Count interrupted misses and the upstream bytes they read (closes #56 )

The miss and transform counters are written with context.WithoutCancel, so a client disconnect or the request timeout during or after the work no longer loses them. A failed read of the upstream body now returns the bytes read before the error, so an over-size or cut-off body still moves the upstream fetch counters. processFromSourceOrFetch passes the cached source's length directly instead of through a local named fetchBytes. Model: opus-5-5
Test that cache stats count interrupted misses (closes #56 )
2026-09-29 01:56:21 +00:00 · 2026-09-29 01:56:21 +00:00 · 2026-09-29 01:56:21 +00:00 · 2026-09-29 01:55:56 +00:00 · 2026-09-29 03:51:58 +02:00 · 2026-09-29 03:01:06 +02:00
65 changed files with 5534 additions and 399 deletions
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ jobs:
            # actions/checkout v4.2.2, 2026-02-22
            - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683
            - run: script/cibuild
+            - run: script/docker-smoke
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # Lint stage
+# Same image as Dockerfile.lint: change both pins together.
 # golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine, 2026-08-07
 FROM golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine@sha256:91b27804074a0bacea298707f016911e60cf0cdbc6c7bf5ccacb5f0606d18d60 AS lint

@@ -13,6 +14,9 @@ RUN go mod download
 # Copy source code
 COPY . .

+# Tells script/lint it is inside a container, so it runs the linter.
+ENV container=docker
+
 # Run formatting check and linter
 RUN make fmt-check
 RUN make lint
@@ -57,22 +61,30 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache \
    vips \
    libheif \
    ca-certificates \
-    tzdata
+    tzdata \
+    su-exec

 # Copy binary from builder
 COPY --from=builder /pixad /usr/local/bin/pixad
+COPY deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh

 # Create non-root user, config directory, and data directory
 RUN adduser -D -H -s /sbin/nologin pixad && \
    mkdir -p /var/lib/pixa /etc/pixa && \
    chown pixad:pixad /var/lib/pixa

-# Copy default config (edit signing_key before use)
-COPY config.example.yml /etc/pixa/config.yml
-
-USER pixad
+# No USER: the entrypoint must start as root to give a bind-mounted
+# /var/lib/pixa to pixad; it then runs the server as pixad.
 WORKDIR /var/lib/pixa

 EXPOSE 8080

-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/pixad", "--config", "/etc/pixa/config.yml"]
+# Shell form so the probe follows PORT; a port set only in a mounted
+# config file is not seen here.
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
+    CMD wget --spider -q "http://localhost:${PORT:-8080}/.well-known/healthcheck.json" || exit 1
+
+# Settings come from PORT and the PIXA_ environment variables; only
+# PIXA_SIGNING_KEY is required. A config file mounted at
+# /etc/pixa/config.yml is optional and is read when present.
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Dockerfile.lint: the container script/lint builds to run golangci-lint,
+# which is never installed on the host. Pinned to the same image as the
+# Dockerfile lint stage: change both pins together, or the two run
+# different linter versions.
+#
+# golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine, 2026-08-07
+FROM golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2-alpine@sha256:91b27804074a0bacea298707f016911e60cf0cdbc6c7bf5ccacb5f0606d18d60
+
+# pixa is CGO/libvips: the type-aware linters compile every package, so
+# this image needs the same C libraries the build does.
+RUN apk add --no-cache build-base vips-dev libheif-dev pkgconfig
+
+WORKDIR /src
+
+# Modules first for layer caching; go.mod/go.sum settle this layer's
+# result, so it may safely be reused between runs.
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+
+COPY . .
+
+# Tells script/lint it is inside a container, so it runs the linter.
+ENV container=docker
+
+# script/lint passes a different CACHEBUST on every run, and BuildKit
+# keys every RUN after this ARG on its value, so the lint step always
+# runs instead of returning a cached success that linted nothing.
+#
+# Go's and golangci-lint's caches (/root/.cache, hundreds of MB) go on a
+# tmpfs that is discarded after the step. Written into the layer, they
+# would pile up as build cache on every run, since no later run, with
+# its new CACHEBUST, can reuse that layer.
+ARG CACHEBUST
+RUN --mount=type=tmpfs,target=/root/.cache script/lint
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: bootstrap setup check lint test fmt fmt-check build clean docker docker-versioned docker-test devserver devserver-stop hooks
+.PHONY: bootstrap setup check lint test fmt fmt-check build clean docker docker-smoke docker-versioned docker-test devserver devserver-stop hooks

 VERSION := $(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo "dev")
 LDFLAGS := -X main.Version=$(VERSION)
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ifdef HAS_PKGCONFIG
  NIX_RUN_PREFIX =
  NIX_RUN_SUFFIX =
 else
-  NIX_RUN_PREFIX = nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run '
+  NIX_RUN_PREFIX = nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif git --run '
  NIX_RUN_SUFFIX = '
 endif

@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ clean:
 docker:
 	@script/docker

+# Build the image, start it, and wait for its healthcheck (needs Docker;
+# not part of check)
+docker-smoke:
+	@script/docker-smoke
+
 # Build Docker image tagged pixad:$(VERSION) and pixad:latest
 docker-versioned:
 	docker build --build-arg VERSION=$(VERSION) -t pixad:$(VERSION) -t pixad:latest .
@@ -15,14 +15,52 @@ git clone https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/pixa.git
 cd pixa
 make build

-# run with a config file
-./bin/pixad --config config.example.yml
+# run with a config file: copy the example and set a real signing key
+# (the example placeholder is refused at startup), e.g. with
+# openssl rand -base64 32
+cp config.example.yml config.yml
+$EDITOR config.yml   # replace the signing_key placeholder
+./bin/pixad --config config.yml

 # or build and run via Docker
 make docker
-docker run -p 8080:8080 pixad:latest
+docker run -p 8080:8080 -e PIXA_SIGNING_KEY="$(openssl rand -base64 32)" pixa:latest
 ```

+A container takes its settings from environment variables (see
+Configuration below for the list). Only `PIXA_SIGNING_KEY` is required; if
+it is unset the container exits at startup naming the variable. Everything
+else has a built-in default. A config file mounted at `/etc/pixa/config.yml`
+is optional: it is read when present, and an environment variable wins over
+the same setting in it.
+
+## Running under upaas
+
+What the [upaas](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/upaas) app for pixa needs:
+
+- **Port:** pixa listens on container port `8080`.
+- **Volume:** container path `/var/lib/pixa`, where pixa keeps its
+  database and cache. upaas bind-mounts the host path it is given and
+  does not create it, so the host directory must exist before the first
+  deploy.
+- **Environment variables:**
+    - `PIXA_SIGNING_KEY` (required): secret for signed and encrypted URLs
+      and login, 32+ characters, for example from
+      `openssl rand -base64 32`
+    - `PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS`: upstream hosts served without a signature,
+      comma-separated
+    - `PIXA_CACHE_MAX_BYTES`: disk cache limit in bytes; `0` disables it;
+      default 75% of free space
+    - the rest are in the table under Configuration below
+- **Health check:** the image's `HEALTHCHECK` requests
+  `/.well-known/healthcheck.json`. upaas reads the container's health 60
+  seconds after a deploy and marks the deploy failed unless it is
+  `healthy`. The probe uses the port from `PORT` (default `8080`), so a
+  port changed only in a mounted config file is not seen by it: change
+  the port with `PORT`.
+- **First run:** create the host directory. It may be owned by root: the
+  container gives it to its `pixad` user when it starts.
+
 ## Rationale

 Image-heavy web applications need a fast, caching reverse proxy that
@@ -56,9 +94,45 @@ In-process caching of request-to-output mappings targets 1-5k r/s.

 Images are only fetched from origins using TLS with valid certificates.

+A request whose query string cannot be decoded, or gives any parameter more
+than once, is refused with 400.
+
 - `<format>`: one of `orig`, `png`, `jpeg`, `webp`
 - `<size>`: `orig` or `<width>x<height>` (e.g. `800x600`)

+An image is served with `Cache-Control: public, max-age=<seconds>, immutable`.
+When the URL has an expiry (an `exp`, or the TTL of an encrypted URL),
+`max-age` is the whole seconds left until then, at most one year, so no browser
+or proxy cache keeps the image after pixa would refuse the URL. A URL with no
+expiry gets one year. `immutable` only stops a client revalidating while its
+copy is fresh.
+
+The login form (`POST /`) is limited to 5 attempts per minute per client
+address, counting an IPv6 client by its /64; an attempt over the limit is
+refused with 429 and a `Retry-After` header. Behind a reverse proxy the client
+address comes from `X-Forwarded-For` only when the proxy's address is in
+`trusted_proxies`; otherwise all users behind the proxy are counted as one
+client. With the default `trusted_proxies` (the RFC 1918 ranges), a client
+with a private address can choose the address it is counted by through its own
+`X-Forwarded-For`, whether it connects directly or through the proxy, because
+its own address is trusted too. Setting `trusted_proxies` to the proxy's own
+address closes this.
+
+### Image Metadata
+
+pixa decodes and re-encodes every image it serves, and removes all metadata from
+the output: EXIF (GPS position, camera make, model and serial number, capture
+time, embedded thumbnail), XMP, IPTC and the ICC colour profile. This cannot be
+turned off.
+
+- The `orig` format means the source's own format, not the source's bytes: an
+  `orig` image is re-encoded and stripped like any other.
+- An image with an EXIF orientation is turned upright first, so it displays the
+  same without the tag; a requested size applies to the upright image.
+- An image with an ICC profile is converted to sRGB first, since clients show an
+  image with no profile as sRGB. Colours outside sRGB, such as the most
+  saturated ones in a Display P3 photo, are clipped.
+
 ### Source Hosts

 Source hosts may be allowlisted in the configuration. Non-allowlisted
@@ -68,14 +142,14 @@ hosts require an HMAC-SHA256 signature.

 Signatures use HMAC-SHA256 and include an expiration timestamp to
 prevent replay attacks. Signatures are **exact match only**: every
-component (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration) must
-match exactly what was signed. No suffix matching, wildcard matching,
-or partial matching is supported.
+component (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration, quality,
+fit) must match exactly what was signed. No suffix matching, wildcard
+matching, or partial matching is supported.

 **Signed data format** (colon-separated):

 ```
-HMAC-SHA256(secret, "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration")
+HMAC-SHA256(secret, "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration:quality:fit")
 ```

 Where:
@@ -86,19 +160,30 @@ Where:
 - `width` — requested width in pixels, `0` for original
 - `height` — requested height in pixels, `0` for original
 - `format` — output format (jpeg, png, webp, avif, gif, orig)
- `expiration` — Unix timestamp when signature expires
+- `expiration` — the URL's `exp` query parameter, the Unix timestamp when
+  the signature expires; a request whose `exp` is not a whole number, an
+  empty `exp=` included, is refused with 400
+- `quality` — the URL's `q` query parameter, a whole number from 1 to 100,
+  or `85` when the URL has no `q`; a request whose `q` is anything else is
+  refused with 400
+- `fit` — the URL's `fit` query parameter (cover, contain, fill, inside,
+  outside), or `cover` when the URL has no `fit`; a request whose `fit` is
+  anything else, an empty `fit=` included, is refused with 400

-**Example:** resize
-`https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg` to 800x600 WebP with
-expiration 1704067200:
+**Example:** resize `https://cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg` to 800x600
+WebP with expiration 1704067200, default quality and fit:

 1. Build input:
-   `cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200`
+   `cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200:85:cover`
 2. Compute HMAC-SHA256 with your secret key
 3. Base64URL-encode the result
 4. URL:
   `/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp?sig=<base64url>&exp=1704067200`

+For the same image at quality 40 with fit `contain`, the input ends in
+`:40:contain` and the URL is
+`/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp?sig=<base64url>&exp=1704067200&q=40&fit=contain`.
+
 **Allowlist patterns:**

 - **Exact match**: `cdn.example.com` — matches only that host
@@ -107,10 +192,60 @@ expiration 1704067200:

 ### Configuration

-Configured via YAML file (`--config`). Key settings:
+Every setting can be given as an environment variable, in a YAML config
+file (`--config`), or both. A variable present in the environment wins over
+the file, even when it is empty, and the file wins over the built-in
+default. The one exception is a variable named in the file's `env:` section:
+it is set while the file loads, so it overrides both the environment the
+process was started with and the file's own key. A variable's value is
+parsed as the same text in the file would be. The three lists take
+comma-separated entries, with the spaces around each trimmed; an empty
+variable is an empty list. A value that does not parse or is invalid aborts
+startup, naming the variable. A variable whose name starts with `PIXA_` but
+is not in the table below, such as a misspelled one or `PIXA_PORT`, aborts
+startup naming it, as an unknown config key does. The one other accepted
+name is `PIXA_CONFIG_PATH`, the config file's path (like `--config`). The
+variables set by the file's `env:` section are checked the same way.
+
+| Variable                             | Config key                      | Meaning                                                                      |
+| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `PIXA_SIGNING_KEY`                   | `signing_key`                   | Required: secret for signed and encrypted URLs and login, 32+ characters     |
+| `PORT`                               | `port`                          | Port to listen on; default `8080`                                            |
+| `PIXA_STATE_DIR`                     | `state_dir`                     | Directory for the database and the disk cache; default `/var/lib/pixa`       |
+| `PIXA_DB_URL`                        | `db_url`                        | SQLite database URL; default `state.sqlite3` in the state directory          |
+| `PIXA_CACHE_MAX_BYTES`               | `cache_max_bytes`               | Disk cache limit in bytes; `0` disables it; default 75% of free space        |
+| `PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS`               | `allowlist_hosts`               | Upstream hosts served without a signature                                    |
+| `PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS`              | `blocked_networks`              | CIDR ranges never fetched from, on top of the built-in ones                  |
+| `PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES`               | `trusted_proxies`               | CIDR ranges of proxies whose `X-Forwarded-For` is believed; default RFC 1918 |
+| `PIXA_ALLOW_HTTP`                    | `allow_http`                    | Allow plain-HTTP upstreams, for testing only; default `false`                |
+| `PIXA_UPSTREAM_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST` | `upstream_connections_per_host` | Concurrent connections per upstream host; default `20`                       |
+| `PIXA_METRICS_USERNAME`              | `metrics.username`              | Username for `/metrics`, which is served only when both are set              |
+| `PIXA_METRICS_PASSWORD`              | `metrics.password`              | Password for `/metrics`; set together with the username                      |
+| `PIXA_SENTRY_DSN`                    | `sentry_dsn`                    | Sentry DSN for error reporting; empty disables it                            |
+| `PIXA_DEBUG`                         | `debug`                         | Debug logging and plain-HTTP local development; default `false`              |
+| `PIXA_MAINTENANCE_MODE`              | `maintenance_mode`              | Maintenance flag reported by the health check; default `false`               |
+
+Key settings in more detail:

 - `access_control_allow_origin` — CORS origin
 - `allowlist_hosts` — list of allowed upstream hosts
+- `blocked_networks` — list of CIDR ranges to refuse for SSRF protection,
+  added to the always-enforced built-in ranges (loopback, private,
+  link-local, CGNAT, benchmark, NAT64, and the like); an invalid CIDR
+  aborts startup
+- `trusted_proxies` — list of CIDR ranges of the reverse proxies in front
+  of pixa. `X-Forwarded-For` is believed only when the direct peer falls
+  inside one of these ranges; the logged and login-recorded client
+  address is then the rightmost forwarded entry that is not itself a
+  trusted proxy. Otherwise the direct peer address is used and the header
+  is ignored, so a client connecting directly from an address outside
+  these ranges cannot spoof its address.
+  An omitted key defaults to the RFC 1918 private ranges (`10.0.0.0/8`,
+  `172.16.0.0/12`, `192.168.0.0/16`), since pixa is deployed behind a
+  proxy on a private network; an explicitly empty list (`[]`) trusts no
+  one, and an explicit list replaces the default. An invalid CIDR aborts
+  startup. Set this to your proxy's address range if it is not already
+  covered by the defaults
 - `upstream_fetch_timeout` — timeout for origin requests
 - `upstream_max_response_size` — max origin response size
 - `downstream_timeout` — client response timeout
@@ -144,11 +279,13 @@ them. We provide:
  (bootstrap, then install-precommit)
 - `script/projectname` — output the project name ("pixa")
 - `script/test` — run the test suite
- `script/lint` — run golangci-lint
+- `script/lint` — run golangci-lint, always in a container (builds
+  `Dockerfile.lint` when run outside one)
 - `script/fmt` — format all code (writes)
 - `script/fmt-check` — check formatting (read-only)
 - `script/check` — run test, lint, and fmt-check
 - `script/docker` — build the Docker image tagged via `script/projectname`
+- `script/docker-smoke` — build the image, start it, wait for it to be healthy
 - `script/cibuild` — CI entrypoint: `docker build .` (the Dockerfile
  runs the checks, so a green build implies a green repo)
 - `script/precommit` — pre-commit checks (`go mod tidy` guard, then
@@ -1,28 +1,186 @@
 # Workflow

-* branch (from `main`)
+* branch per issue from `next`
 * do the work in Next Step
 * move Next Step to the top of Completed Steps
 * move the top item of Future Steps into Next Step
 * commit (`TODO.md` changes in the same commit as the work)
-* merge to `main` if the branch is not protected, otherwise open a PR
+* open a PR based on `next`
+* an independent reviewer who did not write the change gates it
+* the manager squash-merges the PR into `next` once review passes
+* `next` stays green and mergeable to `main` at any time; only the owner
+  merges `next` into `main`, via the single milestone PR
 * push

 # Status

-pre-1.0. No git tags exist. Recent work extracted the internal/magic,
+pre-1.0. No git tags exist. The `1.0.0` milestone is in progress; work
+lands on `next`, and `main` receives only the milestone PR that the
+owner merges. `next` is at the canonical `golangci-lint` v2.12.2 config
+and is green. Recent work extracted the internal/magic,
 internal/allowlist, internal/httpfetcher, and internal/signature
-packages. The gosec findings from the 2026-07-06 survey are resolved
-and `make check` is green on main. The disk cache is now size-bounded
-with LRU eviction (`cache_max_bytes`), closing the unbounded disk
-growth DoS vector.
+packages. The gosec findings from the 2026-07-06 survey are resolved.
+The disk cache is now size-bounded with LRU eviction
+(`cache_max_bytes`), closing the unbounded disk growth DoS vector.

 # Next Step

-P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF protection
+P1: rate limit global concurrent upstream fetches to prevent resource
+exhaustion

 # Completed Steps

+- 2026-09-29 `max-age` never outlives an expiring URL (closes #63): both image
+  routes build `Cache-Control` from the request's `Expires`, which an encrypted
+  URL's expiry now fills too; `max-age` is one year, or the whole seconds left
+  until the `exp` of a `/v1/image/` URL or the expiry of an encrypted URL when
+  that is sooner, never negative; an allowlisted host's URL that has an `exp`
+  follows it too; `immutable` stays, as freshness now ends at the expiry;
+  documented in `README.md`.
+- 2026-09-28 cache stats report real numbers (closes #56): `Cache.Stats`
+  counts the cached source images and processed variants (`source_content`
+  plus `variant_content`) and takes their size from `Cache.UsageBytes`,
+  instead of reading `request_cache` and `output_content`, which nothing
+  writes; those two tables are left in the schema. A miss is counted after
+  it is served or fails, even when the request context has ended by then,
+  with the bytes it read from upstream, so `upstream_fetch_count` and
+  `upstream_fetch_bytes` move, including for an upstream body that fails
+  partway or a fetched source that then fails the magic byte check;
+  `transform_count` counts each image the image processor transcodes.
+- 2026-09-28 strip metadata from processed images (closes #82): every output is
+  exported with govips' `StripMetadata`, so it carries no EXIF, XMP, IPTC or ICC
+  profile; the image is first turned upright with `AutoRotate` (before sizes are
+  worked out) and, when it has an ICC profile, converted to sRGB; the `orig`
+  format is re-encoded and stripped like any other, as pixa never serves the
+  source bytes; there is no setting to keep metadata; documented in `README.md`.
+- 2026-09-28 rate limit the login form (closes #66): `POST /` is limited to 5
+  attempts per minute per client address, and an attempt over the limit is
+  refused with 429 and a `Retry-After` header; the address is the one
+  `internal/clientip` resolves through `trusted_proxies`, an IPv6 client is
+  counted by its /64, and an IPv4-mapped address as the IPv4 address it
+  carries; the limit is a `RateLimit` middleware in `internal/middleware` on
+  `github.com/go-chi/httprate`, which the image routes can reuse; the library
+  keeps counts for the current and the previous minute only; documented in
+  `README.md`.
+- 2026-09-28 refuse an unparseable `exp` on `/v1/image/` and log swallowed
+  cache errors (closes #72): an `exp` in the URL that is not a whole
+  number, an empty `exp=` included, is a 400 naming `exp` and the value,
+  instead of being ignored and answered with 401 as if the URL had no
+  `exp`; only an `exp` missing from the URL is unchanged; `README.md` says
+  so where it documents `exp`. A failed variant `.meta` write, source
+  metadata JSON write, `Stats` count query, stats counter update, negative
+  cache write or expired negative cache delete is now logged at `warn`
+  with the path or key and the error, and stays non-fatal.
+- 2026-09-28 refuse an empty `fit` on `/v1/image/` (closes #139): a
+  `fit` in the URL with an empty value (`fit=`) is a 400 naming `fit`,
+  instead of being served as `cover` and verified against a signature
+  made for `cover`; only a `fit` missing from the URL is still `cover`;
+  any other value still goes through the existing fit-mode check;
+  `README.md` says so where it documents `fit`.
+- 2026-09-28 refuse an invalid `q` on `/v1/image/` (closes #134): a `q`
+  that is not a whole number from 1 to 100, an empty `q` included, is a
+  400 naming `q` and the value, instead of being served at the default
+  85; the route reads `q` with the generator's quality check
+  (`parseFormInt` with `minQuality` and `maxQuality`); only a `q` missing
+  from the URL is still 85; a query string that cannot be decoded, such
+  as `q=80%`, is a 400 showing it; any query parameter given more than
+  once (`q`, `fit`, `sig`, `exp` alike) is a 400 naming it, so none is
+  read from its first value only; `README.md` states the range and both
+  query-string rules.
+- 2026-09-28 unknown `PIXA_` environment variables abort startup (closes
+  #133): a variable whose name starts with `PIXA_` but is neither a
+  setting's variable nor `PIXA_CONFIG_PATH` aborts startup naming it, as
+  an unknown config key does, and `PIXA_PORT` is named with a pointer to
+  `PORT`; the check runs after the config file loads, so the variables
+  the file's `env:` section sets are checked too; documented in
+  `README.md`.
+- 2026-09-28 start on a fresh upaas volume (closes #129): the image
+  starts as root only to give `/var/lib/pixa` to `pixad` when `pixad`
+  does not own it (`deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh`), then runs the server
+  as `pixad` through `su-exec`, so a root-owned host directory
+  bind-mounted there no longer stops the container at startup;
+  `README.md` gains a "Running under upaas" section.
+- 2026-09-28 run all linting in Docker via `Dockerfile.lint` +
+  `script/lint` (closes #104): `make lint` calls `script/lint`, the only
+  way the linter is run; inside a container (both Dockerfiles set
+  `container=docker`) it runs `golangci-lint`, anywhere else it builds the
+  hash-pinned `Dockerfile.lint`, whose last step runs `script/lint` again;
+  the `Dockerfile` lint stage runs `make lint`; no host or nix-shell
+  `golangci-lint` path remains (`script/bootstrap` installs no linter);
+  a per-run `CACHEBUST` build-arg keeps the lint step from being served
+  from cache, and a tmpfs mount on that step keeps Go's and
+  golangci-lint's caches out of its layer, so a run leaves no large build
+  cache behind; `golangci-lint config verify` stays out, as it fetches its
+  schema over an unpinned live HTTPS call
+- 2026-09-28 every setting as an environment variable (closes #128, also
+  covers #99): each config key can be set by `PIXA_` plus the key in upper
+  case (`.` written as `_`), and the port by `PORT`; a variable present in
+  the environment, even empty, wins over the config file, which wins over
+  the default; the typed getters read the variable first, so every existing
+  check applies to it and a bad value aborts startup naming the variable;
+  lists are comma-separated, and an empty variable (or `""` in the file) is
+  an empty list; the Docker image no longer bakes in `config.docker.yml` or
+  passes `--config`, and its `HEALTHCHECK` probes `PORT` (default `8080`);
+  the config file is looked for under `/etc/pixa` and `~/.config/pixa`
+  instead of the daemon name `pixad`; documented in `README.md` and
+  `config.example.yml`.
+- 2026-09-28 quality and fit in the URL signature (closes #60): the signed
+  data is now `host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration:quality:fit`,
+  using `85` and `cover` when the URL has no `q` or `fit`, so one signed
+  URL can no longer be replayed across other quality and fit values to
+  create unauthorized cache entries and transcodes; the known-answer
+  vectors in `internal/signature/golden_test.go` and the README signature
+  specification describe the new format.
+- 2026-09-28 Docker image healthcheck (closes #111): a `HEALTHCHECK` in
+  the runtime stage probing `/.well-known/healthcheck.json` with busybox
+  `wget`; `script/docker-smoke` (`make docker-smoke`) builds the image,
+  starts it with a throwaway `PIXA_SIGNING_KEY`, and passes only once
+  Docker reports it healthy within 30 seconds, removing the container on
+  exit; the Gitea workflow runs it after `script/cibuild`.
+- 2026-09-21 trusted-proxy client IP resolution (closes #94): a
+  `trusted_proxies` config key taking a list of CIDRs, parsed by the same
+  `net/netip` list parser as `blocked_networks` (an invalid entry aborts
+  startup naming the key and value; an omitted key defaults to the RFC 1918
+  private ranges, an explicitly empty list trusts no one, and an explicit
+  list replaces the default); a new
+  `internal/clientip` package resolves the client address by honoring
+  `X-Forwarded-For` only when the direct peer is a trusted proxy, walking
+  the chain right-to-left to the rightmost non-proxy entry, so a client
+  connecting directly cannot spoof its address; the resolved address is
+  stored in the request context by a new middleware and used by the
+  request-logging middleware and the login-attempt logs in place of the
+  raw peer address; documented in `README.md` and `config.example.yml`.
+- 2026-09-21 blocked networks configuration extending SSRF protection: a
+  `blocked_networks` config key taking a list of CIDRs (parsed with
+  `net/netip`, an invalid entry aborts startup naming the key and value),
+  added to the built-in blocklist rather than replacing it; the built-in
+  ranges extended to CGNAT `100.64.0.0/10`, IETF protocol assignments
+  `192.0.0.0/24`, benchmark `198.18.0.0/15`, and NAT64 `64:ff9b::/96`
+  (IPv4-mapped forms covered); enforcement stays in the dial-time
+  re-resolution so the DNS-rebinding window remains closed; documented in
+  `README.md` and `config.example.yml`.
+- 2026-09-21 validate dimensions and fit mode on the encrypted-URL
+  route and the token generator (closes #62): `imgcache.ValidateDimension`
+  alone holds the `MaxDimension` bound and is used by the path parser, by
+  the new `ValidateImageRequest` (which also applies `ValidateFitMode`)
+  and by the generator; both the `/v1/image/` and `/v1/e/` routes call
+  `ValidateImageRequest`, so an over-limit size or an unknown fit mode is a
+  400 rather than an out-of-memory or a 500 from the processor; the URL
+  generator answers 400 naming the field for a `width` or `height` that is
+  not a number or fails the shared check, a `quality` that is not a number
+  from 1 to 100, a `ttl` that is not a number from 0 to the largest number
+  of seconds the expiry calculation can hold, or an unknown `fit`; an empty
+  `quality` is 85 and
+  an empty `ttl` never expires; the form's width and height inputs stop at
+  8192
+- 2026-09-21 http.Server hardening (closes #92): added
+  `HTTPReadHeaderTimeout` (10s, bounds the slowloris header dribble) and
+  `HTTPIdleTimeout` (120s, bounds keep-alive reuse) alongside the
+  existing timeouts and wired them onto the server; added a `LimitBody`
+  middleware capping the two form POST bodies (`POST /`, `POST /generate`)
+  at `MaxFormBytes` (1 MiB) and returning 413, applied ahead of the CSRF
+  middleware so an oversized body is refused as 413 rather than being read
+  as a missing CSRF token (403); left `WriteTimeout` at 60s unchanged
 - 2026-08-07 update golangci-lint to v2.12.2 with the canonical
  `.golangci.yml` (v2 schema, `default: all` minus six disabled
  linters, `lll` 88, tests included): bumped the pinned
@@ -116,12 +274,9 @@ P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF protection

 # Future Steps

- P1: rate limit global concurrent upstream fetches to prevent
-  resource exhaustion
- P1: strip EXIF and other metadata from processed images (privacy)
 - P2: security
    - referer blacklist
-    - per-IP rate limiting
+    - per-IP rate limiting on the image routes
    - per-origin rate limiting
 - P2: HTTP response handling
    - Last-Modified headers
@@ -130,7 +285,6 @@ P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF protection
 - P2: auto format selection (format=auto based on Accept header)
 - P2: configuration
    - add all configuration options from README
-    - environment variable overrides
    - YAML config file support
 - P2: operational
    - optional Sentry error reporting
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
 # Pixa Example Configuration
+#
+# Every key can also be set by an environment variable, which wins over
+# this file: PIXA_ plus the key in upper case, with "." written as "_"
+# (state_dir is PIXA_STATE_DIR, metrics.username is
+# PIXA_METRICS_USERNAME). The one exception is port, which is set by
+# PORT. In a variable, a list is comma-separated. A variable named in
+# this file's env: section is set while the file loads, so it overrides
+# both the environment the process was started with and this file's own
+# key.

 # Server settings
 port: 8080
@@ -22,6 +31,30 @@ allowlist_hosts:
  - github.com
  - user-images.githubusercontent.com

+# Additional CIDR ranges to refuse when fetching upstream, extending the
+# SSRF protection. These are added to the always-enforced built-in ranges
+# (loopback, RFC 1918 private, link-local, CGNAT, benchmark, NAT64, and
+# similar), never replacing them. Each entry must be a valid CIDR in IPv4
+# or IPv6 form; an invalid entry aborts startup.
+# blocked_networks:
+#   - 100.64.0.0/10
+#   - 2001:db8::/32
+
+# CIDR ranges of the reverse proxies in front of pixa. X-Forwarded-For
+# is believed only when the direct peer is inside one of these ranges;
+# the client address in the access log and login records is then the
+# rightmost forwarded entry that is not itself a trusted proxy. A client
+# connecting directly (peer outside these ranges) cannot spoof its
+# address: the header is ignored and the peer address is used. When
+# omitted, this defaults to the RFC 1918 private ranges (10.0.0.0/8,
+# 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16), since pixa is deployed behind a proxy on
+# a private network. An explicitly empty list ([]) trusts no one; an
+# explicit list replaces the default. An invalid CIDR aborts startup.
+# Uncomment to override the defaults with your proxy's address range.
+# trusted_proxies:
+#   - 10.0.0.0/8
+#   - 2001:db8::/32
+
 # Allow HTTP upstream (only for testing, always use HTTPS in production)
 allow_http: false

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh: the Docker image's ENTRYPOINT. It runs as
+# root only to give /var/lib/pixa to pixad: a host directory
+# bind-mounted there keeps its host owner, often root, and pixad could
+# not write to it. The server itself always runs as pixad.
+set -eu
+
+main() {
+    if [ "$(stat -c %U /var/lib/pixa)" != pixad ]; then
+        chown pixad:pixad /var/lib/pixa
+    fi
+    exec su-exec pixad /usr/local/bin/pixad "$@"
+}
+
+main "$@"
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/getsentry/sentry-go v0.40.0
 	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.3
 	github.com/go-chi/cors v1.2.2
+	github.com/go-chi/httprate v0.16.0
+	github.com/gorilla/csrf v1.7.3
 	github.com/gorilla/securecookie v1.1.2
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/slok/go-http-metrics v0.13.0
@@ -90,6 +92,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.10 // indirect
 	github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
@@ -112,6 +115,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
+	github.com/zeebo/xxh3 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.6.2 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.6.2 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.6.2 // indirect
@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.3 h1:WQIt9uxdsAbgIYgid+BpYc+liqQZGMHRaUwp0JUcvdE=
 github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.3/go.mod h1:L2yAIGWB3H+phAw1NxKwWM+7eUH/lU8pOMm5hHcoops=
 github.com/go-chi/cors v1.2.2 h1:Jmey33TE+b+rB7fT8MUy1u0I4L+NARQlK6LhzKPSyQE=
 github.com/go-chi/cors v1.2.2/go.mod h1:sSbTewc+6wYHBBCW7ytsFSn836hqM7JxpglAy2Vzc58=
+github.com/go-chi/httprate v0.16.0 h1:8V5DH9j6pSK6UQoBsTpvMyFxycqaKEIToyPKzHJjUa8=
+github.com/go-chi/httprate v0.16.0/go.mod h1:A8lo+qRhk+s9LiuP5saS7XCGDXRXMcrueq0NfIuCa/I=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2 h1:J6MZopCL4uSllY1OfXM374weqZFFItUbrImctkmUxIA=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2/go.mod h1:sIVyrIiJhuEF+Pj9Ebtd6P/rEYROXFi3BopGUQ5a5Og=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.5 h1:M6T8+mKZl/+fNNuFHvGIzDz7BTLQPIounk/b9dw3AaE=
@@ -175,6 +177,8 @@ github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 h1:GW/XbdyBFQ8Qe+YAmFU
 github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6/go.mod h1:MkHOF77EYAE7qfSuSS9PU6g4Nt4e11cnsDUowfwewLA=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 h1:eBLnkZ9635krYIPD+ag1USrOAI0Nr0QYF3+/3GqO0k0=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2/go.mod h1:ON64QhlJkhVtSqp4v1uaK92VyZ2gmvDQsweuyLV+8+w=
+github.com/gorilla/csrf v1.7.3 h1:BHWt6FTLZAb2HtWT5KDBf6qgpZzvtbp9QWDRKZMXJC0=
+github.com/gorilla/csrf v1.7.3/go.mod h1:F1Fj3KG23WYHE6gozCmBAezKookxbIvUJT+121wTuLk=
 github.com/gorilla/securecookie v1.1.2 h1:YCIWL56dvtr73r6715mJs5ZvhtnY73hBvEF8kXD8ePA=
 github.com/gorilla/securecookie v1.1.2/go.mod h1:NfCASbcHqRSY+3a8tlWJwsQap2VX5pwzwo4h3eOamfo=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.3 h1:5ZPtiqj0JL5oKWmcsq4VMaAW5ukBEgSGXEN89zeH1Jo=
@@ -249,6 +253,8 @@ github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.10 h1:tBs3QSyvjDyFTq3uoc/9xFpCuOsJQFNPiAhYdw2skhE=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.10/go.mod h1:hqwkgyIinND0mEev00jJYCxPNVRVXFQeu1XKlok6oO0=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
@@ -394,6 +400,10 @@ github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4/go.mod h1:14CWIYCyZA/cWjXOioeEpHeN/83MdbZDRQHoFcY
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
+github.com/zeebo/assert v1.3.0 h1:g7C04CbJuIDKNPFHmsk4hwZDO5O+kntRxzaUoNXj+IQ=
+github.com/zeebo/assert v1.3.0/go.mod h1:Pq9JiuJQpG8JLJdtkwrJESF0Foym2/D9XMU5ciN/wJ0=
+github.com/zeebo/xxh3 v1.0.2 h1:xZmwmqxHZA8AI603jOQ0tMqmBr9lPeFwGg6d+xy9DC0=
+github.com/zeebo/xxh3 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:5NWz9Sef7zIDm2JHfFlcQvNekmcEl9ekUZQQKCYaDcA=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.6.2 h1:25aCkIMjUmiiOtnBIp6PhNj4KdcURuBak0hU2P1fgRc=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.6.2/go.mod h1:eFhhvfR8Px1P6SEuLT600v+vrhdDTdcfMzmnxVXXSbk=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.6.2 h1:zw+HRghi/G8fKpgKdOcEKpnBTE4OO39T6MegA0RopVU=
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Package clientip resolves the real client IP address of an HTTP request
+// when pixa runs behind a reverse proxy. Forwarding headers are believed
+// only when the immediate peer is a configured trusted proxy, so an
+// untrusted client cannot spoof its address by sending the header.
+package clientip
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ForwardedForHeader is the request header carrying the proxy chain. It is
+// honored only when the immediate peer is a trusted proxy.
+const ForwardedForHeader = "X-Forwarded-For"
+
+// Resolver determines the client IP of a request against a fixed set of
+// trusted proxy networks.
+type Resolver struct {
+	trusted []netip.Prefix
+}
+
+// NewResolver returns a Resolver that trusts forwarding headers only from
+// peers inside the given CIDR ranges. A nil or empty list trusts no one,
+// so the peer address is always used.
+func NewResolver(trusted []netip.Prefix) *Resolver {
+	return &Resolver{trusted: trusted}
+}
+
+// Resolve returns the client IP for a request whose direct peer is
+// remoteAddr (a "host:port" string as in http.Request.RemoteAddr) and
+// whose X-Forwarded-For header lines are forwardedFor (as returned by
+// http.Header.Values). When the peer is not a trusted proxy, the peer
+// address is returned and the header is ignored entirely. When the peer is
+// trusted, the header is walked right to left and the first address that is
+// not itself a trusted proxy is returned; this is the client the outermost
+// trusted proxy observed, and entries an untrusted client may have prepended
+// sit to its left and are never reached.
+func (r *Resolver) Resolve(remoteAddr string, forwardedFor []string) string {
+	peer := hostOnly(remoteAddr)
+
+	peerAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(peer)
+	if err != nil || !r.isTrusted(peerAddr) {
+		return peer
+	}
+
+	for _, hop := range slices.Backward(forwardedForChain(forwardedFor)) {
+		hopAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(hop)
+		if err != nil || r.isTrusted(hopAddr) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return hopAddr.String()
+	}
+
+	return peerAddr.String()
+}
+
+// isTrusted reports whether addr falls inside one of the trusted proxy
+// ranges. Addresses are unmapped first so an IPv4-mapped IPv6 form matches
+// an IPv4 range, matching the fetcher's blocklist comparison.
+func (r *Resolver) isTrusted(addr netip.Addr) bool {
+	if !addr.IsValid() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	unmapped := addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(r.trusted, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(unmapped)
+	})
+}
+
+// hostOnly strips the port from a "host:port" address. A value without a
+// port (already a bare host) is returned unchanged.
+func hostOnly(remoteAddr string) string {
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(remoteAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return remoteAddr
+	}
+
+	return host
+}
+
+// forwardedForChain flattens the comma-separated entries of every
+// X-Forwarded-For header line into a single ordered, trimmed list.
+func forwardedForChain(values []string) []string {
+	var chain []string
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(value, ",") {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+			if trimmed != "" {
+				chain = append(chain, trimmed)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return chain
+}
+
+// contextKey is the private key type under which the resolved client IP is
+// stored in a request context.
+type contextKey struct{}
+
+// WithClientIP returns a copy of ctx carrying the resolved client IP.
+func WithClientIP(ctx context.Context, ip string) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, contextKey{}, ip)
+}
+
+// FromContext returns the resolved client IP stored in ctx, or an empty
+// string if none was set.
+func FromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
+	ip, _ := ctx.Value(contextKey{}).(string)
+
+	return ip
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package clientip_test
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+)
+
+// Addresses reused across the resolver cases.
+const (
+	trustedRangeV4 = "10.0.0.0/8"
+	forwardedV4    = "203.0.113.7"
+	untrustedV4    = "198.51.100.9"
+	trustedPeer    = "10.0.0.1:5000"
+)
+
+// mustPrefixes parses CIDR strings into prefixes for building a resolver.
+func mustPrefixes(t *testing.T, cidrs ...string) []netip.Prefix {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(cidrs))
+
+	for _, c := range cidrs {
+		p, err := netip.ParsePrefix(c)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("netip.ParsePrefix(%q) error = %v", c, err)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, p)
+	}
+
+	return prefixes
+}
+
+type resolveCase struct {
+	name         string
+	trusted      []string
+	remoteAddr   string
+	forwardedFor []string
+	want         string
+}
+
+// runResolveCases runs each case against a resolver built from its trusted
+// list and checks the resolved address.
+func runResolveCases(t *testing.T, cases []resolveCase) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			r := clientip.NewResolver(mustPrefixes(t, tt.trusted...))
+
+			got := r.Resolve(tt.remoteAddr, tt.forwardedFor)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("Resolve(%q, %v) = %q, want %q",
+					tt.remoteAddr, tt.forwardedFor, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestResolvePeerTrust covers the trust decision on the direct peer: a
+// forwarded header is believed only from a trusted peer, and a client
+// connecting directly cannot spoof its address.
+func TestResolvePeerTrust(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runResolveCases(t, []resolveCase{
+		{
+			name:         "trusted peer honors forwarded client",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "untrusted peer ignores forwarded header",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   untrustedV4 + ":33333",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "spoofed chain from untrusted peer cannot influence result",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   untrustedV4 + ":33333",
+			forwardedFor: []string{"1.2.3.4, 10.9.9.9, 127.0.0.1"},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "empty trusted list always uses peer",
+			trusted:      nil,
+			remoteAddr:   forwardedV4 + ":80",
+			forwardedFor: []string{"10.0.0.5"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "trusted peer with no forwarded header uses peer",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: nil,
+			want:         "10.0.0.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "unparseable peer is returned unchanged",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   "garbage",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         "garbage",
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// TestResolveChainWalk covers walking the X-Forwarded-For chain from a
+// trusted peer to the rightmost entry that is not itself a trusted proxy.
+func TestResolveChainWalk(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runResolveCases(t, []resolveCase{
+		{
+			name:         "rightmost untrusted entry across a mixed chain",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4, "192.168.0.0/16"},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4 + ", 192.168.1.1, 10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "spoofed client behind a trusted proxy is not believed",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{"1.2.3.4, " + untrustedV4},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "chain split across multiple header lines",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4, "10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "garbage entries are skipped",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4 + ", not-an-ip"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "all-trusted chain falls back to peer",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{"10.0.0.9, 10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         "10.0.0.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "trusted IPv6 peer honors forwarded client",
+			trusted:      []string{"2001:db8::/32"},
+			remoteAddr:   "[2001:db8::1]:9000",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "IPv4-mapped peer matches IPv4 trusted range",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   "[::ffff:10.0.0.1]:5000",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func TestContextRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	ctx := clientip.WithClientIP(t.Context(), forwardedV4)
+	if got := clientip.FromContext(ctx); got != forwardedV4 {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext = %q, want %q", got, forwardedV4)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromContextAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	if got := clientip.FromContext(t.Context()); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext with no value = %q, want empty", got)
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksParsed loads a valid blocked_networks list and checks
+// each CIDR is parsed into the resolved prefixes in order.
+func TestBlockedNetworksParsed(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 203.0.113.0/24
+  - 2001:db8::/32
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("valid blocked_networks should load, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := []string{"203.0.113.0/24", "2001:db8::/32"}
+	if len(c.BlockedNetworks) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockedNetworks = %v, want %d entries", c.BlockedNetworks, len(want))
+	}
+
+	for i, w := range want {
+		if got := c.BlockedNetworks[i].String(); got != w {
+			t.Errorf("BlockedNetworks[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got, w)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksOmittedIsEmpty confirms an omitted key leaves the
+// operator list empty; the built-in defaults still apply in the fetcher.
+func TestBlockedNetworksOmittedIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("minimal config should be valid, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.BlockedNetworks) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("BlockedNetworks = %v, want empty", c.BlockedNetworks)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksInvalidAbortsStartup checks that malformed values abort
+// startup with an error naming the key and the offending value.
+func TestBlockedNetworksInvalidAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, []abortCase{
+		{
+			name: "not-a-cidr",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - not-a-cidr
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, "not-a-cidr"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "bare-address-without-prefix",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 10.0.0.1
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, "10.0.0.1"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty-entry",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - ""
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non-string-entry",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 42
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "null-value",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, nullValueText},
+		},
+	})
+}
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"math"
+	"net/netip"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (

 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
-	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/globals"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
 )

@@ -42,18 +42,28 @@ const (
 	keyAllowHTTP                  = "allow_http"
 	keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost = "upstream_connections_per_host"
 	keyCacheMaxBytes              = "cache_max_bytes"
+	keyBlockedNetworks            = "blocked_networks"
+	keyTrustedProxies             = "trusted_proxies"
 )

+// placeholderSigningKey is the dummy signing_key shipped in
+// config.example.yml. It is 45 characters, so it passes the length
+// check, but it is public in this repository and must be rejected at
+// startup so no deployment ever signs URLs with it.
+const placeholderSigningKey = "CHANGE_ME_generate_with_openssl_rand_base64_32"
+
 // Static validation errors. Each use site attaches the offending key
 // and value by wrapping these with fmt.Errorf and %w.
 var (
 	errValueRequired     = errors.New("a value is required")
 	errValueEmpty        = errors.New("value must not be empty")
 	errUnknownConfigKeys = errors.New("unknown config keys")
+	errUnknownEnvVars    = errors.New("unknown environment variables")
 	errNotAString        = errors.New("not a string")
 	errNotAnInteger      = errors.New("not an integer")
 	errNotABoolean       = errors.New("not a boolean")
 	errNotAStringList    = errors.New("not a list of strings")
+	errNotAValidCIDR     = errors.New("not a valid CIDR network")
 	errNotAMetricsMap    = errors.New("not a map of metrics settings")
 	errEmptyListEntry    = errors.New("list contains an empty entry")
 	errEmptyEntry        = errors.New("contains an empty entry")
@@ -61,6 +71,9 @@ var (
 	errPortOutOfRange    = errors.New("outside the valid port range")
 	errTooFewConnections = errors.New("must be at least 1")
 	errValueTooShort     = errors.New("value too short")
+	errPlaceholderKey    = errors.New(
+		"is the placeholder from config.example.yml; " +
+			"generate a real key with: openssl rand -base64 32")
 	errMustBeSetTogether = errors.New("must be set together")
 	errMustNotBeNegative = errors.New("must not be negative")
 	errOverflowsInt64    = errors.New("overflows a 64-bit integer")
@@ -79,7 +92,6 @@ var (
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In

-	Globals *globals.Globals
 	Logger *logger.Logger
 }

@@ -100,6 +112,22 @@ type Config struct {
 	AllowHTTP                  bool     // Allow non-TLS upstream (testing only)
 	UpstreamConnectionsPerHost int      // Max concurrent connections per upstream host

+	// BlockedNetworks are operator-supplied CIDR ranges to refuse in
+	// addition to the built-in SSRF blocklist. Enforced by the upstream
+	// fetcher's dialer; the built-in ranges always apply.
+	BlockedNetworks []netip.Prefix
+
+	// TrustedProxies are the CIDR ranges of reverse proxies whose
+	// forwarding headers may be believed. Forwarded headers are honored
+	// only when the immediate peer falls inside one of these ranges;
+	// otherwise the peer address is used and the headers are ignored, so
+	// an untrusted client cannot spoof its address. An omitted key
+	// defaults to the RFC 1918 private ranges (see defaultTrustedProxies),
+	// since pixa is deployed behind a proxy on a private network; an
+	// explicitly empty list trusts nothing and always uses the peer
+	// address, and an explicit list replaces the default.
+	TrustedProxies []netip.Prefix
+
 	// CacheMaxBytes is the disk cache size limit in bytes. Zero
 	// disables the disk cache entirely. When cache_max_bytes is
 	// omitted from the configuration, this holds the computed default
@@ -108,24 +136,34 @@ type Config struct {
 	CacheMaxBytes int64

 	// cacheMaxBytesExplicit records whether cache_max_bytes was
-	// explicitly set in the configuration file. Explicit values are
-	// used exactly as given; only an omitted key gets the computed
-	// default (and its floor) in resolveCacheMaxBytes.
+	// explicitly set, in the environment or the configuration file.
+	// Explicit values are used exactly as given; only an omitted key
+	// gets the computed default (and its floor) in resolveCacheMaxBytes.
 	cacheMaxBytesExplicit bool
 }

-// New creates a new Config instance by loading configuration from file.
+// New creates a new Config instance from the environment and the
+// config file.
 func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Config, error) {
 	log := params.Logger.Get()
-	name := params.Globals.Appname

-	sc, err := loadConfigFile(log, name)
+	// Look for the config file under the project name (/etc/pixa/,
+	// ~/.config/pixa/), matching the /var/lib/pixa state directory,
+	// not under the daemon name pixad.
+	sc, err := loadConfigFile(log, "pixa")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Loading the config file sets the variables in its env section,
+	// so this also checks their names.
+	err = validateKnownEnvVars()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if sc == nil {
-		log.Info("no config file found, using defaults")
+		log.Info("no config file found, using environment variables and defaults")
 	}

 	c, err := newFromSmartConfig(sc)
@@ -150,22 +188,41 @@ func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Config, error) {
 	return c, nil
 }

-// newFromSmartConfig constructs a Config from a loaded smartconfig
-// instance and validates it. A nil sc means no config file was found,
-// in which case every option takes its default value. A key that is
-// present but unparseable or invalid is an error: defaults apply only
-// to omitted keys, never to invalid explicit values.
+// newFromSmartConfig constructs a Config from the environment and a
+// loaded smartconfig instance, and validates it. A nil sc means no
+// config file was found, in which case every option the environment
+// does not set takes its default value. A key that is present but
+// unparseable or invalid is an error: defaults apply only to omitted
+// keys, never to invalid explicit values.
 func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 	if sc != nil {
 		err := validateKnownKeys(sc)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+	}

-		err = validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc)
+	err := validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	blockedNetworks, err := parseCIDRList(sc, keyBlockedNetworks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	trustedProxies, err := parseCIDRList(sc, keyTrustedProxies)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// parseCIDRList returns a nil slice only when the key is absent; an
+	// explicitly empty list ([]) comes back non-nil and empty. An omitted
+	// key takes the RFC 1918 default, while an explicit empty list is left
+	// as trust-nothing.
+	if trustedProxies == nil {
+		trustedProxies = defaultTrustedProxies()
 	}

 	loader := &strictLoader{sc: sc}
@@ -184,28 +241,25 @@ func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 		UpstreamConnectionsPerHost: loader.intVal(
 			keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost),
 		CacheMaxBytes:   loader.int64Val(keyCacheMaxBytes, 0),
+		BlockedNetworks: blockedNetworks,
+		TrustedProxies:  trustedProxies,
 	}

 	// The computed default for cache_max_bytes needs a validated
 	// state_dir, so it is resolved later (resolveCacheMaxBytes); here
 	// we only record whether the operator set the key explicitly.
-	if sc != nil {
-		if _, present := sc.Get(keyCacheMaxBytes); present {
+	if _, present := lookupValue(sc, keyCacheMaxBytes); present {
 		c.cacheMaxBytesExplicit = true
 	}
-	}

 	// Build DBURL from StateDir if not explicitly set. The derived URL
 	// is a default: it applies only when db_url is omitted, never to an
 	// explicitly empty value.
 	c.DBURL = loader.stringVal(keyDBURL, "")
 	if c.DBURL == "" && loader.err == nil {
-		if sc != nil {
-			if _, present := sc.Get(keyDBURL); present {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf(
-					"config key %q: %w; omit the key to derive it from state_dir",
-					keyDBURL, errValueEmpty)
-			}
+		if _, present := lookupValue(sc, keyDBURL); present {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w; omit it to derive it from state_dir",
+				settingName(keyDBURL), errValueEmpty)
 		}

 		c.DBURL = fmt.Sprintf("file:%s/state.sqlite3?_journal_mode=WAL", c.StateDir)
@@ -215,7 +269,7 @@ func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, loader.err
 	}

-	err := c.validate()
+	err = c.validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -299,13 +353,99 @@ func isKnownConfigKey(key string) bool {
 	switch key {
 	case keyDebug, keyMaintenanceMode, keyPort, keyStateDir, keySentryDSN,
 		keyDBURL, keyMetrics, keySigningKey, keyAllowlistHosts, keyAllowHTTP,
-		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, keyCacheMaxBytes, "env":
+		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, keyCacheMaxBytes, keyBlockedNetworks,
+		keyTrustedProxies, "env":
 		return true
 	}

 	return false
 }

+// envVarNames returns, for each configuration key, the environment
+// variable that also sets it: PIXA_ plus the key in upper case, with "."
+// written as "_", except the port, which REPO_POLICIES.md requires to be
+// PORT. metrics is set through its two subkeys; env has no variable.
+func envVarNames() map[string]string {
+	return map[string]string{ //nolint:gosec // G101: variable names, not secrets
+		keyDebug:                      "PIXA_DEBUG",
+		keyMaintenanceMode:            "PIXA_MAINTENANCE_MODE",
+		keyPort:                       "PORT",
+		keyStateDir:                   "PIXA_STATE_DIR",
+		keySentryDSN:                  "PIXA_SENTRY_DSN",
+		keyDBURL:                      "PIXA_DB_URL",
+		keyMetricsUsername:            "PIXA_METRICS_USERNAME",
+		keyMetricsPassword:            "PIXA_METRICS_PASSWORD",
+		keySigningKey:                 "PIXA_SIGNING_KEY",
+		keyAllowlistHosts:             "PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS",
+		keyAllowHTTP:                  "PIXA_ALLOW_HTTP",
+		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost: "PIXA_UPSTREAM_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST",
+		keyCacheMaxBytes:              "PIXA_CACHE_MAX_BYTES",
+		keyBlockedNetworks:            "PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS",
+		keyTrustedProxies:             "PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES",
+	}
+}
+
+// validateKnownEnvVars rejects environment variables whose names start
+// with PIXA_ but that are neither a setting's variable nor
+// PIXA_CONFIG_PATH, so a misspelled variable fails at startup instead of
+// being silently ignored, as validateKnownKeys does for config file keys.
+// New calls it after loading the config file, so the variables the
+// file's env section sets are checked too.
+func validateKnownEnvVars() error {
+	known := map[string]bool{"PIXA_CONFIG_PATH": true}
+
+	for _, name := range envVarNames() {
+		known[name] = true
+	}
+
+	var unknown []string
+
+	for _, entry := range os.Environ() {
+		name, _, _ := strings.Cut(entry, "=")
+
+		switch {
+		case !strings.HasPrefix(name, "PIXA_") || known[name]:
+			continue
+		case name == "PIXA_PORT":
+			unknown = append(unknown, name+" (use PORT for the port)")
+		default:
+			unknown = append(unknown, name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(unknown) > 0 {
+		sort.Strings(unknown)
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errUnknownEnvVars, strings.Join(unknown, ", "))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// lookupValue returns the value set for key and whether one is set. The
+// key's environment variable wins when it is present, even when empty;
+// its value is a string, read exactly as the same text quoted in the
+// config file would be. Otherwise the config file's value is used.
+func lookupValue(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string) (any, bool) {
+	value, present := os.LookupEnv(envVarNames()[key])
+	if present {
+		return value, true
+	}
+
+	if sc == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	return sc.Get(key)
+}
+
+// settingName names key in an error message together with its
+// environment variable, since either one may have set the value.
+func settingName(key string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("config key %q (environment variable %s)",
+		key, envVarNames()[key])
+}
+
 // ensureStateDirWritable verifies at startup that StateDir can be
 // created and written to, so a misconfigured path aborts startup
 // instead of failing later at first use.
@@ -314,28 +454,51 @@ func (c *Config) ensureStateDirWritable() error {

 	err := os.MkdirAll(c.StateDir, stateDirPerms)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot create directory %q: %w",
-			keyStateDir, c.StateDir, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: cannot create directory %q: %w",
+			settingName(keyStateDir), c.StateDir, err)
 	}

 	probe, err := os.CreateTemp(c.StateDir, ".startup-write-probe-*")
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: directory %q is not writable: %w",
-			keyStateDir, c.StateDir, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: directory %q is not writable: %w",
+			settingName(keyStateDir), c.StateDir, err)
 	}

 	probePath := probe.Name()

 	err = probe.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot close probe file %q: %w",
-			keyStateDir, probePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: cannot close probe file %q: %w",
+			settingName(keyStateDir), probePath, err)
 	}

 	err = os.Remove(probePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: cannot remove probe file %q: %w",
-			keyStateDir, probePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: cannot remove probe file %q: %w",
+			settingName(keyStateDir), probePath, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateSigningKey checks that the signing key is present, long
+// enough, and not the public placeholder from config.example.yml. The
+// key value itself is never echoed in error messages.
+func (c *Config) validateSigningKey() error {
+	if c.SigningKey == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", settingName(keySigningKey), errValueRequired)
+	}
+
+	// Minimum key length for security (32 bytes = 256 bits)
+	const minKeyLength = 32
+	if len(c.SigningKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w: must be at least %d characters, got %d",
+			settingName(keySigningKey), errValueTooShort, minKeyLength,
+			len(c.SigningKey))
+	}
+
+	if c.SigningKey == placeholderSigningKey {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", settingName(keySigningKey), errPlaceholderKey)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -344,39 +507,32 @@ func (c *Config) ensureStateDirWritable() error {
 // validate checks that all required configuration values are set and
 // that every value is within its valid range.
 func (c *Config) validate() error {
-	// The signing key value is never echoed in error messages.
-	if c.SigningKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w", keySigningKey, errValueRequired)
-	}
-
-	// Minimum key length for security (32 bytes = 256 bits)
-	const minKeyLength = 32
-	if len(c.SigningKey) < minKeyLength {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w: must be at least %d characters, got %d",
-			keySigningKey, errValueTooShort, minKeyLength, len(c.SigningKey))
+	err := c.validateSigningKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	const maxPort = 65535
 	if c.Port < 1 || c.Port > maxPort {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %d is %w 1-%d",
-			keyPort, c.Port, errPortOutOfRange, maxPort)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: value %d is %w 1-%d",
+			settingName(keyPort), c.Port, errPortOutOfRange, maxPort)
 	}

 	if c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost < 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %d %w",
-			keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost,
-			errTooFewConnections)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: value %d %w",
+			settingName(keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost),
+			c.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost, errTooFewConnections)
 	}

 	if c.StateDir == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w", keyStateDir, errValueEmpty)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", settingName(keyStateDir), errValueEmpty)
 	}

 	// Zero is valid (it disables the disk cache); only negative
 	// values are rejected. No floor applies to explicit values.
 	if c.CacheMaxBytes < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %d %w",
-			keyCacheMaxBytes, c.CacheMaxBytes, errMustNotBeNegative)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: value %d %w",
+			settingName(keyCacheMaxBytes), c.CacheMaxBytes, errMustNotBeNegative)
 	}

 	for _, host := range c.AllowlistHosts {
@@ -389,14 +545,15 @@ func (c *Config) validate() error {
 	if c.SentryDSN != "" {
 		parsed, err := url.Parse(c.SentryDSN)
 		if err != nil || parsed.Scheme == "" || parsed.Host == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
-				keySentryDSN, c.SentryDSN, errNotAValidURL)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q is %w",
+				settingName(keySentryDSN), c.SentryDSN, errNotAValidURL)
 		}
 	}

 	if (c.MetricsUsername == "") != (c.MetricsPassword == "") {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config keys %q and %q %w",
-			keyMetricsUsername, keyMetricsPassword, errMustBeSetTogether)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s and %s %w",
+			settingName(keyMetricsUsername), settingName(keyMetricsPassword),
+			errMustBeSetTogether)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -411,13 +568,13 @@ func (c *Config) validate() error {
 // disable URL signing.
 func validateAllowlistHost(host string) error {
 	if strings.Contains(host, "://") || strings.ContainsAny(host, "/ \t") {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: entry %q %w",
-			keyAllowlistHosts, host, errNotBareHostname)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: entry %q %w",
+			settingName(keyAllowlistHosts), host, errNotBareHostname)
 	}

 	if strings.Trim(host, ".") == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: entry %q %w",
-			keyAllowlistHosts, host, errNoHostnameLabels)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: entry %q %w",
+			settingName(keyAllowlistHosts), host, errNoHostnameLabels)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -533,11 +690,7 @@ func (l *strictLoader) boolVal(key string, defaultVal bool) bool {
 // is omitted. A present value that is not a string, or is explicitly
 // null, is an error.
 func getString(sc *smartconfig.Config, key, defaultVal string) (string, error) {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return defaultVal, nil
-	}
-
-	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, key)
 	if !ok {
 		return defaultVal, nil
 	}
@@ -559,11 +712,7 @@ func getString(sc *smartconfig.Config, key, defaultVal string) (string, error) {
 // omitted. A present value that is not a whole number, or is explicitly
 // null, is an error; fractional values are never truncated.
 func getInt(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int) (int, error) {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return defaultVal, nil
-	}
-
-	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, key)
 	if !ok {
 		return defaultVal, nil
 	}
@@ -587,8 +736,8 @@ func getInt(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int) (int, error) {
 	case string:
 		parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(val))
 		if err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
-				key, val, errNotAnInteger)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q is %w",
+				settingName(key), val, errNotAnInteger)
 		}

 		return parsed, nil
@@ -603,11 +752,7 @@ func getInt(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int) (int, error) {
 // is explicitly null, is an error; fractional values are never
 // truncated and out-of-range values are never clamped.
 func getInt64(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int64) (int64, error) {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return defaultVal, nil
-	}
-
-	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, key)
 	if !ok {
 		return defaultVal, nil
 	}
@@ -638,8 +783,8 @@ func getInt64(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int64) (int64, erro
 	case string:
 		parsed, err := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(val), 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
-				key, val, errNotAnInteger)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q is %w",
+				settingName(key), val, errNotAnInteger)
 		}

 		return parsed, nil
@@ -654,11 +799,7 @@ func getInt64(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal int64) (int64, erro
 // string), or is explicitly null, is an error; numbers are not accepted
 // as booleans.
 func getBool(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal bool) (bool, error) {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return defaultVal, nil
-	}
-
-	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, key)
 	if !ok {
 		return defaultVal, nil
 	}
@@ -673,8 +814,8 @@ func getBool(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal bool) (bool, error)
 	case string:
 		parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(val))
 		if err != nil {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
-				key, val, errNotABoolean)
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q is %w",
+				settingName(key), val, errNotABoolean)
 		}

 		return parsed, nil
@@ -690,7 +831,7 @@ func getBool(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string, defaultVal bool) (bool, error)
 // (or a comma-separated string), a non-string entry, or an empty entry
 // is an error, never silently skipped.
 func validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc *smartconfig.Config) error {
-	raw, ok := sc.Get(keyAllowlistHosts)
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, keyAllowlistHosts)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -720,8 +861,8 @@ func validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc *smartconfig.Config) error {

 		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(val, ",") {
 			if strings.TrimSpace(part) == "" {
-				return fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q %w",
-					keyAllowlistHosts, val, errEmptyEntry)
+				return fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q %w",
+					settingName(keyAllowlistHosts), val, errEmptyEntry)
 			}
 		}
 	default:
@@ -737,11 +878,7 @@ func validateAllowlistHostsValue(sc *smartconfig.Config) error {
 // comma-separated string (backwards compatibility). Malformed entries
 // are rejected beforehand by validateAllowlistHostsValue.
 func getStringSlice(sc *smartconfig.Config) []string {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	val, ok := sc.Get(keyAllowlistHosts)
+	val, ok := lookupValue(sc, keyAllowlistHosts)
 	if !ok || val == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -778,3 +915,103 @@ func getStringSlice(sc *smartconfig.Config) []string {

 	return nil
 }
+
+// defaultTrustedProxies returns the trusted_proxies default: the three RFC
+// 1918 private ranges. pixa is always deployed behind a TLS-terminating
+// reverse proxy, which in practice sits on a private network, so its
+// forwarding headers are believed unless the operator says otherwise.
+// Loopback is deliberately excluded: it is not an RFC 1918 range, and no
+// deployment reaches pixa over it. A fresh slice is returned on each call so
+// callers may hold it without aliasing shared state.
+func defaultTrustedProxies() []netip.Prefix {
+	return []netip.Prefix{
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8"),
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("172.16.0.0/12"),
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.0.0/16"),
+	}
+}
+
+// parseCIDRList parses the value of the named config key into CIDR
+// prefixes, or returns nil if the key is omitted. It accepts a YAML list
+// of strings or a comma-separated string. An explicitly null value, a
+// wrong type, an empty entry, a non-string entry, or an unparseable CIDR
+// aborts startup naming the key and the offending value; the default
+// (an empty list) applies only to an omitted key.
+func parseCIDRList(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
+	raw, ok := lookupValue(sc, key)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil, errNullConfigValue(key)
+	}
+
+	entries, err := cidrListEntries(raw, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(entries))
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(entry)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q is %w",
+				settingName(key), entry, errNotAValidCIDR)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, prefix)
+	}
+
+	return prefixes, nil
+}
+
+// cidrListEntries extracts the raw entries of the named CIDR-list key as
+// trimmed, non-empty strings, from either a YAML list of strings or a
+// comma-separated string; an empty string is an empty list, as for
+// allowlist_hosts. Any other shape is a configuration error.
+func cidrListEntries(raw any, key string) ([]string, error) {
+	switch val := raw.(type) {
+	case []any:
+		entries := make([]string, 0, len(val))
+
+		for _, item := range val {
+			str, ok := item.(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: list entry %v (%T) is %w",
+					key, item, item, errNotAString)
+			}
+
+			if strings.TrimSpace(str) == "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w",
+					key, errEmptyListEntry)
+			}
+
+			entries = append(entries, strings.TrimSpace(str))
+		}
+
+		return entries, nil
+	case string:
+		entries := make([]string, 0)
+
+		if strings.TrimSpace(val) == "" {
+			return entries, nil
+		}
+
+		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(val, ",") {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+			if trimmed == "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: value %q %w",
+					settingName(key), val, errEmptyEntry)
+			}
+
+			entries = append(entries, trimmed)
+		}
+
+		return entries, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			key, raw, raw, errNotAStringList)
+	}
+}
@@ -303,6 +303,11 @@ func invalidHostAndCredentialCases() []abortCase {
 			yaml:              "signing_key: short\n",
 			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySigningKey},
 		},
+		{
+			name:              "signing_key is the documented placeholder",
+			yaml:              "signing_key: " + placeholderSigningKey + "\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keySigningKey},
+		},
 		{
 			name:              "signing_key missing",
 			yaml:              "port: 8080\n",
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/globals"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
+)
+
+// TestMain unsets PORT and every PIXA_ environment variable before the
+// tests run, so each test sees only the variables it sets itself, not
+// whatever the shell running the tests exports.
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	for _, entry := range os.Environ() {
+		name, _, _ := strings.Cut(entry, "=")
+		if name != "PORT" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, "PIXA_") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := os.Unsetenv(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	m.Run()
+}
+
+// wantStartupError fails the test unless err is a startup error that
+// mentions every one of wants.
+func wantStartupError(t *testing.T, err error, wants ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("want a startup error mentioning %q, got none", wants)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("got expected error: %v", err)
+
+	for _, want := range wants {
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), want) {
+			t.Errorf("error %q does not mention %q", err.Error(), want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEnvironmentSetsEveryKey sets every key from its environment
+// variable, with no config file at all: PORT for the port, and PIXA_
+// plus the key in upper case, "." written as "_", for every other key.
+func TestEnvironmentSetsEveryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_DEBUG", "true")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_MAINTENANCE_MODE", "1")
+	t.Setenv("PORT", "9090")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_STATE_DIR", "/srv/pixa-env")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_SENTRY_DSN", "https://abc123@sentry.example.com/42")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_DB_URL", "file:/srv/pixa-env/other.sqlite3")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_METRICS_USERNAME", "metricsuser")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_METRICS_PASSWORD", "metricspass")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_SIGNING_KEY", validTestSigningKey)
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS", "s3.sneak.cloud,.example.com")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_ALLOW_HTTP", "true")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_UPSTREAM_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST", "5")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_CACHE_MAX_BYTES", "1024")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS", "203.0.113.0/24")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES", "192.0.2.0/24")
+
+	c, err := newFromSmartConfig(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("configuration from the environment alone should load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := Config{
+		Debug:                      true,
+		MaintenanceMode:            true,
+		Port:                       9090,
+		StateDir:                   "/srv/pixa-env",
+		SentryDSN:                  "https://abc123@sentry.example.com/42",
+		DBURL:                      "file:/srv/pixa-env/other.sqlite3",
+		MetricsUsername:            "metricsuser",
+		MetricsPassword:            "metricspass",
+		SigningKey:                 validTestSigningKey,
+		AllowlistHosts:             []string{testHostS3, ".example.com"},
+		AllowHTTP:                  true,
+		UpstreamConnectionsPerHost: 5,
+		CacheMaxBytes:              1024,
+		cacheMaxBytesExplicit:      true,
+		BlockedNetworks:            []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("203.0.113.0/24")},
+		TrustedProxies:             []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.0/24")},
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*c, want) {
+		t.Errorf("config from the environment =\n%+v\nwant\n%+v", *c, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnknownPixaVariableAbortsStartup checks that a PIXA_ variable that
+// is not a setting's variable, such as a misspelled one, aborts startup
+// naming it, as an unknown config key does, instead of being ignored.
+func TestUnknownPixaVariableAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY", "192.0.2.0/24")
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_SIGNINGKEY", validTestSigningKey)
+
+	err := validateKnownEnvVars()
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY", "PIXA_SIGNINGKEY")
+}
+
+// TestPixaPortAbortsStartupPointingToPort checks that PIXA_PORT aborts
+// startup with a message saying to use PORT, which sets the port.
+func TestPixaPortAbortsStartupPointingToPort(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_PORT", "9090")
+
+	err := validateKnownEnvVars()
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_PORT", "use PORT")
+}
+
+// TestSettingVariablesAndConfigPathAreAccepted checks that every
+// setting's variable and PIXA_CONFIG_PATH pass the check for unknown
+// PIXA_ variables. TestEnvironmentSetsEveryKey pins the names in the list.
+func TestSettingVariablesAndConfigPathAreAccepted(t *testing.T) {
+	// A config file's env section loaded by another test can leave a
+	// PIXA_ variable set for the whole process, so every one is unset
+	// here first; t.Setenv restores each when the test ends.
+	for _, entry := range os.Environ() {
+		name, _, _ := strings.Cut(entry, "=")
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "PIXA_") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		t.Setenv(name, "")
+
+		err := os.Unsetenv(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to unset %s: %v", name, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_CONFIG_PATH", "/etc/pixa/config.yml")
+
+	for _, name := range envVarNames() {
+		t.Setenv(name, "")
+	}
+
+	err := validateKnownEnvVars()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PIXA_CONFIG_PATH and every setting's variable "+
+			"must be accepted: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// configFromNew writes yamlContent to a temporary config file, points
+// PIXA_CONFIG_PATH at it, and runs New, as the server does at startup.
+// The state directory is a temporary one and the disk cache is off, so
+// New succeeds unless something in the test is wrong.
+func configFromNew(t *testing.T, yamlContent string) (*Config, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yml")
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0o600)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write test config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_CONFIG_PATH", configPath)
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_STATE_DIR", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "state"))
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_CACHE_MAX_BYTES", "0")
+
+	testLogger, err := logger.New(nil, logger.Params{Globals: &globals.Globals{}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create logger: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return New(nil, Params{Logger: testLogger})
+}
+
+// TestUnknownPixaVariableAbortsNew checks that New, which the server
+// calls at startup, aborts on a misspelled PIXA_ variable.
+func TestUnknownPixaVariableAbortsNew(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY", "192.0.2.0/24")
+
+	_, err := configFromNew(t, signingKeyLine)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY")
+}
+
+// TestUnknownPixaVariableInEnvSectionAbortsNew checks that New aborts
+// on a misspelled PIXA_ name in the config file's env section, which
+// loading the file sets as an environment variable.
+func TestUnknownPixaVariableInEnvSectionAbortsNew(t *testing.T) {
+	// The variable must be absent until the file loads. t.Setenv makes
+	// sure the one the file sets is removed when the test ends.
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY", "")
+
+	err := os.Unsetenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unset PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = configFromNew(t, signingKeyLine+
+		"env:\n  PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY: 192.0.2.0/24\n")
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXY")
+}
+
+// TestPortFromEnvironmentOverridesConfigFile checks that PORT wins over
+// the port in the config file.
+func TestPortFromEnvironmentOverridesConfigFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PORT", "9090")
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"port: 8080\n")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PORT=9090 with port 8080 in the file should load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.Port != 9090 {
+		t.Errorf("Port = %d, want 9090 from PORT, not 8080 from the file", c.Port)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInvalidPortFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup checks that a PORT that is
+// not a number, or is outside the port range, aborts startup naming PORT
+// and the value, even though the file's port is valid.
+func TestInvalidPortFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PORT", "banana")
+
+	_, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"port: 8080\n")
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PORT", "banana")
+
+	t.Setenv("PORT", "70000")
+
+	_, err = configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"port: 8080\n")
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PORT", "70000")
+}
+
+// TestListFromEnvironmentReplacesConfigFileList checks that a list
+// variable replaces the file's list, split on commas with the spaces
+// around each entry trimmed.
+func TestListFromEnvironmentReplacesConfigFileList(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS", " cdn.example.com , .example.org ")
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+
+		"allowlist_hosts:\n  - s3.sneak.cloud\n  - sneak.berlin\n")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS should load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := []string{"cdn.example.com", ".example.org"}
+	if !slices.Equal(c.AllowlistHosts, want) {
+		t.Errorf("AllowlistHosts = %v, want %v from PIXA_ALLOWLIST_HOSTS",
+			c.AllowlistHosts, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInvalidBlockedNetworksFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup checks that an
+// invalid CIDR, or an empty entry, in PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS aborts
+// startup naming the variable, as the same list in the file does.
+func TestInvalidBlockedNetworksFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS", "203.0.113.0/24,not-a-cidr")
+
+	_, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS", "not-a-cidr")
+
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS", "203.0.113.0/24,,198.51.100.0/24")
+
+	_, err = configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_BLOCKED_NETWORKS")
+}
+
+// TestInvalidDebugFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup checks that a PIXA_DEBUG
+// that strconv.ParseBool rejects aborts startup instead of defaulting.
+func TestInvalidDebugFromEnvironmentAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_DEBUG", "maybe")
+
+	_, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_DEBUG", "maybe")
+}
+
+// TestConfigFileAloneBehavesAsBefore checks that with no variables set
+// (TestMain unsets them) the config file's values are used and omitted
+// keys take their defaults.
+func TestConfigFileAloneBehavesAsBefore(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"port: 9191\n")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("config file should load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.Port != 9191 {
+		t.Errorf("Port = %d, want 9191 from the file", c.Port)
+	}
+
+	if c.StateDir != DefaultStateDir {
+		t.Errorf("StateDir = %q, want default %q", c.StateDir, DefaultStateDir)
+	}
+
+	if !slices.Equal(c.TrustedProxies, defaultTrustedProxies()) {
+		t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want default %v",
+			c.TrustedProxies, defaultTrustedProxies())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyTrustedProxiesFromEnvironmentTrustsNoOne checks that an empty
+// PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES is an empty list, like [] in the file: it trusts
+// no proxy instead of taking the default ranges.
+func TestEmptyTrustedProxiesFromEnvironmentTrustsNoOne(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES", "")
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("empty PIXA_TRUSTED_PROXIES should load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.TrustedProxies) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want none", c.TrustedProxies)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyVariableDoesNotFallBackToConfigFile checks that a variable
+// that is present but empty is a set value: an empty PIXA_STATE_DIR
+// aborts startup like state_dir: "" in the file, instead of falling
+// through to the file's state_dir.
+func TestEmptyVariableDoesNotFallBackToConfigFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_STATE_DIR", "")
+
+	_, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"state_dir: /srv/pixa-file\n")
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_STATE_DIR")
+}
+
+// TestMissingSigningKeyNamesItsVariable checks that with no config file
+// and no PIXA_SIGNING_KEY, startup aborts naming the variable, which is
+// how a container started without it reports the problem.
+func TestMissingSigningKeyNamesItsVariable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, err := newFromSmartConfig(nil)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_SIGNING_KEY")
+}
+
+// TestSecretsFromEnvironmentAreNotPrinted checks that errors about the
+// signing key and the metrics password name their variables but never
+// print their values.
+func TestSecretsFromEnvironmentAreNotPrinted(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_SIGNING_KEY", "short-signing-secret")
+
+	_, err := newFromSmartConfig(nil)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_SIGNING_KEY")
+
+	if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "short-signing-secret") {
+		t.Errorf("error %q prints the signing key", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_SIGNING_KEY", validTestSigningKey)
+	t.Setenv("PIXA_METRICS_PASSWORD", "metrics-password-secret")
+
+	_, err = newFromSmartConfig(nil)
+	wantStartupError(t, err, "PIXA_METRICS_PASSWORD")
+
+	if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "metrics-password-secret") {
+		t.Errorf("error %q prints the metrics password", err.Error())
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestTrustedProxiesConfig checks the trusted_proxies key wiring: an
+// explicit CIDR list lands in TrustedProxies in order and replaces the
+// default, an omitted key falls back to the RFC 1918 private ranges, and an
+// explicitly empty list trusts no one. The list parser itself is shared with
+// blocked_networks and is exercised in depth by that key's tests.
+func TestTrustedProxiesConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("explicit list replaces the default in order", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		c, err := configFromYAML(t,
+			signingKeyLine+`trusted_proxies: ["10.0.0.0/8", "2001:db8::/32"]`+"\n")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("valid trusted_proxies should load: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		got := make([]string, len(c.TrustedProxies))
+		for i, p := range c.TrustedProxies {
+			got[i] = p.String()
+		}
+
+		if joined := strings.Join(got, ","); joined != "10.0.0.0/8,2001:db8::/32" {
+			t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want the two ranges in order", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("omitted key defaults to the RFC 1918 ranges", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("minimal config should load: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		got := make([]string, len(c.TrustedProxies))
+		for i, p := range c.TrustedProxies {
+			got[i] = p.String()
+		}
+
+		want := "10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16"
+		if joined := strings.Join(got, ","); joined != want {
+			t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want the RFC 1918 ranges %q", got, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("explicitly empty list trusts no one", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine+"trusted_proxies: []\n")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("empty trusted_proxies should load: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(c.TrustedProxies) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want empty", c.TrustedProxies)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTrustedProxiesInvalidAbortsStartup checks that an invalid or null
+// value aborts startup with an error naming the key and the offending value.
+func TestTrustedProxiesInvalidAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, []abortCase{
+		{
+			name:              "invalid cidr",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + `trusted_proxies: ["999.0.0.0/8"]` + "\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyTrustedProxies, "999.0.0.0/8"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "null value",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "trusted_proxies:\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyTrustedProxies, nullValueText},
+		},
+	})
+}
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ func (g *Generator) Parse(token string) (*Payload, error) {
 }

 // ToImageRequest converts the payload to an ImageRequest.
-// Applies default values for omitted optional fields.
+// Applies default values for omitted optional fields. An ExpiresAt of 0, a URL
+// that never expires, gives the zero Expires.
 func (p *Payload) ToImageRequest() *imgcache.ImageRequest {
 	format := p.Format
 	if format == "" {
@@ -120,6 +121,11 @@ func (p *Payload) ToImageRequest() *imgcache.ImageRequest {
 		fitMode = DefaultFitMode
 	}

+	var expires time.Time
+	if p.ExpiresAt != 0 {
+		expires = time.Unix(p.ExpiresAt, 0)
+	}
+
 	return &imgcache.ImageRequest{
 		SourceHost:  p.SourceHost,
 		SourcePath:  p.SourcePath,
@@ -131,6 +137,7 @@ func (p *Payload) ToImageRequest() *imgcache.ImageRequest {
 		Format:  format,
 		Quality: quality,
 		FitMode: fitMode,
+		Expires: expires,
 	}
 }

@@ -1,17 +1,37 @@
 package handlers

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"crypto/subtle"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"html/template"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"

+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/templates"
 )

+// errInvalidFormField reports a generator form field, or the q or exp
+// parameter of /v1/image/, whose value is non-numeric or out of range. The
+// offending field name is wrapped in so the response can name it.
+var errInvalidFormField = errors.New("invalid")
+
+// Bounds for the generator's quality and ttl fields; the quality bounds also
+// apply to the q parameter of /v1/image/. maxTTL is in seconds: the expiry
+// calculation time.Duration(ttl) * time.Second overflows above it.
+const (
+	minQuality = 1
+	maxQuality = 100
+	maxTTL     = int(math.MaxInt64 / time.Second)
+)
+
 // HandleRoot serves the login page or generator page based on authentication state.
 func (s *Handlers) HandleRoot() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -23,13 +43,13 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleRoot() http.HandlerFunc {

 		// Check if authenticated
 		if s.sessMgr.IsAuthenticated(r) {
-			s.renderGenerator(w, nil)
+			s.renderGenerator(w, r, nil)

 			return
 		}

 		// Show login page
-		s.renderLogin(w, "")
+		s.renderLogin(w, r, "")
 	}
 }

@@ -37,7 +57,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleRoot() http.HandlerFunc {
 func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	err := r.ParseForm()
 	if err != nil {
-		s.renderLogin(w, "Invalid form data")
+		s.renderLogin(w, r, "Invalid form data")

 		return
 	}
@@ -46,8 +66,9 @@ func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	// Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
 	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(submittedKey), []byte(s.config.SigningKey)) != 1 {
-		s.log.Warn("failed login attempt", "remote_addr", r.RemoteAddr)
-		s.renderLogin(w, "Invalid signing key")
+		s.log.Warn("failed login attempt",
+			"remote_addr", clientip.FromContext(r.Context()))
+		s.renderLogin(w, r, "Invalid signing key")

 		return
 	}
@@ -56,12 +77,13 @@ func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	err = s.sessMgr.CreateSession(w)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to create session", "error", err)
-		s.renderLogin(w, "Failed to create session")
+		s.renderLogin(w, r, "Failed to create session")

 		return
 	}

-	s.log.Info("successful login", "remote_addr", r.RemoteAddr)
+	s.log.Info("successful login",
+		"remote_addr", clientip.FromContext(r.Context()))

 	// Redirect to generator page
 	http.Redirect(w, r, "/", http.StatusSeeOther)
@@ -87,7 +109,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {

 		err := r.ParseForm()
 		if err != nil {
-			s.renderGenerator(w, &generatorData{Error: "Invalid form data"})
+			s.renderGenerator(w, r, &generatorData{Error: "Invalid form data"})

 			return
 		}
@@ -97,18 +119,26 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// Validate source URL
 		parsed, err := url.Parse(sourceURL)
 		if err != nil || parsed.Host == "" {
-			s.renderGeneratorWithForm(w, "Invalid source URL", r.Form)
+			s.renderGeneratorWithForm(w, r, "Invalid source URL", r.Form,
+				http.StatusBadRequest)

 			return
 		}

-		payload, expiresAt, ttl := buildGeneratePayload(parsed, r.Form)
+		payload, expiresAt, ttl, err := buildGeneratePayload(parsed, r.Form)
+		if err != nil {
+			s.renderGeneratorWithForm(w, r, err.Error(), r.Form,
+				http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
+		}

 		// Generate encrypted token
 		token, err := s.encGen.Generate(payload)
 		if err != nil {
 			s.log.Error("failed to generate encrypted URL", "error", err)
-			s.renderGeneratorWithForm(w, "Failed to generate URL", r.Form)
+			s.renderGeneratorWithForm(w, r, "Failed to generate URL", r.Form,
+				http.StatusInternalServerError)

 			return
 		}
@@ -121,7 +151,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 			expiresAtStr = expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339)
 		}

-		s.renderGenerator(w, &generatorData{
+		s.renderGenerator(w, r, &generatorData{
 			GeneratedURL: generatedURL,
 			ExpiresAt:    expiresAtStr,
 			FormURL:      sourceURL,
@@ -136,17 +166,40 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleGenerateURL() http.HandlerFunc {
 }

 // buildGeneratePayload parses the numeric form fields and assembles the
-// encrypted URL payload. ttl=0 means never expires (ExpiresAt stays 0).
+// encrypted URL payload. ttl=0 means never expires (ExpiresAt stays 0). A
+// non-numeric or out-of-range width, height, quality or ttl, or an
+// unrecognized fit mode, is a client error naming the offending field. The
+// format field is passed through unchecked.
 func buildGeneratePayload(
 	parsed *url.URL, form url.Values,
-) (*encurl.Payload, time.Time, int) {
-	width, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("width"))
-	height, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("height"))
-	quality, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("quality"))
-	ttl, _ := strconv.Atoi(form.Get("ttl"))
+) (*encurl.Payload, time.Time, int, error) {
+	width, err := parseFormDimension(form, "width")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, 0, err
+	}

-	if quality <= 0 {
-		quality = 85
+	height, err := parseFormDimension(form, "height")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, 0, err
+	}
+
+	quality, err := parseFormInt(form, "quality",
+		encurl.DefaultQuality, minQuality, maxQuality)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, 0, err
+	}
+
+	ttl, err := parseFormInt(form, "ttl", 0, 0, maxTTL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, 0, err
+	}
+
+	fitMode := imgcache.FitMode(form.Get("fit"))
+
+	err = imgcache.ValidateFitMode(fitMode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, 0,
+			fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", imgcache.ErrInvalidFitMode, form.Get("fit"))
 	}

 	var (
@@ -167,11 +220,57 @@ func buildGeneratePayload(
 		Height:      height,
 		Format:      imgcache.ImageFormat(form.Get("format")),
 		Quality:     quality,
-		FitMode:     imgcache.FitMode(form.Get("fit")),
+		FitMode:     fitMode,
 		ExpiresAt:   expiresAtUnix,
 	}

-	return payload, expiresAt, ttl
+	return payload, expiresAt, ttl, nil
+}
+
+// parseFormDimension reads an optional width or height form field. An empty
+// value means "original size" (0). A non-numeric value, or one
+// imgcache.ValidateDimension rejects, is an error naming the field.
+func parseFormDimension(form url.Values, field string) (int, error) {
+	raw := form.Get(field)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.Atoi(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w %s: not a number", errInvalidFormField, field)
+	}
+
+	err = imgcache.ValidateDimension(field, value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// parseFormInt reads an optional integer form field or URL query parameter,
+// returning def when the field is empty and an error naming the field when the
+// value is non-numeric or outside minValue to maxValue.
+func parseFormInt(
+	form url.Values, field string, def, minValue, maxValue int,
+) (int, error) {
+	raw := form.Get(field)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return def, nil
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.Atoi(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w %s: not a number", errInvalidFormField, field)
+	}
+
+	if value < minValue || value > maxValue {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w %s: must be from %d to %d",
+			errInvalidFormField, field, minValue, maxValue)
+	}
+
+	return value, nil
 }

 // generatorData holds template data for the generator page.
@@ -186,15 +285,20 @@ type generatorData struct {
 	FormQuality  string
 	FormFit      string
 	FormTTL      string
+	CSRFField    template.HTML
 }

-func (s *Handlers) renderLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string) {
+func (s *Handlers) renderLogin(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, errorMsg string,
+) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")

 	data := struct {
 		Error     string
+		CSRFField template.HTML
 	}{
 		Error:     errorMsg,
+		CSRFField: csrfField(r),
 	}

 	err := templates.Render(w, "login.html", data)
@@ -204,24 +308,49 @@ func (s *Handlers) renderLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string) {
 	}
 }

-func (s *Handlers) renderGenerator(w http.ResponseWriter, data *generatorData) {
+func (s *Handlers) renderGenerator(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, data *generatorData,
+) {
+	s.renderGeneratorStatus(w, r, data, http.StatusOK)
+}
+
+// renderGeneratorStatus renders the generator page with an explicit HTTP
+// status; a rejected form uses 400. The page is rendered into a buffer before
+// the status is written, so a template failure can still answer 500.
+func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorStatus(
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, data *generatorData, status int,
+) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")

 	if data == nil {
 		data = &generatorData{}
 	}

-	err := templates.Render(w, "generator.html", data)
+	data.CSRFField = csrfField(r)
+
+	var page bytes.Buffer
+
+	err := templates.Render(&page, "generator.html", data)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Error("failed to render generator template", "error", err)
 		http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	w.WriteHeader(status)
+
+	_, err = page.WriteTo(w)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Error("failed to write generator page", "error", err)
 	}
 }

 func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorWithForm(
-	w http.ResponseWriter, errorMsg string, form url.Values,
+	w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, errorMsg string,
+	form url.Values, status int,
 ) {
-	s.renderGenerator(w, &generatorData{
+	s.renderGeneratorStatus(w, r, &generatorData{
 		Error:       errorMsg,
 		FormURL:     form.Get("url"),
 		FormWidth:   form.Get("width"),
@@ -230,7 +359,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) renderGeneratorWithForm(
 		FormQuality: form.Get("quality"),
 		FormFit:     form.Get("fit"),
 		FormTTL:     form.Get("ttl"),
-	})
+	}, status)
 }

 func (s *Handlers) buildGeneratedURL(r *http.Request, token, format string) string {
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestFailedLoginLogsResolvedClientIP verifies the failed-login record
+// carries the resolved client IP from the request context, not the raw
+// proxy peer address.
+func TestFailedLoginLogsResolvedClientIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:    slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&buf, nil)),
+		config: &config.Config{SigningKey: testSigningKey},
+	}
+
+	form := url.Values{loginKeyField: {"wrong-key"}}
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(), http.MethodPost, "/",
+		strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+	req = req.WithContext(clientip.WithClientIP(req.Context(), "203.0.113.7"))
+
+	h.handleLoginPost(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"remote_addr":"203.0.113.7"`) {
+		t.Errorf("failed-login log missing resolved client IP; got %q", buf.String())
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/session"
+)
+
+// testSigningKey is a throwaway signing key for the CSRF flow tests. It
+// seeds the session manager, the encrypted-URL generator, and the CSRF
+// token key, exactly as the real signing key does in production.
+const testSigningKey = "test-signing-key-0123456789abcdef"
+
+// Form field names used in the CSRF flow tests.
+const (
+	loginKeyField = "key"
+	// gorilla/csrf's default form field name, not a credential.
+	csrfTokenField = "gorilla.csrf.Token" //nolint:gosec // G101 false positive
+)
+
+// csrfFieldPattern extracts the token rendered by csrf.TemplateField into
+// the form. The field name is gorilla/csrf's default.
+var csrfFieldPattern = regexp.MustCompile(
+	`name="gorilla\.csrf\.Token" value="([^"]+)"`)
+
+// newCSRFTestRouter builds a router that mirrors the production wiring for
+// the CSRF-protected UI routes (see server.SetupRoutes): the login and
+// generator forms and their POST targets sit behind the real CSRF
+// middleware. Requests are marked plaintext (Debug: true) so the flow runs
+// over httptest's http transport without an https Referer.
+func newCSRFTestRouter(t *testing.T) (*Handlers, http.Handler) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{SigningKey: testSigningKey, Debug: true}
+
+	sessMgr, err := session.NewManager(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("session.NewManager() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	encGen, err := encurl.NewGenerator(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encurl.NewGenerator() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	protect, err := newCSRFProtect(testSigningKey, cfg.Debug)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newCSRFProtect() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:         slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
+		config:      cfg,
+		sessMgr:     sessMgr,
+		encGen:      encGen,
+		csrfProtect: protect,
+	}
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Group(func(r chi.Router) {
+		r.Use(h.CSRF())
+		r.Get("/", h.HandleRoot())
+		r.Post("/", h.HandleRoot())
+		r.Post("/generate", h.HandleGenerateURL())
+	})
+
+	return h, r
+}
+
+// csrfCredentials performs a GET that renders a form and returns the CSRF
+// cookies the middleware set and the token embedded in the form. Passing
+// the authenticated session cookie renders the generator form instead of
+// the login form.
+func csrfCredentials(
+	t *testing.T, srv http.Handler, reqCookies []*http.Cookie,
+) ([]*http.Cookie, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		context.Background(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	for _, c := range reqCookies {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	srv.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("GET / status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	match := csrfFieldPattern.FindStringSubmatch(rec.Body.String())
+	if match == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no CSRF token field found in rendered form")
+	}
+
+	return rec.Result().Cookies(), match[1]
+}
+
+// postForm submits form values with the given cookies and returns the
+// recorder.
+func postForm(
+	srv http.Handler, path string,
+	cookies []*http.Cookie, form url.Values,
+) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		context.Background(), http.MethodPost, path,
+		strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+
+	for _, c := range cookies {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	srv.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	return rec
+}
+
+// TestLoginPostRejectedWithoutToken verifies that POST / with no CSRF token
+// is rejected. This is login CSRF: no session cookie exists yet, so the
+// protection must rest on a token bound to a pre-session cookie.
+func TestLoginPostRejectedWithoutToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/", nil, url.Values{loginKeyField: {testSigningKey}})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusForbidden {
+		t.Errorf("POST / without token status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusForbidden)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginPostRejectedWithForeignToken verifies that a token that does not
+// match the request's CSRF cookie is rejected: a token minted for one
+// cookie cannot authorize a request carrying a different cookie.
+func TestLoginPostRejectedWithForeignToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	cookiesA, _ := csrfCredentials(t, srv, nil)
+	_, tokenB := csrfCredentials(t, srv, nil)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/", cookiesA, url.Values{
+		loginKeyField:  {testSigningKey},
+		csrfTokenField: {tokenB},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusForbidden {
+		t.Errorf("POST / with foreign token status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusForbidden)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginPostAcceptedWithValidToken verifies that POST / with a matching
+// cookie and token succeeds: the login is processed and a session is
+// established (303 redirect).
+func TestLoginPostAcceptedWithValidToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, nil)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/", cookies, url.Values{
+		loginKeyField:  {testSigningKey},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusSeeOther {
+		t.Fatalf("POST / with valid token status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusSeeOther)
+	}
+
+	var authed bool
+
+	for _, c := range rec.Result().Cookies() {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName && c.Value != "" {
+			authed = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !authed {
+		t.Error("valid login did not set a session cookie")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGeneratePostRejectedWithoutToken verifies that POST /generate is
+// rejected without a CSRF token even when the request carries a valid
+// authenticated session. The session cookie is not sufficient; the policy
+// requires a CSRF token on this cookie-authenticated form.
+func TestGeneratePostRejectedWithoutToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	sessionCookie := newSessionCookie(t, h)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/generate",
+		[]*http.Cookie{sessionCookie},
+		url.Values{"url": {"https://example.com/a.jpg"}})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusForbidden {
+		t.Errorf("POST /generate without token status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusForbidden)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGeneratePostAcceptedWithValidToken verifies that POST /generate
+// succeeds with a valid session and a matching CSRF cookie and token.
+func TestGeneratePostAcceptedWithValidToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	sessionCookie := newSessionCookie(t, h)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, []*http.Cookie{sessionCookie})
+	cookies = append(cookies, sessionCookie)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/generate", cookies, url.Values{
+		"url":          {"https://example.com/a.jpg"},
+		"format":       {"jpeg"},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("POST /generate with valid token status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), "/v1/e/") {
+		t.Error("generator response did not contain a generated URL")
+	}
+}
+
+// newSessionCookie creates an authenticated session cookie via the
+// handler's session manager.
+func newSessionCookie(t *testing.T, h *Handlers) *http.Cookie {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	err := h.sessMgr.CreateSession(rec)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateSession() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range rec.Result().Cookies() {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName {
+			return c
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Fatalf("session manager did not set a %q cookie", session.CookieName)
+
+	return nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"maps"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
+)
+
+// Generator form field names, and a value that is not a number.
+const (
+	widthField   = "width"
+	heightField  = "height"
+	qualityField = "quality"
+	ttlField     = "ttl"
+	fitField     = "fit"
+	notANumber   = "abc"
+)
+
+// generatePost submits the /generate form with a valid session and CSRF token
+// plus the caller's extra fields, returning the recorder.
+func generatePost(
+	t *testing.T, extra url.Values,
+) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	h, srv := newCSRFTestRouter(t)
+
+	sessionCookie := newSessionCookie(t, h)
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, []*http.Cookie{sessionCookie})
+	cookies = append(cookies, sessionCookie)
+
+	form := url.Values{
+		sourceURLField: {testSourceURL},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	}
+	maps.Copy(form, extra)
+
+	return postForm(srv, "/generate", cookies, form)
+}
+
+// TestGeneratePostRejectsNonNumericWidth verifies that a non-numeric width is
+// rejected with 400 naming the field rather than being coerced to 0 and
+// minting a 0-width token.
+func TestGeneratePostRejectsNonNumericWidth(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	rec := generatePost(t, url.Values{"width": {"abc"}})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), "/v1/e/") {
+		t.Error("a token was generated for non-numeric width")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGeneratePostRejectsOverLimitWidth verifies that a width beyond
+// MaxDimension is rejected at generation time so an unusable token cannot be
+// minted.
+func TestGeneratePostRejectsOverLimitWidth(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	rec := generatePost(t, url.Values{"width": {"100000"}})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), "/v1/e/") {
+		t.Error("a token was generated for an over-limit width")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGeneratePostRejectsBadField verifies that each generator field whose
+// value is not a number, out of range, or unrecognized is rejected with 400,
+// mints no token, and is named in the error shown on the page.
+func TestGeneratePostRejectsBadField(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		field, value, wantError string
+	}{
+		{widthField, notANumber, "invalid width: not a number"},
+		{widthField, "-1", "width is negative"},
+		{widthField, "8193", "width is above 8192"},
+		{heightField, notANumber, "invalid height: not a number"},
+		{heightField, "8193", "height is above 8192"},
+		{qualityField, notANumber, "invalid quality: not a number"},
+		{qualityField, "0", "invalid quality: must be from 1 to 100"},
+		{qualityField, "101", "invalid quality: must be from 1 to 100"},
+		{ttlField, notANumber, "invalid ttl: not a number"},
+		{ttlField, "-1", "invalid ttl: must be from 0 to"},
+		{ttlField, "10000000000", "invalid ttl: must be from 0 to"},
+		{fitField, "bogus", "invalid fit mode: bogus"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.field+"="+tt.value, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			rec := generatePost(t, url.Values{tt.field: {tt.value}})
+			body := rec.Body.String()
+
+			if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+				t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+			}
+
+			if strings.Contains(body, "/v1/e/") {
+				t.Error("a token was generated")
+			}
+
+			if !strings.Contains(body, tt.wantError) {
+				t.Errorf("page does not show %q", tt.wantError)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildGeneratePayloadDefaultAndLimits verifies that an empty quality
+// takes the default, and that the largest accepted width, height, quality and
+// ttl are accepted with an expiry still in the future.
+func TestBuildGeneratePayloadDefaultAndLimits(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	parsed, err := url.Parse(testSourceURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("url.Parse() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	payload, _, _, err := buildGeneratePayload(parsed, url.Values{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("empty form: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if payload.Quality != encurl.DefaultQuality {
+		t.Errorf("empty quality gave %d, want %d",
+			payload.Quality, encurl.DefaultQuality)
+	}
+
+	_, expiresAt, _, err := buildGeneratePayload(parsed, url.Values{
+		widthField:   {strconv.Itoa(imgcache.MaxDimension)},
+		heightField:  {strconv.Itoa(imgcache.MaxDimension)},
+		qualityField: {strconv.Itoa(maxQuality)},
+		ttlField:     {strconv.Itoa(maxTTL)},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("largest accepted values: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !expiresAt.After(time.Now()) {
+		t.Errorf("ttl %d gave expiry %v, want a time in the future",
+			maxTTL, expiresAt)
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+// MaxFormBytes bounds the request body accepted on the HTML form POST
+// routes (POST / and POST /generate). The forms carry a handful of short
+// fields, so 1 MiB is generous while making the bound explicit rather than
+// resting on ParseForm's incidental 10 MB cap.
+const MaxFormBytes = 1 << 20 // 1 MiB
+
+// LimitBody returns middleware that caps the request body on POST requests
+// at maxBytes and rejects an oversized body with 413 Request Entity Too
+// Large.
+//
+// It parses the form here, before the CSRF middleware reads the token from
+// it. The CSRF middleware reads the token with PostFormValue, which
+// swallows a parse error, so if the body were only capped there an
+// oversized body would read as a missing token and be refused as 403. By
+// parsing under the cap first, an oversized body is refused as 413. A
+// successful parse is cached on the request, so the CSRF check and the
+// handler reuse it rather than reading the body again.
+func (s *Handlers) LimitBody(maxBytes int64) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			if r.Method == http.MethodPost {
+				r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, maxBytes)
+
+				err := r.ParseForm()
+
+				var tooLarge *http.MaxBytesError
+				if errors.As(err, &tooLarge) {
+					http.Error(w, "Request body too large",
+						http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge)
+
+					return
+				}
+			}
+
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/session"
+)
+
+// Form field names and a throwaway source image URL for the body-limit
+// tests.
+const (
+	sourceURLField = "url"
+	testSourceURL  = "https://example.com/a.jpg"
+)
+
+// newBodyLimitTestRouter mirrors the production wiring for the form POST
+// routes (see server.SetupRoutes): LimitBody sits in front of the CSRF
+// middleware, which sits in front of the handlers. maxBytes is the body
+// cap under test, so a test can trip the limit with a small body.
+func newBodyLimitTestRouter(
+	t *testing.T, maxBytes int64,
+) (*Handlers, http.Handler) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{SigningKey: testSigningKey, Debug: true}
+
+	sessMgr, err := session.NewManager(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("session.NewManager() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	encGen, err := encurl.NewGenerator(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encurl.NewGenerator() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	protect, err := newCSRFProtect(testSigningKey, cfg.Debug)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newCSRFProtect() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:         slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
+		config:      cfg,
+		sessMgr:     sessMgr,
+		encGen:      encGen,
+		csrfProtect: protect,
+	}
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Group(func(r chi.Router) {
+		r.Use(h.LimitBody(maxBytes))
+		r.Use(h.CSRF())
+		r.Get("/", h.HandleRoot())
+		r.Post("/", h.HandleRoot())
+		r.Post("/generate", h.HandleGenerateURL())
+	})
+
+	return h, r
+}
+
+// TestOversizedLoginPostRejectedBeforeCSRF is the core regression: an
+// oversized POST / carrying an otherwise valid CSRF cookie and token must
+// be rejected with 413. If the body limit ran after CSRF, the truncated
+// body would read as a missing token and return 403; if it ran after the
+// handler, a valid token would return 303. Getting 413 proves the limit
+// fires before CSRF parses the form.
+func TestOversizedLoginPostRejectedBeforeCSRF(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, srv := newBodyLimitTestRouter(t, 16)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, nil)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/", cookies, url.Values{
+		loginKeyField:  {testSigningKey},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge {
+		t.Errorf("oversized POST / status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOversizedGeneratePostRejectedBeforeCSRF is the same regression for
+// POST /generate, which also parses a form behind CSRF.
+func TestOversizedGeneratePostRejectedBeforeCSRF(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h, srv := newBodyLimitTestRouter(t, 16)
+
+	sessionCookie := newSessionCookie(t, h)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, []*http.Cookie{sessionCookie})
+	cookies = append(cookies, sessionCookie)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/generate", cookies, url.Values{
+		sourceURLField: {testSourceURL},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge {
+		t.Errorf("oversized POST /generate status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWithinLimitLoginPostSucceeds verifies the limit does not disturb a
+// normal request: under the production cap, a valid login still parses and
+// establishes a session (303). This guards against the body limit
+// consuming or corrupting the form the CSRF check and handler depend on.
+func TestWithinLimitLoginPostSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, srv := newBodyLimitTestRouter(t, MaxFormBytes)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, nil)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/", cookies, url.Values{
+		loginKeyField:  {testSigningKey},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusSeeOther {
+		t.Fatalf("within-limit POST / status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusSeeOther)
+	}
+
+	var authed bool
+
+	for _, c := range rec.Result().Cookies() {
+		if c.Name == session.CookieName && c.Value != "" {
+			authed = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !authed {
+		t.Error("within-limit valid login did not set a session cookie")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWithinLimitGeneratePostSucceeds is the same non-regression check for
+// POST /generate.
+func TestWithinLimitGeneratePostSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h, srv := newBodyLimitTestRouter(t, MaxFormBytes)
+
+	sessionCookie := newSessionCookie(t, h)
+
+	cookies, token := csrfCredentials(t, srv, []*http.Cookie{sessionCookie})
+	cookies = append(cookies, sessionCookie)
+
+	rec := postForm(srv, "/generate", cookies, url.Values{
+		sourceURLField: {testSourceURL},
+		"format":       {"jpeg"},
+		csrfTokenField: {token},
+	})
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("within-limit POST /generate status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), "/v1/e/") {
+		t.Error("within-limit generate response did not contain a generated URL")
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"html/template"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/gorilla/csrf"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/seal"
+)
+
+// csrfKeySalt provides domain separation for the CSRF authentication key,
+// derived from the signing key so tokens survive restarts without extra
+// configuration and never reuse the session or encrypted-URL key material.
+const csrfKeySalt = "pixa-csrf-v1"
+
+// newCSRFProtect builds the CSRF-protection middleware for the
+// state-mutating HTML form routes. The token lives in its own cookie,
+// independent of the session cookie, so it also protects the login POST
+// where no session exists yet (login CSRF).
+//
+// When plaintext is true (local HTTP development), requests are marked
+// plaintext so the library neither demands an https Referer nor sets a
+// Secure cookie the browser would withhold over http. In production the
+// service runs behind a TLS-terminating proxy, so plaintext is false and
+// the library enforces its https Referer origin check.
+func newCSRFProtect(
+	signingKey string, plaintext bool,
+) (func(http.Handler) http.Handler, error) {
+	key, err := seal.DeriveKey([]byte(signingKey), csrfKeySalt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	protect := csrf.Protect(
+		key[:],
+		csrf.Path("/"),
+		csrf.Secure(!plaintext),
+		csrf.SameSite(csrf.SameSiteStrictMode),
+	)
+
+	if !plaintext {
+		return protect, nil
+	}
+
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		protected := protect(next)
+
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			protected.ServeHTTP(w, csrf.PlaintextHTTPRequest(r))
+		})
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// CSRF returns the CSRF-protection middleware for the login and generator
+// form routes.
+func (s *Handlers) CSRF() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return s.csrfProtect
+}
+
+// csrfField returns the hidden form input carrying the CSRF token for the
+// given request, to be embedded verbatim in a rendered form.
+func csrfField(r *http.Request) template.HTML {
+	return csrf.TemplateField(r)
+}
@@ -39,15 +39,22 @@ type Handlers struct {
 	imgCache    *imgcache.Cache
 	sessMgr     *session.Manager
 	encGen      *encurl.Generator
+	csrfProtect func(http.Handler) http.Handler
 }

 // New creates a new Handlers instance.
 func New(lc fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Handlers, error) {
+	csrfProtect, err := newCSRFProtect(params.Config.SigningKey, params.Config.Debug)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	s := &Handlers{
 		log:         params.Logger.Get(),
 		hc:          params.Healthcheck,
 		db:          params.Database,
 		config:      params.Config,
+		csrfProtect: csrfProtect,
 	}

 	lc.Append(fx.Hook{
@@ -104,6 +111,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 		fetcherCfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost = s.config.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost
 	}

+	fetcherCfg.BlockedNetworks = s.config.BlockedNetworks
+
 	// Create the service
 	svc, err := imgcache.NewService(&imgcache.ServiceConfig{
 		Cache:         cache,
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"image"
 	"image/color"
 	"image/jpeg"
@@ -276,3 +277,120 @@ func TestHandleImage_ETagHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("ETag should be quoted, got %q", etag)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestHandleImage_InvalidFitMode_Returns400 verifies that the plain image
+// route rejects an unrecognized fit mode with 400.
+func TestHandleImage_InvalidFitMode_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+	status := getImage(t, fix,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg?fit=bogus")
+
+	if status != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", status, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_InvalidQuery_Returns400 verifies that the plain image route
+// answers a q that is not a whole number from 1 to 100, an empty one
+// included, with 400 naming q and the value, a parameter given more than once
+// with 400 naming it, and a query string that cannot be decoded with 400
+// showing it, instead of serving the image at the default quality 85 or at
+// the first value given.
+func TestHandleImage_InvalidQuery_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		query, wantError string
+	}{
+		{"q=banana", `invalid q: not a number, got "banana"`},
+		{"q=0", `invalid q: must be from 1 to 100, got "0"`},
+		{"q=101", `invalid q: must be from 1 to 100, got "101"`},
+		{"q=", `invalid q: not a number, got ""`},
+		{"q=80&q=500", `invalid q: given more than once`},
+		{"q=80&q=", `invalid q: given more than once`},
+		{"fit=cover&fit=contain", `invalid fit: given more than once`},
+		{"q=80%", `invalid query string "q=80%": invalid URL escape "%"`},
+		{
+			"q=50;fit=contain",
+			`invalid query string "q=50;fit=contain": ` +
+				`invalid semicolon separator in query`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.query, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+			r := chi.NewRouter()
+			r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
+
+			req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+				"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg?"+tt.query, nil)
+			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+			r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+			if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+				t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+			}
+
+			t.Logf("GET %s: %d %s", req.URL, rec.Code, rec.Body)
+
+			var body struct {
+				Error string `json:"error"`
+			}
+
+			err := json.NewDecoder(rec.Body).Decode(&body)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("decoding response body: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if body.Error != tt.wantError {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want %q", body.Error, tt.wantError)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_EmptyFit_Returns400 verifies that the plain image route
+// answers a fit that is in the URL but empty with 400 naming fit, instead of
+// serving the image as cover. Only a fit missing from the URL means cover.
+func TestHandleImage_EmptyFit_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+		"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg?fit=", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("GET %s: %d %s", req.URL, rec.Code, rec.Body)
+
+	var body struct {
+		Error string `json:"error"`
+	}
+
+	err := json.NewDecoder(rec.Body).Decode(&body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decoding response body: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	wantError := `invalid fit: not a fit mode, got ""`
+	if body.Error != wantError {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want %q", body.Error, wantError)
+	}
+}
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ package handlers

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 )
@@ -89,39 +92,66 @@ func (s *Handlers) parseImageRequest(
 	// Convert to ImageRequest
 	req := parsed.ToImageRequest()

-	// Parse signature params from query string
-	query := r.URL.Query()
-	req.Signature = query.Get("sig")
+	// Parse signature params from query string. r.URL.Query() would silently
+	// drop a pair it cannot decode, such as q=80%, so that q would be served
+	// at 85; a query string that cannot be decoded is refused instead. A
+	// parameter given more than once is refused too, as only its first value
+	// would be read.
+	query, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.respondError(w, fmt.Sprintf("invalid query string %q: %v",
+			r.URL.RawQuery, err), http.StatusBadRequest)

-	if expStr := query.Get("exp"); expStr != "" {
-		exp, parseErr := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64)
-		if parseErr == nil {
-			req.Expires = time.Unix(exp, 0)
-		}
+		return nil, false
 	}

-	// Parse optional quality and fit params
-	if qStr := query.Get("q"); qStr != "" {
-		q, parseErr := strconv.Atoi(qStr)
-		if parseErr == nil && q > 0 && q <= 100 {
-			req.Quality = q
-		}
-	}
-
-	if fit := query.Get("fit"); fit != "" {
-		req.FitMode = imgcache.FitMode(fit)
-
-		fitErr := imgcache.ValidateFitMode(req.FitMode)
-		if fitErr != nil {
-			s.respondError(w, "invalid fit mode: "+fit, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	for name, values := range query {
+		if len(values) > 1 {
+			s.respondError(w, fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s: given more than once",
+				name), http.StatusBadRequest)

 			return nil, false
 		}
 	}

-	// Default quality if not set
-	if req.Quality == 0 {
-		req.Quality = 85
+	req.Signature = query.Get("sig")
+
+	req.Expires, err = parseExpires(query)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.respondError(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	// Parse optional quality and fit params. Only a q missing from the URL is
+	// 85. A q in the URL that is not a whole number from 1 to 100, an empty
+	// one included, is refused, checked as the generator checks its quality
+	// field; that check alone would take an empty q as missing.
+	qStr := query.Get("q")
+	if query.Has("q") && qStr == "" {
+		s.respondError(w, `invalid q: not a number, got ""`,
+			http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	req.Quality, err = parseFormInt(query, "q",
+		encurl.DefaultQuality, minQuality, maxQuality)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.respondError(w, fmt.Sprintf("%v, got %q", err, qStr),
+			http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	// Only a fit missing from the URL is cover. A fit in the URL that is not a
+	// fit mode is refused by the fit-mode check below; that check would take an
+	// empty fit as missing, so an empty one is refused here.
+	req.FitMode = imgcache.FitMode(query.Get("fit"))
+	if query.Has("fit") && req.FitMode == "" {
+		s.respondError(w, `invalid fit: not a fit mode, got ""`, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
 	}

 	// Default fit mode if not set
@@ -129,9 +159,41 @@ func (s *Handlers) parseImageRequest(
 		req.FitMode = imgcache.FitCover
 	}

+	// Enforce dimension and fit-mode bounds, shared with the encrypted-URL
+	// route. Dimensions are already bounded by the path parser above; this
+	// also rejects an unrecognized fit mode with 400 instead of letting it
+	// reach the processor as a 500.
+	err = imgcache.ValidateImageRequest(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.respondError(w, "invalid image request: "+err.Error(),
+			http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
 	return req, true
 }

+// parseExpires reads the exp query parameter, a Unix time in seconds. An exp
+// missing from the URL gives the zero time, which the signature check takes
+// as no expiration. An exp in the URL that is not a whole number, an empty
+// one included, is an error naming exp and the value.
+func parseExpires(query url.Values) (time.Time, error) {
+	if !query.Has("exp") {
+		return time.Time{}, nil
+	}
+
+	expStr := query.Get("exp")
+
+	exp, err := strconv.ParseInt(expStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("%w exp: not a number, got %q",
+			errInvalidFormField, expStr)
+	}
+
+	return time.Unix(exp, 0), nil
+}
+
 // respondImageError maps image retrieval errors to HTTP responses.
 func (s *Handlers) respondImageError(
 	w http.ResponseWriter, req *imgcache.ImageRequest, err error,
@@ -158,6 +220,24 @@ func (s *Handlers) respondImageError(
 	s.respondError(w, "internal error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 }

+// cacheControl returns the Cache-Control header for an image served through a
+// URL that expires at expires, or never when expires is the zero time. A cache
+// may keep the image for a year, but not past the URL's expiry, after which
+// pixa refuses the URL. The seconds left are rounded down and never negative.
+// immutable only stops revalidation while the image is fresh, so it also ends
+// at the expiry.
+func cacheControl(expires time.Time) string {
+	const oneYear = 365 * 24 * time.Hour
+
+	maxAge := oneYear
+
+	if !expires.IsZero() {
+		maxAge = min(maxAge, max(time.Until(expires), 0))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("public, max-age=%d, immutable", int64(maxAge/time.Second))
+}
+
 // writeImageResponse writes headers and streams the image content,
 // handling conditional and HEAD requests.
 func (s *Handlers) writeImageResponse(
@@ -173,7 +253,7 @@ func (s *Handlers) writeImageResponse(
 	}

 	// Cache control headers
-	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=31536000, immutable")
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", cacheControl(req.Expires))
 	w.Header().Set("X-Pixa-Cache", string(resp.CacheStatus))

 	if resp.ETag != "" {
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"image/color"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
+)
+
+// photoPath is the path of the JPEG that newSignedHostServer serves.
+const photoPath = "/images/photo.jpg"
+
+// newSignedHostServer returns a router for both image routes, and the Handlers
+// behind it, whose fetcher serves a JPEG at photoPath on signedHost. signedHost
+// is not on the allowlist, so a /v1/image/ URL for it is served only with a
+// valid signature.
+func newSignedHostServer(t *testing.T) (*Handlers, http.Handler) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cache, err := imgcache.NewCache(setupTestDB(t), imgcache.CacheConfig{
+		StateDir:    t.TempDir(),
+		CacheTTL:    time.Hour,
+		NegativeTTL: 5 * time.Minute,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("imgcache.NewCache() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	jpegData := generateTestJPEG(t, 100, 100, color.RGBA{255, 0, 0, 255})
+
+	svc, err := imgcache.NewService(&imgcache.ServiceConfig{
+		Cache: cache,
+		Fetcher: newMockFetcher(fstest.MapFS{
+			signedHost + photoPath: &fstest.MapFile{Data: jpegData},
+		}),
+		SigningKey: testSigningKey,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("imgcache.NewService() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	encGen, err := encurl.NewGenerator(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encurl.NewGenerator() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:    slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
+		imgSvc: svc,
+		encGen: encGen,
+	}
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Get("/v1/image/*", h.HandleImage())
+	r.Get("/v1/e/{token}/*", h.HandleImageEnc())
+
+	return h, r
+}
+
+// getMaxAge sends a GET for target to srv, requires a 200, and returns the
+// max-age of the response's Cache-Control header, which must read
+// "public, max-age=<seconds>, immutable".
+func getMaxAge(t *testing.T, srv http.Handler, target string) int {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, target, nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	srv.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	header := rec.Header().Get("Cache-Control")
+	t.Logf("GET %s: %d, Cache-Control: %s", target, rec.Code, header)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	value, hasPrefix := strings.CutPrefix(header, "public, max-age=")
+	value, hasSuffix := strings.CutSuffix(value, ", immutable")
+
+	maxAge, err := strconv.Atoi(value)
+	if !hasPrefix || !hasSuffix || err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Cache-Control = %q, want public, max-age=<seconds>, immutable",
+			header)
+	}
+
+	return maxAge
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_SignedURL_MaxAgeEndsAtExp verifies that an image served
+// through a signed URL expiring in 60 seconds may be cached for at most those
+// 60 seconds. The lower bound of 50 shows the max-age is the time left, not 0.
+func TestHandleImage_SignedURL_MaxAgeEndsAtExp(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h, srv := newSignedHostServer(t)
+
+	signedURL, err := h.imgSvc.GenerateSignedURL("", &imgcache.ImageRequest{
+		SourceHost: signedHost,
+		SourcePath: photoPath,
+		Size:       imgcache.Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
+		Format:     imgcache.FormatJPEG,
+	}, time.Minute)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GenerateSignedURL() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	maxAge := getMaxAge(t, srv, signedURL)
+	if maxAge < 50 || maxAge > 60 {
+		t.Errorf("max-age = %d, want 50 to 60", maxAge)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_AllowlistedHost_MaxAge verifies the max-age of an image from
+// an allowlisted host, which is served without checking sig or exp. A URL with
+// no exp may be cached for a year. A URL whose exp has passed is the one request
+// that reaches the header after its expiry, and must get 0, never less.
+func TestHandleImage_AllowlistedHost_MaxAge(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	pastExp := strconv.FormatInt(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix(), 10)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		query      string
+		wantMaxAge int
+	}{
+		{"no exp", "", 31536000},
+		{"exp already past", "?exp=" + pastExp, 0},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+			r := chi.NewRouter()
+			r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
+
+			maxAge := getMaxAge(t, r,
+				"/v1/image/"+fix.goodHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg"+tt.query)
+			if maxAge != tt.wantMaxAge {
+				t.Errorf("max-age = %d, want %d", maxAge, tt.wantMaxAge)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImageEnc_MaxAge verifies that an image served through an encrypted
+// URL with a 60 second TTL may be cached for at most those 60 seconds, that one
+// with a two-year TTL may be cached for a year, and that one made without a
+// TTL, which never expires, may be cached for a year.
+func TestHandleImageEnc_MaxAge(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		expiresAt   int64
+		wantAtLeast int
+		wantAtMost  int
+	}{
+		{"60 second TTL", time.Now().Add(time.Minute).Unix(), 50, 60},
+		{"two-year TTL", time.Now().Add(2 * 365 * 24 * time.Hour).Unix(), 31536000, 31536000},
+		{"no TTL", 0, 31536000, 31536000},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			h, srv := newSignedHostServer(t)
+
+			token, err := h.encGen.Generate(&encurl.Payload{
+				SourceHost: signedHost,
+				SourcePath: photoPath,
+				Width:      50,
+				Height:     50,
+				Format:     imgcache.FormatJPEG,
+				ExpiresAt:  tt.expiresAt,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Generate() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			maxAge := getMaxAge(t, srv, "/v1/e/"+token+"/img.jpg")
+			if maxAge < tt.wantAtLeast || maxAge > tt.wantAtMost {
+				t.Errorf("max-age = %d, want %d to %d",
+					maxAge, tt.wantAtLeast, tt.wantAtMost)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
+)
+
+// signedHost is not on the allowlist setupTestHandler builds, so a request
+// for it needs a valid signature. setupTestHandler serves no image for it: a
+// request that passes the signature check gets 502 from the failed fetch, and
+// one that fails the check gets 401.
+const signedHost = "signed.example.com"
+
+// getImage sends a GET for target to the image route of fix and returns the
+// response status.
+func getImage(t *testing.T, fix *testFixtures, target string) int {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, target, nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+	t.Logf("GET %s: %d", target, rec.Code)
+
+	return rec.Code
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_SignatureCoversQualityAndFit signs a URL for quality 85
+// and fit cover, the values the route uses when a URL has no q or fit, and
+// sends that signature with each q and fit below.
+func TestHandleImage_SignatureCoversQualityAndFit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	expires := time.Now().Add(time.Hour)
+	signer := signature.New("test-signing-key-must-be-32-chars")
+	sig := signer.Sign(&signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: signedHost,
+		SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+		Width:      50,
+		Height:     50,
+		Format:     string(imgcache.FormatJPEG),
+		Quality:    85,
+		FitMode:    string(imgcache.FitCover),
+		Expires:    expires,
+	})
+	signedURL := fmt.Sprintf("/v1/image/%s/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg?sig=%s&exp=%d",
+		signedHost, sig, expires.Unix())
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		query      string
+		wantStatus int
+	}{
+		{"no q or fit", "", http.StatusBadGateway},
+		{"q=85 and fit=cover", "&q=85&fit=cover", http.StatusBadGateway},
+		{"replayed with q=40", "&q=40", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"replayed with fit=contain", "&fit=contain", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			status := getImage(t, setupTestHandler(t), signedURL+tt.query)
+			if status != tt.wantStatus {
+				t.Errorf("status = %d, want %d", status, tt.wantStatus)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_GeneratedSignedURLVerifies sends URLs built by the
+// service's signed-URL generator to the route.
+func TestHandleImage_GeneratedSignedURLVerifies(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		quality int
+		fitMode imgcache.FitMode
+	}{
+		{"quality 40 and fit contain", 40, imgcache.FitContain},
+		{"quality and fit unset", 0, ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+			signedURL, err := fix.service.GenerateSignedURL("", &imgcache.ImageRequest{
+				SourceHost: signedHost,
+				SourcePath: "/images/photo.jpg",
+				Size:       imgcache.Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
+				Format:     imgcache.FormatJPEG,
+				Quality:    tt.quality,
+				FitMode:    tt.fitMode,
+			}, time.Hour)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("GenerateSignedURL() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			status := getImage(t, fix, signedURL)
+			if status != http.StatusBadGateway {
+				t.Errorf("status = %d, want %d", status, http.StatusBadGateway)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImage_InvalidExp_Returns400 sends a signed-host URL whose exp is
+// not a whole number, and one whose exp is empty. Each is refused with 400
+// naming exp and the value, not with the 401 a URL without exp still gets.
+func TestHandleImage_InvalidExp_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		query      string
+		wantStatus int
+		wantError  string
+	}{
+		{"sig=x&exp=banana", http.StatusBadRequest,
+			`invalid exp: not a number, got "banana"`},
+		{"sig=x&exp=", http.StatusBadRequest, `invalid exp: not a number, got ""`},
+		{"sig=x", http.StatusUnauthorized, "unauthorized"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.query, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			fix := setupTestHandler(t)
+
+			r := chi.NewRouter()
+			r.Get("/v1/image/*", fix.handler.HandleImage())
+
+			req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet,
+				"/v1/image/"+signedHost+"/images/photo.jpg/50x50.jpeg?"+tt.query, nil)
+			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+			r.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+			t.Logf("GET %s: %d %s", req.URL, rec.Code, rec.Body)
+
+			var body struct {
+				Error string `json:"error"`
+			}
+
+			err := json.NewDecoder(rec.Body).Decode(&body)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("decoding response body: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if rec.Code != tt.wantStatus || body.Error != tt.wantError {
+				t.Errorf("got %d %q, want %d %q",
+					rec.Code, body.Error, tt.wantStatus, tt.wantError)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -50,6 +50,19 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// Convert payload to ImageRequest
 		req := payload.ToImageRequest()

+		// Apply the same dimension and fit-mode bounds as the plain image
+		// route: a sealed payload is trusted for its origin, not for staying
+		// within limits, so an over-limit size or unknown fit mode is a 400
+		// here rather than an out-of-memory or a 500 from the processor.
+		err = imgcache.ValidateImageRequest(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			s.log.Debug("encrypted URL failed validation", "error", err)
+			s.respondError(w, "invalid encrypted URL: "+err.Error(),
+				http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
+		}
+
 		// Log the request
 		s.log.Debug("encrypted image request",
 			"host", req.SourceHost,
@@ -76,8 +89,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) HandleImageEnc() http.HandlerFunc {
 			w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.FormatInt(resp.ContentLength, 10))
 		}

-		// Cache headers - encrypted URLs can be cached since they're immutable
-		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=31536000, immutable")
+		// Cache headers: max-age ends at the URL's expiry
+		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", cacheControl(req.Expires))
 		w.Header().Set("X-Pixa-Cache", string(resp.CacheStatus))

 		// Stream the response
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
+)
+
+// newEncTestServer builds a router serving the encrypted-URL route with a
+// generator seeded by the shared test signing key. The image service is left
+// nil: these tests exercise validation that rejects a token before any image
+// is fetched, so the handler must never reach the service.
+func newEncTestServer(t *testing.T) (*encurl.Generator, http.Handler) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	encGen, err := encurl.NewGenerator(testSigningKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encurl.NewGenerator() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:    slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
+		encGen: encGen,
+	}
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Get("/v1/e/{token}/*", h.HandleImageEnc())
+
+	return encGen, r
+}
+
+// getEncToken issues a GET for the given token and returns the recorder.
+func getEncToken(srv http.Handler, token string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		context.Background(), http.MethodGet, "/v1/e/"+token+"/img.jpg", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	srv.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	return rec
+}
+
+// TestHandleImageEnc_OverLimitDimension_Returns400 verifies that a decrypted
+// token requesting a dimension beyond MaxDimension is rejected with 400
+// instead of reaching the image processor and libvips.
+func TestHandleImageEnc_OverLimitDimension_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	encGen, srv := newEncTestServer(t)
+
+	token, err := encGen.Generate(&encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourcePath: "/photo.jpg",
+		Width:      100000,
+		Height:     100000,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Generate() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	rec := getEncToken(srv, token)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleImageEnc_InvalidFitMode_Returns400 verifies that a decrypted token
+// carrying an unrecognized fit mode is rejected with 400 rather than surfacing
+// as a 500 from the image processor's default branch.
+func TestHandleImageEnc_InvalidFitMode_Returns400(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	encGen, srv := newEncTestServer(t)
+
+	token, err := encGen.Generate(&encurl.Payload{
+		SourceHost: "cdn.example.com",
+		SourcePath: "/photo.jpg",
+		Width:      800,
+		Height:     600,
+		FitMode:    imgcache.FitMode("bogus"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Generate() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	rec := getEncToken(srv, token)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package httpfetcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestIsPrivateIPBlocksSpecialRanges covers the internal and special-use
+// ranges added to the built-in blocklist, in IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4-mapped
+// forms, alongside public controls that must stay reachable.
+func TestIsPrivateIPBlocksSpecialRanges(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		ip   string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{"cgnat-low", "100.64.0.1", true},
+		{"cgnat-high", "100.127.255.254", true},
+		{"ietf-protocol", "192.0.0.1", true},
+		{"benchmark-low", "198.18.0.1", true},
+		{"benchmark-high", "198.19.255.254", true},
+		{"nat64", "64:ff9b::1", true},
+		{"nat64-embeds-private", "64:ff9b::a00:1", true}, // maps 10.0.0.1
+		{"ipv4-mapped-private", "::ffff:10.0.0.1", true},
+		{"cloud-metadata", "169.254.169.254", true},
+		{"public-v4", "8.8.8.8", false},
+		{"test-net-1-public", testPublicHost, false}, // TEST-NET-1, stays public
+		{"public-v6", "2001:4860:4860::8888", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			ip := net.ParseIP(tc.ip)
+			if ip == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to parse IP %q", tc.ip)
+			}
+
+			got := isPrivateIP(ip)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("isPrivateIP(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.ip, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// transportOf returns the *http.Transport backing a fetcher, so a test can
+// exercise the SSRF-safe dialer New installed with the operator blocklist.
+func transportOf(t *testing.T, f *HTTPFetcher) *http.Transport {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	transport, ok := f.client.Transport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("transport is %T, want *http.Transport", f.client.Transport)
+	}
+
+	return transport
+}
+
+// TestDialerEnforcesBlockedNetworks proves an operator-supplied
+// blocked_networks entry is enforced by the dialer, in addition to the
+// built-in ranges, while an address outside both stays dialable.
+func TestDialerEnforcesBlockedNetworks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	// TEST-NET-2 (198.51.100.0/24) is public to the built-in check, so
+	// blocking it can only come from the operator-supplied list.
+	cfg.BlockedNetworks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24")}
+
+	transport := transportOf(t, New(cfg))
+
+	blocked := []string{
+		"198.51.100.5:80", // operator-supplied range
+		"10.0.0.5:80",     // built-in RFC 1918, still enforced
+		"100.64.0.1:80",   // built-in CGNAT range
+	}
+
+	for _, addr := range blocked {
+		t.Run("blocked/"+addr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			_, err := transport.DialContext(context.Background(), "tcp", addr)
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+				t.Errorf("DialContext(%q) = %v, want ErrSSRFBlocked", addr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("public-not-blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		// A cancelled context makes the dial fail without touching the
+		// network; the point is only that a public literal outside every
+		// blocked range is not SSRF-blocked.
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		cancel()
+
+		_, err := transport.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", testPublicHost+":80")
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+			t.Errorf("public target SSRF-blocked with operator list set: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+package httpfetcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// testPublicHost is a TEST-NET-1 (RFC 5737) literal. isPrivateIP treats it as
+// public, so validateURL and the redirect check accept it with no DNS lookup,
+// while the recording dialer routes it to the local httptest server. The
+// address is reserved for documentation and is never routed on the network.
+const testPublicHost = "192.0.2.10"
+
+// imagePayload is the body served by the fake upstream's image route.
+const imagePayload = "fake-jpeg-bytes"
+
+// errUnexpectedDial reports a dial to any host other than testPublicHost, which
+// would mean SSRF protection let a forbidden target reach the transport.
+var errUnexpectedDial = errors.New("unexpected dial target")
+
+// upstreamURL builds a fetch URL on the fake public host for the given path.
+func upstreamURL(path string) string {
+	return "http://" + testPublicHost + path
+}
+
+// recordingDialer records every address the transport asks it to dial and
+// routes connections for testPublicHost to a real local server, so the SSRF
+// checks run against a public-looking host while bytes go to httptest.
+type recordingDialer struct {
+	target string
+
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	dialed []string
+}
+
+func (d *recordingDialer) dialContext(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	network, addr string,
+) (net.Conn, error) {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	d.dialed = append(d.dialed, addr)
+	d.mu.Unlock()
+
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if host != testPublicHost {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errUnexpectedDial, addr)
+	}
+
+	var dialer net.Dialer
+
+	return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, d.target)
+}
+
+// dialedAddrs returns a copy of the addresses the dialer was asked to reach.
+func (d *recordingDialer) dialedAddrs() []string {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return slices.Clone(d.dialed)
+}
+
+// startUpstream launches a fake upstream with the routes the fetch tests
+// exercise and stops it when the test finishes.
+func startUpstream(t *testing.T) *httptest.Server {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.HandleFunc("/image", func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", contentTypeJPEG)
+		_, _ = io.WriteString(w, imagePayload)
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/status/500", func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/html", func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+		_, _ = io.WriteString(w, "<html></html>")
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/redirect/private", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/", http.StatusFound)
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/redirect/public", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "/image", http.StatusFound)
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/redirect/chain", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "/redirect/hop", http.StatusFound)
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/redirect/hop", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "/image", http.StatusFound)
+	})
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(mux)
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	return srv
+}
+
+// newServerFetcher builds a fetcher whose transport routes testPublicHost to
+// srv, leaving the real SSRF validation and redirect checks in place.
+func newServerFetcher(
+	t *testing.T,
+	srv *httptest.Server,
+	cfg *Config,
+) (*HTTPFetcher, *recordingDialer) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = DefaultConfig()
+	}
+
+	cfg.AllowHTTP = true
+
+	f := New(cfg)
+
+	transport, ok := f.client.Transport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("transport is %T, want *http.Transport", f.client.Transport)
+	}
+
+	dialer := &recordingDialer{target: srv.Listener.Addr().String()}
+	transport.DialContext = dialer.dialContext
+
+	return f, dialer
+}
+
+// testContext returns a context cancelled when the test ends, bounding any
+// fetch that would otherwise block on a leaked semaphore slot.
+func testContext(t *testing.T) context.Context {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	return ctx
+}
+
+// fetchImage fetches path from the fake upstream and fails on error.
+func fetchImage(t *testing.T, f *HTTPFetcher, path string) *FetchResult {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	res, err := f.Fetch(testContext(t), upstreamURL(path))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch(%s) error = %v", path, err)
+	}
+
+	return res
+}
+
+// fetchExpectError fetches path and fails unless Fetch returns an error.
+func fetchExpectError(t *testing.T, f *HTTPFetcher, path string) error {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	res, err := f.Fetch(testContext(t), upstreamURL(path))
+	if err == nil {
+		_ = res.Content.Close()
+
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch(%s) = nil error, want an error", path)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// fetchBody fetches path and returns the fully read, closed response body.
+func fetchBody(t *testing.T, f *HTTPFetcher, path string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	res := fetchImage(t, f, path)
+	defer func() { _ = res.Content.Close() }()
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(res.Content)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read body: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return string(data)
+}
+
+// semLen reports how many per-host semaphore slots are currently held.
+func semLen(f *HTTPFetcher, host string) int {
+	return len(f.getHostSemaphore(host))
+}
+
+func TestFetchRedirectToPrivateIPBlocked(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+	f, dialer := newServerFetcher(t, srv, nil)
+
+	_, err := f.Fetch(testContext(t), upstreamURL("/redirect/private"))
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch() error = %v, want ErrSSRFBlocked", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, addr := range dialer.dialedAddrs() {
+		if strings.Contains(addr, "169.254.169.254") {
+			t.Errorf("dialer connected to the private redirect target: %s", addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRedirectToPublicSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, nil)
+
+	if body := fetchBody(t, f, "/redirect/public"); body != imagePayload {
+		t.Errorf("body = %q, want %q", body, imagePayload)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRedirectChainSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, nil)
+
+	if body := fetchBody(t, f, "/redirect/chain"); body != imagePayload {
+		t.Errorf("body = %q, want %q", body, imagePayload)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRejectsNon2xx(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, nil)
+
+	err := fetchExpectError(t, f, "/status/500")
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamError) {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch() error = %v, want ErrUpstreamError", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRejectsDisallowedContentType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, nil)
+
+	err := fetchExpectError(t, f, "/html")
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidContentType) {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch() error = %v, want ErrInvalidContentType", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchMaxResponseSizeEnforced(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.MaxResponseSize = 8
+
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, cfg)
+
+	res := fetchImage(t, f, "/image")
+	defer func() { _ = res.Content.Close() }()
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(res.Content)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrResponseTooLarge) {
+		t.Fatalf("read error = %v, want ErrResponseTooLarge", err)
+	}
+
+	if int64(len(data)) > cfg.MaxResponseSize {
+		t.Errorf("read %d bytes, exceeds limit %d", len(data), cfg.MaxResponseSize)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchSemaphoreReleasedOnError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost = 1
+
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, cfg)
+
+	err := fetchExpectError(t, f, "/status/500")
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamError) {
+		t.Fatalf("Fetch() error = %v, want ErrUpstreamError", err)
+	}
+
+	if held := semLen(f, testPublicHost); held != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("semaphore slot leaked after error: %d held", held)
+	}
+
+	// One slot per host: this fetch proceeds only if the slot was released.
+	res := fetchImage(t, f, "/image")
+	_ = res.Content.Close()
+}
+
+// assertSlotReleasedByClose fetches an image over a one-slot host, hands the
+// open result to consume, and asserts the slot is held before and freed after,
+// then that a follow-up fetch can still acquire it.
+func assertSlotReleasedByClose(
+	t *testing.T,
+	consume func(*testing.T, *FetchResult),
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	srv := startUpstream(t)
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost = 1
+
+	f, _ := newServerFetcher(t, srv, cfg)
+
+	res := fetchImage(t, f, "/image")
+	if held := semLen(f, testPublicHost); held != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("slot not held while body is open: %d held", held)
+	}
+
+	consume(t, res)
+
+	if held := semLen(f, testPublicHost); held != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("slot not released after close: %d held", held)
+	}
+
+	next := fetchImage(t, f, "/image")
+	_ = next.Content.Close()
+}
+
+func TestFetchSemaphoreReleasedOnBodyClose(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	assertSlotReleasedByClose(t, func(t *testing.T, res *FetchResult) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(res.Content)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read body: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		err = res.Content.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("close body: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFetchSemaphoreReleasedOnPartialReadClose(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	assertSlotReleasedByClose(t, func(t *testing.T, res *FetchResult) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		buf := make([]byte, 1)
+
+		_, err := res.Content.Read(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("partial read: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		err = res.Content.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("close body: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// The dial-time re-resolution in ssrfSafeDialer is what closes the DNS
+// rebinding window: even if validateURL saw a public answer earlier, the
+// dialer independently re-checks the address it is about to connect to. A full
+// rebinding simulation (a resolver returning public, then private) would mean
+// replacing the global net.DefaultResolver with a fake DNS server, which is
+// heavyweight and unsafe to mutate under parallel -race tests. The property is
+// proven directly here instead: the dialer rejects a private target outright,
+// which is exactly the check that fires when a validated host later resolves
+// to a private address.
+func TestSSRFSafeDialerBlocksPrivateTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, addr := range []string{
+		"169.254.169.254:80", // link-local (cloud metadata)
+		"127.0.0.1:80",       // loopback
+		"10.0.0.5:80",        // RFC 1918 private
+	} {
+		t.Run(addr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			_, err := ssrfSafeDialer(context.Background(), "tcp", addr)
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+				t.Errorf("ssrfSafeDialer(%q) = %v, want ErrSSRFBlocked", addr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSSRFSafeDialerAllowsPublicTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// A cancelled context makes the dial fail immediately without touching the
+	// network; the point is only that a public literal is not SSRF-blocked.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+
+	_, err := ssrfSafeDialer(ctx, "tcp", testPublicHost+":80")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a dial error for an unreachable public target")
+	}
+
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+		t.Errorf("public target was SSRF-blocked: %v", err)
+	}
+}
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptrace"
+	"net/netip"
 	neturl "net/url"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -46,6 +47,20 @@ const (
 	localhostIPv6 = "::1"
 )

+// builtinBlockedPrefixes are internal or special-use ranges that Go's
+// net.IP predicates (IsPrivate, IsLinkLocalUnicast, and the like) do not
+// already cover. They are always blocked, in addition to any
+// operator-supplied networks. IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are unmapped
+// before matching, so these IPv4 ranges are caught in both forms.
+//
+//nolint:gochecknoglobals // immutable built-in blocklist
+var builtinBlockedPrefixes = []netip.Prefix{
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.0.0/10"), // RFC 6598 CGNAT / carrier-grade NAT
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.0.0/24"),  // RFC 6890 IETF protocol assignments
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("198.18.0.0/15"), // RFC 2544 benchmarking range
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("64:ff9b::/96"),  // RFC 6052 NAT64 (maps onto IPv4)
+}
+
 // Fetcher errors.
 var (
 	ErrSSRFBlocked        = errors.New("request blocked: private or internal IP")
@@ -107,6 +122,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	AllowHTTP bool
 	// MaxConnectionsPerHost limits concurrent connections to each upstream host.
 	MaxConnectionsPerHost int
+	// BlockedNetworks are operator-supplied CIDR ranges refused by the
+	// dialer, in addition to the always-enforced built-in ranges.
+	BlockedNetworks []netip.Prefix
 }

 // DefaultConfig returns a Config with sensible defaults.
@@ -142,9 +160,13 @@ func New(config *Config) *HTTPFetcher {
 		config = DefaultConfig()
 	}

-	// Create transport with SSRF-safe dialer
+	// Create transport with SSRF-safe dialer. The dialer re-resolves and
+	// re-checks at connect time (closing the DNS-rebinding window) against
+	// both the built-in ranges and the operator-supplied blocklist.
 	transport := &http.Transport{
-		DialContext:         ssrfSafeDialer,
+		DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return dialSSRFSafe(ctx, network, addr, config.BlockedNetworks)
+		},
 		TLSHandshakeTimeout: DefaultTLSTimeout,
 		MaxIdleConns:        DefaultMaxIdleConns,
 		IdleConnTimeout:     DefaultIdleConnTimeout,
@@ -451,11 +473,53 @@ func isPrivateIP(ip net.IP) bool {
 		}
 	}

-	return false
+	// Special-use ranges the net.IP predicates above do not cover.
+	addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	if !ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr = addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(builtinBlockedPrefixes, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(addr)
+	})
 }

-// ssrfSafeDialer is a custom dialer that validates IP addresses before connecting.
+// isBlockedIP reports whether ip is refused, either by the built-in
+// internal-range check or by one of the operator-supplied prefixes.
+func isBlockedIP(ip net.IP, blocked []netip.Prefix) bool {
+	if isPrivateIP(ip) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	if !ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr = addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(blocked, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(addr)
+	})
+}
+
+// ssrfSafeDialer validates IP addresses against the built-in blocked ranges
+// before connecting. New wraps dialSSRFSafe with the operator-supplied
+// blocklist; this entry point enforces the built-in ranges alone.
 func ssrfSafeDialer(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	return dialSSRFSafe(ctx, network, addr, nil)
+}
+
+// dialSSRFSafe re-resolves addr and refuses to connect to any built-in
+// internal range or operator-supplied blocked prefix, closing the
+// DNS-rebinding window at connect time.
+func dialSSRFSafe(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	network, addr string,
+	blocked []netip.Prefix,
+) (net.Conn, error) {
 	host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -468,9 +532,11 @@ func ssrfSafeDialer(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
 	}

 	// Check all resolved IPs
-	if slices.ContainsFunc(ips, isPrivateIP) {
+	for _, ip := range ips {
+		if isBlockedIP(ip, blocked) {
 			return nil, ErrSSRFBlocked
 		}
+	}

 	// Connect using the first valid IP
 	var dialer net.Dialer
@@ -161,6 +161,13 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) Process(
 	}
 	defer img.Close()

+	// Turn the image upright now: encode strips the EXIF orientation tag,
+	// and sizes below must be worked out on the upright image.
+	err = img.AutoRotate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to auto-rotate: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Get original dimensions
 	origWidth := img.Width()
 	origHeight := img.Height()
@@ -404,6 +411,21 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) encode(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupportedOutputFormat, format)
 	}

+	// Stripping drops the ICC profile as well, and clients show an image
+	// with no profile as sRGB, so convert to sRGB first. "srgb" names
+	// libvips' built-in profile; govips' own sRGB path variable is set on
+	// first use but read without a lock, so concurrent requests race on it.
+	if img.HasICCProfile() {
+		err := img.TransformICCProfileWithFallback("srgb", "srgb")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert to sRGB: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Drop EXIF, XMP, IPTC and the ICC profile. govips ignores this for
+	// GIF, which carries none of them.
+	params.StripMetadata = true
+
 	output, _, err := img.Export(&params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"image/jpeg"
 	"image/png"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"os"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/davidbyttow/govips/v2/vips"
@@ -561,3 +563,152 @@ func TestImageProcessor_EncodeAVIF(t *testing.T) {

 	encodeAndCheck(t, FormatAVIF, 85, mimeAVIF)
 }
+
+// processAndDecode runs input through Process and decodes the output with
+// vips, so a test can inspect the image a client would receive.
+func processAndDecode(t *testing.T, input []byte, req *Request) *vips.ImageRef {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	result, err := New(Params{}).Process(
+		context.Background(), bytes.NewReader(input), req,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Process() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = result.Content.Close() }()
+
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(result.Content)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read result: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output, err := vips.NewImageFromBuffer(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode output: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(output.Close)
+
+	return output
+}
+
+func TestImageProcessor_StripsEXIF(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// gps-exif.jpg carries GPS coordinates, a camera make, model and serial
+	// number, and a capture time.
+	input, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/gps-exif.jpg")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read test JPEG: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	fixture, err := vips.NewImageFromBuffer(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode test JPEG: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(fixture.Close)
+
+	if !slices.Contains(fixture.GetFields(), "exif-ifd3-GPSLatitude") {
+		t.Fatal("testdata/gps-exif.jpg has no GPS latitude")
+	}
+
+	formats := []Format{
+		FormatJPEG, FormatPNG, FormatWebP, FormatAVIF, FormatGIF, FormatOriginal,
+	}
+
+	for _, format := range formats {
+		t.Run(string(format), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			output := processAndDecode(t, input, &Request{Format: format})
+
+			if output.HasExif() {
+				t.Errorf("output has EXIF: %v", output.GetExif())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageProcessor_AppliesEXIFOrientation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// orientation-6.jpg is stored 16x8, red on the left and blue on the
+	// right, with EXIF orientation 6 (turn 90 degrees clockwise to view).
+	// Upright it is 8x16, red on top and blue below.
+	input, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/orientation-6.jpg")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read test JPEG: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		size  Size
+		wantW int
+		wantH int
+	}{
+		{name: "original size", size: Size{}, wantW: 8, wantH: 16},
+		{name: "width only", size: Size{Width: 4}, wantW: 4, wantH: 8},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			output := processAndDecode(t, input, &Request{
+				Size:   tt.size,
+				Format: FormatPNG,
+			})
+
+			if output.Width() != tt.wantW || output.Height() != tt.wantH {
+				t.Fatalf("output is %dx%d, want %dx%d",
+					output.Width(), output.Height(), tt.wantW, tt.wantH)
+			}
+
+			top, err := output.GetPoint(tt.wantW/2, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("GetPoint() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			bottom, err := output.GetPoint(tt.wantW/2, tt.wantH-1)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("GetPoint() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if top[0] <= top[2] || bottom[2] <= bottom[0] {
+				t.Errorf("top pixel = %v, bottom pixel = %v, want red above blue",
+					top, bottom)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageProcessor_ConvertsWideGamutToSRGB(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// display-p3.jpg is a flat 8x8 image with the Display P3 profile
+	// embedded, filled with Display P3 (234, 51, 35), which is sRGB red.
+	input, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/display-p3.jpg")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read test JPEG: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := processAndDecode(t, input, &Request{Format: FormatPNG})
+
+	if output.HasICCProfile() {
+		t.Error("output has an ICC profile")
+	}
+
+	pixel, err := output.GetPoint(4, 4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetPoint() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := []float64{255, 0, 0}
+	for i := range want {
+		if math.Abs(pixel[i]-want[i]) > 5 {
+			t.Fatalf("pixel = %v, want within 5 of %v", pixel, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func NewCache(db *sql.DB, config CacheConfig) (*Cache, error) {
 	}

 	variants, err := NewVariantStorage(
-		filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "variants"),
+		filepath.Join(config.StateDir, "cache", "variants"), log,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create variant storage: %w", err)
@@ -263,23 +263,7 @@ func (c *Cache) StoreSource(
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to insert source metadata: %w", err)
 	}

-	// Store metadata JSON file
-	meta := &SourceMetadata{
-		Host:            req.SourceHost,
-		Path:            req.SourcePath,
-		Query:           req.SourceQuery,
-		ContentHash:     string(contentHash),
-		StatusCode:      result.StatusCode,
-		ContentType:     result.ContentType,
-		ContentLength:   result.ContentLength,
-		ResponseHeaders: result.Headers,
-		FetchedAt:       time.Now().UTC().Unix(),
-		FetchDurationMs: result.FetchDurationMs,
-		RemoteAddr:      result.RemoteAddr,
-	}
-
-	// A failure here is non-fatal; the metadata is in the database.
-	_ = c.srcMetadata.Store(req.SourceHost, pathHash, meta)
+	c.writeMetadataSidecar(req, pathHash, contentHash, result)

 	c.notifyWritePressure()

@@ -435,13 +419,19 @@ func (c *Cache) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get cache stats: %w", err)
 	}

-	// Get actual item count and total size from content tables
-	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM request_cache`,
-	).Scan(&stats.TotalItems)
-	_ = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		`SELECT COALESCE(SUM(size_bytes), 0) FROM output_content`,
-	).Scan(&stats.TotalSizeBytes)
+	// Count and size the cached source images and processed variants
+	err = c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
+		SELECT (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM source_content)
+		     + (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM variant_content)
+	`).Scan(&stats.TotalItems)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Warn("failed to count cache items for stats", "error", err)
+	}
+
+	stats.TotalSizeBytes, err = c.UsageBytes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Warn("failed to sum cache size for stats", "error", err)
+	}

 	// Compute hit rate as a ratio
 	if stats.HitCount+stats.MissCount > 0 {
@@ -453,15 +443,17 @@ func (c *Cache) Stats(ctx context.Context) (*CacheStats, error) {

 // IncrementStats increments cache statistics.
 func (c *Cache) IncrementStats(ctx context.Context, hit bool, fetchBytes int64) {
+	var err error
+
 	if hit {
-		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		_, err = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 			UPDATE cache_stats
 			SET hit_count = hit_count + 1,
 			    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
 			WHERE id = 1
 		`)
 	} else {
-		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		_, err = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 			UPDATE cache_stats
 			SET miss_count = miss_count + 1,
 			    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
@@ -469,14 +461,65 @@ func (c *Cache) IncrementStats(ctx context.Context, hit bool, fetchBytes int64)
 		`)
 	}

+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Warn("failed to count cache hit or miss", "hit", hit, "error", err)
+	}
+
 	if fetchBytes > 0 {
-		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		_, err = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 			UPDATE cache_stats
 			SET upstream_fetch_count = upstream_fetch_count + 1,
 			    upstream_fetch_bytes = upstream_fetch_bytes + ?,
 			    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
 			WHERE id = 1
 		`, fetchBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.log.Warn("failed to count upstream fetch",
+				"fetch_bytes", fetchBytes, "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// IncrementTransformCount counts one image transcoded by the image processor.
+func (c *Cache) IncrementTransformCount(ctx context.Context) {
+	_, err := c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		UPDATE cache_stats
+		SET transform_count = transform_count + 1,
+		    last_updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+		WHERE id = 1
+	`)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Warn("failed to count transform", "error", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// writeMetadataSidecar writes the JSON metadata sidecar of a stored source.
+// A failure is logged and is otherwise non-fatal; the metadata is in the
+// database.
+func (c *Cache) writeMetadataSidecar(
+	req *ImageRequest,
+	pathHash PathHash,
+	contentHash ContentHash,
+	result *httpfetcher.FetchResult,
+) {
+	meta := &SourceMetadata{
+		Host:            req.SourceHost,
+		Path:            req.SourcePath,
+		Query:           req.SourceQuery,
+		ContentHash:     string(contentHash),
+		StatusCode:      result.StatusCode,
+		ContentType:     result.ContentType,
+		ContentLength:   result.ContentLength,
+		ResponseHeaders: result.Headers,
+		FetchedAt:       time.Now().UTC().Unix(),
+		FetchDurationMs: result.FetchDurationMs,
+		RemoteAddr:      result.RemoteAddr,
+	}
+
+	err := c.srcMetadata.Store(req.SourceHost, pathHash, meta)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Warn("failed to write metadata sidecar",
+			"host", req.SourceHost, "path_hash", pathHash, "error", err)
 	}
 }

@@ -528,10 +571,14 @@ func (c *Cache) checkNegativeCache(
 	// Check if expired
 	if time.Now().After(expiresAt) {
 		// Clean up expired entry
-		_, _ = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		_, err = c.db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 			DELETE FROM negative_cache
 			WHERE source_host = ? AND source_path = ? AND source_query = ?
 		`, req.SourceHost, req.SourcePath, req.SourceQuery)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.log.Warn("failed to delete expired negative cache entry",
+				"host", req.SourceHost, "path", req.SourcePath, "error", err)
+		}

 		return false, nil
 	}
@@ -59,6 +59,24 @@ func ValidateFitMode(fit FitMode) error {
 	}
 }

+// ValidateImageRequest checks a request's width and height with
+// ValidateDimension and its fit mode with ValidateFitMode. Both the plain
+// /v1/image/ route and the encrypted /v1/e/ route validate through this
+// function so a request from either source enforces identical bounds.
+func ValidateImageRequest(req *ImageRequest) error {
+	err := ValidateDimension("width", req.Size.Width)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = ValidateDimension("height", req.Size.Height)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return ValidateFitMode(req.FitMode)
+}
+
 // ImageRequest represents a request for a processed image
 type ImageRequest struct {
 	// SourceHost is the origin host (e.g., "cdn.example.com")
@@ -77,7 +95,8 @@ type ImageRequest struct {
 	FitMode FitMode
 	// Signature is the HMAC signature for non-allowlisted hosts
 	Signature string
-	// Expires is the signature expiration timestamp
+	// Expires is when the URL expires: the exp of a signed URL, or the expiry
+	// of an encrypted URL; the zero time if it has none
 	Expires time.Time
 	// AllowHTTP indicates whether HTTP (non-TLS) is allowed for this request
 	AllowHTTP bool
@@ -144,9 +163,11 @@ type ImageCache interface {

 // CacheStats contains cache statistics
 type CacheStats struct {
-	// TotalItems is the number of cached items
+	// TotalItems is the number of cached source images plus processed
+	// variants
 	TotalItems int64
-	// TotalSizeBytes is the total size of cached content
+	// TotalSizeBytes is the total size of cached source images and
+	// processed variants
 	TotalSizeBytes int64
 	// HitCount is the number of cache hits
 	HitCount int64
@@ -155,12 +155,15 @@ func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *ImageRequest) (*ImageResponse, e
 		}
 	}

-	// Cache miss - check if we have source content cached
+	// Cache miss - process the cached source or fetch it, then count the
+	// miss with the bytes it fetched from upstream, also when it failed or
+	// the request context has ended meanwhile
 	cacheKey := CacheKey(req)

-	s.cache.IncrementStats(ctx, false, 0)
+	response, fetchedBytes, err := s.processFromSourceOrFetch(ctx, req, cacheKey)
+
+	s.cache.IncrementStats(context.WithoutCancel(ctx), false, fetchedBytes)

-	response, err := s.processFromSourceOrFetch(ctx, req, cacheKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -205,12 +208,23 @@ func (s *Service) ValidateRequest(req *ImageRequest) error {
 	return s.signer.Verify(signatureRequest(req))
 }

-// GenerateSignedURL generates a signed URL for the given request.
+// GenerateSignedURL generates a signed URL for the given request. The URL
+// carries q and fit next to sig and exp, so the image route verifies it for
+// the quality and fit it was signed with. An unset quality or fit is first
+// set to 85 or cover, the values the route uses when a URL has no q or fit.
 func (s *Service) GenerateSignedURL(
 	baseURL string,
 	req *ImageRequest,
 	ttl time.Duration,
 ) (string, error) {
+	if req.Quality == 0 {
+		req.Quality = 85
+	}
+
+	if req.FitMode == "" {
+		req.FitMode = FitCover
+	}
+
 	sigReq := signatureRequest(req)
 	path, sig, exp := s.signer.GenerateSignedURL(sigReq, ttl)

@@ -218,7 +232,8 @@ func (s *Service) GenerateSignedURL(
 	req.Expires = sigReq.Expires
 	req.Signature = sigReq.Signature

-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?sig=%s&exp=%d", baseURL, path, sig, exp), nil
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?sig=%s&exp=%d&q=%d&fit=%s",
+		baseURL, path, sig, exp, req.Quality, req.FitMode), nil
 }

 // loadCachedSource attempts to load source content from cache, returning nil
@@ -256,22 +271,20 @@ func (s *Service) loadCachedSource(contentHash ContentHash) []byte {
 }

 // processFromSourceOrFetch processes an image, using cached source content
-// if available.
+// if available. It also returns the number of bytes fetched from upstream,
+// as fetchAndProcess does, or 0 when the cached source was used.
 func (s *Service) processFromSourceOrFetch(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	req *ImageRequest,
 	cacheKey VariantKey,
-) (*ImageResponse, error) {
+) (*ImageResponse, int64, error) {
 	// Check if we have cached source content
 	contentHash, _, err := s.cache.LookupSource(ctx, req)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Warn("source lookup failed", "error", err)
 	}

-	var (
-		sourceData []byte
-		fetchBytes int64
-	)
+	var sourceData []byte

 	if contentHash != "" {
 		s.log.Debug("using cached source", "hash", contentHash)
@@ -280,26 +293,25 @@ func (s *Service) processFromSourceOrFetch(

 	// Fetch from upstream if we don't have source data or it's empty
 	if len(sourceData) == 0 {
-		resp, err := s.fetchAndProcess(ctx, req, cacheKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		return s.fetchAndProcess(ctx, req, cacheKey)
 	}

-		return resp, nil
-	}
+	// Process using cached source; nothing was fetched from upstream
+	resp, err := s.processAndStore(
+		ctx, req, cacheKey, sourceData, int64(len(sourceData)),
+	)

-	// Process using cached source
-	fetchBytes = int64(len(sourceData))
-
-	return s.processAndStore(ctx, req, cacheKey, sourceData, fetchBytes)
+	return resp, 0, err
 }

 // fetchAndProcess fetches from upstream, processes, and caches the result.
+// It also returns the number of bytes read from upstream, including when
+// reading the response or a later step fails.
 func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	req *ImageRequest,
 	cacheKey VariantKey,
-) (*ImageResponse, error) {
+) (*ImageResponse, int64, error) {
 	// Fetch from upstream
 	sourceURL := req.SourceURL()

@@ -310,23 +322,28 @@ func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 		// Store negative cache for certain errors
 		if isNegativeCacheable(err) {
 			statusCode := extractStatusCode(err)
-			_ = s.cache.StoreNegative(ctx, req, statusCode, err.Error())
+
+			storeErr := s.cache.StoreNegative(ctx, req, statusCode, err.Error())
+			if storeErr != nil {
+				s.log.Warn("failed to store negative cache entry",
+					"host", req.SourceHost, "path", req.SourcePath, "error", storeErr)
+			}
 		}

-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream fetch failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("upstream fetch failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	defer func() { _ = fetchResult.Content.Close() }()

 	// Read and validate the source content
 	sourceData, err := io.ReadAll(fetchResult.Content)
+	fetchBytes := int64(len(sourceData))
+
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read upstream response: %w", err)
+		return nil, fetchBytes, fmt.Errorf("failed to read upstream response: %w", err)
 	}

 	// Calculate download bitrate
-	fetchBytes := int64(len(sourceData))
-
 	var downloadRate string

 	if fetchResult.FetchDurationMs > 0 {
@@ -351,7 +368,7 @@ func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 	// Validate magic bytes match content type
 	err = magic.ValidateMagicBytes(sourceData, fetchResult.ContentType)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("content validation failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, fetchBytes, fmt.Errorf("content validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	// Store source content
@@ -361,7 +378,9 @@ func (s *Service) fetchAndProcess(
 		// Continue even if caching fails
 	}

-	return s.processAndStore(ctx, req, cacheKey, sourceData, fetchBytes)
+	resp, err := s.processAndStore(ctx, req, cacheKey, sourceData, fetchBytes)
+
+	return resp, fetchBytes, err
 }

 // processAndStore processes an image and stores the result.
@@ -389,6 +408,9 @@ func (s *Service) processAndStore(

 	processDuration := time.Since(processStart)

+	// Counted also when the request context has ended meanwhile
+	s.cache.IncrementTransformCount(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
+
 	// Read processed content
 	processedData, err := io.ReadAll(processResult.Content)
 	_ = processResult.Content.Close()
@@ -452,6 +474,8 @@ func signatureRequest(req *ImageRequest) *signature.Request {
 		Width:       req.Size.Width,
 		Height:      req.Size.Height,
 		Format:      string(req.Format),
+		Quality:     req.Quality,
+		FitMode:     string(req.FitMode),
 		Signature:   req.Signature,
 		Expires:     req.Expires,
 	}
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 package imgcache

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"image/color"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"log/slog"
 	"math"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/httpfetcher"
 )

 func setupStatsTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
@@ -101,3 +108,310 @@ func TestStats_ZeroCounts(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("HitRate = %f, want 0.0 for zero counts", stats.HitRate)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestStats_LogsFailedCountQueries verifies that a failed item count query
+// and a failed size query are each logged at warn and Stats still succeeds.
+func TestStats_LogsFailedCountQueries(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := setupStatsTestDB(t)
+
+	var logBuf bytes.Buffer
+
+	cache, err := NewCache(db, CacheConfig{
+		StateDir:    t.TempDir(),
+		CacheTTL:    time.Hour,
+		NegativeTTL: 5 * time.Minute,
+		Logger:      slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&logBuf, nil)),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(t.Context(),
+		`DROP TABLE source_content; DROP TABLE variant_content`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = cache.Stats(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stats() error = %v, want nil", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range []string{
+		"failed to count cache items for stats",
+		"failed to sum cache size for stats",
+	} {
+		want := `"level":"WARN","msg":"` + msg + `"`
+		if !strings.Contains(logBuf.String(), want) {
+			t.Errorf("log missing %s; got %q", want, logBuf.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestIncrementStats_LogsFailedUpdates verifies that a failed hit or miss
+// count update and a failed upstream fetch count update are each logged at
+// warn.
+func TestIncrementStats_LogsFailedUpdates(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := setupStatsTestDB(t)
+
+	var logBuf bytes.Buffer
+
+	cache, err := NewCache(db, CacheConfig{
+		StateDir:    t.TempDir(),
+		CacheTTL:    time.Hour,
+		NegativeTTL: 5 * time.Minute,
+		Logger:      slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&logBuf, nil)),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(t.Context(), `DROP TABLE cache_stats`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cache.IncrementStats(t.Context(), false, 1024)
+
+	for _, msg := range []string{
+		"failed to count cache hit or miss",
+		"failed to count upstream fetch",
+	} {
+		want := `"level":"WARN","msg":"` + msg + `"`
+		if !strings.Contains(logBuf.String(), want) {
+			t.Errorf("log missing %s; got %q", want, logBuf.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStats_TotalsCountSourcesAndVariants verifies that TotalItems and
+// TotalSizeBytes cover the stored source images and processed variants.
+func TestStats_TotalsCountSourcesAndVariants(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cache, _ := newEvictionTestCache(t, 1<<30)
+
+	storeEvictionTestSource(t, cache, testHostCDN, testPathCat,
+		bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xAA}, 1000))
+	storeEvictionTestVariant(t, cache, testVariantKeyOne,
+		bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xAB}, 500))
+	storeEvictionTestVariant(t, cache, testVariantKeyTwo,
+		bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xAC}, 250))
+
+	stats, err := cache.Stats(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stats() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stats.TotalItems != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("TotalItems = %d, want 3 (1 source, 2 variants)", stats.TotalItems)
+	}
+
+	if stats.TotalSizeBytes != 1750 {
+		t.Errorf("TotalSizeBytes = %d, want 1750 (1000+500+250)",
+			stats.TotalSizeBytes)
+	}
+}
+
+// cacheStatsCounters holds the counters of the cache_stats row, in column
+// order.
+type cacheStatsCounters struct {
+	hitCount           int64
+	missCount          int64
+	upstreamFetchCount int64
+	upstreamFetchBytes int64
+	transformCount     int64
+}
+
+// readCacheStatsCounters reads the counters of the cache_stats row.
+func readCacheStatsCounters(t *testing.T, cache *Cache) cacheStatsCounters {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var got cacheStatsCounters
+
+	err := cache.db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(), `
+		SELECT hit_count, miss_count, upstream_fetch_count,
+		       upstream_fetch_bytes, transform_count
+		FROM cache_stats WHERE id = 1
+	`).Scan(&got.hitCount, &got.missCount, &got.upstreamFetchCount,
+		&got.upstreamFetchBytes, &got.transformCount)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read cache_stats: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return got
+}
+
+// TestService_Get_CountsStats walks Get through a miss that fetches the
+// source, a hit, a miss that reuses the cached source, and two misses whose
+// source cannot be used, checking every cache_stats counter after each.
+func TestService_Get_CountsStats(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
+
+	// NewTestFS builds the same files the test service's fetcher serves.
+	testFS, _ := NewTestFS(t)
+
+	photo, err := fs.ReadFile(testFS, fixtures.GoodHostJPEG)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	fake, err := fs.ReadFile(testFS, fixtures.InvalidFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	photoBytes, fakeBytes := int64(len(photo)), int64(len(fake))
+
+	// want is hits, misses, upstream fetches, upstream bytes, transforms.
+	steps := []struct {
+		name    string
+		path    string
+		size    int
+		wantErr bool
+		want    cacheStatsCounters
+	}{
+		{"miss that fetches the source", testPathPhoto, 50, false,
+			cacheStatsCounters{0, 1, 1, photoBytes, 1}},
+		{"hit", testPathPhoto, 50, false,
+			cacheStatsCounters{1, 1, 1, photoBytes, 1}},
+		{"miss that reuses the cached source", testPathPhoto, 25, false,
+			cacheStatsCounters{1, 2, 1, photoBytes, 2}},
+		{"miss whose source fails the magic byte check", "/images/fake.jpg", 50, true,
+			cacheStatsCounters{1, 3, 2, photoBytes + fakeBytes, 2}},
+		{"miss whose source is not found", "/images/nonexistent.jpg", 50, true,
+			cacheStatsCounters{1, 4, 2, photoBytes + fakeBytes, 2}},
+	}
+
+	for _, step := range steps {
+		resp, err := svc.Get(t.Context(), &ImageRequest{
+			SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
+			SourcePath: step.path,
+			Size:       Size{Width: step.size, Height: step.size},
+			Format:     FormatJPEG,
+			Quality:    85,
+			FitMode:    FitCover,
+		})
+		if (err != nil) != step.wantErr {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: Get() error = %v, want error %t", step.name, err, step.wantErr)
+		}
+
+		if err == nil {
+			_ = resp.Content.Close()
+		}
+
+		got := readCacheStatsCounters(t, svc.cache)
+		if got != step.want {
+			t.Fatalf("after the %s: counters = %+v, want %+v", step.name, got, step.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// fakeUpstream answers every fetch with itself as a JPEG body. The body
+// serves data, then calls cancel, when set, and returns err; io.EOF ends
+// the body normally.
+type fakeUpstream struct {
+	data   *bytes.Reader
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	err    error
+}
+
+func (u *fakeUpstream) Fetch(
+	context.Context, string,
+) (*httpfetcher.FetchResult, error) {
+	return &httpfetcher.FetchResult{
+		Content:       io.NopCloser(u),
+		ContentLength: -1,
+		ContentType:   testContentTypeJPEG,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (u *fakeUpstream) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if u.data.Len() > 0 {
+		return u.data.Read(p)
+	}
+
+	if u.cancel != nil {
+		u.cancel()
+	}
+
+	return 0, u.err
+}
+
+// TestService_Get_CountsInterruptedMisses checks every cache_stats counter
+// after a miss whose request context ends during or after the upstream
+// fetch, and after a miss whose upstream body is over the size limit.
+func TestService_Get_CountsInterruptedMisses(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	photo := generateTestJPEG(t, 100, 100, color.RGBA{255, 0, 0, 255})
+	half := len(photo) / 2
+
+	// want is hits, misses, upstream fetches, upstream bytes, transforms.
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		served  int   // bytes of the photo the upstream body serves
+		cancel  bool  // whether the body then ends the request context
+		readErr error // what the body then returns
+		wantErr bool
+		want    cacheStatsCounters
+	}{
+		{"request context ends during the fetch", half, true, context.Canceled, true,
+			cacheStatsCounters{0, 1, 1, int64(half), 0}},
+		{"request context ends after the fetch", len(photo), true, io.EOF, false,
+			cacheStatsCounters{0, 1, 1, int64(len(photo)), 1}},
+		{"upstream body over the size limit", half, false,
+			httpfetcher.ErrResponseTooLarge, true,
+			cacheStatsCounters{0, 1, 1, int64(half), 0}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			svc, fixtures := SetupTestService(t)
+
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+			defer cancel()
+
+			upstream := &fakeUpstream{
+				data: bytes.NewReader(photo[:tc.served]),
+				err:  tc.readErr,
+			}
+			if tc.cancel {
+				upstream.cancel = cancel
+			}
+
+			svc.fetcher = upstream
+
+			resp, err := svc.Get(ctx, &ImageRequest{
+				SourceHost: fixtures.GoodHost,
+				SourcePath: testPathPhoto,
+				Size:       Size{Width: 50, Height: 50},
+				Format:     FormatJPEG,
+				Quality:    85,
+				FitMode:    FitCover,
+			})
+			t.Logf("Get() error = %v", err)
+
+			if (err != nil) != tc.wantErr {
+				t.Fatalf("Get() error = %v, want error %t", err, tc.wantErr)
+			}
+
+			if err == nil {
+				_ = resp.Content.Close()
+			}
+
+			got := readCacheStatsCounters(t, svc.cache)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("counters = %+v, want %+v", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
@@ -392,6 +393,7 @@ func CacheKey(req *ImageRequest) VariantKey {
 // Unlike ContentStorage, the key is provided by the caller (not computed from content).
 type VariantStorage struct {
 	baseDir string
+	log     *slog.Logger
 }

 // VariantMeta contains metadata about a cached variant.
@@ -404,13 +406,14 @@ type VariantMeta struct {
 }

 // NewVariantStorage creates a new variant storage at the given base directory.
-func NewVariantStorage(baseDir string) (*VariantStorage, error) {
+// A failed .meta write is logged to log.
+func NewVariantStorage(baseDir string, log *slog.Logger) (*VariantStorage, error) {
 	err := os.MkdirAll(baseDir, StorageDirPerm)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create variant storage directory: %w", err)
 	}

-	return &VariantStorage{baseDir: baseDir}, nil
+	return &VariantStorage{baseDir: baseDir, log: log}, nil
 }

 // Store writes content and metadata to storage at the given key.
@@ -478,7 +481,11 @@ func (s *VariantStorage) Store(
 	}

 	// Metadata write failure is non-fatal; content is already stored.
-	_ = os.WriteFile(metaPath, metaData, StorageFilePerm)
+	err = os.WriteFile(metaPath, metaData, StorageFilePerm)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.log.Warn("failed to write variant metadata sidecar",
+			"path", metaPath, "error", err)
+	}

 	return size, nil
 }
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )

@@ -404,3 +406,35 @@ func TestCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("CacheKey() produced same key for different quality")
 	}
 }
+
+// TestVariantStorage_StoreLogsFailedMetaWrite verifies that a .meta write
+// that fails is logged at warn and the store still succeeds.
+func TestVariantStorage_StoreLogsFailedMetaWrite(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var logBuf bytes.Buffer
+
+	storage, err := NewVariantStorage(
+		t.TempDir(), slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&logBuf, nil)))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewVariantStorage() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	key := CacheKey(&ImageRequest{SourceHost: testHostCDN, SourcePath: testPathCat})
+
+	// A directory where the .meta file goes makes the .meta write fail.
+	err = os.MkdirAll(storage.keyToPath(key)+".meta", StorageDirPerm)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create directory: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = storage.Store(key, bytes.NewReader([]byte("variant data")), "image/webp")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Store() error = %v, want nil", err)
+	}
+
+	want := `"level":"WARN","msg":"failed to write variant metadata sidecar"`
+	if !strings.Contains(logBuf.String(), want) {
+		t.Errorf("log missing %s; got %q", want, logBuf.String())
+	}
+}
@@ -23,6 +23,21 @@ var (
 // MaxDimension is the maximum allowed width or height.
 const MaxDimension = 8192

+// ValidateDimension checks one requested width or height; name ("width" or
+// "height") appears in the error. 0 means "original size" and is valid.
+func ValidateDimension(name string, value int) error {
+	if value < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s is negative", ErrInvalidSize, name)
+	}
+
+	if value > MaxDimension {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s is above %d",
+			ErrDimensionTooLarge, name, MaxDimension)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // sizeFormatRegex matches patterns like "800x600.webp", "0x0.jpeg", "orig.png"
 var sizeFormatRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d+)x(\d+)\.(\w+)$|^(orig)\.(\w+)$`)

@@ -225,14 +240,20 @@ func parseSizeFormat(s string) (Size, ImageFormat, error) {
 			return Size{}, "", ErrInvalidSize
 		}

-		if width > MaxDimension || height > MaxDimension {
-			return Size{}, "", ErrDimensionTooLarge
-		}
-
 		size = Size{Width: width, Height: height}
 		formatStr = matches[3]
 	}

+	err := ValidateDimension("width", size.Width)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Size{}, "", err
+	}
+
+	err = ValidateDimension("height", size.Height)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Size{}, "", err
+	}
+
 	format, err := parseFormat(formatStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return Size{}, "", err
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package imgcache
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestValidateImageRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		req     ImageRequest
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "within bounds",
+			req:  ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: 800, Height: 600}, FitMode: FitCover},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "original size and empty fit",
+			req:  ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: 0, Height: 0}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "width over limit",
+			req:     ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: MaxDimension + 1, Height: 600}},
+			wantErr: ErrDimensionTooLarge,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "height over limit",
+			req:     ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: 800, Height: MaxDimension + 1}},
+			wantErr: ErrDimensionTooLarge,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "negative width",
+			req:     ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: -1, Height: 600}},
+			wantErr: ErrInvalidSize,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid fit mode",
+			req:     ImageRequest{Size: Size{Width: 800, Height: 600}, FitMode: "bogus"},
+			wantErr: ErrInvalidFitMode,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			err := ValidateImageRequest(&tt.req)
+			if tt.wantErr == nil {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("ValidateImageRequest() error = %v, want nil", err)
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("ValidateImageRequest() error = %v, want %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+)
+
+// testForwardedClient is the client address the proxy forwards.
+const testForwardedClient = "203.0.113.7"
+
+// newTestMiddleware builds a Middleware whose resolver trusts the given
+// CIDRs and whose logger writes JSON to buf.
+func newTestMiddleware(t *testing.T, buf *bytes.Buffer, trusted ...string) *Middleware {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(trusted))
+
+	for _, c := range trusted {
+		p, err := netip.ParsePrefix(c)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("netip.ParsePrefix(%q) error = %v", c, err)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, p)
+	}
+
+	return &Middleware{
+		log:      slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(buf, nil)),
+		config:   &config.Config{TrustedProxies: prefixes},
+		clientIP: clientip.NewResolver(prefixes),
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClientIPMiddlewareStoresResolvedIP verifies the ClientIP middleware
+// puts the resolved address into the request context for a trusted and an
+// untrusted peer.
+func TestClientIPMiddlewareStoresResolvedIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		remoteAddr string
+		forwarded  string
+		want       string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "trusted peer honors forwarded client",
+			remoteAddr: "10.0.0.1:5000",
+			forwarded:  testForwardedClient,
+			want:       testForwardedClient,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "untrusted peer ignores forwarded header",
+			remoteAddr: "198.51.100.9:5000",
+			forwarded:  testForwardedClient,
+			want:       "198.51.100.9",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mw := newTestMiddleware(t, &bytes.Buffer{}, "10.0.0.0/8")
+
+			var got string
+
+			handler := mw.ClientIP()(http.HandlerFunc(
+				func(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					got = clientip.FromContext(r.Context())
+				}))
+
+			req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+				t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+			req.RemoteAddr = tt.remoteAddr
+			req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", tt.forwarded)
+
+			handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("client IP in context = %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoggingUsesResolvedClientIP verifies the logging middleware records
+// the resolved forwarded client IP rather than the proxy peer address.
+func TestLoggingUsesResolvedClientIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	mw := newTestMiddleware(t, &buf, "10.0.0.0/8")
+
+	handler := mw.ClientIP()(mw.Logging()(http.HandlerFunc(
+		func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		})))
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "10.0.0.1:5000"
+	req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", testForwardedClient)
+
+	handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"remoteIP":"`+testForwardedClient+`"`) {
+		t.Errorf("log output missing resolved client IP; got %q", buf.String())
+	}
+}
@@ -3,17 +3,19 @@ package middleware

 import (
 	"log/slog"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"time"

 	basicauth "github.com/99designs/basicauth-go"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
 	"github.com/go-chi/cors"
+	"github.com/go-chi/httprate"
 	metrics "github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/metrics/prometheus"
 	ghmm "github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware"
 	"github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware/std"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
 )
@@ -21,6 +23,33 @@ import (
 // CORSMaxAgeSeconds is the max age for CORS preflight cache (24 hours).
 const CORSMaxAgeSeconds = 86400

+// HSTSValue is the Strict-Transport-Security header value: one year with
+// includeSubDomains. Emitted unconditionally even though pixa listens plain
+// HTTP behind a TLS-terminating proxy; browsers ignore an HSTS header received
+// over plaintext (RFC 6797 section 8.1), so it never lies about the connection,
+// and emitting it here avoids trusting a forwarded-proto header.
+const HSTSValue = "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
+
+// ContentSecurityPolicyValue is the Content-Security-Policy header value.
+// default-src 'self' is the baseline and frame-ancestors 'none' is the primary
+// clickjacking control. 'unsafe-inline' is required in script-src and style-src
+// because the served templates carry inline onclick handlers (generator page)
+// and the bundled Tailwind asset injects a runtime <style> element; dropping it
+// needs template changes outside this issue's scope.
+const ContentSecurityPolicyValue = "default-src 'self'; " +
+	"script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " +
+	"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " +
+	"object-src 'none'; " +
+	"base-uri 'self'; " +
+	"form-action 'self'; " +
+	"frame-ancestors 'none'"
+
+// PermissionsPolicyValue is the Permissions-Policy header value. Every listed
+// feature is denied because pixa uses none of them.
+const PermissionsPolicyValue = "accelerometer=(), autoplay=(), camera=(), " +
+	"display-capture=(), geolocation=(), gyroscope=(), magnetometer=(), " +
+	"microphone=(), payment=(), usb=()"
+
 // Params defines dependencies for Middleware.
 type Params struct {
 	fx.In
@@ -33,6 +62,7 @@ type Params struct {
 type Middleware struct {
 	log      *slog.Logger
 	config   *config.Config
+	clientIP *clientip.Resolver
 }

 // New creates a new Middleware instance.
@@ -40,22 +70,49 @@ func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Middleware, error) {
 	s := &Middleware{
 		log:      params.Logger.Get(),
 		config:   params.Config,
+		clientIP: clientip.NewResolver(params.Config.TrustedProxies),
 	}

 	return s, nil
 }

-func ipFromHostPort(hp string) string {
-	h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(hp)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
+// ClientIP returns a middleware that resolves the real client IP,
+// honoring X-Forwarded-For only from trusted proxies, and stores it in
+// the request context for the logging middleware and handlers to read.
+func (s *Middleware) ClientIP() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			ip := s.clientIP.Resolve(
+				r.RemoteAddr, r.Header.Values(clientip.ForwardedForHeader))
+			ctx := clientip.WithClientIP(r.Context(), ip)
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// RateLimit returns a middleware that limits each client to requestLimit
+// requests per window and refuses a request over the limit with 429 Too Many
+// Requests and a Retry-After header. Clients are told apart by the address
+// the ClientIP middleware stored in the request context, so ClientIP must
+// run first. An IPv6 client is counted by its /64, which one client usually
+// holds whole; an IPv4-mapped address (::ffff:a.b.c.d) is counted as the
+// IPv4 address it carries, since every such address falls in the same /64.
+// Counts are kept only for the current and the previous window, so memory
+// stays bounded.
+func (s *Middleware) RateLimit(
+	requestLimit int, window time.Duration,
+) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return httprate.LimitBy(requestLimit, window,
+		func(r *http.Request) (string, error) {
+			ip := clientip.FromContext(r.Context())
+
+			addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(ip)
+			if err == nil {
+				ip = addr.Unmap().String()
 			}

-	if len(h) > 0 && h[0] == '[' {
-		return h[1 : len(h)-1]
-	}
-
-	return h
+			return httprate.CanonicalizeIP(ip), nil
+		})
 }

 type loggingResponseWriter struct {
@@ -100,7 +157,7 @@ func (s *Middleware) Logging() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 					"request_id", reqID,
 					"referer", r.Referer(),
 					"proto", r.Proto,
-					"remoteIP", ipFromHostPort(r.RemoteAddr),
+					"remoteIP", clientip.FromContext(ctx),
 					"status", lrw.statusCode,
 					"response_bytes", lrw.bytesWritten,
 					"latency_ms", latency.Milliseconds(),
@@ -164,6 +221,16 @@ func (s *Middleware) SecurityHeaders() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			// Disable XSS filtering (modern browsers don't need it, can cause issues)
 			w.Header().Set("X-XSS-Protection", "0")

+			// Force HTTPS on future visits (ignored by browsers over plaintext)
+			w.Header().Set("Strict-Transport-Security", HSTSValue)
+
+			// Restrict content sources; frame-ancestors is the primary
+			// clickjacking control, X-Frame-Options the legacy fallback
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", ContentSecurityPolicyValue)
+
+			// Deny browser features pixa does not use
+			w.Header().Set("Permissions-Policy", PermissionsPolicyValue)
+
 			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 		})
 	}
@@ -56,6 +56,61 @@ func TestSecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestSecurityHeaders_PolicyHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{}
+	mw := &Middleware{
+		log:    slog.Default(),
+		config: cfg,
+	}
+
+	testHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	handler := mw.SecurityHeaders()(testHandler)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		header string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{"Strict-Transport-Security", "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"},
+		{
+			"Content-Security-Policy",
+			"default-src 'self'; " +
+				"script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " +
+				"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " +
+				"object-src 'none'; " +
+				"base-uri 'self'; " +
+				"form-action 'self'; " +
+				"frame-ancestors 'none'",
+		},
+		{
+			"Permissions-Policy",
+			"accelerometer=(), autoplay=(), camera=(), " +
+				"display-capture=(), geolocation=(), gyroscope=(), " +
+				"magnetometer=(), microphone=(), payment=(), usb=()",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.header, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := rec.Header().Get(tt.header)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", tt.header, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSecurityHeaders_PreservesExistingHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@@ -10,23 +10,39 @@ import (
 // HTTP server configuration constants.
 const (
 	HTTPReadTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+	// HTTPReadHeaderTimeout bounds the request-header read on its own,
+	// short, so a slowloris client dribbling headers is dropped well
+	// before it ties up a connection for the whole ReadTimeout window.
+	HTTPReadHeaderTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 	HTTPWriteTimeout      = 60 * time.Second
+	// HTTPIdleTimeout bounds how long an idle keep-alive connection is
+	// held open, so idle connections cannot accumulate without limit on a
+	// service targeting high concurrency.
+	HTTPIdleTimeout    = 120 * time.Second
 	HTTPMaxHeaderBytes = 8 << 10 // 8KB
 )

-func (s *Server) serveUntilShutdown() {
-	listenAddr := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", s.config.Port)
-	s.httpServer = &http.Server{
-		Addr:           listenAddr,
+// newHTTPServer builds the http.Server with the hardening timeouts and
+// limits applied. It is separate from serveUntilShutdown so the
+// configuration can be asserted in a test without binding a listener.
+func (s *Server) newHTTPServer() *http.Server {
+	return &http.Server{
+		Addr:              fmt.Sprintf(":%d", s.config.Port),
 		ReadTimeout:       HTTPReadTimeout,
+		ReadHeaderTimeout: HTTPReadHeaderTimeout,
 		WriteTimeout:      HTTPWriteTimeout,
+		IdleTimeout:       HTTPIdleTimeout,
 		MaxHeaderBytes:    HTTPMaxHeaderBytes,
 		Handler:           s,
 	}
+}
+
+func (s *Server) serveUntilShutdown() {
+	s.httpServer = s.newHTTPServer()

 	s.SetupRoutes()

-	s.log.Info("http begin listen", "listenaddr", listenAddr)
+	s.log.Info("http begin listen", "listenaddr", s.httpServer.Addr)

 	err := s.httpServer.ListenAndServe()
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestNewHTTPServerTimeouts verifies that the constructed http.Server
+// carries every hardening timeout wired onto it, including the slowloris
+// defense (ReadHeaderTimeout) and the keep-alive bound (IdleTimeout). This
+// guards against a field being defined but never set on the server, so
+// each assertion compares the server field to its constant.
+func TestNewHTTPServerTimeouts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := &Server{config: &config.Config{Port: 8080}}
+
+	srv := s.newHTTPServer()
+
+	fields := []struct {
+		name string
+		got  time.Duration
+		want time.Duration
+	}{
+		{"ReadTimeout", srv.ReadTimeout, HTTPReadTimeout},
+		{"ReadHeaderTimeout", srv.ReadHeaderTimeout, HTTPReadHeaderTimeout},
+		{"WriteTimeout", srv.WriteTimeout, HTTPWriteTimeout},
+		{"IdleTimeout", srv.IdleTimeout, HTTPIdleTimeout},
+	}
+
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if f.got != f.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %v, want %v", f.name, f.got, f.want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if srv.MaxHeaderBytes != HTTPMaxHeaderBytes {
+		t.Errorf("MaxHeaderBytes = %d, want %d",
+			srv.MaxHeaderBytes, HTTPMaxHeaderBytes)
+	}
+
+	if srv.Handler != s {
+		t.Error("Handler is not the server")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHardeningTimeoutValues pins the intent behind the two new timeouts
+// without hard-coding brittle exact durations: the header-read phase is
+// bounded strictly shorter than the whole-request read (the slowloris
+// dribble), and idle keep-alive connections are bounded rather than held
+// open forever.
+func TestHardeningTimeoutValues(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	if HTTPReadHeaderTimeout <= 0 || HTTPReadHeaderTimeout > HTTPReadTimeout {
+		t.Errorf("ReadHeaderTimeout = %v, want positive and <= ReadTimeout %v",
+			HTTPReadHeaderTimeout, HTTPReadTimeout)
+	}
+
+	if HTTPIdleTimeout <= 0 {
+		t.Errorf("IdleTimeout = %v, want positive bound", HTTPIdleTimeout)
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"go.uber.org/fx/fxtest"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/globals"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/handlers"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/middleware"
+)
+
+// testSigningKey is a throwaway signing key; submitting it logs in.
+const testSigningKey = "test-signing-key-0123456789abcdef"
+
+// wrongKey is submitted for a failed login.
+const wrongKey = "not-the-signing-key"
+
+// Addresses for the login rate limit tests. The test server trusts
+// 10.0.0.0/8 as its proxies, so the X-Forwarded-For sent by proxyPeer is
+// believed and the one sent by firstClient or secondClient is ignored.
+const (
+	firstClient     = "198.51.100.1:40000"
+	secondClient    = "198.51.100.2:40000"
+	proxyPeer       = "10.0.0.1:40000"
+	firstForwarded  = "203.0.113.1"
+	secondForwarded = "203.0.113.2"
+)
+
+// csrfFieldPattern extracts the CSRF token rendered into the login form.
+var csrfFieldPattern = regexp.MustCompile(
+	`name="gorilla\.csrf\.Token" value="([^"]+)"`)
+
+// newTestServer builds the server's real routes from the constructors
+// cmd/pixad uses, with a throwaway state directory. Debug marks requests
+// as plain HTTP, so the CSRF check runs without an https Referer.
+func newTestServer(t *testing.T) *Server {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	stateDir := t.TempDir()
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Debug:          true,
+		SigningKey:     testSigningKey,
+		StateDir:       stateDir,
+		DBURL:          "file:" + filepath.Join(stateDir, "state.sqlite3"),
+		TrustedProxies: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")},
+	}
+
+	lc := fxtest.NewLifecycle(t)
+
+	log, err := logger.New(lc, logger.Params{Globals: &globals.Globals{}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("logger.New() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	db, err := database.New(lc, database.Params{Logger: log, Config: cfg})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("database.New() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h, err := handlers.New(lc, handlers.Params{
+		Logger: log, Database: db, Config: cfg,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("handlers.New() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	mw, err := middleware.New(lc, middleware.Params{Logger: log, Config: cfg})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("middleware.New() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	lc.RequireStart()
+	t.Cleanup(lc.RequireStop)
+
+	s := &Server{config: cfg, mw: mw, h: h}
+	s.SetupRoutes()
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// clientRequest builds a request for / arriving from remoteAddr, carrying
+// forwardedFor as its X-Forwarded-For header when that is not empty.
+func clientRequest(
+	t *testing.T, method string, body io.Reader, remoteAddr, forwardedFor string,
+) *http.Request {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), method, "/", body)
+	req.RemoteAddr = remoteAddr
+
+	if forwardedFor != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", forwardedFor)
+	}
+
+	return req
+}
+
+// postLogin loads the login form with GET / and submits key in it with
+// POST /, as a browser does, both from the same client. GET / is not rate
+// limited, so the form must load even for a client over the limit.
+func postLogin(
+	t *testing.T, s *Server, remoteAddr, forwardedFor, key string,
+) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	page := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s.ServeHTTP(page,
+		clientRequest(t, http.MethodGet, nil, remoteAddr, forwardedFor))
+
+	if page.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("GET / status = %d, want %d", page.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	match := csrfFieldPattern.FindStringSubmatch(page.Body.String())
+	if match == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no CSRF token field found in the login form")
+	}
+
+	form := url.Values{"key": {key}, "gorilla.csrf.Token": {match[1]}}
+	req := clientRequest(t, http.MethodPost,
+		strings.NewReader(form.Encode()), remoteAddr, forwardedFor)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+
+	for _, c := range page.Result().Cookies() {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	return rec
+}
+
+// tripLoginRateLimit makes LoginAttemptsPerMinute failed logins from one
+// client, each answered with the login form again, then one more, which
+// must be refused with 429. It returns the response to that last attempt.
+func tripLoginRateLimit(
+	t *testing.T, s *Server, remoteAddr, forwardedFor string,
+) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for attempt := range LoginAttemptsPerMinute {
+		rec := postLogin(t, s, remoteAddr, forwardedFor, wrongKey)
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Fatalf("failed login %d status = %d, want %d",
+				attempt+1, rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+		}
+	}
+
+	rec := postLogin(t, s, remoteAddr, forwardedFor, wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("login over the limit status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+
+	return rec
+}
+
+// TestLoginRateLimitRefusesAttemptOverLimit verifies the login attempt
+// after LoginAttemptsPerMinute failed ones from one client is refused with
+// 429 and a Retry-After header, and that the client cannot get around the
+// limit by sending X-Forwarded-For: from a peer that is not a trusted
+// proxy, the header is ignored.
+func TestLoginRateLimitRefusesAttemptOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newTestServer(t)
+
+	rec := tripLoginRateLimit(t, s, firstClient, "")
+
+	retryAfter := rec.Header().Get("Retry-After")
+
+	seconds, err := strconv.Atoi(retryAfter)
+	if err != nil || seconds <= 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Retry-After = %q, want a positive number of seconds",
+			retryAfter)
+	}
+
+	rec = postLogin(t, s, firstClient, secondForwarded, wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Errorf("login with X-Forwarded-For from an untrusted peer "+
+			"status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginRateLimitLeavesOtherClientsAlone verifies one client going over
+// the limit does not limit another: a failed login from a different
+// address is answered with the login form, and the signing key still logs
+// it in.
+func TestLoginRateLimitLeavesOtherClientsAlone(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newTestServer(t)
+
+	tripLoginRateLimit(t, s, firstClient, "")
+
+	rec := postLogin(t, s, secondClient, "", wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("failed login from another client status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+
+	rec = postLogin(t, s, secondClient, "", testSigningKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusSeeOther {
+		t.Errorf("login with the signing key from another client "+
+			"status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusSeeOther)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginRateLimitCountsClientsBehindProxySeparately verifies the limit
+// counts the client address resolved from X-Forwarded-For, not the address
+// of the trusted proxy the requests arrive from, so two clients behind the
+// same proxy are counted separately.
+func TestLoginRateLimitCountsClientsBehindProxySeparately(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newTestServer(t)
+
+	tripLoginRateLimit(t, s, proxyPeer, firstForwarded)
+
+	rec := postLogin(t, s, proxyPeer, secondForwarded, wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("failed login from a second client behind the proxy "+
+			"status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginRateLimitCountsIPv6ClientsByPrefix verifies an IPv6 client is
+// counted by its /64: another address in the same /64 is refused too,
+// while an address in a different /64 is not.
+func TestLoginRateLimitCountsIPv6ClientsByPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newTestServer(t)
+
+	tripLoginRateLimit(t, s, proxyPeer, "2001:db8::1")
+
+	rec := postLogin(t, s, proxyPeer, "2001:db8::2", wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Errorf("login from the same /64 status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+
+	rec = postLogin(t, s, proxyPeer, "2001:db8:0:1::1", wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("login from another /64 status = %d, want %d",
+			rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoginRateLimitCountsIPv4MappedClientsSeparately verifies an IPv4
+// client that the proxy forwards in IPv4-mapped IPv6 form (::ffff:a.b.c.d)
+// is counted by its IPv4 address, not by the /64 that every such address
+// shares, so two of them behind the proxy are counted separately.
+func TestLoginRateLimitCountsIPv4MappedClientsSeparately(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newTestServer(t)
+
+	tripLoginRateLimit(t, s, proxyPeer, "::ffff:"+firstForwarded)
+
+	rec := postLogin(t, s, proxyPeer, "::ffff:"+secondForwarded, wrongKey)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("failed login from a second IPv4-mapped client "+
+			"status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
@@ -2,21 +2,28 @@ package server

 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"time"

 	sentryhttp "github.com/getsentry/sentry-go/http"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"

+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/handlers"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/static"
 )

+// LoginAttemptsPerMinute is how many login attempts (POST /) one client may
+// make per minute; the next is refused with 429 Too Many Requests.
+const LoginAttemptsPerMinute = 5
+
 // SetupRoutes configures all HTTP routes.
 func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 	s.router = chi.NewRouter()

 	s.router.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
 	s.router.Use(middleware.RequestID)
+	s.router.Use(s.mw.ClientIP())
 	s.router.Use(s.mw.SecurityHeaders())
 	s.router.Use(s.mw.Logging())

@@ -44,11 +51,22 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 	// Static files (Tailwind CSS, etc.)
 	s.router.Handle("/static/*", http.StripPrefix("/static/", static.Handler()))

-	// Login/generator UI
-	s.router.Get("/", s.h.HandleRoot())
-	s.router.Post("/", s.h.HandleRoot())
+	// Login/generator UI. The form routes carry CSRF protection; the
+	// token cookie is independent of the session cookie, so it also
+	// covers the login POST, where no session exists yet. LimitBody caps
+	// the POST body ahead of CSRF, which reads its token from that body.
+	// The login POST is rate limited per client after both, so every
+	// attempt that reaches the signing key comparison is counted.
+	s.router.Group(func(r chi.Router) {
+		r.Use(s.h.LimitBody(handlers.MaxFormBytes))
+		r.Use(s.h.CSRF())
+		r.Get("/", s.h.HandleRoot())
+		r.With(s.mw.RateLimit(LoginAttemptsPerMinute, time.Minute)).
+			Post("/", s.h.HandleRoot())
+		r.Post("/generate", s.h.HandleGenerateURL())
+	})
+
 	s.router.Get("/logout", s.h.HandleLogout())
-	s.router.Post("/generate", s.h.HandleGenerateURL())

 	// Main image proxy route
 	// /v1/image/<host>/<path>/<width>x<height>.<format>
@@ -41,9 +41,12 @@ func goldenVectors() []goldenVector {
 				Width:       800,
 				Height:      600,
 				Format:      testFormatWebP,
+				Quality:     85,
+				FitMode:     testFitCover,
 			},
-			// Signed data: "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200"
-			wantSignature:  "x5PfPp8QSDo0cJT96od-AEgrQyOVLfqifH5sst61_-w=",
+			// Signed data:
+			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200:85:cover"
+			wantSignature:  "kdqeGoW2SX7qnaYtoB970wEnLydn0UnIgQYQLfAnjXQ=",
 			wantSignedPath: testSignedPath,
 		},
 		{
@@ -55,10 +58,12 @@ func goldenVectors() []goldenVector {
 				Width:       800,
 				Height:      600,
 				Format:      testFormatWebP,
+				Quality:     85,
+				FitMode:     testFitCover,
 			},
 			// Signed data:
-			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg:token=abc&v=2:800:600:webp:1704067200"
-			wantSignature: "394_Vf9TdQFkpQ3XKFDQSyxgqKq8N7mApf2S4QaHqyo=",
+			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg:token=abc&v=2:800:600:webp:1704067200:85:cover"
+			wantSignature: "pKgVBOTd_Q_EikI7MNQLC9Q8Hurdxzyv3EIYvVhqc2I=",
 			wantSignedPath: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg" +
 				"%3Ftoken=abc&v=2/800x600.webp",
 		},
@@ -71,11 +76,34 @@ func goldenVectors() []goldenVector {
 				Width:       0,
 				Height:      0,
 				Format:      testFormatPNG,
+				Quality:     85,
+				FitMode:     testFitCover,
 			},
-			// Signed data: "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::0:0:png:1704067200"
-			wantSignature:  "7Be7oteeQwvnSPU4bchyQ4ZGYGsAGBKpeEtuQ02ox60=",
+			// Signed data:
+			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::0:0:png:1704067200:85:cover"
+			wantSignature:  "6_rZ0yyVbGZRs8kG7n7HLgLi5Jt8vjiWQljIEL1jbIs=",
 			wantSignedPath: "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/orig.png",
 		},
+		{
+			name: "non-default quality and fit",
+			req: signature.Request{
+				SourceHost:  testHost,
+				SourcePath:  testPath,
+				SourceQuery: "",
+				Width:       800,
+				Height:      600,
+				Format:      testFormatWebP,
+				Quality:     40,
+				FitMode:     testFitContain,
+			},
+			// Signed data:
+			// "cdn.example.com:/photos/cat.jpg::800:600:webp:1704067200:40:contain"
+			wantSignature: "pGaXpPUbI3A7nMx-4T9bfq9bYWBNL0kY4bxlcv3g1F8=",
+			// The path is the same as for the default quality and fit:
+			// q=40&fit=contain go in the query string next to sig and
+			// exp (imgcache.Service.GenerateSignedURL adds all four).
+			wantSignedPath: testSignedPath,
+		},
 	}
 }

@@ -84,11 +112,9 @@ func goldenVectors() []goldenVector {
 // hardcoded signing key.
 //
 // If any of these assertions fail, the signed byte format
-// ("host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration"), the base64url
-// encoding, or the signed URL layout has changed. Such a change breaks
-// every signature already issued to clients, so it must be made
-// deliberately: update these constants only as part of an intentional,
-// documented signature format migration.
+// ("host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration:quality:fit"), the
+// base64url encoding, or the signed URL layout has changed. Update these
+// constants only when that change is intended.
 func TestSigner_GoldenVectors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package signature_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/signature"
+)
+
+// signedQualityFitRequest returns a request signed for quality 85 and fit
+// mode "cover", the effective defaults the handler applies before
+// verification.
+func signedQualityFitRequest(signer *signature.Signer) *signature.Request {
+	req := &signature.Request{
+		SourceHost: testHost,
+		SourcePath: testPath,
+		Width:      800,
+		Height:     600,
+		Format:     testFormatWebP,
+		Quality:    85,
+		FitMode:    testFitCover,
+		Expires:    time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	req.Signature = signer.Sign(req)
+
+	return req
+}
+
+// TestSigner_Verify_QualityAndFitAreSigned proves that quality and fit are
+// covered by the signature: a URL signed for one quality or fit mode must
+// not verify when replayed with a different quality or fit mode. This is the
+// amplification vector from the issue — one signed URL replayed across many
+// quality and fit values yields many unauthorized cache entries and
+// transcodes — so it must be rejected.
+func TestSigner_Verify_QualityAndFitAreSigned(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	signer := signature.New("test-secret-key")
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		tamper func(r *signature.Request)
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "replayed with different quality",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.Quality = 40 },
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "replayed with different fit mode",
+			tamper: func(r *signature.Request) { r.FitMode = testFitContain },
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			req := signedQualityFitRequest(signer)
+			tt.tamper(req)
+
+			err := signer.Verify(req)
+			if !errors.Is(err, signature.ErrInvalid) {
+				t.Errorf("Verify() = %v, want %v", err, signature.ErrInvalid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -37,6 +37,15 @@ type Request struct {
 	Height int
 	// Format is the requested output format (e.g. "webp").
 	Format string
+	// Quality is the requested output quality (1-100) for lossy formats.
+	// It is the effective value the request resolves to: callers pass the
+	// default quality when the request omits the parameter, so an omitted
+	// quality signs identically to that same value stated explicitly.
+	Quality int
+	// FitMode is how the image is fit into the requested dimensions
+	// (e.g. "cover"). Like Quality it is the effective value: callers pass
+	// the default fit mode when the request omits the parameter.
+	FitMode string
 	// Signature is the HMAC signature to verify.
 	Signature string
 	// Expires is the signature expiration timestamp.
@@ -56,7 +65,8 @@ func New(secretKey string) *Signer {
 }

 // Sign generates an HMAC-SHA256 signature for the given request.
-// The signature covers: host + path + query + width + height + format + expiration.
+// The signature covers: host + path + query + width + height + format +
+// expiration + quality + fit.
 func (s *Signer) Sign(req *Request) string {
 	data := s.buildSignatureData(req)
 	mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, s.secretKey)
@@ -68,7 +78,8 @@ func (s *Signer) Sign(req *Request) string {

 // Verify checks if the signature on the request is valid and not expired.
 // Signatures are exact-match only: every component of the signed data
-// (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration) must match exactly.
+// (host, path, query, dimensions, format, expiration, quality, fit) must
+// match exactly.
 // No suffix matching, wildcard matching, or partial matching is supported.
 // A signature for "cdn.example.com" will NOT verify for "example.com" or
 // "other.cdn.example.com", and vice versa.
@@ -142,11 +153,13 @@ func (s *Signer) GenerateSignedURL(
 }

 // buildSignatureData creates the string to be signed.
-// Format: "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration"
+// Format: "host:path:query:width:height:format:expiration:quality:fit"
 // All components are used verbatim (exact match). No normalization,
-// suffix matching, or wildcard expansion is performed.
+// suffix matching, or wildcard expansion is performed. Quality and fit
+// are the effective transform values, so replaying a signed URL with a
+// different quality or fit mode fails verification.
 func (s *Signer) buildSignatureData(req *Request) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%d:%d:%s:%d",
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%d:%d:%s:%d:%d:%s",
 		req.SourceHost,
 		req.SourcePath,
 		req.SourceQuery,
@@ -154,6 +167,8 @@ func (s *Signer) buildSignatureData(req *Request) string {
 		req.Height,
 		req.Format,
 		req.Expires.Unix(),
+		req.Quality,
+		req.FitMode,
 	)
 }

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const (
 	testPath       = "/photos/cat.jpg"
 	testFormatWebP = "webp"
 	testFormatPNG  = "png"
+	testFitCover   = "cover"
+	testFitContain = "contain"
 	testSignedPath = "/v1/image/cdn.example.com/photos/cat.jpg/800x600.webp"
 	testSig        = "abc123"
 )
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
        {{end}}

        <form method="POST" action="/generate" class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 space-y-4">
+            {{ .CSRFField }}
            <div>
                <label for="url" class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1">
                    Source URL
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@
                        id="width"
                        name="width"
                        min="0"
-                        max="10000"
+                        max="8192"
                        value="{{if .FormWidth}}{{.FormWidth}}{{else}}0{{end}}"
                        placeholder="0 = original"
                        class="w-full px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-blue-500 focus:border-blue-500"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@
                        id="height"
                        name="height"
                        min="0"
-                        max="10000"
+                        max="8192"
                        value="{{if .FormHeight}}{{.FormHeight}}{{else}}0{{end}}"
                        placeholder="0 = original"
                        class="w-full px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-blue-500 focus:border-blue-500"
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
        {{end}}

        <form method="POST" action="/" class="space-y-4">
+            {{ .CSRFField }}
            <div>
                <label for="key" class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1">
                    Signing Key
@@ -3,20 +3,14 @@
 # this repo. Idempotent: every install is guarded by a check so already
 # installed tools are skipped. Base tooling comes from nix, apt, brew,
 # or apk (detected in that order); assumes NOTHING is present (not git,
-# make, or go). golangci-lint is packaged in nix, brew, and apk; on apt
-# it is installed from a hash-verified GitHub release archive (never
-# curl | sh). CGO image libraries (pkg-config, vips, libheif) are
-# installed for the govips bindings.
+# make, or go). The linter is never installed on the host: golangci-lint
+# runs only inside a container, Dockerfile.lint or the Dockerfile lint
+# stage (see script/lint). CGO image libraries (pkg-config, vips,
+# libheif) are installed for the govips bindings.
 set -eu

 ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"

-# Pinned versions, 2026-08-07. Never "latest"; exact versions only.
-GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION="2.12.2"
-# sha256 of golangci-lint-2.12.2-linux-<arch>.tar.gz release archives
-GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_AMD64="8df580d2670fed8fa984aac0507099af8df275e665215f5c7a2ae3943893a553"
-GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_ARM64="44cd40a8c76c86755375adfeea52cfd3533cb43d7bd647771e0ae065e166df3a"
-
 PKGMGR=""
 SUDO=""

@@ -57,52 +51,6 @@ missing() {
    ! command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
 }

-# verify_sha256 <file> <expected-hash>
-verify_sha256() {
-    if command -v sha256sum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        actual="$(sha256sum "$1" | cut -d' ' -f1)"
-    else
-        actual="$(shasum -a 256 "$1" | cut -d' ' -f1)"
-    fi
-    if [ "$actual" != "$2" ]; then
-        echo "bootstrap: sha256 mismatch for $1" >&2
-        echo "  expected: $2" >&2
-        echo "  actual:   $actual" >&2
-        exit 1
-    fi
-}
-
-# apt has no golangci-lint package: install a pinned release archive
-# from GitHub, verified by hardcoded sha256 (never curl | sh).
-install_golangci_lint_release() {
-    case "$(uname -m)" in
-        x86_64) goarch="amd64"; sha="$GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_AMD64" ;;
-        aarch64|arm64) goarch="arm64"; sha="$GOLANGCI_LINT_SHA256_ARM64" ;;
-        *)
-            echo "bootstrap: unsupported architecture $(uname -m)" >&2
-            exit 1
-            ;;
-    esac
-    if missing curl; then pkg_install curl curl curl curl; fi
-    name="golangci-lint-${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION}-linux-${goarch}"
-    tmp="$(mktemp -d)"
-    curl -fsSL -o "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" \
-        "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION}/${name}.tar.gz"
-    verify_sha256 "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" "$sha"
-    tar -xzf "$tmp/$name.tar.gz" -C "$tmp"
-    $SUDO install -m 0755 "$tmp/$name/golangci-lint" /usr/local/bin/golangci-lint
-    rm -rf "$tmp"
-}
-
-ensure_golangci_lint() {
-    if ! missing golangci-lint; then return 0; fi
-    detect_pkgmgr
-    case "$PKGMGR" in
-        apt) install_golangci_lint_release ;;
-        *) pkg_install golangci-lint golangci-lint golangci-lint golangci-lint ;;
-    esac
-}
-
 # CGO dependencies for govips (image processing)
 ensure_cgo_deps() {
    if missing pkg-config; then
@@ -123,9 +71,8 @@ main() {
    if missing git; then pkg_install git git git git; fi
    if missing make; then pkg_install gnumake make make make; fi

-    # Go toolchain and linter
+    # Go toolchain
    if missing go; then pkg_install go golang go go; fi
-    ensure_golangci_lint

    # CGO image libraries
    ensure_cgo_deps
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# script/docker-smoke: build the Docker image, start it, and wait up to
+# 30 seconds for its HEALTHCHECK to report healthy. Needs a Docker
+# daemon, so it is not part of script/check; the Gitea workflow runs it
+# after script/cibuild.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"
+ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd -P)"
+
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/docker"
+
+    # A fresh random key: the container publishes no port and is
+    # removed on exit.
+    key="$(head -c 32 /dev/urandom | base64)"
+
+    # Docker 25 and later probe every 5 seconds during the image's
+    # 10-second start period. --health-interval=1s makes it probe every
+    # second after that instead of every 30, so a slow start still shows
+    # as healthy within the 30-second wait.
+    cid="$(docker create --health-interval=1s \
+        -e PIXA_SIGNING_KEY="$key" "$("$SCRIPT_DIR/projectname")")"
+    # Remove the container on any exit; turning signals into exit makes
+    # an interrupted run clean up too.
+    trap 'docker rm -f "$cid" >/dev/null' EXIT
+    trap 'exit 1' HUP INT TERM
+    docker start "$cid" >/dev/null
+
+    deadline=$(($(date +%s) + 30))
+    while [ "$(date +%s)" -lt "$deadline" ]; do
+        health="$(docker inspect --format '{{.State.Health.Status}}' "$cid")"
+        if [ "$health" = healthy ]; then
+            echo "docker-smoke: container is healthy"
+            return 0
+        fi
+        sleep 1
+    done
+
+    echo "docker-smoke: container not healthy after 30 seconds; its log:" >&2
+    docker logs "$cid" >&2
+    return 1
+}
+
+main "$@"
@@ -1,23 +1,37 @@
 #!/bin/sh
-# script/lint: run the linter. CGO dependencies (pkg-config, vips,
-# libheif) come from nix-shell when not already available (e.g. inside
-# a Docker build or an existing nix-shell).
+# script/lint: run golangci-lint over the whole tree. This is the only
+# way the linter is run, everywhere; it is never installed on the host.
+#
+# Inside a container it runs the linter. Anywhere else it builds
+# Dockerfile.lint, whose last step runs this script again inside that
+# container.
+#
+# Dockerfile.lint and the Dockerfile lint stage set container=docker
+# (the systemd convention for marking a container) to say where we are.
+# /.dockerenv cannot: it is missing inside build steps, and present on
+# hosts that are themselves containers.
 set -eu

 ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"

-run_with_cgo_deps() {
-    if command -v pkg-config >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        sh -c "$1"
+main() {
+    cd "$ROOT"
+    if [ "${container:-}" = docker ]; then
+        # `golangci-lint config verify` is not run: it fetches its JSON
+        # schema over an unpinned live HTTPS call, which REPO_POLICIES.md
+        # forbids.
+        echo "Running linter..."
+        golangci-lint run --config .golangci.yml ./...
    else
-        nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run "$1"
+        # A new CACHEBUST on every run means the lint step is never
+        # served from cache (see Dockerfile.lint). The cacheonly output
+        # leaves no image behind.
+        docker build \
+            --progress=plain \
+            --build-arg CACHEBUST="$(date +%s)-$$" \
+            --output=type=cacheonly \
+            -f Dockerfile.lint .
    fi
 }

-main() {
-    cd "$ROOT"
-    echo "Running linter..."
-    run_with_cgo_deps "golangci-lint run"
-}
-
 main "$@"
@@ -10,14 +10,18 @@ run_with_cgo_deps() {
    if command -v pkg-config >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        sh -c "$1"
    else
-        nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif golangci-lint git --run "$1"
+        nix-shell -p pkg-config vips libheif git --run "$1"
    fi
 }

 main() {
    cd "$ROOT"
    echo "Running tests..."
-    run_with_cgo_deps "CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -timeout 30s -race -v ./..."
+    # Run without -v first for clean output on success; on failure rerun
+    # with -v for full diagnostics, then exit non-zero (REPO_POLICIES.md
+    # conditional-verbose-rerun pattern). The first run already proved the
+    # tests broken, so the build fails even if the rerun happens to pass.
+    run_with_cgo_deps "CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -timeout 30s -race -cover ./... || { echo '--- Rerunning with -v for details ---'; CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -timeout 30s -race -v ./...; exit 1; }"
 }

 main "$@"