The classic builder left an untagged image for every step of every
stage of a multi-stage build. BuildKit keeps stages in Docker's build
cache, which Docker keeps under a size limit on its own. BuildKit
reports progress as encoded trace messages, so these are decoded with
BuildKit's own library and written to the deployment log as plain text.
The README notes that engines older than 28.2 need build cache cleanup
turned on in daemon.json.
Model: opus-5-5
sneak