README.md

@@ -1071,23 +1071,27 @@ beside it, or wait until there are none.
 
 4. Start the service. The container gives the directory and the restored files
    to the `webhooker` user before the app starts, whoever restored them (see
-   [Running with Docker](#running-with-docker)). `AutoMigrate` runs against each
-   restored database as it is opened.
+   [Running with Docker](#running-with-docker)). Each restored database gets any
+   of its SQL migrations it has not had as it is opened (see
+   [Upgrades](#upgrades)).
 
 ### Upgrades
 
-**Back up before every upgrade.** Every start runs GORM `AutoMigrate`
-unconditionally against whatever files it finds:
+**Back up before every upgrade.** Each kind of database file has its schema in
+SQL files built into the binary, one directory per kind under
+`internal/db/migrations/`. In each, `000_migration.sql` creates the
+`schema_migrations` table, which records the number of every file the database
+has had, and `001_schema.sql` holds the whole schema. Opening a database runs,
+in one transaction, every file in its directory that `schema_migrations` does
+not list:
 
-- the main database on connect — `Setting`, `User`, `APIKey`, `Webhook`,
-  `Entrypoint`, `Target`
-- each event database when it is lazily opened — `Event`, `Delivery`,
-  `DeliveryResult`, `EventTotals`, `TargetTotals`, `EntrypointTotals`
-- each archive database on every open and reopen
+- `main/` for the main database, on connect — settings, users, API keys,
+  webhooks, entrypoints and targets
+- `events/` for each event database, when it is lazily opened — events,
+  deliveries, delivery results and their running totals
+- `archive/` for each archive database, on every open and reopen
 
-There is no schema version table, no migration ledger, and no down migrations.
-Nothing in the files records which version wrote them, and no code path undoes a
-migration.
+There are no down migrations.
 
 Upgrade procedure:
 
@@ -1112,12 +1116,9 @@ connects to. Check the `bindAddress` field of the startup log to see what a
 running process bound. See [Bind address](#bind-address).
 
 **Downgrade is unsupported.** Once a newer binary has migrated the files there
-is no way to move them back. `AutoMigrate` is additive — it adds tables, columns
-and indexes and never drops or rewrites them — so an older binary will generally
-open migrated files and appear to work while writing against a schema it does
-not know about. The failure mode is silent divergence, not a startup error. The
-only supported way back to an older version is restoring the pre-upgrade backup,
-which discards everything received since that backup was taken.
+is no way to move them back. The only supported way back to an older version is
+restoring the pre-upgrade backup, which discards everything received since that
+backup was taken.
 
 ### Version stamping
 
@@ -1182,26 +1183,6 @@ at rest and restrict who can read them.
 - `events-{uuid}.db` and `archive-….db` hold the **full payload body and
   headers** of every event as received, including whatever the sending service
   put in them — tokens, signatures, personal data.
-- Event databases written before
-  [issue #206](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/webhooker/issues/206) was fixed **also
-  contain target credentials**: a GORM association upsert on the delivery and
-  retry write path copied `targets` rows, `config` included, into the
-  per-webhook database. For a Slack target the `webhookUrl` _is_ the bearer
-  credential, and an `http` target's URL can embed userinfo. This version never
-  writes those rows; the first time it opens such a file it deletes them and
-  vacuums the file, which removes the credential bytes rather than only
-  unlinking the rows. Deleting alone would not: the bytes stay readable in the
-  file's free pages until it is rewritten. The sweep is recorded in the file's
-  `user_version` only once the vacuum returns, so a sweep that fails or is
-  interrupted fails the open and is retried on the next one, and a file this
-  version has opened without error holds no leaked rows and no recoverable bytes
-  from them. On upgrade this rewrites each existing `events-{uuid}.db` once, on
-  its first open. Two cases still hand over live delivery destinations: a backup
-  taken from an older build, and a backup of a file this version has not yet
-  opened successfully. Copies already made stay affected — the sweep only
-  rewrites the file it opens, and freed blocks may persist in filesystem
-  snapshots and on the underlying storage. Rotate any target credential that was
-  in a backup you cannot account for.
 - `webhooker.db` stores target config **unencrypted**, tracked at
   [issue #212](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/webhooker/issues/212), next to the
   session encryption key and the Argon2id password hashes.
@@ -1919,8 +1900,9 @@ Deliveries still `pending` or `retrying` count in neither.
 
 #### Event-tier indexes
 
-These indexes on the per-webhook event databases are declared in the model tags,
-so `AutoMigrate` creates them on a fresh database:
+These indexes on the per-webhook event databases are created by
+`internal/db/migrations/events/001_schema.sql`, and declared in the model tags
+to match:
 
 | Table              | Columns                                                            | Serves                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
 | ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -1984,8 +1966,9 @@ and application state:
 - **Targets** — delivery destination configurations
 - **APIKeys** — programmatic access credentials
 
-On first startup the main database is auto-migrated, a session encryption key is
-generated and stored, and an `admin` user is created.
+On first startup the main database is created from its SQL files (see
+[Upgrades](#upgrades)), a session encryption key is generated and stored, and an
+`admin` user is created.
 
 **Per-Webhook Event Databases** (`{DATA_DIR}/events-{webhook_uuid}.db`) — each
 webhook gets its own dedicated SQLite file containing:
@@ -1997,9 +1980,10 @@ webhook gets its own dedicated SQLite file containing:
   the above, the deliveries per target, and each entrypoint's last event, kept
   through retention
 
-Per-webhook databases are created automatically when a webhook is created. They
-are managed by the `WebhookDBManager` component, which handles connection
-pooling, lazy opening, migrations, and cleanup.
+Per-webhook databases are created automatically when a webhook is created, from
+the SQL files in `internal/db/migrations/events/`. They hold no copy of the main
+database's tables. They are managed by the `WebhookDBManager` component, which
+handles connection pooling, lazy opening, migrations, and cleanup.
 
 A per-webhook database that is missing or zero-length later means its webhook's
 events and pending deliveries are gone. The next time it is opened, an empty one
@@ -2083,14 +2067,15 @@ the service again.
 After each write the archive handle is closed and reopened, debounced to at most
 once per second, so an operator can move the archive file away for offline
 archiving without stopping the service; a moved or removed archive file is
-recreated automatically on the next write. A zero-length archive file is written
-to as a new archive: SQLite opens it as an empty database, so it holds nothing
-to lose. An optional `expiry` in the target's config JSON (e.g.
-`{"expiry":"720h"}`) is validated when the target is created — the default
-(unset or the literal `never`) keeps rows forever — and rows older than the
-expiry are pruned each time the archive is (re)opened. An archive write failure
-is never silent success: the delivery records a failed attempt with the error
-and is marked failed.
+recreated automatically on the next write, from the SQL files in
+`internal/db/migrations/archive/`. A zero-length archive file is written to as a
+new archive: SQLite opens it as an empty database, so it holds nothing to lose.
+An optional `expiry` in the target's config JSON (e.g. `{"expiry":"720h"}`) is
+validated when the target is created — the default (unset or the literal
+`never`) keeps rows forever — and rows older than the expiry are pruned each
+time the archive is (re)opened. An archive write failure is never silent
+success: the delivery records a failed attempt with the error and is marked
+failed.
 
 Because reopens only happen on writes, an archive whose target has stopped
 receiving events would never be pruned. A background **archive sweeper** closes
@@ -3019,7 +3004,6 @@ webhooker/
 │   ├── database/
 │   │   ├── base_model.go      # BaseModel with UUID primary keys
 │   │   ├── database.go        # GORM connection, migrations, admin seed
-│   │   ├── models.go          # AutoMigrate for config-tier models
 │   │   ├── model_setting.go   # Setting entity (key-value app config)
 │   │   ├── model_user.go      # User entity
 │   │   ├── model_webhook.go    # Webhook entity
@@ -3036,6 +3020,11 @@ webhooker/
 │   │   └── databasetest/      # Test support: a WebhookDBManager for tests in other packages
 │   ├── datadir/
 │   │   └── lock.go            # Exclusive advisory lock on DATA_DIR (one instance)
+│   ├── db/migrations/
+│   │   ├── migrations.go      # Applies a database file's SQL files when it is opened
+│   │   ├── main/              # 000_migration.sql and 001_schema.sql for webhooker.db
+│   │   ├── events/            # The same for each events-{uuid}.db
+│   │   └── archive/           # The same for each archive file
 │   ├── globals/
 │   │   └── globals.go         # Build-time variables (appname, version, arch)
 │   ├── gormlog/

internal/database/database.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/banner"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/datadir"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/db/migrations"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/logger"
 )
@@ -249,12 +250,21 @@ func (d *Database) connectTo(dataDir string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("migrating %s: %w", dbPath, err)
 	}
 
+	err = parseModels(
+		db, &Setting{}, &User{}, &APIKey{},
+		&Webhook{}, &Entrypoint{}, &Target{},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connecting to %s: %w", dbPath, err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
+// migrate applies the main database's SQL files. See
+// internal/db/migrations.
 func (d *Database) migrate() error {
-	// Run GORM auto-migrations
-	err := d.Migrate()
+	err := migrations.Apply(d.db, migrations.Main)
 	if err != nil {
 		d.log.Error(
 			"failed to run database migrations",
@@ -269,6 +279,21 @@ func (d *Database) migrate() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// parseModels has GORM parse each model for db before the handle is
+// shared. GORM parses a model the first time a handle uses it, and two
+// goroutines doing that at once for models that refer to each other,
+// as Webhook and Target do, race inside GORM.
+func parseModels(db *gorm.DB, models ...any) error {
+	for _, model := range models {
+		err := (&gorm.Statement{DB: db}).Parse(model)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("parsing model %T: %w", model, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ensureAdminUser creates the bootstrap admin account when the
 // deployment has no users at all.
 func (d *Database) ensureAdminUser() error {

internal/database/event_db_isolation.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package database
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
@@ -18,14 +17,14 @@ const omitAssociationsCallback = "webhooker:omit_associations"
 //
 // A per-webhook database holds the event tier only, but Delivery
 // declares belongs-to Event and Target and the delivery engine fills
-// both in memory before writing. Without this guard GORM upserts
-// those parent rows here on the delivery and retry write paths,
-// copying targets.config, which holds destination URLs and bearer
-// credentials, into the file most likely to be backed up or handed
-// to someone else. Registering the guard on the connection covers
-// every write path, including writes inside a transaction and write
-// paths added later. Every event-tier row this file holds is written
-// explicitly, so nothing depends on the automatic save.
+// both in memory before writing. Without this guard GORM upserts those
+// parent rows here on the delivery and retry write paths, and the
+// target, whose config holds destination URLs and bearer credentials,
+// goes to a targets table this file does not have, which fails the
+// write. Registering the guard on the connection
+// covers every write path, including writes inside a transaction and
+// write paths added later. Every event-tier row this file holds is
+// written explicitly, so nothing depends on the automatic save.
 func omitAssociations(db *gorm.DB) error {
 	omit := func(tx *gorm.DB) {
 		tx.Statement.Omits = append(
@@ -53,107 +52,3 @@ func omitAssociations(db *gorm.DB) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
-
-// eventDBSweptVersion is the PRAGMA user_version purgeTargetRows
-// stamps into a per-webhook database once it has removed any leaked
-// target rows *and* the VACUUM that removes their bytes has returned.
-// Nothing else in the tree uses user_version, so 0 means "not swept
-// by this build".
-//
-// The stamp, not the DELETE, is what records that a file is done. A
-// DELETE commits on its own, so a sweep that is interrupted or whose
-// VACUUM fails leaves a file whose rows are gone but whose credential
-// bytes are still in the free pages -- indistinguishable, by row
-// count, from a file that never leaked. Both leave the stamp unset,
-// so the next open sweeps again.
-const eventDBSweptVersion = 1
-
-// purgeTargetRows deletes target rows that an earlier build's
-// association upsert wrote into a per-webhook database, and rewrites
-// the file so their bytes are gone with them. AutoMigrate creates a
-// targets table in every one of these files because Delivery declares
-// a belongs-to Target, but nothing in the event tier may put rows in
-// it. The rows it did put there are junk, not history: they carry an
-// empty webhook_id, and delivery rows resolve their target against
-// the main database, so nothing here refers to them.
-//
-// The DELETE only unlinks the rows: modernc.org/sqlite leaves
-// secure_delete at SQLite's default of off, so the credential bytes
-// stay readable in the file's free pages and a backup of a swept file
-// would still hand them over. VACUUM rewrites the file without them.
-//
-// This runs before every migration and is gated on
-// eventDBSweptVersion, so a file pays for the rewrite once, on the
-// first open that finds it unstamped, and every open after that is a
-// PRAGMA read. A file this build created is stamped before its
-// targets table exists, so it never vacuums at all. A failure here
-// fails the open with the stamp left unset, so the sweep is retried
-// rather than skipped -- a webhook whose file cannot be swept stays
-// unusable instead of quietly serving from a file that still holds
-// recoverable credentials.
-func purgeTargetRows(
-	db *gorm.DB, log *slog.Logger, webhookID string,
-) error {
-	var version int
-
-	// Row().Scan, not (*gorm.DB).Scan: see internal/gormlog.
-	err := db.Raw("PRAGMA user_version").Row().Scan(&version)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf(
-			"reading sweep marker of webhook database %s: %w",
-			webhookID, err,
-		)
-	}
-
-	if version >= eventDBSweptVersion {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	var purged int64
-
-	if db.Migrator().HasTable("targets") {
-		res := db.Exec("DELETE FROM targets")
-		if res.Error != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf(
-				"purging target rows from webhook database %s: %w",
-				webhookID, res.Error,
-			)
-		}
-
-		purged = res.RowsAffected
-
-		// Unconditional: a zero row count here does not mean there is
-		// nothing to remove, only that no *live* row is left. See
-		// eventDBSweptVersion.
-		err = db.Exec("VACUUM").Error
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf(
-				"purged %d leaked target rows from webhook database "+
-					"%s but vacuuming it failed, so the deleted "+
-					"target credentials are still recoverable from "+
-					"the file; it stays marked unswept and the next "+
-					"open retries: %w",
-				purged, webhookID, err,
-			)
-		}
-	}
-
-	err = db.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(
-		"PRAGMA user_version = %d", eventDBSweptVersion,
-	)).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf(
-			"marking webhook database %s swept: %w", webhookID, err,
-		)
-	}
-
-	if purged > 0 {
-		log.Warn(
-			"purged leaked target rows from per-webhook database",
-			"webhook_id", webhookID,
-			"rows", purged,
-		)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}

internal/database/event_db_isolation_test.go

@@ -1,392 +1,15 @@
 package database_test
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"database/sql"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database/databasetest"
 )
 
-// testDataDirPerm is the mode the test data directory is created
-// with.
-const testDataDirPerm = 0o750
-
-// eventDBDataDir returns a data directory that a WebhookDBManager
-// can be pointed at.
-func eventDBDataDir(t *testing.T) string {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	dir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "events")
-	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(dir, testDataDirPerm))
-
-	return dir
-}
-
-// openRawEventDB opens the per-webhook database file directly,
-// without the manager, so a test can put a file on disk in a state
-// the manager has to cope with, or inspect one afterwards.
-func openRawEventDB(
-	t *testing.T, dataDir, webhookID string,
-) *sql.DB {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	path := filepath.Join(
-		dataDir, fmt.Sprintf("events-%s.db", webhookID),
-	)
-
-	sqlDB, err := sql.Open(
-		"sqlite",
-		fmt.Sprintf("file:%s?mode=rwc", path),
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = sqlDB.Close() })
-
-	return sqlDB
-}
-
-// eventDBFileBytes reads a per-webhook database file off disk, so a
-// test can assert on what the file itself still holds rather than on
-// what a query returns.
-func eventDBFileBytes(t *testing.T, dataDir, webhookID string) []byte {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	//nolint:gosec // reads a file the test just created under t.TempDir()
-	raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(
-		dataDir, fmt.Sprintf("events-%s.db", webhookID),
-	))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	return raw
-}
-
-// eventDBUserVersion returns the PRAGMA user_version of a per-webhook
-// database file, which is the marker purgeTargetRows stamps once it
-// has swept and vacuumed.
-func eventDBUserVersion(t *testing.T, sqlDB *sql.DB) int {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	var version int
-
-	require.NoError(t, sqlDB.QueryRowContext(
-		t.Context(), "PRAGMA user_version",
-	).Scan(&version))
-
-	return version
-}
-
-// clearEventDBSweptMarker resets the sweep marker to 0, which is what
-// a file written by a build without the sweep looks like. Tests that
-// seed a leaked row have to create the file through the manager to
-// get the real targets table shape, and that stamps it.
-func clearEventDBSweptMarker(t *testing.T, sqlDB *sql.DB) {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	_, err := sqlDB.ExecContext(t.Context(), "PRAGMA user_version = 0")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-// countTargetRows returns the number of rows in the targets table of
-// a per-webhook database file, or -1 if the table does not exist.
-func countTargetRows(t *testing.T, sqlDB *sql.DB) int {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	var tables int
-
-	require.NoError(t, sqlDB.QueryRowContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"SELECT count(*) FROM sqlite_master "+
-			"WHERE type = 'table' AND name = 'targets'",
-	).Scan(&tables))
-
-	if tables == 0 {
-		return -1
-	}
-
-	var rows int
-
-	require.NoError(t, sqlDB.QueryRowContext(
-		t.Context(), "SELECT count(*) FROM targets",
-	).Scan(&rows))
-
-	return rows
-}
-
-// TestOpenPurgesLeakedTargetRows covers the sweep for event
-// databases written by a build that let GORM upsert target rows
-// into them: opening the database clears them, and opening it again
-// is a no-op.
-func TestOpenPurgesLeakedTargetRows(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
-	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
-
-	// Create the file the way the application does, so the targets
-	// table has exactly the shape AutoMigrate gives it, then write
-	// a leaked row into it the way the association upsert did.
-	initial := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err := initial.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, initial.CloseAll())
-
-	seed := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-
-	_, err = seed.ExecContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"INSERT INTO targets "+
-			"(id, webhook_id, name, type, config) "+
-			"VALUES (?, '', ?, ?, ?)",
-		uuid.New().String(),
-		"leaked-target",
-		"slack",
-		`{"webhookUrl":"https://hooks.example/T000/B000/secret"}`,
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, 1, countTargetRows(t, seed))
-	clearEventDBSweptMarker(t, seed)
-	require.NoError(t, seed.Close())
-
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err = mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-
-	check := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Zero(t, countTargetRows(t, check))
-	assert.Equal(
-		t, 1, eventDBUserVersion(t, check),
-		"a completed sweep must mark the file so later opens skip it",
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, check.Close())
-
-	// Idempotent: a second open leaves it at zero and does not
-	// error.
-	again := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err = again.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, again.CloseAll())
-
-	recheck := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Zero(t, countTargetRows(t, recheck))
-}
-
-// TestOpenPurgeRemovesCredentialBytes covers the sweep at the level
-// that matters for a backup handed to someone else: the leaked
-// credential must be gone from the raw bytes of the file, not merely
-// unreachable by query. A bare DELETE unlinks the row and leaves the
-// bytes readable in the free pages, so this fails without the VACUUM
-// in purgeTargetRows.
-func TestOpenPurgeRemovesCredentialBytes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
-	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
-	credential := "T00000000/B00000000/" + uuid.New().String()
-
-	initial := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err := initial.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, initial.CloseAll())
-
-	seed := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-
-	_, err = seed.ExecContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"INSERT INTO targets "+
-			"(id, webhook_id, name, type, config) "+
-			"VALUES (?, '', ?, ?, ?)",
-		uuid.New().String(),
-		"leaked-target",
-		"slack",
-		fmt.Sprintf(
-			`{"webhookUrl":"https://hooks.example/%s"}`, credential,
-		),
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	clearEventDBSweptMarker(t, seed)
-	require.NoError(t, seed.Close())
-
-	// The seed has to be in the file for its absence later to mean
-	// anything.
-	require.True(
-		t,
-		bytes.Contains(
-			eventDBFileBytes(t, dataDir, webhookID),
-			[]byte(credential),
-		),
-		"seeded credential is not in the file, so this test proves nothing",
-	)
-
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err = mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-
-	assert.NotContains(
-		t,
-		string(eventDBFileBytes(t, dataDir, webhookID)),
-		credential,
-		"leaked credential is still recoverable from the raw file",
-	)
-}
-
-// TestOpenRevacuumsAfterIncompleteSweep covers the case a row count
-// cannot see: the rows are already deleted but the file was never
-// vacuumed, because an earlier sweep died between the two or its
-// VACUUM failed. The credential bytes are still recoverable, and the
-// unset marker is the only thing that says so, so the next open must
-// vacuum rather than conclude from the empty table that there is
-// nothing to do.
-func TestOpenRevacuumsAfterIncompleteSweep(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
-	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
-	credential := "T00000000/B00000000/" + uuid.New().String()
-
-	initial := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err := initial.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, initial.CloseAll())
-
-	seed := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-
-	_, err = seed.ExecContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"INSERT INTO targets "+
-			"(id, webhook_id, name, type, config) "+
-			"VALUES (?, '', ?, ?, ?)",
-		uuid.New().String(),
-		"leaked-target",
-		"slack",
-		fmt.Sprintf(
-			`{"webhookUrl":"https://hooks.example/%s"}`, credential,
-		),
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exactly the state an interrupted sweep leaves: rows gone,
-	// marker unset, bytes still in the free pages.
-	_, err = seed.ExecContext(t.Context(), "DELETE FROM targets")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Zero(t, countTargetRows(t, seed))
-	clearEventDBSweptMarker(t, seed)
-	require.NoError(t, seed.Close())
-
-	require.True(
-		t,
-		bytes.Contains(
-			eventDBFileBytes(t, dataDir, webhookID),
-			[]byte(credential),
-		),
-		"the deleted row's bytes must still be in the file, or this "+
-			"test proves nothing",
-	)
-
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err = mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-
-	assert.NotContains(
-		t,
-		string(eventDBFileBytes(t, dataDir, webhookID)),
-		credential,
-		"an interrupted sweep was not retried, so the credential is "+
-			"still recoverable from the raw file",
-	)
-
-	check := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, eventDBUserVersion(t, check))
-}
-
-// TestOpenSkipsSweptDatabase covers the other half of the marker: a
-// file this build created is marked without ever being vacuumed, and
-// a marked file is not swept again.
-func TestOpenSkipsSweptDatabase(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
-	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
-
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err := mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-
-	marked := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, eventDBUserVersion(t, marked))
-
-	// A marked file is left alone, so a row written into it survives
-	// a reopen. Nothing writes target rows any more; this stands in
-	// for the sweep having run.
-	_, err = marked.ExecContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"INSERT INTO targets "+
-			"(id, webhook_id, name, type, config) "+
-			"VALUES (?, '', ?, ?, ?)",
-		uuid.New().String(), "sentinel", "slack", `{}`,
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, marked.Close())
-
-	again := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	_, err = again.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, again.CloseAll())
-
-	check := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Equal(
-		t, 1, countTargetRows(t, check),
-		"a marked file must not be swept again",
-	)
-}
-
-// TestOpenSucceedsWithoutTargetsTable covers an existing event
-// database that never grew a targets table. The sweep must not fail
-// startup on it.
-func TestOpenSucceedsWithoutTargetsTable(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
-	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
-
-	seed := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-
-	_, err := seed.ExecContext(
-		t.Context(),
-		"CREATE TABLE events (id text PRIMARY KEY)",
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, seed.Close())
-
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
-
-	db, err := mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, db)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-}
-
 // TestEventDBCreateOmitsAssociations covers the connection-level
 // guard directly: a Delivery carrying its Event and Target in
 // memory, written through the manager's handle, must store only the
@@ -394,10 +17,9 @@ func TestOpenSucceedsWithoutTargetsTable(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEventDBCreateOmitsAssociations(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	dataDir := eventDBDataDir(t)
 	webhookID := uuid.New().String()
 
-	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, dataDir)
+	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, t.TempDir())
 
 	db, err := mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -432,8 +54,9 @@ func TestEventDBCreateOmitsAssociations(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, db.Model(d).
 		Update("status", database.DeliveryStatusDelivered).
 		Error)
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
 
-	check := openRawEventDB(t, dataDir, webhookID)
-	assert.Zero(t, countTargetRows(t, check))
+	// The file has no targets table, so the create and update above
+	// would have failed had GORM tried to save the target.
+	assert.False(t, db.Migrator().HasTable(&database.Target{}))
+	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
 }

internal/database/event_tier_indexes_test.go

@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
 )
 
-// TestWebhookDBManager_OpenAddsEventTierIndexes verifies that opening a
-// per-webhook database that predates these indexes creates them. It
-// stands in for an older database file by dropping the indexes
-// AutoMigrate just created, then reopening the same file.
+// TestWebhookDBManager_OpenAddsEventTierIndexes verifies that a new
+// per-webhook database has these indexes.
 func TestWebhookDBManager_OpenAddsEventTierIndexes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -42,27 +40,9 @@ func TestWebhookDBManager_OpenAddsEventTierIndexes(t *testing.T) {
 	db, err := mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	// A fresh database has them.
-	for _, ix := range indexes {
-		require.True(t, db.Migrator().HasIndex(ix.model, ix.name))
-	}
-
-	// Stand in for a database file created before the indexes existed.
-	for _, ix := range indexes {
-		require.NoError(t, db.Migrator().DropIndex(ix.model, ix.name))
-		require.False(t, db.Migrator().HasIndex(ix.model, ix.name))
-	}
-
-	// Drop the cached connection so the next open reopens the file and
-	// runs AutoMigrate against it, as a restart would.
-	require.NoError(t, mgr.CloseAll())
-
-	db, err = mgr.GetDB(webhookID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
 	for _, ix := range indexes {
 		assert.True(t, db.Migrator().HasIndex(ix.model, ix.name),
-			"opening the existing database should create %s", ix.name)
+			"a new database should have %s", ix.name)
 	}
 }
 

internal/database/models.go

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package database
-
-// Migrate runs database migrations for the main application database.
-// Only configuration-tier models are stored in the main database.
-// Event-tier models (Event, Delivery, DeliveryResult, EventTotals,
-// TargetTotals, EntrypointTotals) live in
-// per-webhook dedicated databases managed by WebhookDBManager.
-func (d *Database) Migrate() error {
-	return d.db.AutoMigrate(
-		&Setting{},
-		&User{},
-		&APIKey{},
-		&Webhook{},
-		&Entrypoint{},
-		&Target{},
-	)
-}

internal/database/schema_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package database_test
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database/databasetest"
+)
+
+// withFixedNow returns db with GORM's clock stopped at a time in UTC,
+// so that the created and updated times it writes come back from
+// SQLite equal to the row written, which holds them in UTC.
+func withFixedNow(db *gorm.DB) (*gorm.DB, time.Time) {
+	at := time.Date(2026, 10, 13, 12, 30, 45, 123456789, time.UTC)
+
+	return db.Session(&gorm.Session{
+		NowFunc: func() time.Time { return at },
+	}), at
+}
+
+// newBaseModel returns a BaseModel with a new ID.
+func newBaseModel() database.BaseModel {
+	return database.BaseModel{ID: uuid.New().String()}
+}
+
+// assertRoundTrip writes row, which must be the only row of its
+// table, and reads back the same row.
+func assertRoundTrip[T any](t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB, row *T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Create(row).Error)
+
+	var got T
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.First(&got).Error)
+	assert.Equal(t, *row, got)
+}
+
+// TestMainSchemaHoldsEveryModel writes a row of each main database
+// model, every field set, into a database made from its SQL files.
+func TestMainSchemaHoldsEveryModel(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mainDB, err := database.Open(
+		t.TempDir(), slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = mainDB.Close() })
+
+	db, at := withFixedNow(mainDB.DB())
+
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Setting{
+		Key: "session_key", Value: "value",
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.User{
+		BaseModel: newBaseModel(),
+		Username:  "user",
+		Password:  "password hash",
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.APIKey{
+		BaseModel:   newBaseModel(),
+		UserID:      uuid.New().String(),
+		Key:         "key",
+		Description: "API key description",
+		LastUsedAt:  &at,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Webhook{
+		BaseModel:     newBaseModel(),
+		UserID:        uuid.New().String(),
+		Name:          "webhook",
+		Description:   "webhook description",
+		RetentionDays: 7,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Entrypoint{
+		BaseModel:   newBaseModel(),
+		WebhookID:   uuid.New().String(),
+		Path:        uuid.New().String(),
+		Description: "entrypoint description",
+		Active:      true,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Target{
+		BaseModel:  newBaseModel(),
+		WebhookID:  uuid.New().String(),
+		Name:       "target",
+		Type:       database.TargetTypeHTTP,
+		Active:     true,
+		Config:     `{"url":"https://example.com/"}`,
+		MaxRetries: 3,
+	})
+}
+
+// TestEventSchemaHoldsEveryModel does the same for a webhook's event
+// database, which the manager makes from its SQL files.
+func TestEventSchemaHoldsEveryModel(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManager(t, t.TempDir())
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = mgr.CloseAll() })
+
+	events, err := mgr.GetDB(uuid.New().String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	db, at := withFixedNow(events)
+	source := uuid.New().String()
+
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Event{
+		BaseModel:         newBaseModel(),
+		WebhookID:         uuid.New().String(),
+		EntrypointID:      uuid.New().String(),
+		Method:            http.MethodPost,
+		RawQuery:          "a=1",
+		Headers:           `{"X":"Y"}`,
+		Body:              "body",
+		ContentType:       "text/plain",
+		BodyBytes:         4,
+		ResubmittedFromID: &source,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.Delivery{
+		BaseModel:  newBaseModel(),
+		EventID:    uuid.New().String(),
+		TargetID:   uuid.New().String(),
+		Status:     database.DeliveryStatusDelivered,
+		FinishedAt: &at,
+		Replay:     true,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.DeliveryResult{
+		BaseModel:    newBaseModel(),
+		DeliveryID:   uuid.New().String(),
+		AttemptNum:   2,
+		Success:      true,
+		StatusCode:   200,
+		ResponseBody: "ok",
+		Error:        "error",
+		Duration:     15,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.TargetTotals{
+		TargetID:          uuid.New().String(),
+		Deliveries:        5,
+		Delivered:         3,
+		Failed:            1,
+		DeliveriesRemoved: 2,
+		FailedRemoved:     1,
+	})
+	assertRoundTrip(t, db, &database.EntrypointTotals{
+		EntrypointID: uuid.New().String(), LastEventAt: at,
+	})
+
+	// A new event database has its one row of event totals already.
+	require.NoError(t, database.AddEventTotals(db, database.EventTotals{
+		Events: 3, EventsRemoved: 1, LastEventAt: &at,
+	}))
+
+	var totals []database.EventTotals
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Find(&totals).Error)
+	assert.Equal(t, []database.EventTotals{{
+		ID: 1, Events: 3, EventsRemoved: 1, LastEventAt: &at,
+	}}, totals)
+}

internal/database/webhook_db_manager.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/datadir"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/db/migrations"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
 )
 
@@ -370,18 +371,7 @@ func (m *WebhookDBManager) openDB(
 		)
 	}
 
-	err = purgeTargetRows(db, m.log, webhookID)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = sqlDB.Close()
-
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Run migrations for event-tier models only
-	err = db.AutoMigrate(
-		&Event{}, &Delivery{}, &DeliveryResult{},
-		&EventTotals{}, &TargetTotals{}, &EntrypointTotals{},
-	)
+	err = migrations.Apply(db, migrations.Events)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = sqlDB.Close()
 
@@ -391,14 +381,15 @@ func (m *WebhookDBManager) openDB(
 		)
 	}
 
-	// A new database gets its row of event totals, all zero. Target
-	// totals rows are created by the first delivery to each target.
-	err = db.FirstOrCreate(&EventTotals{}).Error
+	err = parseModels(
+		db, &Event{}, &Delivery{}, &DeliveryResult{},
+		&EventTotals{}, &TargetTotals{}, &EntrypointTotals{},
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = sqlDB.Close()
 
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
-			"creating event totals for webhook database %s: %w",
+			"connecting to webhook database %s: %w",
 			webhookID, err,
 		)
 	}

internal/db/migrations/archive/000_migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-- Migration 000: the table recording which migrations this file has
+-- had. Applied before the others; it records itself.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
+    version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (0);

internal/db/migrations/archive/001_schema.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+-- Migration 001: the schema of a database target's archive file. The
+-- archivedEvent model in internal/delivery must agree with it.
+
+CREATE TABLE archived_events (
+    id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+    event_id text,
+    webhook_id text,
+    entrypoint_id text,
+    method text,
+    raw_query text,
+    headers text,
+    body text,
+    content_type text,
+    archived_at datetime
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_archived_events_event_id ON archived_events (event_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_archived_events_archived_at ON archived_events (archived_at);

internal/db/migrations/events/000_migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-- Migration 000: the table recording which migrations this file has
+-- had. Applied before the others; it records itself.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
+    version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (0);

internal/db/migrations/events/001_schema.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+-- Migration 001: the schema of a webhook's event database. The models
+-- in internal/database must agree with it. The webhook, entrypoint and
+-- target ids here name rows in the main database, which has those
+-- tables; this file does not.
+
+CREATE TABLE events (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    webhook_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    entrypoint_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    method text NOT NULL,
+    raw_query text,
+    headers text,
+    body text,
+    content_type text,
+    body_bytes integer NOT NULL,
+    resubmitted_from_id uuid,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_created_at ON events (created_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_deleted_at ON events (deleted_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_deleted_at_created_at
+    ON events (deleted_at, created_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_resubmitted_from_id
+    ON events (resubmitted_from_id, deleted_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_entrypoint_id
+    ON events (entrypoint_id, deleted_at, resubmitted_from_id, created_at);
+
+CREATE TABLE deliveries (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    event_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    target_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    status text NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending',
+    finished_at datetime,
+    replay numeric NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_events_deliveries
+        FOREIGN KEY (event_id) REFERENCES events (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_deliveries_deleted_at ON deliveries (deleted_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_deliveries_event_id ON deliveries (event_id, deleted_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_deliveries_status
+    ON deliveries (status, deleted_at, finished_at, target_id);
+
+CREATE TABLE delivery_results (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    delivery_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    attempt_num integer NOT NULL,
+    success numeric,
+    status_code integer,
+    response_body text,
+    error text,
+    duration integer,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_deliveries_delivery_results
+        FOREIGN KEY (delivery_id) REFERENCES deliveries (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_delivery_results_deleted_at
+    ON delivery_results (deleted_at);
+CREATE INDEX idx_delivery_results_delivery_id
+    ON delivery_results (delivery_id, deleted_at);
+
+CREATE TABLE event_totals (
+    id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+    events integer NOT NULL,
+    events_removed integer NOT NULL,
+    last_event_at datetime
+);
+
+-- The one row of event totals, all zero.
+INSERT INTO event_totals (events, events_removed) VALUES (0, 0);
+
+CREATE TABLE target_totals (
+    target_id uuid,
+    deliveries integer NOT NULL,
+    delivered integer NOT NULL,
+    failed integer NOT NULL,
+    deliveries_removed integer NOT NULL,
+    failed_removed integer NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (target_id)
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE entrypoint_totals (
+    entrypoint_id uuid,
+    last_event_at datetime NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (entrypoint_id)
+);

internal/db/migrations/main/000_migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-- Migration 000: the table recording which migrations this file has
+-- had. Applied before the others; it records itself.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
+    version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (0);

internal/db/migrations/main/001_schema.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+-- Migration 001: the main database's schema. The models in
+-- internal/database must agree with it.
+
+CREATE TABLE settings (
+    "key" text,
+    value text NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY ("key")
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE users (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    username text NOT NULL,
+    password text NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT chk_users_username
+        CHECK (length(CAST(username AS BLOB)) <= 1024)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_deleted_at ON users (deleted_at);
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_users_username ON users (username);
+
+CREATE TABLE api_keys (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    user_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    "key" text NOT NULL,
+    description text,
+    last_used_at datetime,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_users_api_keys FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_api_keys_deleted_at ON api_keys (deleted_at);
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_api_keys_key ON api_keys ("key");
+
+CREATE TABLE webhooks (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    user_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    description text,
+    retention_days integer DEFAULT 30,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_users_webhooks FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_webhooks_deleted_at ON webhooks (deleted_at);
+
+CREATE TABLE entrypoints (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    webhook_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    path text NOT NULL,
+    description text,
+    active numeric DEFAULT true,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_webhooks_entrypoints
+        FOREIGN KEY (webhook_id) REFERENCES webhooks (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_entrypoints_deleted_at ON entrypoints (deleted_at);
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_entrypoints_path ON entrypoints (path);
+
+CREATE TABLE targets (
+    id uuid,
+    created_at datetime,
+    updated_at datetime,
+    deleted_at datetime,
+    webhook_id uuid NOT NULL,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    type text NOT NULL,
+    active numeric DEFAULT true,
+    config text,
+    max_retries integer,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    CONSTRAINT fk_webhooks_targets
+        FOREIGN KEY (webhook_id) REFERENCES webhooks (id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_targets_deleted_at ON targets (deleted_at);

internal/db/migrations/migrations.go

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Package migrations holds the schema of each kind of SQLite file
+// webhooker writes, as numbered SQL files embedded in the binary, and
+// applies it when a file is opened.
+//
+// Each kind of file has its own directory. In each, 000_migration.sql
+// creates only the schema_migrations table, and 001_schema.sql holds
+// the whole schema. Before 1.0 a schema change is an edit to
+// 001_schema.sql, never a new file.
+package migrations
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// The directories, one for each kind of database file.
+const (
+	// Main is the main database, webhooker.db.
+	Main = "main"
+
+	// Events is a webhook's event database, events-{uuid}.db.
+	Events = "events"
+
+	// Archive is a database target's archive file.
+	Archive = "archive"
+)
+
+//go:embed main/*.sql events/*.sql archive/*.sql
+var files embed.FS
+
+// Apply runs each SQL file in dir, which is Main, Events or Archive,
+// that the database has not had yet, in the order of the number its
+// name starts with, and records that number in schema_migrations.
+// 000_migration.sql creates that table and records itself, so it runs
+// first, and only when the table is missing.
+//
+// It all runs in one transaction, so a failure leaves the file as it
+// was.
+func Apply(db *gorm.DB, dir string) error {
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		var tables int
+
+		// Row().Scan, not (*gorm.DB).Scan: see internal/gormlog.
+		err := tx.Raw(
+			"SELECT count(*) FROM sqlite_master "+
+				"WHERE type = 'table' AND name = ?",
+			"schema_migrations",
+		).Row().Scan(&tables)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("looking for schema_migrations: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if tables == 0 {
+			err = run(tx, path.Join(dir, "000_migration.sql"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// fs.Glob lists the files in name order, which is number order.
+		names, err := fs.Glob(files, path.Join(dir, "*.sql"))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("listing migrations: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		for _, name := range names {
+			err = applyOnce(tx, name)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// applyOnce runs the migration file name and records its number,
+// unless schema_migrations already has that number.
+func applyOnce(tx *gorm.DB, name string) error {
+	number, _, _ := strings.Cut(path.Base(name), "_")
+
+	version, err := strconv.Atoi(number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("numbering migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	var applied int
+
+	err = tx.Raw(
+		"SELECT count(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = ?",
+		version,
+	).Row().Scan(&applied)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("checking migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	if applied > 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	err = run(tx, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Exec(
+		"INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (?)", version,
+	).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("recording migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// run executes every statement in the migration file name.
+func run(tx *gorm.DB, name string) error {
+	script, err := files.ReadFile(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Exec(string(script)).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("applying migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

internal/db/migrations/migrations_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package migrations_test
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"log/slog"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/db/migrations"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
+)
+
+// TestApplyRunsEachFileOnce applies each kind of database file's
+// migrations to a new file twice. The first time records every file.
+// The second finds them all recorded and runs none, which is the only
+// way it can succeed: 001_schema.sql creates tables that then exist.
+func TestApplyRunsEachFileOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, dir := range []string{
+		migrations.Main, migrations.Events, migrations.Archive,
+	} {
+		t.Run(dir, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			sqlDB, err := sql.Open(
+				"sqlite", filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db"),
+			)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			t.Cleanup(func() { _ = sqlDB.Close() })
+
+			db, err := gorm.Open(
+				sqlite.Dialector{Conn: sqlDB},
+				&gorm.Config{
+					Logger: gormlog.New(slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)),
+				},
+			)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.NoError(t, migrations.Apply(db, dir))
+			require.NoError(t, migrations.Apply(db, dir))
+
+			var versions string
+
+			require.NoError(t, sqlDB.QueryRowContext(t.Context(),
+				"SELECT group_concat(version) FROM schema_migrations",
+			).Scan(&versions))
+			assert.Equal(t, "0,1", versions)
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/delivery/archive_sweeper_test.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	_ "modernc.org/sqlite" // Pure Go SQLite driver.
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database/databasetest"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/db/migrations"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/delivery"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
 )
@@ -172,9 +173,7 @@ func seedArchiveFile(
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.NoError(
-		t, gdb.AutoMigrate(&delivery.ExportArchivedEvent{}),
-	)
+	require.NoError(t, migrations.Apply(gdb, migrations.Archive))
 
 	for i, at := range archivedAt {
 		row := delivery.ExportArchivedEvent{
@@ -781,9 +780,9 @@ func TestArchiveSweep_NeverExpiryUntouched(t *testing.T) {
 //
 // The spec is stronger than that — a "never" archive is skipped
 // before any file is touched — so the archive here exists but has
-// never been migrated. Opening it at all would run AutoMigrate
-// and create the archive table, which is exactly what must not
-// happen.
+// never been migrated. Opening it at all would apply the archive
+// schema and create the archive table, which is exactly what must
+// not happen.
 func TestArchiveSweep_NeverExpirySkipsBeforeOpening(
 	t *testing.T,
 ) {
@@ -807,7 +806,7 @@ func TestArchiveSweep_NeverExpirySkipsBeforeOpening(
 
 // seedUnmigratedArchive creates an archive file that exists but
 // carries no archive schema, so any open of it is observable: the
-// archive table appears only if something ran AutoMigrate.
+// archive table appears only if something applied the schema.
 func seedUnmigratedArchive(t *testing.T, path string) {
 	t.Helper()
 

internal/delivery/engine_integration_test.go

@@ -963,29 +963,12 @@ func TestFailUnretryableRetry_WritesNoTargetRow(
 		database.DeliveryStatusFailed,
 	)
 
-	// The table exists in the per-webhook database because GORM
-	// migrates the Delivery relation's model alongside it. It must
-	// stay empty.
-	var targetRows int64
-
-	require.NoError(t, s.WebhookDB.
-		Table("targets").
-		Count(&targetRows).Error)
-
-	assert.Zero(t, targetRows,
+	// The per-webhook database has no targets table, so writing a
+	// target row there would have failed the status write above.
+	assert.False(t, s.WebhookDB.Migrator().HasTable("targets"),
 		"orphaned-retry terminal failure wrote a target row "+
 			"into the per-webhook event database",
 	)
-
-	var configs []string
-
-	require.NoError(t, s.WebhookDB.
-		Table("targets").
-		Pluck("config", &configs).Error)
-
-	assert.NotContains(
-		t, strings.Join(configs, " "), hookURL,
-	)
 }
 
 func TestRecoverSingleRetry_UnknownTargetType(

internal/delivery/engine_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -22,12 +21,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database/databasetest"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/delivery"
-	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/metrics"
 )
 
@@ -37,35 +35,18 @@ const testContentType = "application/json"
 func testWebhookDB(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	dbPath := filepath.Join(
-		t.TempDir(), "events-test.db",
+	// Opened by the manager the service uses, so these tests cannot
+	// pass against a schema, journal and locking settings or write
+	// guard production does not use.
+	mgr := databasetest.NewWebhookDBManagerWithLogger(
+		t, t.TempDir(), slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
 	)
 
-	// Opened the way the service opens a per-webhook database, so
-	// these tests cannot pass against journal and locking settings
-	// production does not use.
-	sqlDB, err := database.OpenSQLite(
-		dbPath, database.SQLiteModeCreate,
-	)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = mgr.CloseAll() })
+
+	db, err := mgr.GetDB(uuid.New().String())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = sqlDB.Close() })
-
-	db, err := gorm.Open(
-		sqlite.Dialector{Conn: sqlDB},
-		&gorm.Config{Logger: gormlog.New(slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler))},
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.NoError(t, db.AutoMigrate(
-		&database.Event{},
-		&database.Delivery{},
-		&database.DeliveryResult{},
-		&database.EventTotals{},
-		&database.TargetTotals{},
-	))
-	require.NoError(t, db.Create(&database.EventTotals{}).Error)
-
 	return db
 }
 

internal/delivery/target_database_archive.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/db/migrations"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/gormlog"
 )
 
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ func (w *archiveWriter) openMode(
 		)
 	}
 
-	err = gdb.AutoMigrate(&archivedEvent{})
+	err = migrations.Apply(gdb, migrations.Archive)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = sqlDB.Close()
 

internal/delivery/terminal_state_test.go

@@ -312,13 +312,9 @@ func TestFailMissingTarget_WritesNoTargetRow(
 		database.DeliveryStatusFailed,
 	)
 
-	var configs []string
-
-	require.NoError(t, s.WebhookDB.
-		Table("targets").
-		Pluck("config", &configs).Error)
-
-	assert.Empty(t, configs,
+	// The per-webhook database has no targets table, so writing a
+	// target row there would have failed the status write above.
+	assert.False(t, s.WebhookDB.Migrator().HasTable("targets"),
 		"the deleted-target terminal path wrote a target row "+
 			"into the per-webhook event database",
 	)

internal/gormlog/gormlog_test.go

@@ -135,9 +135,11 @@ func openDB(
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.NoError(t, gdb.AutoMigrate(&thing{}))
+	require.NoError(t, gdb.Exec(
+		"CREATE TABLE things (id text PRIMARY KEY, name text)",
+	).Error)
 
-	// Migration chatter is not what any of these cases is about.
+	// Creating the table is not what any of these cases is about.
 	buf.Reset()
 
 	return gdb

internal/gormlog/scan_guard_test.go

@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func skipDir(name string) bool {
 }
 
 // walkNonTestGo parses every non-test .go file under root. It returns
-// the directories, relative to root, it parsed a file in, along with
-// every unguarded Scan it found.
+// the directories, relative to root, it parsed a file in or below,
+// along with every unguarded Scan it found.
 func walkNonTestGo(t *testing.T, root string) (map[string]bool, []string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
@@ -155,7 +155,12 @@ func walkNonTestGo(t *testing.T, root string) (map[string]bool, []string) {
 				return err
 			}
 
+			// The directories above count too, so that one holding
+			// only a nested package, as internal/db does, is not
+			// taken for one the walk skipped.
+			for ; dir != "."; dir = filepath.Dir(dir) {
 				walked[dir] = true
+			}
 
 			for _, pos := range unguardedScans(fset, file) {
 				hits = append(hits, relPosition(root, pos))
@@ -205,9 +210,9 @@ func TestGormScanIsNeverCalledOutsideTests(t *testing.T) {
 	walked, offenders := walkNonTestGo(t, root)
 
 	// The module's packages are static, templates, and every directory
-	// directly under cmd and internal. Each holds non-test code, so one
-	// the walk parsed nothing in was skipped, and a Scan there would
-	// pass unseen.
+	// directly under cmd and internal. Each holds non-test code, itself
+	// or in a package below it, so one the walk parsed nothing in or
+	// below was skipped, and a Scan there would pass unseen.
 	packages := []string{"static", "templates"}
 
 	for _, parent := range []string{"cmd", "internal"} {

internal/handlers/delivery_attempts_test.go

@@ -42,8 +42,11 @@ func TestDeliveryAttempts_ReadInTheTargetTypesOwnTerms(t *testing.T) {
 		{database.TargetTypeLog, true, 0, "", "written to the log", ""},
 	}
 
+	// Named for type and outcome, so that no two cases share a name:
+	// Go adds "#01" to a repeated one, and a "#" in the temporary
+	// directory's path cuts the path SQLiteDSN gives SQLite short.
 	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(string(tc.targetType), func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run(string(tc.targetType)+" "+tc.outcome, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
 			f := newRecentEventsFixture(t)

internal/handlers/delivery_replay_test.go

@@ -314,21 +314,15 @@ func assertReplayTask(
 	)
 }
 
-// assertNoLeakedTarget proves the per-webhook database holds no target
-// rows. AutoMigrate creates the table there because Delivery declares
-// the relation, so it is a ROW that signals a leak: an association
-// write would have upserted the whole target, plaintext config and
-// all, into the event database. See
+// assertNoLeakedTarget proves the per-webhook database holds no
+// target: an association write would have upserted the whole target,
+// plaintext config and all, into the event database. See
 // https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/webhooker/issues/206.
 func assertNoLeakedTarget(t *testing.T, webhookDB *gorm.DB) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	var leaked int64
-
-	require.NoError(t, webhookDB.Unscoped().
-		Model(&database.Target{}).Count(&leaked).Error)
-	assert.Zero(
-		t, leaked,
+	assert.False(
+		t, webhookDB.Migrator().HasTable(&database.Target{}),
 		"replay must not write the target into the event database",
 	)
 }