testMIMEJPEG, testMIMEJPEG},
-		{"IMAGE/JPEG", "image/jpeg"},
+		{"IMAGE/JPEG", testMIMEJPEG},
-		{"image/jpeg; charset=utf-8", "image/jpeg"},
+		{testMIMEJPEGParams, testMIMEJPEG},
-		{"  image/jpeg  ", "image/jpeg"},
+		{"  image/jpeg  ", testMIMEJPEG},
-		{"image/jpeg; boundary=something", "image/jpeg"},
+		{"image/jpeg; boundary=something", testMIMEJPEG},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.input, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got := normalizeMIMEType(tt.input)
 
 			if got != tt.want {
@@ -358,6 +360,8 @@ func TestNormalizeMIMEType(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDetectSVG(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
 		data string
@@ -365,17 +369,24 @@ func TestDetectSVG(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"xml declaration", `<?xml version="1.0"?><svg></svg>`, true},
 		{"svg element", `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"></svg>`, true},
-		{"doctype", `<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">`, true},
+		{
+			"doctype",
+			`<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" ` +
+				`"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">`,
+			true,
+		},
 		{"with whitespace", `
   <?xml version="1.0"?><svg></svg>`, true},
 		{"uppercase", `<SVG></SVG>`, true},
 		{"not svg", `<html></html>`, false},
 		{"random text", `hello world`, false},
-		{"empty", ``, false},
+		{testNameEmpty, ``, false},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got := detectSVG([]byte(tt.data))
 
 			if got != tt.want {
@@ -386,6 +397,8 @@ func TestDetectSVG(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSkipBOM(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
 		data []byte
@@ -393,13 +406,15 @@ func TestSkipBOM(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"with BOM", []byte{0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}, []byte("hello")},
 		{"without BOM", []byte("hello"), []byte("hello")},
-		{"empty", []byte{}, []byte{}},
+		{testNameEmpty, []byte{}, []byte{}},
 		{"only BOM", []byte{0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF}, []byte{}},
 		{"partial BOM", []byte{0xEF, 0xBB}, []byte{0xEF, 0xBB}},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got := skipBOM(tt.data)
 
 			if !bytes.Equal(got, tt.want) {
@@ -410,6 +425,8 @@ func TestSkipBOM(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRealWorldSVGPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Test various real-world SVG patterns
 	svgPatterns := []string{
 		`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
@@ -419,7 +436,8 @@ func TestRealWorldSVGPatterns(t *testing.T) {
 		`<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
   <path d="M12 2L2 7l10 5 10-5-10-5z"/>
 </svg>`,
-		`<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
+		`<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" ` +
+			`"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">` + `
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
 </svg>`,
 	}
@@ -445,6 +463,8 @@ func TestRealWorldSVGPatterns(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDetectFormatRIFFNotWebP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// RIFF container but not WebP (e.g., WAV file)
 	wavData := []byte{
 		0x52, 0x49, 0x46, 0x46, // RIFF
@@ -453,12 +473,14 @@ func TestDetectFormatRIFFNotWebP(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	_, err := DetectFormat(wavData)
-	if err != ErrUnknownFormat {
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownFormat) {
 		t.Errorf("DetectFormat(WAV) error = %v, want %v", err, ErrUnknownFormat)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDetectFormatFtypNotAVIF(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// ftyp container but not AVIF (e.g., MP4)
 	mp4Data := []byte{
 		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, // box size
@@ -467,20 +489,24 @@ func TestDetectFormatFtypNotAVIF(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	_, err := DetectFormat(mp4Data)
-	if err != ErrUnknownFormat {
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownFormat) {
 		t.Errorf("DetectFormat(MP4) error = %v, want %v", err, ErrUnknownFormat)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestPeekAndValidatePreservesReader(t *testing.T) {
-	// Ensure that after PeekAndValidate, we can read the complete original content
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Ensure that after PeekAndValidate, we can read the complete
+	// original content
 	originalContent := append(
 		[]byte{0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D},
 		[]byte(strings.Repeat("PNG IDAT chunk data here ", 100))...,
 	)
 
 	r := bytes.NewReader(originalContent)
-	validated, err := PeekAndValidate(r, "image/png")
+
+	validated, err := PeekAndValidate(r, testMIMEPNG)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PeekAndValidate() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -492,6 +518,9 @@ func TestPeekAndValidatePreservesReader(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	if !bytes.Equal(got, originalContent) {
-		t.Errorf("Content mismatch: got %d bytes, want %d bytes", len(got), len(originalContent))
+		t.Errorf(
+			"Content mismatch: got %d bytes, want %d bytes",
+			len(got), len(originalContent),
+		)
 	}
 }

internal/middleware/middleware.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ const CORSMaxAgeSeconds = 86400
 // Params defines dependencies for Middleware.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Logger *logger.Logger
 	Config *config.Config
 }
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ func ipFromHostPort(hp string) string {
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
+
 	if len(h) > 0 && h[0] == '[' {
 		return h[1 : len(h)-1]
 	}
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ func ipFromHostPort(hp string) string {
 
 type loggingResponseWriter struct {
 	http.ResponseWriter
+
 	statusCode   int
 	bytesWritten int64
 }
@@ -85,6 +88,7 @@ func (s *Middleware) Logging() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			start := time.Now()
 			lrw := newLoggingResponseWriter(w)
 			ctx := r.Context()
+
 			defer func() {
 				latency := time.Since(start)
 				reqID, _ := ctx.Value(middleware.RequestIDKey).(string)

internal/middleware/middleware_internal_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestSecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Create middleware instance
 	cfg := &config.Config{}
 	mw := &Middleware{
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ func TestSecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	handler := mw.SecurityHeaders()(testHandler)
 
 	// Make a test request
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
@@ -44,6 +46,8 @@ func TestSecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.header, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
 			got := rec.Header().Get(tt.header)
 			if got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", tt.header, got, tt.want)
@@ -53,6 +57,8 @@ func TestSecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSecurityHeaders_PreservesExistingHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	cfg := &config.Config{}
 	mw := &Middleware{
 		log:    slog.Default(),
@@ -68,7 +74,7 @@ func TestSecurityHeaders_PreservesExistingHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 
 	handler := mw.SecurityHeaders()(testHandler)
 
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
 	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, req)

internal/seal/crypto.go

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ func DeriveKey(masterKey []byte, salt string) ([KeySize]byte, error) {
 
 	hkdfReader := hkdf.New(sha256.New, masterKey, []byte(salt), nil)
 
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(hkdfReader, key[:]); err != nil {
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(hkdfReader, key[:])
+	if err != nil {
 		return key, ErrKeyDerivation
 	}
 
@@ -46,7 +47,9 @@ func DeriveKey(masterKey []byte, salt string) ([KeySize]byte, error) {
 func Encrypt(key [KeySize]byte, plaintext []byte) (string, error) {
 	// Generate random nonce
 	var nonce [NonceSize]byte
-	if _, err := rand.Read(nonce[:]); err != nil {
+
+	_, err := rand.Read(nonce[:])
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 

internal/seal/crypto_test.go

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
-package seal
+package seal_test
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/seal"
 )
 
 func TestDeriveKey_Consistent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	masterKey := []byte("test-master-key-12345")
 	salt := "test-salt-v1"
 
-	key1, err := DeriveKey(masterKey, salt)
+	key1, err := seal.DeriveKey(masterKey, salt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	key2, err := DeriveKey(masterKey, salt)
+	key2, err := seal.DeriveKey(masterKey, salt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -25,14 +30,16 @@ func TestDeriveKey_Consistent(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDeriveKey_DifferentSalts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	masterKey := []byte("test-master-key-12345")
 
-	key1, err := DeriveKey(masterKey, "salt-1")
+	key1, err := seal.DeriveKey(masterKey, "salt-1")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	key2, err := DeriveKey(masterKey, "salt-2")
+	key2, err := seal.DeriveKey(masterKey, "salt-2")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -43,14 +50,16 @@ func TestDeriveKey_DifferentSalts(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDeriveKey_DifferentMasterKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	salt := "test-salt"
 
-	key1, err := DeriveKey([]byte("master-key-1"), salt)
+	key1, err := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("master-key-1"), salt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	key2, err := DeriveKey([]byte("master-key-2"), salt)
+	key2, err := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("master-key-2"), salt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -61,19 +70,21 @@ func TestDeriveKey_DifferentMasterKeys(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestEncryptDecrypt_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
-	key, err := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key, err := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeriveKey() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	plaintext := []byte("hello, world! this is a test message.")
 
-	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext)
+	ciphertext, err := seal.Encrypt(key, plaintext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Encrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	decrypted, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext)
+	decrypted, err := seal.Decrypt(key, ciphertext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Decrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -84,15 +95,17 @@ func TestEncryptDecrypt_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestEncryptDecrypt_EmptyPlaintext(t *testing.T) {
-	key, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
 	plaintext := []byte{}
 
-	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext)
+	ciphertext, err := seal.Encrypt(key, plaintext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Encrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	decrypted, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext)
+	decrypted, err := seal.Decrypt(key, ciphertext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Decrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -103,31 +116,35 @@ func TestEncryptDecrypt_EmptyPlaintext(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDecrypt_WrongKey(t *testing.T) {
-	key1, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("key-1"), "salt")
+	t.Parallel()
-	key2, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("key-2"), "salt")
+
+	key1, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("key-1"), "salt")
+	key2, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("key-2"), "salt")
 
 	plaintext := []byte("secret message")
 
-	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key1, plaintext)
+	ciphertext, err := seal.Encrypt(key1, plaintext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Encrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = Decrypt(key2, ciphertext)
+	_, err = seal.Decrypt(key2, ciphertext)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("Decrypt() should fail with wrong key")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrDecryptionFailed {
+	if !errors.Is(err, seal.ErrDecryptionFailed) {
-		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrDecryptionFailed)
+		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, seal.ErrDecryptionFailed)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDecrypt_TamperedCiphertext(t *testing.T) {
-	key, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
 	plaintext := []byte("secret message")
 
-	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext)
+	ciphertext, err := seal.Encrypt(key, plaintext)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Encrypt() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -138,45 +155,51 @@ func TestDecrypt_TamperedCiphertext(t *testing.T) {
 		tampered[10] ^= 0x01
 	}
 
-	_, err = Decrypt(key, string(tampered))
+	_, err = seal.Decrypt(key, string(tampered))
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("Decrypt() should fail with tampered ciphertext")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDecrypt_InvalidBase64(t *testing.T) {
-	key, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	_, err := Decrypt(key, "not-valid-base64!!!")
+	key, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+
+	_, err := seal.Decrypt(key, "not-valid-base64!!!")
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("Decrypt() should fail with invalid base64")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrInvalidPayload {
+	if !errors.Is(err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload) {
-		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrInvalidPayload)
+		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDecrypt_TooShort(t *testing.T) {
-	key, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
 
 	// Create a base64 string that's too short to contain nonce + auth tag
-	_, err := Decrypt(key, "dG9vLXNob3J0")
+	_, err := seal.Decrypt(key, "dG9vLXNob3J0")
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("Decrypt() should fail with too-short ciphertext")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrInvalidPayload {
+	if !errors.Is(err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload) {
-		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrInvalidPayload)
+		t.Errorf("Decrypt() error = %v, want %v", err, seal.ErrInvalidPayload)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestEncrypt_ProducesDifferentCiphertexts(t *testing.T) {
-	key, _ := DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key, _ := seal.DeriveKey([]byte("test-key"), "test-salt")
 	plaintext := []byte("same message")
 
-	ciphertext1, _ := Encrypt(key, plaintext)
+	ciphertext1, _ := seal.Encrypt(key, plaintext)
-	ciphertext2, _ := Encrypt(key, plaintext)
+	ciphertext2, _ := seal.Encrypt(key, plaintext)
 
 	if ciphertext1 == ciphertext2 {
 		t.Error("Encrypt() should produce different ciphertexts due to random nonce")

internal/server/http.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package server
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
@@ -26,8 +27,11 @@ func (s *Server) serveUntilShutdown() {
 	s.SetupRoutes()
 
 	s.log.Info("http begin listen", "listenaddr", listenAddr)
-	if err := s.httpServer.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+
+	err := s.httpServer.ListenAndServe()
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
 		s.log.Error("listen error", "error", err)
+
 		if s.cancelFunc != nil {
 			s.cancelFunc()
 		}

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 	s.router.Head("/v1/image/*", s.h.HandleImage())
 
 	// Encrypted image URL route
-	// The trailing filename (e.g., /img.jpg) is ignored but helps browsers with content type
+	// The trailing filename (e.g., /img.jpg) is ignored but helps
+	// browsers with content type
 	s.router.Get("/v1/e/{token}/*", s.h.HandleImageEnc())
 
 	// Metrics endpoint with auth

internal/server/server.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const (
 // Params defines dependencies for Server.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
+
 	Logger     *logger.Logger
 	Globals    *globals.Globals
 	Config     *config.Config
@@ -47,7 +48,6 @@ type Server struct {
 	startupTime   time.Time
 	exitCode      int
 	sentryEnabled bool
-	ctx           context.Context
 	cancelFunc    context.CancelFunc
 	httpServer    *http.Server
 	router        *chi.Mux
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Server, error) {
 	}
 
 	lc.Append(fx.Hook{
-		OnStart: func(_ context.Context) error {
+		OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
 			s.startupTime = time.Now()
-			go s.Run()
+			go s.Run(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
 
 			return nil
 		},
@@ -83,9 +83,14 @@ func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Server, error) {
 }
 
 // Run starts the server.
-func (s *Server) Run() {
+func (s *Server) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 	s.enableSentry()
-	s.serve()
+	s.serve(ctx)
+}
+
+// MaintenanceMode returns whether maintenance mode is enabled.
+func (s *Server) MaintenanceMode() bool {
+	return s.config.MaintenanceMode
 }
 
 func (s *Server) enableSentry() {
@@ -103,19 +108,24 @@ func (s *Server) enableSentry() {
 		s.log.Error("sentry init failure", "error", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
+
 	s.log.Info("sentry error reporting activated")
 	s.sentryEnabled = true
 }
 
-func (s *Server) serve() int {
+func (s *Server) serve(ctx context.Context) int {
-	s.ctx, s.cancelFunc = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	ctx, cancelFunc := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	s.cancelFunc = cancelFunc
 
 	go func() {
 		c := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+
 		signal.Ignore(syscall.SIGPIPE)
 		signal.Notify(c, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
 		sig := <-c
 		s.log.Info("signal received", "signal", sig)
+
 		if s.cancelFunc != nil {
 			s.cancelFunc()
 		}
@@ -123,19 +133,22 @@ func (s *Server) serve() int {
 
 	go s.serveUntilShutdown()
 
-	<-s.ctx.Done()
+	<-ctx.Done()
-	s.cleanShutdown()
+	s.cleanShutdown(ctx)
 
 	return s.exitCode
 }
 
-func (s *Server) cleanShutdown() {
+func (s *Server) cleanShutdown(ctx context.Context) {
 	s.exitCode = 0
-	ctxShutdown, shutdownCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), ShutdownTimeout)
+
+	ctxShutdown, shutdownCancel := context.WithTimeout(
+		context.WithoutCancel(ctx), ShutdownTimeout)
 	defer shutdownCancel()
 
 	if s.httpServer != nil {
-		if err := s.httpServer.Shutdown(ctxShutdown); err != nil {
+		err := s.httpServer.Shutdown(ctxShutdown)
+		if err != nil {
 			s.log.Error("server clean shutdown failed", "error", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -144,8 +157,3 @@ func (s *Server) cleanShutdown() {
 		sentry.Flush(SentryFlushTimeout)
 	}
 }
-
-// MaintenanceMode returns whether maintenance mode is enabled.
-func (s *Server) MaintenanceMode() bool {
-	return s.config.MaintenanceMode
-}

internal/session/session.go

@@ -36,14 +36,16 @@ type Data struct {
 
 // Manager handles session creation and validation using encrypted cookies.
 type Manager struct {
-	sc       *securecookie.SecureCookie
+	sc *securecookie.SecureCookie
-	secure   bool // Set Secure flag on cookies (should be true in production)
-	sameSite http.SameSite
 }
 
 // NewManager creates a session manager with keys derived from the signing key.
-// Set secure=true in production to require HTTPS for cookies.
+//
-func NewManager(signingKey string, secure bool) (*Manager, error) {
+// Session cookies always carry the Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite=Strict
+// attributes; this cannot be configured. Browsers treat http://localhost as a
+// trustworthy origin and accept Secure cookies there, so local development
+// keeps working.
+func NewManager(signingKey string) (*Manager, error) {
 	masterKey := []byte(signingKey)
 
 	// Derive separate keys for HMAC (hash) and encryption (block)
@@ -61,9 +63,7 @@ func NewManager(signingKey string, secure bool) (*Manager, error) {
 	sc.MaxAge(int(SessionTTL.Seconds()))
 
 	return &Manager{
-		sc:       sc,
+		sc: sc,
-		secure:   secure,
-		sameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateSession(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 		Path:     "/",
 		MaxAge:   int(SessionTTL.Seconds()),
 		HttpOnly: true,
-		Secure:   m.secure,
+		Secure:   true,
-		SameSite: m.sameSite,
+		SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
 	})
 
 	return nil
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ func (m *Manager) ValidateSession(r *http.Request) (*Data, error) {
 	}
 
 	var data Data
-	if err := m.sc.Decode(CookieName, cookie.Value, &data); err != nil {
+
+	err = m.sc.Decode(CookieName, cookie.Value, &data)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrInvalidSession
 	}
 
@@ -131,8 +133,8 @@ func (m *Manager) ClearSession(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		Path:     "/",
 		MaxAge:   -1, // Delete immediately
 		HttpOnly: true,
-		Secure:   m.secure,
+		Secure:   true,
-		SameSite: m.sameSite,
+		SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
 	})
 }
 

internal/session/session_cookie_attributes_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package session_test
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/session"
+)
+
+// TestSessionCookieAttributesAlwaysSecure verifies that every cookie
+// emitted by the session manager carries HttpOnly, Secure, and a
+// SameSite mode of Lax or stricter. Session cookies contain the
+// authentication state and must never be exposed to script (HttpOnly),
+// sent over plaintext HTTP (Secure), or attached to cross-site
+// requests (SameSite). Nothing may weaken these attributes.
+//
+// This covers both cookie-writing paths: CreateSession (the login
+// set-cookie path) and ClearSession (the logout delete-cookie path).
+func TestSessionCookieAttributesAlwaysSecure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mgr, err := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewManager() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	writePaths := []struct {
+		name      string
+		setCookie func(t *testing.T, w http.ResponseWriter)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "CreateSession",
+			setCookie: func(t *testing.T, w http.ResponseWriter) {
+				t.Helper()
+
+				err := mgr.CreateSession(w)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("CreateSession() error = %v", err)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ClearSession",
+			setCookie: func(t *testing.T, w http.ResponseWriter) {
+				t.Helper()
+				mgr.ClearSession(w)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, writePath := range writePaths {
+		t.Run(writePath.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			writePath.setCookie(t, w)
+
+			var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
+			for _, c := range w.Result().Cookies() {
+				if c.Name == session.CookieName {
+					sessionCookie = c
+
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			if sessionCookie == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("no cookie named %q was set", session.CookieName)
+			}
+
+			t.Logf("cookie attributes: HttpOnly=%v Secure=%v SameSite=%v",
+				sessionCookie.HttpOnly, sessionCookie.Secure, sessionCookie.SameSite)
+
+			if !sessionCookie.HttpOnly {
+				t.Error("session cookie must have HttpOnly set")
+			}
+
+			if !sessionCookie.Secure {
+				t.Error("session cookie must have Secure set")
+			}
+
+			if sessionCookie.SameSite != http.SameSiteLaxMode &&
+				sessionCookie.SameSite != http.SameSiteStrictMode {
+				t.Errorf("session cookie SameSite = %v, want Lax (%v) or Strict (%v)",
+					sessionCookie.SameSite, http.SameSiteLaxMode, http.SameSiteStrictMode)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/session/session_test.go

@@ -1,45 +1,55 @@
-package session
+package session_test
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/session"
 )
 
 func TestManager_CreateAndValidate(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr, err := NewManager("test-signing-key-12345", false)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mgr, err := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewManager() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Create a session
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	if err := mgr.CreateSession(w); err != nil {
+
+	err = mgr.CreateSession(w)
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateSession() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Extract the cookie from response
 	resp := w.Result()
+
 	cookies := resp.Cookies()
 	if len(cookies) == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("CreateSession() did not set a cookie")
 	}
 
 	var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
 	for _, c := range cookies {
-		if c.Name == CookieName {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
 			sessionCookie = c
+
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
 	if sessionCookie == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("CreateSession() did not set cookie named %q", CookieName)
+		t.Fatalf("CreateSession() did not set cookie named %q", session.CookieName)
 	}
 
 	// Validate the session
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(sessionCookie)
 
 	data, err := mgr.ValidateSession(req)
@@ -57,27 +67,34 @@ func TestManager_CreateAndValidate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_ValidateSession_NoCookie(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr, _ := NewManager("test-signing-key-12345", false)
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	mgr, _ := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 
 	_, err := mgr.ValidateSession(req)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("ValidateSession() should fail with no cookie")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrNoSession {
+	if !errors.Is(err, session.ErrNoSession) {
-		t.Errorf("ValidateSession() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrNoSession)
+		t.Errorf("ValidateSession() error = %v, want %v", err, session.ErrNoSession)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestManager_ValidateSession_TamperedCookie(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr, _ := NewManager("test-signing-key-12345", false)
+	t.Parallel()
 
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	mgr, _ := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{
-		Name:  CookieName,
+		Name:     session.CookieName,
-		Value: "tampered-invalid-cookie-value",
+		Value:    "tampered-invalid-cookie-value",
+		Secure:   true,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+		SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
 	})
 
 	_, err := mgr.ValidateSession(req)
@@ -85,30 +102,35 @@ func TestManager_ValidateSession_TamperedCookie(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("ValidateSession() should fail with tampered cookie")
 	}
 
-	if err != ErrInvalidSession {
+	if !errors.Is(err, session.ErrInvalidSession) {
-		t.Errorf("ValidateSession() error = %v, want %v", err, ErrInvalidSession)
+		t.Errorf("ValidateSession() error = %v, want %v", err, session.ErrInvalidSession)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestManager_ValidateSession_WrongKey(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr1, _ := NewManager("signing-key-1", false)
+	t.Parallel()
-	mgr2, _ := NewManager("signing-key-2", false)
+
+	mgr1, _ := session.NewManager("signing-key-1")
+	mgr2, _ := session.NewManager("signing-key-2")
 
 	// Create session with mgr1
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	_ = mgr1.CreateSession(w)
 
 	resp := w.Result()
+
 	var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
 	for _, c := range resp.Cookies() {
-		if c.Name == CookieName {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
 			sessionCookie = c
+
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Try to validate with mgr2 (different key)
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(sessionCookie)
 
 	_, err := mgr2.ValidateSession(req)
@@ -118,7 +140,9 @@ func TestManager_ValidateSession_WrongKey(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_ClearSession(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr, _ := NewManager("test-signing-key-12345", false)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mgr, _ := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	mgr.ClearSession(w)
@@ -127,9 +151,11 @@ func TestManager_ClearSession(t *testing.T) {
 	cookies := resp.Cookies()
 
 	var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
 	for _, c := range cookies {
-		if c.Name == CookieName {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
 			sessionCookie = c
+
 			break
 		}
 	}
@@ -144,10 +170,12 @@ func TestManager_ClearSession(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_IsAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
-	mgr, _ := NewManager("test-signing-key-12345", false)
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mgr, _ := session.NewManager("test-signing-key-12345")
 
 	// No session - should return false
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	if mgr.IsAuthenticated(req) {
 		t.Error("IsAuthenticated() should return false with no session")
 	}
@@ -157,16 +185,19 @@ func TestManager_IsAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
 	_ = mgr.CreateSession(w)
 
 	resp := w.Result()
+
 	var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
 	for _, c := range resp.Cookies() {
-		if c.Name == CookieName {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
 			sessionCookie = c
+
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
 	// With valid session - should return true
-	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req = httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(sessionCookie)
 
 	if !mgr.IsAuthenticated(req) {
@@ -175,17 +206,21 @@ func TestManager_IsAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_CookieAttributes(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test with secure=true
+	t.Parallel()
-	mgr, _ := NewManager("test-key", true)
+
+	mgr, _ := session.NewManager("test-key")
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	_ = mgr.CreateSession(w)
 
 	resp := w.Result()
+
 	var sessionCookie *http.Cookie
+
 	for _, c := range resp.Cookies() {
-		if c.Name == CookieName {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
 			sessionCookie = c
+
 			break
 		}
 	}
@@ -199,6 +234,7 @@ func TestManager_CookieAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	if sessionCookie.SameSite != http.SameSiteStrictMode {
-		t.Errorf("Cookie SameSite = %v, want %v", sessionCookie.SameSite, http.SameSiteStrictMode)
+		t.Errorf("Cookie SameSite = %v, want %v",
+			sessionCookie.SameSite, http.SameSiteStrictMode)
 	}
 }

internal/signature/golden_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package signature_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
+)
+
+// goldenExpiresUnix is the fixed expiration timestamp used by all golden
+// vectors: 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z.
+const goldenExpiresUnix int64 = 1704067200
+
+// goldenSigningKey is the fixed signing key used by all golden vectors.
+const goldenSigningKey = "golden-test-key"
+
+type goldenVector struct {
+	name string
+	req  signature.Request
+	// wantSignature is the exact base64url (RFC 4648 URL-safe,
+	// padded) HMAC-SHA256 signature for the request with Expires
+	// set to goldenExpiresUnix.
+	wantSignature string
+	// wantSignedPath is the exact path returned by
+	// GenerateSignedURL for the request. The signature and
+	// expiration are returned separately by GenerateSignedURL and
+	// are not embedded in the path.
+	wantSignedPath string
+}
+
+// goldenVectors returns the known-answer vectors. The expected values
+// were computed once and are hardcoded here.
+func goldenVectors() []goldenVector {
+	return []goldenVector{
+		{
+			name: "resized without query",
+			req: signature.Request{
+				SourceHost:  testHost,
+				SourcePath:  testPath,
+				SourceQuery: "",
+				Width:       800,
+				Height:      600,
+				Format:      testFormatWebP,
+			},
+			// Signed data: "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200"
+			wantSignature:  "x5PfPp8QSDo0cJT96od-AEgrQyOVLfqifH5sst61_-w=",
+			wantSignedPath: testSignedPath,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "resized with query string",
+			req: signature.Request{
+				SourceHost:  testHost,
+				SourcePath:  testPath,
+				SourceQuery: "token=abc&v=2",
+				Width:       800,
+				Height:      600,
+				Format:      testFormatWebP,
+			},
+			// Signed data:
+			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg:token=abc&v=2:800:600:webp:1704067200"
+			wantSignature: "394_Vf9TdQFkpQ3XKFDQSyxgqKq8N7mApf2S4QaHqyo=",
+			wantSignedPath: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg" +
+				"%3Ftoken=abc&v=2/800x600.webp",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "original size without query",
+			req: signature.Request{
+				SourceHost:  testHost,
+				SourcePath:  testPath,
+				SourceQuery: "",
+				Width:       0,
+				Height:      0,
+				Format:      testFormatPNG,
+			},
+			// Signed data: "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::0:0:png:1704067200"
+			wantSignature:  "7Be7oteeQwvnSPU4bchyQ4ZGYGsAGBKpeEtuQ02ox60=",
+			wantSignedPath: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.png",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSigner_GoldenVectors pins the exact HMAC-SHA256 signature output and
+// the exact generated signed URL path for fully-specified requests with a
+// hardcoded signing key.
+//
+// If any of these assertions fail, the signed byte format
+// ("host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration"), the base64url
+// encoding, or the signed URL layout has changed. Such a change breaks
+// every signature already issued to clients, so it must be made
+// deliberately: update these constants only as part of an intentional,
+// documented signature format migration.
+func TestSigner_GoldenVectors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New(goldenSigningKey)
+
+	for _, tt := range goldenVectors() {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			signReq := tt.req
+			signReq.Expires = time.Unix(goldenExpiresUnix, 0)
+
+			gotSignature := signer.Sign(&signReq)
+			if gotSignature != tt.wantSignature {
+				t.Errorf("Sign() = %q, want %q (signed byte format changed?)",
+					gotSignature, tt.wantSignature)
+			}
+
+			urlReq := tt.req
+
+			gotPath, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(&urlReq, time.Hour)
+			if gotPath != tt.wantSignedPath {
+				t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q (layout changed?)",
+					gotPath, tt.wantSignedPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/signature/signature.go

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Package signature provides HMAC-SHA256 signing and verification of image
+// requests.
+package signature
+
+import (
+	"crypto/hmac"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Signature errors.
+var (
+	ErrRequired          = errors.New("signature required for non-allowlisted host")
+	ErrInvalid           = errors.New("invalid signature")
+	ErrExpired           = errors.New("signature has expired")
+	ErrMissingExpiration = errors.New("signature expiration is required")
+)
+
+// Request carries the components an image request signature covers. It is a
+// standalone type so that this package does not depend on imgcache, keeping
+// the import edge one-way (imgcache depends on signature, never the reverse).
+type Request struct {
+	// SourceHost is the origin host (e.g. "cdn.example.com").
+	SourceHost string
+	// SourcePath is the path on the origin (e.g. "/photos/cat.jpg").
+	SourcePath string
+	// SourceQuery is the optional query string for the origin URL.
+	SourceQuery string
+	// Width is the requested output width in pixels.
+	Width int
+	// Height is the requested output height in pixels.
+	Height int
+	// Format is the requested output format (e.g. "webp").
+	Format string
+	// Signature is the HMAC signature to verify.
+	Signature string
+	// Expires is the signature expiration timestamp.
+	Expires time.Time
+}
+
+// Signer handles HMAC-SHA256 signature generation and verification.
+type Signer struct {
+	secretKey []byte
+}
+
+// New creates a new Signer with the given secret key.
+func New(secretKey string) *Signer {
+	return &Signer{
+		secretKey: []byte(secretKey),
+	}
+}
+
+// Sign generates an HMAC-SHA256 signature for the given request.
+// The signature covers: host + path + query + width + height + format + expiration.
+func (s *Signer) Sign(req *Request) string {
+	data := s.buildSignatureData(req)
+	mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, s.secretKey)
+	mac.Write([]byte(data))
+	sig := mac.Sum(nil)
+
+	return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(sig)
+}
+
+// Verify checks if the signature on the request is valid and not expired.
+// Signatures are exact-match only: every component of the signed data
+// (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration) must match exactly.
+// No suffix matching, wildcard matching, or partial matching is supported.
+// A signature for "cdn.example.com" will NOT verify for "example.com" or
+// "other.cdn.example.com", and vice versa.
+func (s *Signer) Verify(req *Request) error {
+	// Check expiration first
+	if req.Expires.IsZero() {
+		return ErrMissingExpiration
+	}
+
+	if time.Now().After(req.Expires) {
+		return ErrExpired
+	}
+
+	// Compute expected signature
+	expected := s.Sign(req)
+
+	// Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
+	if !hmac.Equal([]byte(req.Signature), []byte(expected)) {
+		return ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GenerateSignedURL creates a complete URL with signature and expiration.
+// Returns the path portion that should be appended to the base URL.
+func (s *Signer) GenerateSignedURL(
+	req *Request, ttl time.Duration,
+) (string, string, int64) {
+	// Set expiration
+	req.Expires = time.Now().Add(ttl)
+	exp := req.Expires.Unix()
+
+	// Generate signature
+	sig := s.Sign(req)
+	req.Signature = sig
+
+	// Build the size component
+	var sizeStr string
+	if req.Width == 0 && req.Height == 0 {
+		sizeStr = "orig"
+	} else {
+		sizeStr = fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", req.Width, req.Height)
+	}
+
+	// Build the path.
+	// When a source query is present, it is embedded as a path segment
+	// (e.g. /host/path?query/size.fmt) so that the URL parser can extract
+	// it from the last-slash split. The "?" inside a path segment is
+	// percent-encoded by clients but chi delivers it decoded, which is
+	// exactly what the URL parser expects.
+	var path string
+	if req.SourceQuery != "" {
+		path = fmt.Sprintf("/v1/image/%s%s%%3F%s/%s.%s",
+			req.SourceHost,
+			req.SourcePath,
+			url.PathEscape(req.SourceQuery),
+			sizeStr,
+			req.Format,
+		)
+	} else {
+		path = fmt.Sprintf("/v1/image/%s%s/%s.%s",
+			req.SourceHost,
+			req.SourcePath,
+			sizeStr,
+			req.Format,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return path, sig, exp
+}
+
+// buildSignatureData creates the string to be signed.
+// Format: "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration"
+// All components are used verbatim (exact match). No normalization,
+// suffix matching, or wildcard expansion is performed.
+func (s *Signer) buildSignatureData(req *Request) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%d:%d:%s:%d",
+		req.SourceHost,
+		req.SourcePath,
+		req.SourceQuery,
+		req.Width,
+		req.Height,
+		req.Format,
+		req.Expires.Unix(),
+	)
+}
+
+// ParseParams extracts signature and expiration from query parameters.
+func ParseParams(sig, expStr string) (string, time.Time, error) {
+	if expStr == "" {
+		return sig, time.Time{}, nil
+	}
+
+	expUnix, err := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid expiration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return sig, time.Unix(expUnix, 0), nil
+}

internal/signature/signature_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+package signature_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
+)
+
+// Shared fixture values used across the signature tests.
+const (
+	testHost       = "cdn.example.com"
+	testPath       = "/photos/cat.jpg"
+	testFormatWebP = "webp"
+	testFormatPNG  = "png"
+	testSignedPath = "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp"
+	testSig        = "abc123"
+)
+
+func TestSigner_Sign(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost:  testHost,
+		SourcePath:  testPath,
+		SourceQuery: "",
+		Width:       800,
+		Height:      600,
+		Format:      testFormatWebP,
+		Expires:     time.Unix(1704067200, 0), // Fixed timestamp for reproducibility
+	}
+
+	sig1 := signer.Sign(req)
+	sig2 := signer.Sign(req)
+
+	// Same input should produce same signature
+	if sig1 != sig2 {
+		t.Errorf("Sign() produced different signatures for same input: %q vs %q",
+			sig1, sig2)
+	}
+
+	// Signature should be non-empty
+	if sig1 == "" {
+		t.Error("Sign() produced empty signature")
+	}
+
+	// Different input should produce different signature
+	req2 := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost:  testHost,
+		SourcePath:  "/photos/dog.jpg", // Different path
+		SourceQuery: "",
+		Width:       800,
+		Height:      600,
+		Format:      testFormatWebP,
+		Expires:     time.Unix(1704067200, 0),
+	}
+
+	sig3 := signer.Sign(req2)
+	if sig1 == sig3 {
+		t.Error("Sign() produced same signature for different input")
+	}
+}
+
+// validVerifyRequest returns a fully-populated request that verifies
+// successfully once signed.
+func validVerifyRequest() *signature.Request {
+	return &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: testHost,
+		SourcePath: testPath,
+		Width:      800,
+		Height:     600,
+		Format:     testFormatWebP,
+		Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
+	}
+}
+
+type verifyCase struct {
+	name    string
+	setup   func() *signature.Request
+	wantErr error
+}
+
+func verifyCases(signer *signature.Signer) []verifyCase {
+	return []verifyCase{
+		{
+			name: "valid signature",
+			setup: func() *signature.Request {
+				req := validVerifyRequest()
+				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+
+				return req
+			},
+			wantErr: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "expired signature",
+			setup: func() *signature.Request {
+				req := validVerifyRequest()
+				req.Expires = time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+
+				return req
+			},
+			wantErr: signature.ErrExpired,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid signature",
+			setup: func() *signature.Request {
+				req := validVerifyRequest()
+				req.Signature = "invalid-signature"
+
+				return req
+			},
+			wantErr: signature.ErrInvalid,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing expiration",
+			setup: func() *signature.Request {
+				req := validVerifyRequest()
+				req.Expires = time.Time{}
+				req.Signature = "some-signature"
+
+				return req
+			},
+			wantErr: signature.ErrMissingExpiration,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "tampered request",
+			setup: func() *signature.Request {
+				req := validVerifyRequest()
+				req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+				req.SourcePath = "/photos/secret.jpg"
+
+				return req
+			},
+			wantErr: signature.ErrInvalid,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSigner_Verify(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	for _, tt := range verifyCases(signer) {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			req := tt.setup()
+			err := signer.Verify(req)
+
+			if tt.wantErr == nil {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Verify() unexpected error = %v", err)
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Errorf("Verify() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type tamperCase struct {
+	name   string
+	tamper func(r *signature.Request)
+}
+
+// exactMatchTamperCases mutates one signed component per case; every
+// mutation must cause verification to fail with ErrInvalid.
+func exactMatchTamperCases() []tamperCase {
+	return []tamperCase{
+		{
+			name:   "parent domain does not match subdomain",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceHost = "example.com" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "subdomain does not match parent domain",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceHost = "images.cdn.example.com" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "sibling subdomain does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceHost = "images.example.com" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "host with suffix appended does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceHost = testHost + ".evil.com" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "host with prefix does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceHost = "evilcdn.example.com" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different path does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourcePath = "/photos/dog.jpg" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "path suffix does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourcePath = testPath + "/extra" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "path prefix does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourcePath = "/other" + testPath },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different query does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceQuery = "token=xyz" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "added query does not match empty query",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceQuery = "extra=1" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "removed query does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.SourceQuery = "" },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different width does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.Width = 801 },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different height does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.Height = 601 },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different format does not match",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.Format = testFormatPNG },
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSigner_Verify_ExactMatchOnly verifies that signatures enforce exact
+// matching on every URL component. No suffix matching, wildcard matching,
+// or partial matching is supported.
+func TestSigner_Verify_ExactMatchOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	// Base request that we'll sign, then tamper with individual fields.
+	baseReq := func() *signature.Request {
+		req := &signature.Request{
+			SourceHost:  testHost,
+			SourcePath:  testPath,
+			SourceQuery: "token=abc",
+			Width:       800,
+			Height:      600,
+			Format:      testFormatWebP,
+			Expires:     time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
+		}
+		req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+
+		return req
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range exactMatchTamperCases() {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			req := baseReq()
+			tt.tamper(req)
+
+			err := signer.Verify(req)
+			if !errors.Is(err, signature.ErrInvalid) {
+				t.Errorf("Verify() = %v, want %v", err, signature.ErrInvalid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Verify the unmodified base request still passes
+	t.Run("unmodified request passes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		req := baseReq()
+
+		err := signer.Verify(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Verify() unmodified request failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestSigner_Sign_ExactHostInData verifies that Sign uses the exact host
+// string in the signature data, producing different signatures for
+// suffix-related hosts.
+func TestSigner_Sign_ExactHostInData(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	hosts := []string{
+		testHost,
+		"example.com",
+		"images.example.com",
+		"images.cdn.example.com",
+		"cdn.example.com.evil.com",
+	}
+
+	sigs := make(map[string]string)
+
+	for _, host := range hosts {
+		req := &signature.Request{
+			SourceHost:  host,
+			SourcePath:  testPath,
+			SourceQuery: "",
+			Width:       800,
+			Height:      600,
+			Format:      testFormatWebP,
+			Expires:     time.Unix(1704067200, 0),
+		}
+
+		sig := signer.Sign(req)
+		if existing, ok := sigs[sig]; ok {
+			t.Errorf("hosts %q and %q produced the same signature", existing, host)
+		}
+
+		sigs[sig] = host
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSigner_DifferentKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer1 := signature.New("secret-key-1")
+	signer2 := signature.New("secret-key-2")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: testHost,
+		SourcePath: testPath,
+		Width:      800,
+		Height:     600,
+		Format:     testFormatWebP,
+		Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
+	}
+
+	// Sign with key 1
+	req.Signature = signer1.Sign(req)
+
+	// Verify with key 1 should succeed
+	err := signer1.Verify(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Verify() with same key failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify with key 2 should fail
+	err = signer2.Verify(req)
+	if !errors.Is(err, signature.ErrInvalid) {
+		t.Errorf("Verify() with different key should fail, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSignedURL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost:  testHost,
+		SourcePath:  testPath,
+		SourceQuery: "",
+		Width:       800,
+		Height:      600,
+		Format:      testFormatWebP,
+	}
+
+	ttl := 1 * time.Hour
+	path, sig, exp := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, ttl)
+
+	// Path should be correct format
+	if path != testSignedPath {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, testSignedPath)
+	}
+
+	// Signature should be non-empty
+	if sig == "" {
+		t.Error("GenerateSignedURL() produced empty signature")
+	}
+
+	// Expiration should be approximately now + TTL
+	expTime := time.Unix(exp, 0)
+
+	expectedExp := time.Now().Add(ttl)
+	if expTime.Sub(expectedExp) > time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() exp time off by too much")
+	}
+
+	// Request should have been updated with signature and expiration
+	if req.Signature != sig {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() didn't update request signature")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSignedURL_OrigSize(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: testHost,
+		SourcePath: testPath,
+		Width:      0, // Original size
+		Height:     0,
+		Format:     testFormatPNG,
+	}
+
+	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
+
+	expectedPath := "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.png"
+	if path != expectedPath {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, expectedPath)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSignedURL_WithQueryString(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key-for-testing!")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost:  testHost,
+		SourcePath:  testPath,
+		SourceQuery: "token=abc&v=2",
+		Width:       800,
+		Height:      600,
+		Format:      testFormatWebP,
+	}
+
+	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
+
+	// The path must NOT contain a bare "?" that would be interpreted as
+	// a query string delimiter. The size segment must appear as the last
+	// path component.
+	if strings.Contains(path, "?token=abc") {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() produced bare query string in path: %q", path)
+	}
+
+	// The size segment must be present in the path
+	if !strings.Contains(path, "/800x600.webp") {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() missing size segment in path: %q", path)
+	}
+
+	// Path should end with the size.format, not with query params
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(path, "/800x600.webp") {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path should end with size.format: %q", path)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSignedURL_WithoutQueryString(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key-for-testing!")
+
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: testHost,
+		SourcePath: testPath,
+		Width:      800,
+		Height:     600,
+		Format:     testFormatWebP,
+	}
+
+	path, _, _ := signer.GenerateSignedURL(req, time.Hour)
+
+	if path != testSignedPath {
+		t.Errorf("GenerateSignedURL() path = %q, want %q", path, testSignedPath)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseParams(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sig       string
+		expStr    string
+		wantSig   string
+		wantErr   bool
+		checkTime bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "valid params",
+			sig:     testSig,
+			expStr:  "1704067200",
+			wantSig: testSig,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty expiration",
+			sig:     testSig,
+			expStr:  "",
+			wantSig: testSig,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid expiration",
+			sig:     testSig,
+			expStr:  "not-a-number",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			sig, exp, err := signature.ParseParams(tt.sig, tt.expStr)
+
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Error("ParseParams() expected error, got nil")
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("ParseParams() unexpected error = %v", err)
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if sig != tt.wantSig {
+				t.Errorf("sig = %q, want %q", sig, tt.wantSig)
+			}
+
+			if tt.expStr != "" && exp.IsZero() {
+				t.Error("exp should not be zero when expStr is provided")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

script/bootstrap

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/bootstrap: install all dependencies needed to build and develop
+# this repo. Idempotent: every install is guarded by a check so already
+# installed tools are skipped. Base tooling comes from nix, apt, brew,
+# or apk (detected in that order); assumes NOTHING is present (not git,
+# make, or go). golangci-lint is packaged in nix, brew, and apk; on apt
+# it is installed from a hash-verified GitHub release archive (never
+# curl | sh). CGO image libraries (pkg-config, vips, libheif) are
+# installed for the govips bindings.
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+# Pinned versions, 2026-08-07. Never "latest"; exact versions only.
+GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION="2.12.2"
+# sha256 of golangci-lint-2.12.2-linux-<arch>.tar.gz release archives
+GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_AMD64="8df580d2670fed8fa984aac0507099af8df275e665215f5c7a2ae3943893a553"
+GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_ARM64="44cd40a8c76c86755375adfeea52cfd3533cb43d7bd647771e0ae065e166df3a"
+
+PKGMGR=""
+SUDO=""
+
+detect_pkgmgr() {
+    [ -n "$PKGMGR" ] && return 0
+    if command -v nix-env >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        PKGMGR="nix"
+    elif command -v apt-get >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        PKGMGR="apt"
+    elif command -v brew >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        PKGMGR="brew"
+    elif command -v apk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        PKGMGR="apk"
+    else
+        echo "bootstrap: no supported package manager (nix, apt, brew, apk)" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    if [ "$PKGMGR" = "apt" ]; then
+        export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+        if [ "$(id -u)" != "0" ]; then
+            SUDO="sudo"
+        fi
+    fi
+}
+
+# pkg_install <nix-attr> <apt-pkg> <brew-formula> <apk-pkg>
+pkg_install() {
+    detect_pkgmgr
+    case "$PKGMGR" in
+        nix) nix-env -iA "nixpkgs.$1" ;;
+        apt) $SUDO env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y "$2" ;;
+        brew) brew install "$3" ;;
+        apk) apk add --no-cache "$4" ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+missing() {
+    ! command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+# verify_sha256 <file> <expected-hash>
+verify_sha256() {
+    if command -v sha256sum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        actual="$(sha256sum "$1" | cut -d' ' -f1)"
+    else
+        actual="$(shasum -a 256 "$1" | cut -d' ' -f1)"
+    fi
+    if [ "$actual" != "$2" ]; then
+        echo "bootstrap: sha256 mismatch for $1" >&2
+        echo "  expected: $2" >&2
+        echo "  actual:   $actual" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# apt has no golangci-lint package: install a pinned release archive
+# from GitHub, verified by hardcoded sha256 (never curl | sh).
+install_golangci_lint_release() {
+    case "$(uname -m)" in
+        x86_64) goarch="amd64"; sha="$GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_AMD64" ;;
+        aarch64|arm64) goarch="arm64"; sha="$GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_ARM64" ;;
+        *)
+            echo "bootstrap: unsupported architecture $(uname -m)" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+    if missing curl; then pkg_install curl curl curl curl; fi
+    name="golangci-lint-${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION}-linux-${goarch}"
+    tmp="$(mktemp -d)"
+    curl -fsSL -o "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" \
+        "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION}/${name}.tar.gz"
+    verify_sha256 "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" "$sha"
+    tar -xzf "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" -C "$tmp"
+    $SUDO install -m 0755 "$tmp/$name/golangci-lint" /usr/local/bin/golangci-lint
+    rm -rf "$tmp"
+}
+
+ensure_golangci_lint() {
+    if ! missing golangci-lint; then return 0; fi
+    detect_pkgmgr
+    case "$PKGMGR" in
+        apt) install_golangci_lint_release ;;
+        *) pkg_install golangci-lint golangci-lint golangci-lint golangci-lint ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+# CGO dependencies for govips (image processing)
+ensure_cgo_deps() {
+    if missing pkg-config; then
+        pkg_install pkg-config pkg-config pkg-config pkgconfig
+    fi
+    if ! pkg-config --exists vips; then
+        pkg_install vips libvips-dev vips vips-dev
+    fi
+    if ! pkg-config --exists libheif; then
+        pkg_install libheif libheif-dev libheif libheif-dev
+    fi
+}
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+
+    # Base tooling
+    if missing git; then pkg_install git git git git; fi
+    if missing make; then pkg_install gnumake make make make; fi
+
+    # Go toolchain and linter
+    if missing go; then pkg_install go golang go go; fi
+    ensure_golangci_lint
+
+    # CGO image libraries
+    ensure_cgo_deps
+
+    go mod download
+
+    echo "bootstrap complete"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/check

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/check: run all checks (test, lint, fmt-check). Our own
+# extension to scripts-to-rule-them-all. Must not modify any files.
+# Generic: usually needs no adaptation.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/test"
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/lint"
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/fmt-check"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/cibuild

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/cibuild: run the CI build. The Dockerfile runs the checks
+# (make fmt-check, lint, test), so a successful build implies a green
+# repo. Generic: needs no adaptation. The Gitea workflow runs this on
+# push.
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    docker build .
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/docker

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/docker: build the Docker image tagged with the project name.
+# Identical in all repos; the tag comes from script/projectname.
+# Generic: needs no adaptation.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"
+ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    docker build -t "$("$SCRIPT_DIR/projectname")" .
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/fmt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/fmt: format all files (writes).
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    echo "Formatting code..."
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2046 # word splitting of file list is wanted
+    gofmt -w $(find . -name '*.go' -not -path './vendor/*')
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/fmt-check

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/fmt-check: check formatting (read-only). Same scope as
+# script/fmt, but fails instead of writing.
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    echo "Checking formatting..."
+    if [ -n "$(gofmt -l . | grep -v '^vendor/')" ]; then
+        echo "Files need formatting:"
+        gofmt -l . | grep -v '^vendor/'
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/install-precommit

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/install-precommit: install the git pre-commit hook that runs
+# script/precommit. Our own extension to scripts-to-rule-them-all.
+# Generic: needs no adaptation.
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    printf '#!/bin/sh\nset -e\nscript/precommit\n' > .git/hooks/pre-commit
+    chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit
+    echo "pre-commit hook installed: runs script/precommit"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/lint

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/lint: run the linter. CGO dependencies (pkg-config, vips,
+# libheif) come from nix-shell when not already available (e.g. inside
+# a Docker build or an existing nix-shell).
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+run_with_cgo_deps() {
+    if command -v pkg-config >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        sh -c "$1"
+    else
+        nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run "$1"
+    fi
+}
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    echo "Running linter..."
+    run_with_cgo_deps "golangci-lint run"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/precommit

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/precommit: run by the git pre-commit hook; fails the commit if
+# checks fail. Our own extension to scripts-to-rule-them-all. Go repo
+# extras: go mod tidy must not change go.mod/go.sum.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"
+ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    go mod tidy
+    git diff --exit-code -- go.mod go.sum || {
+        echo "precommit: go mod tidy changed go.mod/go.sum;" \
+            "stage the changes and retry" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/check"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/projectname

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/projectname: output the name of this project. Our own
+# extension to scripts-to-rule-them-all. Other scripts that need the
+# name (e.g. script/docker) call this, so they can stay identical
+# across all repos.
+set -eu
+
+main() {
+    echo "pixa"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/setup

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/setup: set up the repo for development after a fresh clone:
+# installs dependencies (script/bootstrap) and the git pre-commit hook.
+# Add any repo-specific initialization (db init, .env template) here.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/bootstrap"
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/install-precommit"
+}
+
+main "$@"

script/test

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/test: run the test suite. CGO dependencies (pkg-config, vips,
+# libheif) come from nix-shell when not already available (e.g. inside
+# a Docker build or an existing nix-shell).
+set -eu
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+run_with_cgo_deps() {
+    if command -v pkg-config >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        sh -c "$1"
+    else
+        nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run "$1"
+    fi
+}
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    echo "Running tests..."
+    run_with_cgo_deps "CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -timeout 30s -v ./..."
+}
+
+main "$@"

scripts/manual-test.sh

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fi
 
 # Test 3: Wrong password shows error
 echo "--- Test 3: Login with wrong password ---"
-WRONG_LOGIN=$(curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "password=wrong-key" -c "$COOKIE_JAR")
+WRONG_LOGIN=$(curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "key=wrong-key" -c "$COOKIE_JAR")
 if echo "$WRONG_LOGIN" | grep -qi "invalid\|error\|incorrect\|wrong"; then
     pass "Wrong password shows error message"
 else
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fi
 
 # Test 4: Correct password redirects to generator
 echo "--- Test 4: Login with correct signing key ---"
-curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "password=$SIGNING_KEY" -c "$COOKIE_JAR" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" -L -o /dev/null
+curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "key=$SIGNING_KEY" -c "$COOKIE_JAR" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" -L -o /dev/null
 GENERATOR_PAGE=$(curl -sf "$BASE_URL/" -b "$COOKIE_JAR")
 if echo "$GENERATOR_PAGE" | grep -qi "generate\|url\|source\|logout"; then
     pass "Correct password shows generator page"
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ fi
 # Test 5: Generate encrypted URL
 echo "--- Test 5: Generate encrypted URL ---"
 GEN_RESULT=$(curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/generate" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" \
-    -d "source_url=$TEST_IMAGE_URL" \
+    -d "url=$TEST_IMAGE_URL" \
     -d "width=800" \
     -d "height=600" \
     -d "format=jpeg" \
     -d "quality=85" \
-    -d "fit_mode=cover" \
+    -d "fit=cover" \
     -d "ttl=3600")
 if echo "$GEN_RESULT" | grep -q "/v1/e/"; then
     pass "Encrypted URL generated"
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ else
     fail "No encrypted URL to test"
 fi
 
-# Test 7: Fetch image via whitelisted host (direct proxy)
+# Test 7: Fetch image via allowlisted host (direct proxy)
-echo "--- Test 7: Fetch image via direct proxy (whitelisted host) ---"
+echo "--- Test 7: Fetch image via direct proxy (allowlisted host) ---"
 # URL format: /v1/image/<host>/<path>/<WxH>.<format>
 PROXY_PATH="/v1/image/s3.sneak.cloud/sneak-public/2021/2021-04-18.untitled.a7r4.07723.jpg/400x300.jpeg"
 HTTP_CODE=$(curl -sf -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "$BASE_URL$PROXY_PATH")
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ fi
 # Test 9: Generate short-TTL URL and verify expiration
 echo "--- Test 9: Expired URL returns 410 ---"
 # Login again
-curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "password=$SIGNING_KEY" -c "$COOKIE_JAR" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" -L -o /dev/null
+curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/" -d "key=$SIGNING_KEY" -c "$COOKIE_JAR" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" -L -o /dev/null
 # Generate URL with 1 second TTL
 GEN_RESULT=$(curl -sf -X POST "$BASE_URL/generate" -b "$COOKIE_JAR" \
-    -d "source_url=$TEST_IMAGE_URL" \
+    -d "url=$TEST_IMAGE_URL" \
     -d "width=100" \
     -d "height=100" \
     -d "format=jpeg" \