docs: document trusted_proxies and record in TODO.md

Describe the trusted_proxies key in README.md and config.example.yml,
including the rightmost-non-proxy selection rule and the safe default of
trusting no one. Record the unit in TODO.md.

Model: opus-4-8

README.md

@@ -122,6 +122,19 @@ Configured via YAML file (`--config`). Key settings:
 
 - `access_control_allow_origin` — CORS origin
 - `allowlist_hosts` — list of allowed upstream hosts
+- `blocked_networks` — list of CIDR ranges to refuse for SSRF protection,
+  added to the always-enforced built-in ranges (loopback, private,
+  link-local, CGNAT, benchmark, NAT64, and the like); an invalid CIDR
+  aborts startup
+- `trusted_proxies` — list of CIDR ranges of the reverse proxies in front
+  of pixa. `X-Forwarded-For` is believed only when the direct peer falls
+  inside one of these ranges; the logged and login-recorded client
+  address is then the rightmost forwarded entry that is not itself a
+  trusted proxy. Otherwise the direct peer address is used and the header
+  is ignored, so a client connecting directly cannot spoof its address.
+  Omitted or empty trusts no one; an invalid CIDR aborts startup. Set
+  this to your proxy's address range when deploying behind a reverse
+  proxy
 - `upstream_fetch_timeout` — timeout for origin requests
 - `upstream_max_response_size` — max origin response size
 - `downstream_timeout` — client response timeout

TODO.md

@@ -25,10 +25,31 @@ The disk cache is now size-bounded with LRU eviction
 
 # Next Step
 
-P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF protection
+P1: rate limit global concurrent upstream fetches to prevent resource
+exhaustion
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-09-21 trusted-proxy client IP resolution (closes #94): a
+  `trusted_proxies` config key taking a list of CIDRs, parsed by the same
+  `net/netip` list parser as `blocked_networks` (an invalid entry aborts
+  startup naming the key and value; omitted or empty trusts no one); a new
+  `internal/clientip` package resolves the client address by honoring
+  `X-Forwarded-For` only when the direct peer is a trusted proxy, walking
+  the chain right-to-left to the rightmost non-proxy entry, so a client
+  connecting directly cannot spoof its address; the resolved address is
+  stored in the request context by a new middleware and used by the
+  request-logging middleware and the login-attempt logs in place of the
+  raw peer address; documented in `README.md` and `config.example.yml`.
+- 2026-09-21 blocked networks configuration extending SSRF protection: a
+  `blocked_networks` config key taking a list of CIDRs (parsed with
+  `net/netip`, an invalid entry aborts startup naming the key and value),
+  added to the built-in blocklist rather than replacing it; the built-in
+  ranges extended to CGNAT `100.64.0.0/10`, IETF protocol assignments
+  `192.0.0.0/24`, benchmark `198.18.0.0/15`, and NAT64 `64:ff9b::/96`
+  (IPv4-mapped forms covered); enforcement stays in the dial-time
+  re-resolution so the DNS-rebinding window remains closed; documented in
+  `README.md` and `config.example.yml`.
 - 2026-09-21 http.Server hardening (closes #92): added
   `HTTPReadHeaderTimeout` (10s, bounds the slowloris header dribble) and
   `HTTPIdleTimeout` (120s, bounds keep-alive reuse) alongside the
@@ -130,8 +151,6 @@ P1: implement blocked networks configuration to extend SSRF protection
 
 # Future Steps
 
-- P1: rate limit global concurrent upstream fetches to prevent
-  resource exhaustion
 - P1: strip EXIF and other metadata from processed images (privacy)
 - P2: security
     - referer blacklist

config.example.yml

@@ -22,6 +22,27 @@ allowlist_hosts:
   - github.com
   - user-images.githubusercontent.com
 
+# Additional CIDR ranges to refuse when fetching upstream, extending the
+# SSRF protection. These are added to the always-enforced built-in ranges
+# (loopback, RFC 1918 private, link-local, CGNAT, benchmark, NAT64, and
+# similar), never replacing them. Each entry must be a valid CIDR in IPv4
+# or IPv6 form; an invalid entry aborts startup.
+# blocked_networks:
+#   - 100.64.0.0/10
+#   - 2001:db8::/32
+
+# CIDR ranges of the reverse proxies in front of pixa. X-Forwarded-For
+# is believed only when the direct peer is inside one of these ranges;
+# the client address in the access log and login records is then the
+# rightmost forwarded entry that is not itself a trusted proxy. A client
+# connecting directly (peer outside these ranges) cannot spoof its
+# address: the header is ignored and the peer address is used. Omitted or
+# empty trusts no one; an invalid CIDR aborts startup. Set this when
+# deploying behind a proxy.
+# trusted_proxies:
+#   - 10.0.0.0/8
+#   - 2001:db8::/32
+
 # Allow HTTP upstream (only for testing, always use HTTPS in production)
 allow_http: false
 

internal/clientip/clientip.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Package clientip resolves the real client IP address of an HTTP request
+// when pixa runs behind a reverse proxy. Forwarding headers are believed
+// only when the immediate peer is a configured trusted proxy, so an
+// untrusted client cannot spoof its address by sending the header.
+package clientip
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ForwardedForHeader is the request header carrying the proxy chain. It is
+// honored only when the immediate peer is a trusted proxy.
+const ForwardedForHeader = "X-Forwarded-For"
+
+// Resolver determines the client IP of a request against a fixed set of
+// trusted proxy networks.
+type Resolver struct {
+	trusted []netip.Prefix
+}
+
+// NewResolver returns a Resolver that trusts forwarding headers only from
+// peers inside the given CIDR ranges. A nil or empty list trusts no one,
+// so the peer address is always used.
+func NewResolver(trusted []netip.Prefix) *Resolver {
+	return &Resolver{trusted: trusted}
+}
+
+// Resolve returns the client IP for a request whose direct peer is
+// remoteAddr (a "host:port" string as in http.Request.RemoteAddr) and
+// whose X-Forwarded-For header lines are forwardedFor (as returned by
+// http.Header.Values). When the peer is not a trusted proxy, the peer
+// address is returned and the header is ignored entirely. When the peer is
+// trusted, the header is walked right to left and the first address that is
+// not itself a trusted proxy is returned; this is the client the outermost
+// trusted proxy observed, and entries an untrusted client may have prepended
+// sit to its left and are never reached.
+func (r *Resolver) Resolve(remoteAddr string, forwardedFor []string) string {
+	peer := hostOnly(remoteAddr)
+
+	peerAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(peer)
+	if err != nil || !r.isTrusted(peerAddr) {
+		return peer
+	}
+
+	for _, hop := range slices.Backward(forwardedForChain(forwardedFor)) {
+		hopAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(hop)
+		if err != nil || r.isTrusted(hopAddr) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return hopAddr.String()
+	}
+
+	return peerAddr.String()
+}
+
+// isTrusted reports whether addr falls inside one of the trusted proxy
+// ranges. Addresses are unmapped first so an IPv4-mapped IPv6 form matches
+// an IPv4 range, matching the fetcher's blocklist comparison.
+func (r *Resolver) isTrusted(addr netip.Addr) bool {
+	if !addr.IsValid() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	unmapped := addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(r.trusted, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(unmapped)
+	})
+}
+
+// hostOnly strips the port from a "host:port" address. A value without a
+// port (already a bare host) is returned unchanged.
+func hostOnly(remoteAddr string) string {
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(remoteAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return remoteAddr
+	}
+
+	return host
+}
+
+// forwardedForChain flattens the comma-separated entries of every
+// X-Forwarded-For header line into a single ordered, trimmed list.
+func forwardedForChain(values []string) []string {
+	var chain []string
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(value, ",") {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+			if trimmed != "" {
+				chain = append(chain, trimmed)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return chain
+}
+
+// contextKey is the private key type under which the resolved client IP is
+// stored in a request context.
+type contextKey struct{}
+
+// WithClientIP returns a copy of ctx carrying the resolved client IP.
+func WithClientIP(ctx context.Context, ip string) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, contextKey{}, ip)
+}
+
+// FromContext returns the resolved client IP stored in ctx, or an empty
+// string if none was set.
+func FromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
+	ip, _ := ctx.Value(contextKey{}).(string)
+
+	return ip
+}

internal/clientip/clientip_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package clientip_test
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+)
+
+// Addresses reused across the resolver cases.
+const (
+	trustedRangeV4 = "10.0.0.0/8"
+	forwardedV4    = "203.0.113.7"
+	untrustedV4    = "198.51.100.9"
+	trustedPeer    = "10.0.0.1:5000"
+)
+
+// mustPrefixes parses CIDR strings into prefixes for building a resolver.
+func mustPrefixes(t *testing.T, cidrs ...string) []netip.Prefix {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(cidrs))
+
+	for _, c := range cidrs {
+		p, err := netip.ParsePrefix(c)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("netip.ParsePrefix(%q) error = %v", c, err)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, p)
+	}
+
+	return prefixes
+}
+
+type resolveCase struct {
+	name         string
+	trusted      []string
+	remoteAddr   string
+	forwardedFor []string
+	want         string
+}
+
+// runResolveCases runs each case against a resolver built from its trusted
+// list and checks the resolved address.
+func runResolveCases(t *testing.T, cases []resolveCase) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			r := clientip.NewResolver(mustPrefixes(t, tt.trusted...))
+
+			got := r.Resolve(tt.remoteAddr, tt.forwardedFor)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("Resolve(%q, %v) = %q, want %q",
+					tt.remoteAddr, tt.forwardedFor, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestResolvePeerTrust covers the trust decision on the direct peer: a
+// forwarded header is believed only from a trusted peer, and a client
+// connecting directly cannot spoof its address.
+func TestResolvePeerTrust(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runResolveCases(t, []resolveCase{
+		{
+			name:         "trusted peer honors forwarded client",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "untrusted peer ignores forwarded header",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   untrustedV4 + ":33333",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "spoofed chain from untrusted peer cannot influence result",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   untrustedV4 + ":33333",
+			forwardedFor: []string{"1.2.3.4, 10.9.9.9, 127.0.0.1"},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "empty trusted list always uses peer",
+			trusted:      nil,
+			remoteAddr:   forwardedV4 + ":80",
+			forwardedFor: []string{"10.0.0.5"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "trusted peer with no forwarded header uses peer",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: nil,
+			want:         "10.0.0.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "unparseable peer is returned unchanged",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   "garbage",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         "garbage",
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// TestResolveChainWalk covers walking the X-Forwarded-For chain from a
+// trusted peer to the rightmost entry that is not itself a trusted proxy.
+func TestResolveChainWalk(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runResolveCases(t, []resolveCase{
+		{
+			name:         "rightmost untrusted entry across a mixed chain",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4, "192.168.0.0/16"},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4 + ", 192.168.1.1, 10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "spoofed client behind a trusted proxy is not believed",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{"1.2.3.4, " + untrustedV4},
+			want:         untrustedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "chain split across multiple header lines",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4, "10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "garbage entries are skipped",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4 + ", not-an-ip"},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "all-trusted chain falls back to peer",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   trustedPeer,
+			forwardedFor: []string{"10.0.0.9, 10.0.0.2"},
+			want:         "10.0.0.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "trusted IPv6 peer honors forwarded client",
+			trusted:      []string{"2001:db8::/32"},
+			remoteAddr:   "[2001:db8::1]:9000",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "IPv4-mapped peer matches IPv4 trusted range",
+			trusted:      []string{trustedRangeV4},
+			remoteAddr:   "[::ffff:10.0.0.1]:5000",
+			forwardedFor: []string{forwardedV4},
+			want:         forwardedV4,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func TestContextRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	ctx := clientip.WithClientIP(t.Context(), forwardedV4)
+	if got := clientip.FromContext(ctx); got != forwardedV4 {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext = %q, want %q", got, forwardedV4)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromContextAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	if got := clientip.FromContext(t.Context()); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext with no value = %q, want empty", got)
+	}
+}

internal/config/blocked_networks_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksParsed loads a valid blocked_networks list and checks
+// each CIDR is parsed into the resolved prefixes in order.
+func TestBlockedNetworksParsed(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	yamlContent := signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 203.0.113.0/24
+  - 2001:db8::/32
+`
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, yamlContent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("valid blocked_networks should load, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := []string{"203.0.113.0/24", "2001:db8::/32"}
+	if len(c.BlockedNetworks) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockedNetworks = %v, want %d entries", c.BlockedNetworks, len(want))
+	}
+
+	for i, w := range want {
+		if got := c.BlockedNetworks[i].String(); got != w {
+			t.Errorf("BlockedNetworks[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got, w)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksOmittedIsEmpty confirms an omitted key leaves the
+// operator list empty; the built-in defaults still apply in the fetcher.
+func TestBlockedNetworksOmittedIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("minimal config should be valid, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.BlockedNetworks) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("BlockedNetworks = %v, want empty", c.BlockedNetworks)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBlockedNetworksInvalidAbortsStartup checks that malformed values abort
+// startup with an error naming the key and the offending value.
+func TestBlockedNetworksInvalidAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, []abortCase{
+		{
+			name: "not-a-cidr",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - not-a-cidr
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, "not-a-cidr"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "bare-address-without-prefix",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 10.0.0.1
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, "10.0.0.1"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty-entry",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - ""
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non-string-entry",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+  - 42
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "null-value",
+			yaml: signingKeyLine + `blocked_networks:
+`,
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyBlockedNetworks, nullValueText},
+		},
+	})
+}

internal/config/config.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"math"
+	"net/netip"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@ const (
 	keyAllowHTTP                  = "allow_http"
 	keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost = "upstream_connections_per_host"
 	keyCacheMaxBytes              = "cache_max_bytes"
+	keyBlockedNetworks            = "blocked_networks"
+	keyTrustedProxies             = "trusted_proxies"
 )
 
 // placeholderSigningKey is the dummy signing_key shipped in
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ var (
 	errNotAnInteger      = errors.New("not an integer")
 	errNotABoolean       = errors.New("not a boolean")
 	errNotAStringList    = errors.New("not a list of strings")
+	errNotAValidCIDR     = errors.New("not a valid CIDR network")
 	errNotAMetricsMap    = errors.New("not a map of metrics settings")
 	errEmptyListEntry    = errors.New("list contains an empty entry")
 	errEmptyEntry        = errors.New("contains an empty entry")
@@ -109,6 +113,19 @@ type Config struct {
 	AllowHTTP                  bool     // Allow non-TLS upstream (testing only)
 	UpstreamConnectionsPerHost int      // Max concurrent connections per upstream host
 
+	// BlockedNetworks are operator-supplied CIDR ranges to refuse in
+	// addition to the built-in SSRF blocklist. Enforced by the upstream
+	// fetcher's dialer; the built-in ranges always apply.
+	BlockedNetworks []netip.Prefix
+
+	// TrustedProxies are the CIDR ranges of reverse proxies whose
+	// forwarding headers may be believed. Forwarded headers are honored
+	// only when the immediate peer falls inside one of these ranges;
+	// otherwise the peer address is used and the headers are ignored, so
+	// an untrusted client cannot spoof its address. Empty means trust
+	// nothing and always use the peer address.
+	TrustedProxies []netip.Prefix
+
 	// CacheMaxBytes is the disk cache size limit in bytes. Zero
 	// disables the disk cache entirely. When cache_max_bytes is
 	// omitted from the configuration, this holds the computed default
@@ -177,6 +194,16 @@ func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	blockedNetworks, err := parseCIDRList(sc, keyBlockedNetworks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	trustedProxies, err := parseCIDRList(sc, keyTrustedProxies)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	loader := &strictLoader{sc: sc}
 
 	c := &Config{
@@ -192,7 +219,9 @@ func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 		AllowHTTP:       loader.boolVal(keyAllowHTTP, false),
 		UpstreamConnectionsPerHost: loader.intVal(
 			keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, DefaultUpstreamConnectionsPerHost),
-		CacheMaxBytes: loader.int64Val(keyCacheMaxBytes, 0),
+		CacheMaxBytes:   loader.int64Val(keyCacheMaxBytes, 0),
+		BlockedNetworks: blockedNetworks,
+		TrustedProxies:  trustedProxies,
 	}
 
 	// The computed default for cache_max_bytes needs a validated
@@ -224,7 +253,7 @@ func newFromSmartConfig(sc *smartconfig.Config) (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, loader.err
 	}
 
-	err := c.validate()
+	err = c.validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -308,7 +337,8 @@ func isKnownConfigKey(key string) bool {
 	switch key {
 	case keyDebug, keyMaintenanceMode, keyPort, keyStateDir, keySentryDSN,
 		keyDBURL, keyMetrics, keySigningKey, keyAllowlistHosts, keyAllowHTTP,
-		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, keyCacheMaxBytes, "env":
+		keyUpstreamConnectionsPerHost, keyCacheMaxBytes, keyBlockedNetworks,
+		keyTrustedProxies, "env":
 		return true
 	}
 
@@ -802,3 +832,87 @@ func getStringSlice(sc *smartconfig.Config) []string {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// parseCIDRList parses the value of the named config key into CIDR
+// prefixes, or returns nil if the key is omitted. It accepts a YAML list
+// of strings or a comma-separated string. An explicitly null value, a
+// wrong type, an empty entry, a non-string entry, or an unparseable CIDR
+// aborts startup naming the key and the offending value; the default
+// (an empty list) applies only to an omitted key.
+func parseCIDRList(sc *smartconfig.Config, key string) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
+	if sc == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	raw, ok := sc.Get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil, errNullConfigValue(key)
+	}
+
+	entries, err := cidrListEntries(raw, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(entries))
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(entry)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q is %w",
+				key, entry, errNotAValidCIDR)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, prefix)
+	}
+
+	return prefixes, nil
+}
+
+// cidrListEntries extracts the raw entries of the named CIDR-list key as
+// trimmed, non-empty strings, from either a YAML list of strings or a
+// comma-separated string. Any other shape is a configuration error.
+func cidrListEntries(raw any, key string) ([]string, error) {
+	switch val := raw.(type) {
+	case []any:
+		entries := make([]string, 0, len(val))
+
+		for _, item := range val {
+			str, ok := item.(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: list entry %v (%T) is %w",
+					key, item, item, errNotAString)
+			}
+
+			if strings.TrimSpace(str) == "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: %w",
+					key, errEmptyListEntry)
+			}
+
+			entries = append(entries, strings.TrimSpace(str))
+		}
+
+		return entries, nil
+	case string:
+		entries := make([]string, 0)
+
+		for part := range strings.SplitSeq(val, ",") {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+			if trimmed == "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %q %w",
+					key, val, errEmptyEntry)
+			}
+
+			entries = append(entries, trimmed)
+		}
+
+		return entries, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config key %q: value %v (%T) is %w",
+			key, raw, raw, errNotAStringList)
+	}
+}

internal/config/trusted_proxies_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestTrustedProxiesConfig checks the trusted_proxies key wiring: a valid
+// CIDR list lands in TrustedProxies in order, and an omitted key trusts no
+// one. The list parser itself is shared with blocked_networks and is
+// exercised in depth by that key's tests.
+func TestTrustedProxiesConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("valid list is parsed in order", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		c, err := configFromYAML(t,
+			signingKeyLine+`trusted_proxies: ["10.0.0.0/8", "2001:db8::/32"]`+"\n")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("valid trusted_proxies should load: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		got := make([]string, len(c.TrustedProxies))
+		for i, p := range c.TrustedProxies {
+			got[i] = p.String()
+		}
+
+		if joined := strings.Join(got, ","); joined != "10.0.0.0/8,2001:db8::/32" {
+			t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want the two ranges in order", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("omitted key trusts no one", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		c, err := configFromYAML(t, signingKeyLine)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("minimal config should load: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(c.TrustedProxies) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want empty", c.TrustedProxies)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTrustedProxiesInvalidAbortsStartup checks that an invalid or null
+// value aborts startup with an error naming the key and the offending value.
+func TestTrustedProxiesInvalidAbortsStartup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runAbortCases(t, []abortCase{
+		{
+			name:              "invalid cidr",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + `trusted_proxies: ["999.0.0.0/8"]` + "\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyTrustedProxies, "999.0.0.0/8"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "null value",
+			yaml:              signingKeyLine + "trusted_proxies:\n",
+			wantErrSubstrings: []string{keyTrustedProxies, nullValueText},
+		},
+	})
+}

internal/handlers/auth.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/encurl"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/imgcache"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/templates"
@@ -47,7 +48,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	// Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
 	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(submittedKey), []byte(s.config.SigningKey)) != 1 {
-		s.log.Warn("failed login attempt", "remote_addr", r.RemoteAddr)
+		s.log.Warn("failed login attempt",
+			"remote_addr", clientip.FromContext(r.Context()))
 		s.renderLogin(w, r, "Invalid signing key")
 
 		return
@@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) handleLoginPost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	s.log.Info("successful login", "remote_addr", r.RemoteAddr)
+	s.log.Info("successful login",
+		"remote_addr", clientip.FromContext(r.Context()))
 
 	// Redirect to generator page
 	http.Redirect(w, r, "/", http.StatusSeeOther)

internal/handlers/auth_clientip_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestFailedLoginLogsResolvedClientIP verifies the failed-login record
+// carries the resolved client IP from the request context, not the raw
+// proxy peer address.
+func TestFailedLoginLogsResolvedClientIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	h := &Handlers{
+		log:    slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&buf, nil)),
+		config: &config.Config{SigningKey: testSigningKey},
+	}
+
+	form := url.Values{loginKeyField: {"wrong-key"}}
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(), http.MethodPost, "/",
+		strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+	req = req.WithContext(clientip.WithClientIP(req.Context(), "203.0.113.7"))
+
+	h.handleLoginPost(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"remote_addr":"203.0.113.7"`) {
+		t.Errorf("failed-login log missing resolved client IP; got %q", buf.String())
+	}
+}

internal/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ func (s *Handlers) initImageService() error {
 		fetcherCfg.MaxConnectionsPerHost = s.config.UpstreamConnectionsPerHost
 	}
 
+	fetcherCfg.BlockedNetworks = s.config.BlockedNetworks
+
 	// Create the service
 	svc, err := imgcache.NewService(&imgcache.ServiceConfig{
 		Cache:         cache,

internal/httpfetcher/blocked_networks_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package httpfetcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestIsPrivateIPBlocksSpecialRanges covers the internal and special-use
+// ranges added to the built-in blocklist, in IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4-mapped
+// forms, alongside public controls that must stay reachable.
+func TestIsPrivateIPBlocksSpecialRanges(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		ip   string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{"cgnat-low", "100.64.0.1", true},
+		{"cgnat-high", "100.127.255.254", true},
+		{"ietf-protocol", "192.0.0.1", true},
+		{"benchmark-low", "198.18.0.1", true},
+		{"benchmark-high", "198.19.255.254", true},
+		{"nat64", "64:ff9b::1", true},
+		{"nat64-embeds-private", "64:ff9b::a00:1", true}, // maps 10.0.0.1
+		{"ipv4-mapped-private", "::ffff:10.0.0.1", true},
+		{"cloud-metadata", "169.254.169.254", true},
+		{"public-v4", "8.8.8.8", false},
+		{"test-net-1-public", testPublicHost, false}, // TEST-NET-1, stays public
+		{"public-v6", "2001:4860:4860::8888", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			ip := net.ParseIP(tc.ip)
+			if ip == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to parse IP %q", tc.ip)
+			}
+
+			got := isPrivateIP(ip)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("isPrivateIP(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.ip, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// transportOf returns the *http.Transport backing a fetcher, so a test can
+// exercise the SSRF-safe dialer New installed with the operator blocklist.
+func transportOf(t *testing.T, f *HTTPFetcher) *http.Transport {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	transport, ok := f.client.Transport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("transport is %T, want *http.Transport", f.client.Transport)
+	}
+
+	return transport
+}
+
+// TestDialerEnforcesBlockedNetworks proves an operator-supplied
+// blocked_networks entry is enforced by the dialer, in addition to the
+// built-in ranges, while an address outside both stays dialable.
+func TestDialerEnforcesBlockedNetworks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	// TEST-NET-2 (198.51.100.0/24) is public to the built-in check, so
+	// blocking it can only come from the operator-supplied list.
+	cfg.BlockedNetworks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24")}
+
+	transport := transportOf(t, New(cfg))
+
+	blocked := []string{
+		"198.51.100.5:80", // operator-supplied range
+		"10.0.0.5:80",     // built-in RFC 1918, still enforced
+		"100.64.0.1:80",   // built-in CGNAT range
+	}
+
+	for _, addr := range blocked {
+		t.Run("blocked/"+addr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			_, err := transport.DialContext(context.Background(), "tcp", addr)
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+				t.Errorf("DialContext(%q) = %v, want ErrSSRFBlocked", addr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("public-not-blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		// A cancelled context makes the dial fail without touching the
+		// network; the point is only that a public literal outside every
+		// blocked range is not SSRF-blocked.
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		cancel()
+
+		_, err := transport.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", testPublicHost+":80")
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrSSRFBlocked) {
+			t.Errorf("public target SSRF-blocked with operator list set: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}

internal/httpfetcher/httpfetcher.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptrace"
+	"net/netip"
 	neturl "net/url"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -46,6 +47,20 @@ const (
 	localhostIPv6 = "::1"
 )
 
+// builtinBlockedPrefixes are internal or special-use ranges that Go's
+// net.IP predicates (IsPrivate, IsLinkLocalUnicast, and the like) do not
+// already cover. They are always blocked, in addition to any
+// operator-supplied networks. IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are unmapped
+// before matching, so these IPv4 ranges are caught in both forms.
+//
+//nolint:gochecknoglobals // immutable built-in blocklist
+var builtinBlockedPrefixes = []netip.Prefix{
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.0.0/10"), // RFC 6598 CGNAT / carrier-grade NAT
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.0.0/24"),  // RFC 6890 IETF protocol assignments
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("198.18.0.0/15"), // RFC 2544 benchmarking range
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("64:ff9b::/96"),  // RFC 6052 NAT64 (maps onto IPv4)
+}
+
 // Fetcher errors.
 var (
 	ErrSSRFBlocked        = errors.New("request blocked: private or internal IP")
@@ -107,6 +122,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	AllowHTTP bool
 	// MaxConnectionsPerHost limits concurrent connections to each upstream host.
 	MaxConnectionsPerHost int
+	// BlockedNetworks are operator-supplied CIDR ranges refused by the
+	// dialer, in addition to the always-enforced built-in ranges.
+	BlockedNetworks []netip.Prefix
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig returns a Config with sensible defaults.
@@ -142,9 +160,13 @@ func New(config *Config) *HTTPFetcher {
 		config = DefaultConfig()
 	}
 
-	// Create transport with SSRF-safe dialer
+	// Create transport with SSRF-safe dialer. The dialer re-resolves and
+	// re-checks at connect time (closing the DNS-rebinding window) against
+	// both the built-in ranges and the operator-supplied blocklist.
 	transport := &http.Transport{
-		DialContext:         ssrfSafeDialer,
+		DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return dialSSRFSafe(ctx, network, addr, config.BlockedNetworks)
+		},
 		TLSHandshakeTimeout: DefaultTLSTimeout,
 		MaxIdleConns:        DefaultMaxIdleConns,
 		IdleConnTimeout:     DefaultIdleConnTimeout,
@@ -451,11 +473,53 @@ func isPrivateIP(ip net.IP) bool {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return false
+	// Special-use ranges the net.IP predicates above do not cover.
+	addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	if !ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr = addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(builtinBlockedPrefixes, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(addr)
+	})
 }
 
-// ssrfSafeDialer is a custom dialer that validates IP addresses before connecting.
+// isBlockedIP reports whether ip is refused, either by the built-in
+// internal-range check or by one of the operator-supplied prefixes.
+func isBlockedIP(ip net.IP, blocked []netip.Prefix) bool {
+	if isPrivateIP(ip) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	if !ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	addr = addr.Unmap()
+
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(blocked, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
+		return prefix.Contains(addr)
+	})
+}
+
+// ssrfSafeDialer validates IP addresses against the built-in blocked ranges
+// before connecting. New wraps dialSSRFSafe with the operator-supplied
+// blocklist; this entry point enforces the built-in ranges alone.
 func ssrfSafeDialer(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	return dialSSRFSafe(ctx, network, addr, nil)
+}
+
+// dialSSRFSafe re-resolves addr and refuses to connect to any built-in
+// internal range or operator-supplied blocked prefix, closing the
+// DNS-rebinding window at connect time.
+func dialSSRFSafe(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	network, addr string,
+	blocked []netip.Prefix,
+) (net.Conn, error) {
 	host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -468,8 +532,10 @@ func ssrfSafeDialer(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
 	}
 
 	// Check all resolved IPs
-	if slices.ContainsFunc(ips, isPrivateIP) {
-		return nil, ErrSSRFBlocked
+	for _, ip := range ips {
+		if isBlockedIP(ip, blocked) {
+			return nil, ErrSSRFBlocked
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Connect using the first valid IP

internal/middleware/client_ip_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
+)
+
+// testForwardedClient is the client address the proxy forwards.
+const testForwardedClient = "203.0.113.7"
+
+// newTestMiddleware builds a Middleware whose resolver trusts the given
+// CIDRs and whose logger writes JSON to buf.
+func newTestMiddleware(t *testing.T, buf *bytes.Buffer, trusted ...string) *Middleware {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(trusted))
+
+	for _, c := range trusted {
+		p, err := netip.ParsePrefix(c)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("netip.ParsePrefix(%q) error = %v", c, err)
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, p)
+	}
+
+	return &Middleware{
+		log:      slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(buf, nil)),
+		config:   &config.Config{TrustedProxies: prefixes},
+		clientIP: clientip.NewResolver(prefixes),
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClientIPMiddlewareStoresResolvedIP verifies the ClientIP middleware
+// puts the resolved address into the request context for a trusted and an
+// untrusted peer.
+func TestClientIPMiddlewareStoresResolvedIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		remoteAddr string
+		forwarded  string
+		want       string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "trusted peer honors forwarded client",
+			remoteAddr: "10.0.0.1:5000",
+			forwarded:  testForwardedClient,
+			want:       testForwardedClient,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "untrusted peer ignores forwarded header",
+			remoteAddr: "198.51.100.9:5000",
+			forwarded:  testForwardedClient,
+			want:       "198.51.100.9",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mw := newTestMiddleware(t, &bytes.Buffer{}, "10.0.0.0/8")
+
+			var got string
+
+			handler := mw.ClientIP()(http.HandlerFunc(
+				func(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					got = clientip.FromContext(r.Context())
+				}))
+
+			req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+				t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+			req.RemoteAddr = tt.remoteAddr
+			req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", tt.forwarded)
+
+			handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("client IP in context = %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoggingUsesResolvedClientIP verifies the logging middleware records
+// the resolved forwarded client IP rather than the proxy peer address.
+func TestLoggingUsesResolvedClientIP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	mw := newTestMiddleware(t, &buf, "10.0.0.0/8")
+
+	handler := mw.ClientIP()(mw.Logging()(http.HandlerFunc(
+		func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		})))
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "10.0.0.1:5000"
+	req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", testForwardedClient)
+
+	handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"remoteIP":"`+testForwardedClient+`"`) {
+		t.Errorf("log output missing resolved client IP; got %q", buf.String())
+	}
+}

internal/middleware/middleware.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package middleware
 
 import (
 	"log/slog"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	ghmm "github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware"
 	"github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware/std"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/clientip"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/pixa/internal/logger"
 )
@@ -58,31 +58,34 @@ type Params struct {
 
 // Middleware provides HTTP middleware functions.
 type Middleware struct {
-	log    *slog.Logger
-	config *config.Config
+	log      *slog.Logger
+	config   *config.Config
+	clientIP *clientip.Resolver
 }
 
 // New creates a new Middleware instance.
 func New(_ fx.Lifecycle, params Params) (*Middleware, error) {
 	s := &Middleware{
-		log:    params.Logger.Get(),
-		config: params.Config,
+		log:      params.Logger.Get(),
+		config:   params.Config,
+		clientIP: clientip.NewResolver(params.Config.TrustedProxies),
 	}
 
 	return s, nil
 }
 
-func ipFromHostPort(hp string) string {
-	h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(hp)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
+// ClientIP returns a middleware that resolves the real client IP,
+// honoring X-Forwarded-For only from trusted proxies, and stores it in
+// the request context for the logging middleware and handlers to read.
+func (s *Middleware) ClientIP() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			ip := s.clientIP.Resolve(
+				r.RemoteAddr, r.Header.Values(clientip.ForwardedForHeader))
+			ctx := clientip.WithClientIP(r.Context(), ip)
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+		})
 	}
-
-	if len(h) > 0 && h[0] == '[' {
-		return h[1 : len(h)-1]
-	}
-
-	return h
 }
 
 type loggingResponseWriter struct {
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ func (s *Middleware) Logging() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 					"request_id", reqID,
 					"referer", r.Referer(),
 					"proto", r.Proto,
-					"remoteIP", ipFromHostPort(r.RemoteAddr),
+					"remoteIP", clientip.FromContext(ctx),
 					"status", lrw.statusCode,
 					"response_bytes", lrw.bytesWritten,
 					"latency_ms", latency.Milliseconds(),

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 
 	s.router.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
 	s.router.Use(middleware.RequestID)
+	s.router.Use(s.mw.ClientIP())
 	s.router.Use(s.mw.SecurityHeaders())
 	s.router.Use(s.mw.Logging())