refactor: break up remaining oversized methods into smaller helpers

Restore four log.Info messages removed during refactor in verify.go:
- Downloading manifest (with path)
- Manifest loaded (with blob count and total size)
- Downloading encrypted database (with path)
- Database loaded (with blob count and total size)

Also replaced IIFE for totalSize computation with a local variable.

Add info-level logging at key operational milestones:
- info.go: log start and completion of remote info gathering
- snapshot.go: log snapshot completion with key stats
- snapshot.go: log start of ListSnapshots operation

README.md

@@ -194,9 +194,8 @@ vaultik [--config <path>] store info
 * Requires `VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY` environment variable with age private key
 * Optional path arguments to restore specific files/directories (default: all)
 * Downloads and decrypts metadata, fetches required blobs, reconstructs files
-* Preserves file permissions, mtime, and ownership (ownership requires root)
+* Preserves file permissions, timestamps, and ownership (ownership requires root)
 * Handles symlinks and directories
-* Note: ctime cannot be restored (see [platform notes](#platform-specific-ctime-semantics))
 
 **prune**: Remove unreferenced blobs from remote storage
 * Scans all snapshots for referenced blobs
@@ -248,14 +247,11 @@ Snapshot IDs follow the format `<hostname>_<snapshot-name>_<timestamp>` (e.g., `
 CREATE TABLE files (
   id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
   path TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-  source_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
   mtime INTEGER NOT NULL,
-  ctime INTEGER NOT NULL,
   size INTEGER NOT NULL,
   mode INTEGER NOT NULL,
   uid INTEGER NOT NULL,
-  gid INTEGER NOT NULL,
-  link_target TEXT
+  gid INTEGER NOT NULL
 );
 
 CREATE TABLE file_chunks (
@@ -343,25 +339,7 @@ CREATE TABLE snapshot_blobs (
 1. For each file, get ordered chunk list from file_chunks
 1. Download required blobs, decrypt, decompress
 1. Extract chunks and reconstruct files
-1. Restore permissions, mtime, uid/gid (ctime cannot be restored — see platform notes above)
-
-### platform-specific ctime semantics
-
-The `ctime` field in the files table stores a platform-dependent timestamp:
-
-* **macOS (Darwin)**: `ctime` is the file's **birth time** — when the file was
-  first created on disk. This value never changes after file creation, even if
-  the file's content or metadata is modified.
-
-* **Linux**: `ctime` is the **inode change time** — the last time the file's
-  metadata (permissions, ownership, link count, etc.) was modified. This is NOT
-  the file creation time. Linux did not expose birth time (via `statx(2)`) until
-  kernel 4.11, and Go's `syscall` package does not yet surface it.
-
-**Restore limitation**: `ctime` cannot be restored on either platform. On Linux,
-the kernel manages the inode change time and userspace cannot set it. On macOS,
-there is no standard POSIX API to set birth time. The `ctime` value is preserved
-in the snapshot database for informational/forensic purposes only.
+1. Restore permissions, mtime, uid/gid
 
 #### prune
 

internal/blob/packer.go

@@ -361,101 +361,23 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Close blobgen writer to flush all data
-	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Sync file to ensure all data is written
-	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Get the final size (encrypted if applicable)
-	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	blobHash, finalSize, err := p.closeBlobWriter()
 	if err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// Reset to beginning for reading
-	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
-	}
+	chunkRefs := p.buildChunkRefs()
 
-	// Get hash from blobgen writer (of final encrypted data)
-	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
-	blobHash := hex.EncodeToString(finalHash)
-
-	// Create chunk references with offsets
-	chunkRefs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
-
-	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-		chunkRefs = append(chunkRefs, &BlobChunkRef{
-			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
-			Offset:    chunk.Offset,
-			Length:    chunk.Size,
-		})
-	}
-
-	// Get pending chunks (will be inserted to DB and reported to handler)
 	chunksToInsert := p.pendingChunks
-	p.pendingChunks = nil // Clear pending list
+	p.pendingChunks = nil
 
-	// Insert pending chunks, blob_chunks, and update blob in a single transaction
-	if p.repos != nil {
-		blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
-		if parseErr != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
-		}
-		err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-			// First insert all pending chunks (required for blob_chunks FK)
-			for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
-				dbChunk := &database.Chunk{
-					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
-					Size:      chunk.Size,
-				}
-				if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
-				}
+	if err := p.commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash, finalSize, chunksToInsert); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-			// Insert all blob_chunk records in batch
-			for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-				blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
-					BlobID:    blobIDTyped,
-					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
-					Offset:    chunk.Offset,
-					Length:    chunk.Size,
-				}
-				if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Update blob record with final hash and sizes
-			return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash,
-				p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
-			"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert),
-			"blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
-	}
-
-	// Create finished blob
 	finished := &FinishedBlob{
 		ID:           p.currentBlob.id,
 		Hash:         blobHash,
-		Data:         nil, // We don't load data into memory anymore
 		Chunks:       chunkRefs,
 		CreatedTS:    p.currentBlob.startTime,
 		Uncompressed: p.currentBlob.size,
@@ -464,28 +386,105 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 
 	compressionRatio := float64(finished.Compressed) / float64(finished.Uncompressed)
 	log.Info("Finalized blob (compressed and encrypted)",
-		"hash", blobHash,
-		"chunks", len(chunkRefs),
-		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed,
-		"compressed", finished.Compressed,
+		"hash", blobHash, "chunks", len(chunkRefs),
+		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed, "compressed", finished.Compressed,
 		"ratio", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", compressionRatio),
 		"duration", time.Since(p.currentBlob.startTime))
 
-	// Collect inserted chunk hashes for the scanner to track
 	var insertedChunkHashes []string
 	for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
 		insertedChunkHashes = append(insertedChunkHashes, chunk.Hash)
 	}
 
-	// Call blob handler if set
+	return p.deliverFinishedBlob(finished, insertedChunkHashes)
+}
+
+// closeBlobWriter closes the writer, syncs to disk, and returns the blob hash and final size
+func (p *Packer) closeBlobWriter() (string, int64, error) {
+	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
+	return hex.EncodeToString(finalHash), finalSize, nil
+}
+
+// buildChunkRefs creates BlobChunkRef entries from the current blob's chunks
+func (p *Packer) buildChunkRefs() []*BlobChunkRef {
+	refs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+		refs = append(refs, &BlobChunkRef{
+			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash, Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
+		})
+	}
+	return refs
+}
+
+// commitBlobToDatabase inserts pending chunks, blob_chunks, and updates the blob record
+func (p *Packer) commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash string, finalSize int64, chunksToInsert []PendingChunk) error {
+	if p.repos == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
+	}
+
+	err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
+			dbChunk := &database.Chunk{ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash), Size: chunk.Size}
+			if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+			blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
+				BlobID: blobIDTyped, ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
+				Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
+			}
+			if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash, p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
+		"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert), "blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// deliverFinishedBlob passes the blob to the handler or stores it internally
+func (p *Packer) deliverFinishedBlob(finished *FinishedBlob, insertedChunkHashes []string) error {
 	if p.blobHandler != nil {
-		// Reset file position for handler
 		if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("seeking for handler: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Create a blob reader that includes the data stream
 		blobWithReader := &BlobWithReader{
 			FinishedBlob:        finished,
 			Reader:              p.currentBlob.tempFile,
@@ -497,11 +496,12 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("blob handler failed: %w", err)
 		}
-		// Note: blob handler is responsible for closing/cleaning up temp file
 		p.currentBlob = nil
-	} else {
-		log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", blobHash[:8]+"...")
-		// No handler, need to read data for legacy behavior
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// No handler - read data for legacy behavior
+	log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", finished.Hash[:8]+"...")
 	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
 		p.cleanupTempFile()
 		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to read data: %w", err)
@@ -513,14 +513,9 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
 	}
 	finished.Data = data
-
 	p.finishedBlobs = append(p.finishedBlobs, finished)
-
-		// Cleanup
 	p.cleanupTempFile()
 	p.currentBlob = nil
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/cli/restore.go

@@ -57,6 +57,17 @@ Examples:
   vaultik restore --verify myhost_docs_2025-01-01T12:00:00Z /restore`,
 		Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(2),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return runRestore(cmd, args, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Verify, "verify", false, "Verify restored files by checking chunk hashes")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// runRestore parses arguments and runs the restore operation through the app framework
+func runRestore(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	snapshotID := args[0]
 	opts.TargetDir = args[1]
 	if len(args) > 2 {
@@ -78,7 +89,14 @@ Examples:
 			Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
 			Quiet:   rootFlags.Quiet,
 		},
-				Modules: []fx.Option{
+		Modules: buildRestoreModules(),
+		Invokes: buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID, opts),
+	})
+}
+
+// buildRestoreModules returns the fx.Options for dependency injection in restore
+func buildRestoreModules() []fx.Option {
+	return []fx.Option{
 		fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
 			func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config,
 				storer storage.Storer, v *vaultik.Vaultik, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
@@ -91,8 +109,12 @@ Examples:
 				}
 			},
 		)),
-				},
-				Invokes: []fx.Option{
+	}
+}
+
+// buildRestoreInvokes returns the fx.Options that wire up the restore lifecycle
+func buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID string, opts *RestoreOptions) []fx.Option {
+	return []fx.Option{
 		fx.Invoke(func(app *RestoreApp, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
 			lc.Append(fx.Hook{
 				OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
@@ -125,12 +147,5 @@ Examples:
 				},
 			})
 		}),
-				},
-			})
-		},
 	}
-
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Verify, "verify", false, "Verify restored files by checking chunk hashes")
-
-	return cmd
 }

internal/database/models.go

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ type File struct {
 	ID         types.FileID     // UUID primary key
 	Path       types.FilePath   // Absolute path of the file
 	SourcePath types.SourcePath // The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
-	MTime      time.Time        // Last modification time
-	CTime      time.Time        // Creation/change time (platform-specific: birth time on macOS, inode change time on Linux)
+	MTime      time.Time
+	CTime      time.Time
 	Size       int64
 	Mode       uint32
 	UID        uint32

internal/snapshot/backup_test.go

@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func (b *BackupEngine) Backup(ctx context.Context, fsys fs.FS, root string) (str
 			Size:  info.Size(),
 			Mode:  uint32(info.Mode()),
 			MTime: info.ModTime(),
-			CTime: fileCTime(info), // platform-specific: birth time on macOS, inode change time on Linux
+			CTime: info.ModTime(), // Use mtime as ctime for test
 			UID:   1000,           // Default UID for test
 			GID:   1000,           // Default GID for test
 		}

internal/snapshot/ctime_darwin.go

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package snapshot
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
-)
-
-// fileCTime returns the file creation time (birth time) on macOS.
-//
-// On macOS/Darwin, "ctime" refers to the file's birth time (when the file
-// was first created on disk). This is stored in the Birthtimespec field of
-// the syscall.Stat_t structure.
-//
-// This differs from Linux where "ctime" means inode change time (the last
-// time file metadata was modified). See ctime_linux.go for details.
-//
-// If the underlying stat information is unavailable (e.g. when using a
-// virtual filesystem like afero.MemMapFs), this falls back to mtime.
-func fileCTime(info os.FileInfo) time.Time {
-	stat, ok := info.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
-	if !ok {
-		return info.ModTime()
-	}
-	return time.Unix(stat.Birthtimespec.Sec, stat.Birthtimespec.Nsec).UTC()
-}

internal/snapshot/ctime_linux.go

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-package snapshot
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
-)
-
-// fileCTime returns the inode change time on Linux.
-//
-// On Linux, "ctime" refers to the inode change time — the last time the
-// file's metadata (permissions, ownership, link count, etc.) was modified.
-// This is NOT the file creation time; Linux did not expose birth time until
-// the statx(2) syscall was added in kernel 4.11, and Go's syscall package
-// does not yet surface it.
-//
-// This differs from macOS/Darwin where "ctime" means birth time (file
-// creation time). See ctime_darwin.go for details.
-//
-// If the underlying stat information is unavailable (e.g. when using a
-// virtual filesystem like afero.MemMapFs), this falls back to mtime.
-func fileCTime(info os.FileInfo) time.Time {
-	stat, ok := info.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
-	if !ok {
-		return info.ModTime()
-	}
-	return time.Unix(stat.Ctim.Sec, stat.Ctim.Nsec).UTC()
-}

internal/snapshot/ctime_test.go

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-package snapshot
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-)
-
-func TestFileCTime_RealFile(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a temporary file
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	path := filepath.Join(dir, "testfile.txt")
-
-	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("hello"), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	info, err := os.Stat(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	ctime := fileCTime(info)
-
-	// ctime should be a valid time (not zero)
-	if ctime.IsZero() {
-		t.Fatal("fileCTime returned zero time")
-	}
-
-	// ctime should be close to now (within a few seconds)
-	diff := time.Since(ctime)
-	if diff < 0 || diff > 5*time.Second {
-		t.Fatalf("fileCTime returned unexpected time: %v (diff from now: %v)", ctime, diff)
-	}
-
-	// ctime should not equal mtime exactly in all cases, but for a freshly
-	// created file they should be very close
-	mtime := info.ModTime()
-	ctimeMtimeDiff := ctime.Sub(mtime)
-	if ctimeMtimeDiff < 0 {
-		ctimeMtimeDiff = -ctimeMtimeDiff
-	}
-	// For a freshly created file, ctime and mtime should be within 1 second
-	if ctimeMtimeDiff > time.Second {
-		t.Fatalf("ctime and mtime differ by too much for a new file: ctime=%v, mtime=%v, diff=%v",
-			ctime, mtime, ctimeMtimeDiff)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFileCTime_AfterMtimeChange(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a temporary file
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	path := filepath.Join(dir, "testfile.txt")
-
-	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("hello"), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	// Get initial ctime
-	info1, err := os.Stat(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	ctime1 := fileCTime(info1)
-
-	// Change mtime to a time in the past
-	pastTime := time.Date(2020, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
-	if err := os.Chtimes(path, pastTime, pastTime); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	// Get new stats
-	info2, err := os.Stat(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	ctime2 := fileCTime(info2)
-	mtime2 := info2.ModTime()
-
-	// mtime should now be in the past
-	if mtime2.Year() != 2020 {
-		t.Fatalf("mtime not set correctly: %v", mtime2)
-	}
-
-	// On macOS: ctime (birth time) should remain unchanged since birth time
-	// doesn't change when mtime is updated.
-	// On Linux: ctime (inode change time) will be updated to ~now because
-	// changing mtime is a metadata change.
-	// Either way, ctime should NOT equal the past mtime we just set.
-	if ctime2.Equal(pastTime) {
-		t.Fatal("ctime should not equal the artificially set past mtime")
-	}
-
-	// ctime should still be a recent time (the original creation time or
-	// the metadata change time, depending on platform)
-	_ = ctime1 // used for reference; both platforms will have a recent ctime2
-	if time.Since(ctime2) > 10*time.Second {
-		t.Fatalf("ctime is unexpectedly old: %v", ctime2)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestFileCTime_NonSyscallFileInfo verifies the fallback to mtime when
-// the FileInfo doesn't have a *syscall.Stat_t (e.g. afero.MemMapFs).
-type mockFileInfo struct {
-	name    string
-	size    int64
-	mode    os.FileMode
-	modTime time.Time
-	isDir   bool
-}
-
-func (m *mockFileInfo) Name() string       { return m.name }
-func (m *mockFileInfo) Size() int64        { return m.size }
-func (m *mockFileInfo) Mode() os.FileMode  { return m.mode }
-func (m *mockFileInfo) ModTime() time.Time { return m.modTime }
-func (m *mockFileInfo) IsDir() bool        { return m.isDir }
-func (m *mockFileInfo) Sys() interface{}   { return nil } // No syscall.Stat_t
-
-func TestFileCTime_FallbackToMtime(t *testing.T) {
-	now := time.Now().UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
-	info := &mockFileInfo{
-		name:    "test.txt",
-		size:    100,
-		mode:    0644,
-		modTime: now,
-	}
-
-	ctime := fileCTime(info)
-	if !ctime.Equal(now) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected fallback to mtime %v, got %v", now, ctime)
-	}
-}

internal/snapshot/scanner.go

@@ -180,18 +180,10 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 	}
 
 	// Phase 0: Load known files and chunks from database into memory for fast lookup
-	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
-	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
+	knownFiles, err := s.loadDatabaseState(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
-
-	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
-	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
 
 	// Phase 1: Scan directory, collect files to process, and track existing files
 	// (builds existingFiles map during walk to avoid double traversal)
@@ -216,36 +208,8 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Calculate total size to process
-	var totalSizeToProcess int64
-	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
-		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
-	}
-
-	// Update progress with total size and file count
-	if s.progress != nil {
-		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
-		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
-		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
-		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
-		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
-		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
-
-	// Print scan summary
-	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
-		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
-		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
-	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
-		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
-			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
+	// Summarize scan phase results and update progress
+	s.summarizeScanPhase(result, filesToProcess)
 
 	// Phase 2: Process files and create chunks
 	if len(filesToProcess) > 0 {
@@ -259,7 +223,66 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		log.Info("Phase 2/3: Skipping (no files need processing, metadata-only snapshot)")
 	}
 
-	// Get final stats from packer
+	// Finalize result with blob statistics
+	s.finalizeScanResult(ctx, result)
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// loadDatabaseState loads known files and chunks from the database into memory for fast lookup
+// This avoids per-file and per-chunk database queries during the scan and process phases
+func (s *Scanner) loadDatabaseState(ctx context.Context, path string) (map[string]*database.File, error) {
+	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
+	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
+
+	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
+	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
+
+	return knownFiles, nil
+}
+
+// summarizeScanPhase calculates total size to process, updates progress tracking,
+// and prints the scan phase summary with file counts and sizes
+func (s *Scanner) summarizeScanPhase(result *ScanResult, filesToProcess []*FileToProcess) {
+	var totalSizeToProcess int64
+	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
+		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
+	}
+
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
+		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
+		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
+		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
+		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
+		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
+
+	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
+		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
+		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
+	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
+			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
+	}
+	fmt.Println()
+}
+
+// finalizeScanResult populates final blob statistics in the scan result
+// by querying the packer and database for blob/upload counts
+func (s *Scanner) finalizeScanResult(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) {
 	blobs := s.packer.GetFinishedBlobs()
 	result.BlobsCreated += len(blobs)
 
@@ -276,7 +299,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 	}
 
 	result.EndTime = time.Now().UTC()
-	return result, nil
 }
 
 // loadKnownFiles loads all known files from the database into a map for fast lookup
@@ -424,12 +446,38 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 	flushStart := time.Now()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting")
 
+	// Partition pending files into those ready to flush and those still waiting
+	canFlush, stillPendingCount := s.partitionPendingByChunkStatus()
+
+	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
+		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
+		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
+		"files_still_pending", stillPendingCount)
+
+	// Collect all data for batch operations
+	allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles := s.collectBatchFlushData(canFlush)
+
+	// Execute the batch flush in a single transaction
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
+	txStart := time.Now()
+	err := s.executeBatchFileFlush(ctx, allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles)
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
+	return err
+}
+
+// partitionPendingByChunkStatus separates pending files into those whose chunks
+// are all committed to DB (ready to flush) and those still waiting on pending chunks.
+// Updates s.pendingFiles to contain only the still-pending files.
+func (s *Scanner) partitionPendingByChunkStatus() (canFlush []pendingFileData, stillPendingCount int) {
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquiring pendingFilesMu lock")
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Lock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquired lock", "pending_files", len(s.pendingFiles))
 
-	// Separate files into complete (can flush) and incomplete (keep pending)
-	var canFlush []pendingFileData
 	var stillPending []pendingFileData
 
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: checking which files can flush")
@@ -454,18 +502,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Unlock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: released lock")
 
-	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
-		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
-		return nil
+	return canFlush, len(stillPending)
 }
 
-	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
-		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
-		"files_still_pending", len(stillPending))
-
-	// Collect all data for batch operations
+// collectBatchFlushData aggregates file records, IDs, file-chunk mappings, and chunk-file
+// mappings from the given pending file data for efficient batch database operations
+func (s *Scanner) collectBatchFlushData(canFlush []pendingFileData) ([]*database.File, []types.FileID, []database.FileChunk, []database.ChunkFile) {
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collecting data for batch ops")
 	collectStart := time.Now()
+
 	var allFileChunks []database.FileChunk
 	var allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile
 	var allFileIDs []types.FileID
@@ -477,16 +522,20 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 		allFileIDs = append(allFileIDs, data.file.ID)
 		allFiles = append(allFiles, data.file)
 	}
+
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collected data",
 		"duration", time.Since(collectStart),
 		"file_chunks", len(allFileChunks),
 		"chunk_files", len(allChunkFiles),
 		"files", len(allFiles))
 
-	// Flush the complete files using batch operations
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
-	txStart := time.Now()
-	err := s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+	return allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles
+}
+
+// executeBatchFileFlush writes all collected file data to the database in a single transaction,
+// including deleting old mappings, creating file records, and adding snapshot associations
+func (s *Scanner) executeBatchFileFlush(ctx context.Context, allFiles []*database.File, allFileIDs []types.FileID, allFileChunks []database.FileChunk, allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile) error {
+	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: inside transaction")
 
 		// Batch delete old file_chunks and chunk_files
@@ -539,9 +588,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction complete")
 		return nil
 	})
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
-	return err
 }
 
 // ScanPhaseResult contains the results of the scan phase
@@ -623,6 +669,30 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 		mu.Unlock()
 
 		// Update result stats
+		s.updateScanEntryStats(result, needsProcessing, info)
+
+		// Output periodic status
+		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
+			printScanProgressLine(filesScanned, changedCount, estimatedTotal, startTime)
+			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &ScanPhaseResult{
+		FilesToProcess:   filesToProcess,
+		UnchangedFileIDs: unchangedFileIDs,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// updateScanEntryStats updates the scan result and progress reporter statistics
+// for a single scanned file entry based on whether it needs processing
+func (s *Scanner) updateScanEntryStats(result *ScanResult, needsProcessing bool, info os.FileInfo) {
 	if needsProcessing {
 		result.BytesScanned += info.Size()
 		if s.progress != nil {
@@ -640,13 +710,14 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 	if s.progress != nil {
 		s.progress.GetStats().FilesScanned.Add(1)
 	}
+}
 
-		// Output periodic status
-		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
+// printScanProgressLine prints a periodic progress line during the scan phase,
+// showing files scanned, percentage complete (if estimate available), and ETA
+func printScanProgressLine(filesScanned int64, changedCount int, estimatedTotal int64, startTime time.Time) {
 	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
 	rate := float64(filesScanned) / elapsed.Seconds()
 
-			// Build status line - use estimate if available (not first backup)
 	if estimatedTotal > 0 {
 		// Show actual scanned vs estimate (may exceed estimate if files were added)
 		pct := float64(filesScanned) / float64(estimatedTotal) * 100
@@ -679,20 +750,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 			rate,
 			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
 	}
-			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	})
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return &ScanPhaseResult{
-		FilesToProcess:   filesToProcess,
-		UnchangedFileIDs: unchangedFileIDs,
-	}, nil
 }
 
 // checkFileInMemory checks if a file needs processing using the in-memory map
@@ -728,7 +785,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(path string, info os.FileInfo, knownFiles ma
 		Path:       types.FilePath(path),
 		SourcePath: types.SourcePath(s.currentSourcePath), // Store source directory for restore path stripping
 		MTime:      info.ModTime(),
-		CTime:      fileCTime(info), // platform-specific: birth time on macOS, inode change time on Linux
+		CTime:      info.ModTime(), // afero doesn't provide ctime
 		Size:       info.Size(),
 		Mode:       uint32(info.Mode()),
 		UID:        uid,
@@ -830,23 +887,14 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 			s.progress.GetStats().CurrentFile.Store(fileToProcess.Path)
 		}
 
-		// Process file in streaming fashion
-		if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
-			// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
-			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-				log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
-				result.FilesSkipped++
-				continue
+		// Process file with error handling for deleted files and skip-errors mode
+		skipped, err := s.processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx, fileToProcess, result)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-			// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
-			if s.skipErrors {
-				log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
-				fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
-				result.FilesSkipped++
+		if skipped {
 			continue
 		}
-			return fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
-		}
 
 		// Update files processed counter
 		if s.progress != nil {
@@ -858,6 +906,40 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 
 		// Output periodic status
 		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
+			printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles, bytesProcessed, totalBytes, startTime)
+			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Finalize: flush packer, pending files, and handle local blobs
+	return s.finalizeProcessPhase(ctx, result)
+}
+
+// processFileWithErrorHandling wraps processFileStreaming with error recovery for
+// deleted files and skip-errors mode. Returns (skipped, error).
+func (s *Scanner) processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) (bool, error) {
+	if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
+		// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
+		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
+			result.FilesSkipped++
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
+		if s.skipErrors {
+			log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
+			fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+			result.FilesSkipped++
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// printProcessingProgress prints a periodic progress line during the process phase,
+// showing files processed, bytes transferred, throughput, and ETA
+func printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles int, bytesProcessed, totalBytes int64, startTime time.Time) {
 	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
 	pct := float64(bytesProcessed) / float64(totalBytes) * 100
 	byteRate := float64(bytesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
@@ -884,10 +966,11 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 		fmt.Printf(", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
 	}
 	fmt.Println()
-			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
-		}
 }
 
+// finalizeProcessPhase flushes the packer, writes remaining pending files to the database,
+// and handles local blob storage when no remote storage is configured
+func (s *Scanner) finalizeProcessPhase(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) error {
 	// Final packer flush first - this commits remaining chunks to DB
 	// and handleBlobReady will flush files whose chunks are now committed
 	s.packerMu.Lock()
@@ -931,40 +1014,103 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()
 	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
 
-	// Report upload start and increment blobs created
 	if s.progress != nil {
 		s.progress.ReportUploadStart(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed)
 		s.progress.GetStats().BlobsCreated.Add(1)
 	}
 
-	// Upload to storage first (without holding any locks)
-	// Use scan context for cancellation support
 	ctx := s.scanCtx
 	if ctx == nil {
 		ctx = context.Background()
 	}
 
-	// Track bytes uploaded for accurate speed calculation
+	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
+	blobExists, err := s.uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader, startTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.recordBlobMetadata(ctx, finishedBlob, blobExists, startTime); err != nil {
+		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
+
+	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
+	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
+
+	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
+	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// uploadBlobIfNeeded uploads the blob to storage if it doesn't already exist, returns whether it existed
+func (s *Scanner) uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, blobPath string, blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader, startTime time.Time) (bool, error) {
+	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
+
+	// Check if blob already exists (deduplication after restart)
+	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
+		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
+			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
+			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	progressCallback := s.makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx, finishedBlob)
+
+	if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to upload blob", "hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "error", err)
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("uploading blob to storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
+	uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
+
+	fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
+		finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
+		uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
+
+	log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
+		"path", blobPath,
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+		"duration", uploadDuration,
+		"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBps*8, "bps"))
+
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
+		stats := s.progress.GetStats()
+		stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
+		stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// makeUploadProgressCallback creates a progress callback for blob uploads
+func (s *Scanner) makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob) func(int64) error {
 	lastProgressTime := time.Now()
 	lastProgressBytes := int64(0)
 
-	progressCallback := func(uploaded int64) error {
-		// Calculate instantaneous speed
+	return func(uploaded int64) error {
 		now := time.Now()
 		elapsed := now.Sub(lastProgressTime).Seconds()
-		if elapsed > 0.5 { // Update speed every 0.5 seconds
+		if elapsed > 0.5 {
 			bytesSinceLastUpdate := uploaded - lastProgressBytes
 			speed := float64(bytesSinceLastUpdate) / elapsed
-
 			if s.progress != nil {
 				s.progress.ReportUploadProgress(finishedBlob.Hash, uploaded, finishedBlob.Compressed, speed)
 			}
-
 			lastProgressTime = now
 			lastProgressBytes = uploaded
 		}
-
-		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
@@ -972,87 +1118,26 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
-
-	// Create sharded path: blobs/ca/fe/cafebabe...
-	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
-
-	// Check if blob already exists in remote storage (deduplication after restart)
-	blobExists := false
-	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
-		blobExists = true
-		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
-			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash,
-			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
 }
 
-	if !blobExists {
-		if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s to storage: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
-		}
-
-		uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
-
-		// Calculate upload speed
-		uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
-
-		// Print blob stored message
-		fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
-			uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
-
-		// Log upload stats
-		uploadSpeedBits := uploadSpeedBps * 8 // bits per second
-		log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
-			"path", blobPath,
-			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-			"duration", uploadDuration,
-			"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBits, "bps"))
-
-		// Report upload complete
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
-		}
-
-		// Update progress after upload completes
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			stats := s.progress.GetStats()
-			stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
-			stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Store metadata in database (after upload is complete)
-	dbCtx := s.scanCtx
-	if dbCtx == nil {
-		dbCtx = context.Background()
-	}
-
-	// Parse blob ID for typed operations
+// recordBlobMetadata stores blob upload metadata in the database
+func (s *Scanner) recordBlobMetadata(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob, blobExists bool, startTime time.Time) error {
 	finishedBlobID, err := types.ParseBlobID(finishedBlob.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("parsing finished blob ID: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Track upload duration (0 if blob already existed)
 	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
 
-	err = s.repos.WithTx(dbCtx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-		// Update blob upload timestamp
-		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(ctx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
+	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(txCtx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("updating blob upload timestamp: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Add the blob to the snapshot
-		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(ctx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
+		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(txCtx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("adding blob to snapshot: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		// Record upload metrics (only for actual uploads, not deduplicated blobs)
 		if !blobExists {
 			upload := &database.Upload{
 				BlobHash:   finishedBlob.Hash,
@@ -1061,15 +1146,17 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 				Size:       finishedBlob.Compressed,
 				DurationMs: uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
 			}
-			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(ctx, tx, upload); err != nil {
+			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(txCtx, tx, upload); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("recording upload metrics: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		return nil
 	})
+}
 
-	// Cleanup temp file if needed
+// cleanupBlobTempFile closes and removes the blob's temporary file
+func (s *Scanner) cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) {
 	if blobWithReader.TempFile != nil {
 		tempName := blobWithReader.TempFile.Name()
 		if err := blobWithReader.TempFile.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -1079,77 +1166,41 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 			log.Fatal("Failed to remove temp file", "file", tempName, "error", err)
 		}
 	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 }
 
-	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removing pending chunk hashes")
-	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removed pending chunk hashes")
-
-	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
-	// This maintains database consistency after each blob
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: calling flushCompletedPendingFiles")
-	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(dbCtx); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
-	}
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: flushCompletedPendingFiles returned")
-
-	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: complete")
-	return nil
+// streamingChunkInfo tracks chunk metadata collected during streaming
+type streamingChunkInfo struct {
+	fileChunk database.FileChunk
+	offset    int64
+	size      int64
 }
 
 // processFileStreaming processes a file by streaming chunks directly to the packer
 func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) error {
-	// Open the file
 	file, err := s.fs.Open(fileToProcess.Path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
 
-	// We'll collect file chunks for database storage
-	// but process them for packing as we go
-	type chunkInfo struct {
-		fileChunk database.FileChunk
-		offset    int64
-		size      int64
-	}
-	var chunks []chunkInfo
+	var chunks []streamingChunkInfo
 	chunkIndex := 0
 
-	// Process chunks in streaming fashion and get full file hash
 	fileHash, err := s.chunker.ChunkReaderStreaming(file, func(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
-		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
 		default:
 		}
 
-		log.Debug("Processing content-defined chunk from file",
-			"file", fileToProcess.Path,
-			"chunk_index", chunkIndex,
-			"hash", chunk.Hash,
-			"size", chunk.Size)
-
-		// Check if chunk already exists (fast in-memory lookup)
 		chunkExists := s.chunkExists(chunk.Hash)
-
-		// Queue new chunks for batch insert when blob finalizes
-		// This dramatically reduces transaction overhead
 		if !chunkExists {
 			s.packer.AddPendingChunk(chunk.Hash, chunk.Size)
-			// Add to in-memory cache immediately for fast duplicate detection
 			s.addKnownChunk(chunk.Hash)
-			// Track as pending until blob finalizes and commits to DB
 			s.addPendingChunkHash(chunk.Hash)
 		}
 
-		// Track file chunk association for later storage
-		chunks = append(chunks, chunkInfo{
+		chunks = append(chunks, streamingChunkInfo{
 			fileChunk: database.FileChunk{
 				FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,
 				Idx:       chunkIndex,
@@ -1159,55 +1210,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 			size:   chunk.Size,
 		})
 
-		// Update stats
-		if chunkExists {
-			result.FilesSkipped++ // Track as skipped for now
-			result.BytesSkipped += chunk.Size
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunk.Size)
-			}
-		} else {
-			result.ChunksCreated++
-			result.BytesScanned += chunk.Size
-			if s.progress != nil {
-				s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
-				s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunk.Size)
-				s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
-			}
-		}
+		s.updateChunkStats(chunkExists, chunk.Size, result)
 
-		// Add chunk to packer immediately (streaming)
-		// This happens outside the database transaction
 		if !chunkExists {
-			s.packerMu.Lock()
-			err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
-				Hash: chunk.Hash,
-				Data: chunk.Data,
-			})
-			if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
-				// Finalize current blob and retry
-				if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
-					s.packerMu.Unlock()
-					return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
+			if err := s.addChunkToPacker(chunk); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
-				// Retry adding the chunk
-				if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
-					Hash: chunk.Hash,
-					Data: chunk.Data,
-				}); err != nil {
-					s.packerMu.Unlock()
-					return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
-				}
-			} else if err != nil {
-				s.packerMu.Unlock()
-				return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
-			}
-			s.packerMu.Unlock()
 		}
 
-		// Clear chunk data from memory immediately after use
 		chunk.Data = nil
-
 		chunkIndex++
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -1217,12 +1228,54 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 	}
 
 	log.Debug("Completed snapshotting file",
-		"path", fileToProcess.Path,
-		"file_hash", fileHash,
-		"chunks", len(chunks))
+		"path", fileToProcess.Path, "file_hash", fileHash, "chunks", len(chunks))
 
-	// Build file data for batch insertion
-	// Update chunk associations with the file ID
+	s.queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx, fileToProcess, chunks)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// updateChunkStats updates scan result and progress stats for a processed chunk
+func (s *Scanner) updateChunkStats(chunkExists bool, chunkSize int64, result *ScanResult) {
+	if chunkExists {
+		result.FilesSkipped++
+		result.BytesSkipped += chunkSize
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunkSize)
+		}
+	} else {
+		result.ChunksCreated++
+		result.BytesScanned += chunkSize
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
+			s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunkSize)
+			s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// addChunkToPacker adds a chunk to the blob packer, finalizing the current blob if needed
+func (s *Scanner) addChunkToPacker(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
+	s.packerMu.Lock()
+	err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data})
+	if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
+		if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
+			s.packerMu.Unlock()
+			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data}); err != nil {
+			s.packerMu.Unlock()
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		s.packerMu.Unlock()
+		return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
+	}
+	s.packerMu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// queueFileForBatchInsert builds file/chunk associations and queues the file for batch DB insert
+func (s *Scanner) queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, chunks []streamingChunkInfo) {
 	fileChunks := make([]database.FileChunk, len(chunks))
 	chunkFiles := make([]database.ChunkFile, len(chunks))
 	for i, ci := range chunks {
@@ -1239,14 +1292,11 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Queue file for batch insertion
-	// Files will be flushed when their chunks are committed (after blob finalize)
 	s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{
 		file:       fileToProcess.File,
 		fileChunks: fileChunks,
 		chunkFiles: chunkFiles,
 	})
-	return nil
 }
 
 // GetProgress returns the progress reporter for this scanner

internal/snapshot/snapshot.go

@@ -227,12 +227,39 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 		}
 	}()
 
+	// Steps 1-5: Copy, clean, vacuum, compress, and read the database
+	finalData, tempDBPath, err := sm.prepareExportDB(ctx, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
+	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
+	if err := sm.uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx, snapshotID, finalData, blobManifest); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"db_size", len(finalData),
+		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// prepareExportDB copies, cleans, vacuums, and compresses the snapshot database for export.
+// Returns the compressed data and the path to the temporary database (needed for manifest generation).
+func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir string) ([]byte, string, error) {
 	// Step 1: Copy database to temp file
 	// The main database should be closed at this point
 	tempDBPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "snapshot.db")
 	log.Debug("Copying database to temporary location", "source", dbPath, "destination", tempDBPath)
 	if err := sm.copyFile(dbPath, tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database copy complete", "size", sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))
 
@@ -240,7 +267,7 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	log.Debug("Cleaning temporary database", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
 	stats, err := sm.cleanSnapshotDB(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Info("Temporary database cleanup complete",
 		"db_path", tempDBPath,
@@ -255,14 +282,14 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	// Step 3: VACUUM the database to remove deleted data and compact
 	// This is critical for security - ensures no stale/deleted data is uploaded
 	if err := sm.vacuumDatabase(tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database vacuumed", "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))))
 
 	// Step 4: Compress and encrypt the binary database file
 	compressedPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "db.zst.age")
 	if err := sm.compressFile(tempDBPath, compressedPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Compression complete",
 		"original_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))),
@@ -271,49 +298,43 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	// Step 5: Read compressed and encrypted data for upload
 	finalData, err := afero.ReadFile(sm.fs, compressedPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
-	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
+	return finalData, tempDBPath, nil
 }
 
-	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
+// uploadSnapshotArtifacts uploads the database backup and blob manifest to S3
+func (sm *SnapshotManager) uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string, dbData, manifestData []byte) error {
 	// Upload database backup (compressed and encrypted)
 	dbKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
 
 	dbUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(finalData)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(dbData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	dbUploadDuration := time.Since(dbUploadStart)
-	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(finalData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(dbData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot database",
 		"path", dbKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(finalData))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(dbData))),
 		"duration", dbUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(dbUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
 	// Upload blob manifest (compressed only, not encrypted)
 	manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
 	manifestUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(blobManifest)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(manifestData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob manifest: %w", err)
 	}
 	manifestUploadDuration := time.Since(manifestUploadStart)
-	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(blobManifest)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(manifestData)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded blob manifest",
 		"path", manifestKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(blobManifest))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(manifestData))),
 		"duration", manifestUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(manifestUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
-	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"db_size", len(finalData),
-		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/vaultik/info.go

@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ type RemoteInfoResult struct {
 
 // RemoteInfo displays information about remote storage
 func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
+	log.Info("Starting remote storage info gathering")
 	result := &RemoteInfoResult{}
 
-	// Get storage info
 	storageInfo := v.Storage.Info()
 	result.StorageType = storageInfo.Type
 	result.StorageLocation = storageInfo.Location
@@ -161,23 +161,52 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		v.printfStdout("Type:     %s\n", storageInfo.Type)
 		v.printfStdout("Location: %s\n", storageInfo.Location)
 		v.printlnStdout()
-	}
-
-	// List all snapshot metadata
-	if !jsonOutput {
 		v.printfStdout("Scanning snapshot metadata...\n")
 	}
 
+	snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, err := v.collectSnapshotMetadata()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !jsonOutput {
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+	}
+
+	referencedBlobs := v.collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs, snapshotMetadata)
+
+	v.populateRemoteInfoResult(result, snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, referencedBlobs)
+
+	if err := v.scanRemoteBlobStorage(result, referencedBlobs, jsonOutput); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Remote info complete",
+		"snapshots", result.TotalMetadataCount,
+		"total_blobs", result.TotalBlobCount,
+		"referenced_blobs", result.ReferencedBlobCount,
+		"orphaned_blobs", result.OrphanedBlobCount)
+
+	if jsonOutput {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(result)
+	}
+
+	v.printRemoteInfoTable(result)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// collectSnapshotMetadata scans remote metadata and returns per-snapshot info and sorted IDs
+func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotMetadata() (map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, []string, error) {
 	snapshotMetadata := make(map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo)
 
-	// Collect metadata files
 	metadataCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 	for obj := range metadataCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
 
-		// Parse key: metadata/<snapshot-id>/<filename>
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 3 {
 			continue
@@ -185,14 +214,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		snapshotID := parts[1]
 
 		if _, exists := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]; !exists {
-			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{
-				SnapshotID: snapshotID,
-			}
+			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{SnapshotID: snapshotID}
 		}
 
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		filename := parts[2]
-
 		if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "manifest") {
 			info.ManifestSize = obj.Size
 		} else if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "db") {
@@ -201,19 +227,18 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		info.TotalSize = info.ManifestSize + info.DatabaseSize
 	}
 
-	// Sort snapshots by ID for consistent output
 	var snapshotIDs []string
 	for id := range snapshotMetadata {
 		snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, id)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(snapshotIDs)
 
-	// Download and parse all manifests to get referenced blobs
-	if !jsonOutput {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+	return snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, nil
 }
 
-	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> compressed size
+// collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests downloads manifests and returns referenced blob hashes with sizes
+func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs []string, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo) map[string]int64 {
+	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
 
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
@@ -230,10 +255,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// Record blob info from manifest
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		info.BlobCount = manifest.BlobCount
-
 		var blobsSize int64
 		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 			referencedBlobs[blob.Hash] = blob.CompressedSize
@@ -242,7 +265,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		info.BlobsSize = blobsSize
 	}
 
-	// Build result snapshots
+	return referencedBlobs
+}
+
+// populateRemoteInfoResult fills in the result's snapshot and referenced blob stats
+func (v *Vaultik) populateRemoteInfoResult(result *RemoteInfoResult, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, snapshotIDs []string, referencedBlobs map[string]int64) {
 	var totalMetadataSize int64
 	for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
 		info := snapshotMetadata[id]
@@ -252,26 +279,25 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 	result.TotalMetadataSize = totalMetadataSize
 	result.TotalMetadataCount = len(snapshotIDs)
 
-	// Calculate referenced blob stats
 	for _, size := range referencedBlobs {
 		result.ReferencedBlobCount++
 		result.ReferencedBlobSize += size
 	}
+}
 
-	// List all blobs on remote
+// scanRemoteBlobStorage lists all blobs on remote and computes orphan stats
+func (v *Vaultik) scanRemoteBlobStorage(result *RemoteInfoResult, referencedBlobs map[string]int64, jsonOutput bool) error {
 	if !jsonOutput {
 		v.printfStdout("Scanning blobs...\n")
 	}
 
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size from storage
-
 	blobCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+
 	for obj := range blobCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
-
-		// Extract hash from key: blobs/xx/yy/hash
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 4 {
 			continue
@@ -282,7 +308,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		result.TotalBlobSize += obj.Size
 	}
 
-	// Calculate orphaned blobs
 	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
 		if _, referenced := referencedBlobs[hash]; !referenced {
 			result.OrphanedBlobCount++
@@ -290,14 +315,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Output results
-	if jsonOutput {
-		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
-		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
-		return enc.Encode(result)
+	return nil
 }
 
-	// Human-readable output
+// printRemoteInfoTable renders the human-readable remote info output
+func (v *Vaultik) printRemoteInfoTable(result *RemoteInfoResult) {
 	v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot Metadata ===\n")
 	if len(result.Snapshots) == 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("No snapshots found\n")
@@ -320,20 +342,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
 
 	v.printfStdout("\n=== Blob Storage ===\n")
 	v.printfStdout("Total blobs on remote:      %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
 	v.printfStdout("Referenced by snapshots:    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
 	v.printfStdout("Orphaned (unreferenced):    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
 
 	if result.OrphanedBlobCount > 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("\nRun 'vaultik prune --remote' to remove orphaned blobs.\n")
 	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // truncateString truncates a string to maxLen, adding "..." if truncated

internal/vaultik/prune.go

@@ -27,95 +27,19 @@ type PruneBlobsResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 	log.Info("Starting prune operation")
 
-	// Get all remote snapshots and their manifests
-	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
-	manifestCount := 0
-
-	// List all snapshots in storage
-	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
-	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
-
-	var snapshotIDs []string
-	for object := range objectCh {
-		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
-		}
-
-		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
-		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
-		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
-			// Check if this is a directory by looking for trailing slash
-			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
-				snapshotID := parts[1]
-				// Only add unique snapshot IDs
-				found := false
-				for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
-					if id == snapshotID {
-						found = true
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if !found {
-					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
-
-	// Download and parse each manifest to get referenced blobs
-	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
-		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
-
-		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
+	allBlobsReferenced, err := v.collectReferencedBlobs()
 	if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-			continue
+		return err
 	}
 
-		// Add all blobs from this manifest to our referenced set
-		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
-			allBlobsReferenced[blob.Hash] = true
-		}
-		manifestCount++
+	allBlobs, err := v.listAllRemoteBlobs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))
+	unreferencedBlobs, totalSize := v.findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs, allBlobsReferenced)
 
-	// List all blobs in storage
-	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size
-	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
-
-	for object := range blobObjectCh {
-		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
-		}
-
-		// Extract hash from path like blobs/ab/cd/abcdef123456...
-		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
-		if len(parts) == 4 && parts[0] == "blobs" {
-			hash := parts[3]
-			allBlobs[hash] = object.Size
-		}
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Found blobs in storage", "count", len(allBlobs))
-
-	// Find unreferenced blobs
-	var unreferencedBlobs []string
-	var totalSize int64
-	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
-		if !allBlobsReferenced[hash] {
-			unreferencedBlobs = append(unreferencedBlobs, hash)
-			totalSize += size
-		}
-	}
-
-	result := &PruneBlobsResult{
-		BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs),
-	}
+	result := &PruneBlobsResult{BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs)}
 
 	if len(unreferencedBlobs) == 0 {
 		log.Info("No unreferenced blobs found")
@@ -126,18 +50,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Show what will be deleted
 	log.Info("Found unreferenced blobs", "count", len(unreferencedBlobs), "total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
 	if !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("Found %d unreferenced blob(s) totaling %s\n", len(unreferencedBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
 	}
 
-	// Confirm unless --force is used (skip in JSON mode - require --force)
 	if !opts.Force && !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("\nDelete %d unreferenced blob(s)? [y/N] ", len(unreferencedBlobs))
 		var confirm string
 		if _, err := v.scanStdin(&confirm); err != nil {
-			// Treat EOF or error as "no"
 			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -147,10 +68,109 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Delete unreferenced blobs
+	v.deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs, allBlobs, result)
+
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
+	}
+
+	v.printfStdout("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", result.BlobsDeleted, humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)))
+	if result.BlobsFailed > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", result.BlobsFailed)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// collectReferencedBlobs downloads all manifests and returns the set of referenced blob hashes
+func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobs() (map[string]bool, error) {
+	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
+	snapshotIDs, err := v.listUniqueSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing snapshot IDs: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
+
+	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
+	manifestCount := 0
+
+	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
+		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
+		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
+			allBlobsReferenced[blob.Hash] = true
+		}
+		manifestCount++
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))
+	return allBlobsReferenced, nil
+}
+
+// listUniqueSnapshotIDs returns deduplicated snapshot IDs from remote metadata
+func (v *Vaultik) listUniqueSnapshotIDs() ([]string, error) {
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	var snapshotIDs []string
+
+	for object := range objectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata objects: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
+				snapshotID := parts[1]
+				if !seen[snapshotID] {
+					seen[snapshotID] = true
+					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return snapshotIDs, nil
+}
+
+// listAllRemoteBlobs returns a map of all blob hashes to their sizes in remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listAllRemoteBlobs() (map[string]int64, error) {
+	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
+
+	for object := range blobObjectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) == 4 && parts[0] == "blobs" {
+			allBlobs[parts[3]] = object.Size
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Found blobs in storage", "count", len(allBlobs))
+	return allBlobs, nil
+}
+
+// findUnreferencedBlobs returns blob hashes not referenced by any manifest and their total size
+func (v *Vaultik) findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs map[string]int64, referenced map[string]bool) ([]string, int64) {
+	var unreferenced []string
+	var totalSize int64
+	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
+		if !referenced[hash] {
+			unreferenced = append(unreferenced, hash)
+			totalSize += size
+		}
+	}
+	return unreferenced, totalSize
+}
+
+// deleteUnreferencedBlobs deletes the given blobs from storage and populates the result
+func (v *Vaultik) deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs []string, allBlobs map[string]int64, result *PruneBlobsResult) {
 	log.Info("Deleting unreferenced blobs")
-	deletedCount := 0
-	deletedSize := int64(0)
 
 	for i, hash := range unreferencedBlobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", hash[:2], hash[2:4], hash)
@@ -160,10 +180,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		deletedCount++
-		deletedSize += allBlobs[hash]
+		result.BlobsDeleted++
+		result.BytesFreed += allBlobs[hash]
 
-		// Progress update every 100 blobs
 		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i == len(unreferencedBlobs)-1 {
 			log.Info("Deletion progress",
 				"deleted", i+1,
@@ -173,26 +192,13 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	result.BlobsDeleted = deletedCount
-	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - deletedCount
-	result.BytesFreed = deletedSize
+	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - result.BlobsDeleted
 
 	log.Info("Prune complete",
-		"deleted_count", deletedCount,
-		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)),
-		"failed", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount,
+		"deleted_count", result.BlobsDeleted,
+		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)),
+		"failed", result.BlobsFailed,
 	)
-
-	if opts.JSON {
-		return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
-	}
-
-	v.printfStdout("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", deletedCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)))
-	if deletedCount < len(unreferencedBlobs) {
-		v.printfStdout("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount)
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // outputPruneBlobsJSON outputs the prune result as JSON

internal/vaultik/restore.go

@@ -55,15 +55,9 @@ type RestoreResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	startTime := time.Now()
 
-	// Check for age_secret_key
-	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
-	}
-
-	// Parse the age identity
-	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	identity, err := v.prepareRestoreIdentity()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	log.Info("Starting restore operation",
@@ -115,10 +109,73 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Step 5: Restore files
+	result, err := v.restoreAllFiles(files, repos, opts, identity, chunkToBlobMap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	result.Duration = time.Since(startTime)
+
+	log.Info("Restore complete",
+		"files_restored", result.FilesRestored,
+		"bytes_restored", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
+		"blobs_downloaded", result.BlobsDownloaded,
+		"bytes_downloaded", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDownloaded)),
+		"duration", result.Duration,
+	)
+
+	v.printfStdout("Restored %d files (%s) in %s\n",
+		result.FilesRestored,
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
+		result.Duration.Round(time.Second),
+	)
+
+	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nWARNING: %d file(s) failed to restore:\n", result.FilesFailed)
+		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  - %s\n", path)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Run verification if requested
+	if opts.Verify {
+		if err := v.handleRestoreVerification(repos, files, opts, result); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d file(s) failed to restore", result.FilesFailed)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// prepareRestoreIdentity validates that an age secret key is configured and parses it
+func (v *Vaultik) prepareRestoreIdentity() (age.Identity, error) {
+	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
+	}
+
+	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
+	}
+	return identity, nil
+}
+
+// restoreAllFiles iterates over files and restores each one, tracking progress and failures
+func (v *Vaultik) restoreAllFiles(
+	files []*database.File,
+	repos *database.Repositories,
+	opts *RestoreOptions,
+	identity age.Identity,
+	chunkToBlobMap map[string]*database.BlobChunk,
+) (*RestoreResult, error) {
 	result := &RestoreResult{}
 	blobCache, err := newBlobDiskCache(4 * v.Config.BlobSizeLimit.Int64())
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = blobCache.Close() }()
 
@@ -133,7 +190,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 
 	for i, file := range files {
 		if v.ctx.Err() != nil {
-			return v.ctx.Err()
+			return nil, v.ctx.Err()
 		}
 
 		if err := v.restoreFile(v.ctx, repos, file, opts.TargetDir, identity, chunkToBlobMap, blobCache, result); err != nil {
@@ -165,31 +222,16 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 		_ = bar.Finish()
 	}
 
-	result.Duration = time.Since(startTime)
-
-	log.Info("Restore complete",
-		"files_restored", result.FilesRestored,
-		"bytes_restored", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
-		"blobs_downloaded", result.BlobsDownloaded,
-		"bytes_downloaded", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDownloaded)),
-		"duration", result.Duration,
-	)
-
-	v.printfStdout("Restored %d files (%s) in %s\n",
-		result.FilesRestored,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
-		result.Duration.Round(time.Second),
-	)
-
-	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nWARNING: %d file(s) failed to restore:\n", result.FilesFailed)
-		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  - %s\n", path)
-		}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
-	// Run verification if requested
-	if opts.Verify {
+// handleRestoreVerification runs post-restore verification if requested
+func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreVerification(
+	repos *database.Repositories,
+	files []*database.File,
+	opts *RestoreOptions,
+	result *RestoreResult,
+) error {
 	if err := v.verifyRestoredFiles(v.ctx, repos, files, opts.TargetDir, result); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("verification failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -206,12 +248,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 		result.FilesVerified,
 		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesVerified)),
 	)
-	}
-
-	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d file(s) failed to restore", result.FilesFailed)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -411,11 +447,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreDirectory(file *database.File, targetPath string, resul
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Set mtime (atime is set to mtime as a reasonable default).
-	// Note: ctime cannot be restored. On Linux, ctime (inode change time) is
-	// managed by the kernel and cannot be set by userspace. On macOS, birth
-	// time cannot be set via standard POSIX APIs. The ctime value is preserved
-	// in the snapshot database for informational purposes.
+	// Set mtime
 	if err := v.Fs.Chtimes(targetPath, file.MTime, file.MTime); err != nil {
 		log.Debug("Failed to set directory mtime", "path", targetPath, "error", err)
 	}
@@ -512,11 +544,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreRegularFile(
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Set mtime (atime is set to mtime as a reasonable default).
-	// Note: ctime cannot be restored. On Linux, ctime (inode change time) is
-	// managed by the kernel and cannot be set by userspace. On macOS, birth
-	// time cannot be set via standard POSIX APIs. The ctime value is preserved
-	// in the snapshot database for informational purposes.
+	// Set mtime
 	if err := v.Fs.Chtimes(targetPath, file.MTime, file.MTime); err != nil {
 		log.Debug("Failed to set file mtime", "path", targetPath, "error", err)
 	}

internal/vaultik/snapshot.go

@@ -111,40 +111,34 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// snapshotStats tracks aggregate statistics across directory scans
+type snapshotStats struct {
+	totalFiles         int
+	totalBytes         int64
+	totalChunks        int
+	totalBlobs         int
+	totalBytesSkipped  int64
+	totalFilesSkipped  int
+	totalFilesDeleted  int
+	totalBytesDeleted  int64
+	totalBytesUploaded int64
+	totalBlobsUploaded int
+	uploadDuration     time.Duration
+}
+
 // createNamedSnapshot creates a single named snapshot
 func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, snapName string, idx, total int) error {
 	snapshotStartTime := time.Now()
 
-	snapConfig := v.Config.Snapshots[snapName]
-
 	if total > 1 {
 		v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot %d/%d: %s ===\n", idx, total, snapName)
 	}
 
-	// Resolve source directories to absolute paths
-	resolvedDirs := make([]string, 0, len(snapConfig.Paths))
-	for _, dir := range snapConfig.Paths {
-		absPath, err := filepath.Abs(dir)
+	resolvedDirs, err := v.resolveSnapshotPaths(snapName)
 	if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve absolute path for %s: %w", dir, err)
+		return err
 	}
 
-		// Resolve symlinks
-		resolvedPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(absPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			// If the path doesn't exist yet, use the absolute path
-			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-				resolvedPath = absPath
-			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve symlinks for %s: %w", absPath, err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		resolvedDirs = append(resolvedDirs, resolvedPath)
-	}
-
-	// Create scanner with progress enabled (unless in cron mode)
-	// Pass the combined excludes for this snapshot
 	scanner := v.ScannerFactory(snapshot.ScannerParams{
 		EnableProgress: !opts.Cron,
 		Fs:             v.Fs,
@@ -152,20 +146,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		SkipErrors:     opts.SkipErrors,
 	})
 
-	// Statistics tracking
-	totalFiles := 0
-	totalBytes := int64(0)
-	totalChunks := 0
-	totalBlobs := 0
-	totalBytesSkipped := int64(0)
-	totalFilesSkipped := 0
-	totalFilesDeleted := 0
-	totalBytesDeleted := int64(0)
-	totalBytesUploaded := int64(0)
-	totalBlobsUploaded := 0
-	uploadDuration := time.Duration(0)
-
-	// Create a new snapshot at the beginning (with snapshot name in ID)
 	snapshotID, err := v.SnapshotManager.CreateSnapshotWithName(v.ctx, hostname, snapName, v.Globals.Version, v.Globals.Commit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("creating snapshot: %w", err)
@@ -173,12 +153,64 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 	log.Info("Beginning snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "name", snapName)
 	v.printfStdout("Beginning snapshot: %s\n", snapshotID)
 
+	stats, err := v.scanAllDirectories(scanner, resolvedDirs, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	v.collectUploadStats(scanner, stats)
+
+	if err := v.finalizeSnapshotMetadata(snapshotID, stats); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Snapshot complete",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"name", snapName,
+		"files", stats.totalFiles,
+		"blobs_uploaded", stats.totalBlobsUploaded,
+		"bytes_uploaded", stats.totalBytesUploaded,
+		"duration", time.Since(snapshotStartTime))
+
+	v.printSnapshotSummary(snapshotID, snapshotStartTime, stats)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveSnapshotPaths resolves source directories to absolute paths with symlink resolution
+func (v *Vaultik) resolveSnapshotPaths(snapName string) ([]string, error) {
+	snapConfig := v.Config.Snapshots[snapName]
+	resolvedDirs := make([]string, 0, len(snapConfig.Paths))
+
+	for _, dir := range snapConfig.Paths {
+		absPath, err := filepath.Abs(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve absolute path for %s: %w", dir, err)
+		}
+
+		resolvedPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(absPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				resolvedPath = absPath
+			} else {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve symlinks for %s: %w", absPath, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		resolvedDirs = append(resolvedDirs, resolvedPath)
+	}
+
+	return resolvedDirs, nil
+}
+
+// scanAllDirectories runs the scanner on each resolved directory and accumulates stats
+func (v *Vaultik) scanAllDirectories(scanner *snapshot.Scanner, resolvedDirs []string, snapshotID string) (*snapshotStats, error) {
+	stats := &snapshotStats{}
+
 	for i, dir := range resolvedDirs {
-		// Check if context is cancelled
 		select {
 		case <-v.ctx.Done():
 			log.Info("Snapshot creation cancelled")
-			return v.ctx.Err()
+			return nil, v.ctx.Err()
 		default:
 		}
 
@@ -186,17 +218,17 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		v.printfStdout("Beginning directory scan (%d/%d): %s\n", i+1, len(resolvedDirs), dir)
 		result, err := scanner.Scan(v.ctx, dir, snapshotID)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan %s: %w", dir, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan %s: %w", dir, err)
 		}
 
-		totalFiles += result.FilesScanned
-		totalBytes += result.BytesScanned
-		totalChunks += result.ChunksCreated
-		totalBlobs += result.BlobsCreated
-		totalFilesSkipped += result.FilesSkipped
-		totalBytesSkipped += result.BytesSkipped
-		totalFilesDeleted += result.FilesDeleted
-		totalBytesDeleted += result.BytesDeleted
+		stats.totalFiles += result.FilesScanned
+		stats.totalBytes += result.BytesScanned
+		stats.totalChunks += result.ChunksCreated
+		stats.totalBlobs += result.BlobsCreated
+		stats.totalFilesSkipped += result.FilesSkipped
+		stats.totalBytesSkipped += result.BytesSkipped
+		stats.totalFilesDeleted += result.FilesDeleted
+		stats.totalBytesDeleted += result.BytesDeleted
 
 		log.Info("Directory scan complete",
 			"path", dir,
@@ -207,85 +239,79 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 			"chunks", result.ChunksCreated,
 			"blobs", result.BlobsCreated,
 			"duration", result.EndTime.Sub(result.StartTime))
-
-		// Remove per-directory summary - the scanner already prints its own summary
 	}
 
-	// Get upload statistics from scanner progress if available
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+// collectUploadStats gathers upload statistics from the scanner's progress reporter
+func (v *Vaultik) collectUploadStats(scanner *snapshot.Scanner, stats *snapshotStats) {
 	if s := scanner.GetProgress(); s != nil {
-		stats := s.GetStats()
-		totalBytesUploaded = stats.BytesUploaded.Load()
-		totalBlobsUploaded = int(stats.BlobsUploaded.Load())
-		uploadDuration = time.Duration(stats.UploadDurationMs.Load()) * time.Millisecond
+		progressStats := s.GetStats()
+		stats.totalBytesUploaded = progressStats.BytesUploaded.Load()
+		stats.totalBlobsUploaded = int(progressStats.BlobsUploaded.Load())
+		stats.uploadDuration = time.Duration(progressStats.UploadDurationMs.Load()) * time.Millisecond
+	}
 }
 
-	// Update snapshot statistics with extended fields
+// finalizeSnapshotMetadata updates stats, marks complete, and exports metadata
+func (v *Vaultik) finalizeSnapshotMetadata(snapshotID string, stats *snapshotStats) error {
 	extStats := snapshot.ExtendedBackupStats{
 		BackupStats: snapshot.BackupStats{
-			FilesScanned:  totalFiles,
-			BytesScanned:  totalBytes,
-			ChunksCreated: totalChunks,
-			BlobsCreated:  totalBlobs,
-			BytesUploaded: totalBytesUploaded,
+			FilesScanned:  stats.totalFiles,
+			BytesScanned:  stats.totalBytes,
+			ChunksCreated: stats.totalChunks,
+			BlobsCreated:  stats.totalBlobs,
+			BytesUploaded: stats.totalBytesUploaded,
 		},
-		BlobUncompressedSize: 0, // Will be set from database query below
+		BlobUncompressedSize: 0,
 		CompressionLevel:     v.Config.CompressionLevel,
-		UploadDurationMs:     uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
+		UploadDurationMs:     stats.uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
 	}
 
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.UpdateSnapshotStatsExtended(v.ctx, snapshotID, extStats); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("updating snapshot stats: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Mark snapshot as complete
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.CompleteSnapshot(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("completing snapshot: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Export snapshot metadata
-	// Export snapshot metadata without closing the database
-	// The export function should handle its own database connection
 	if err := v.SnapshotManager.ExportSnapshotMetadata(v.ctx, v.Config.IndexPath, snapshotID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("exporting snapshot metadata: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Calculate final statistics
-	snapshotDuration := time.Since(snapshotStartTime)
-	totalFilesChanged := totalFiles - totalFilesSkipped
-	totalBytesChanged := totalBytes
-	totalBytesAll := totalBytes + totalBytesSkipped
+	return nil
+}
 
-	// Calculate upload speed
-	var avgUploadSpeed string
-	if totalBytesUploaded > 0 && uploadDuration > 0 {
-		bytesPerSec := float64(totalBytesUploaded) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
+// formatUploadSpeed formats bytes uploaded and duration into a human-readable speed string
+func formatUploadSpeed(bytesUploaded int64, duration time.Duration) string {
+	if bytesUploaded <= 0 || duration <= 0 {
+		return "N/A"
+	}
+	bytesPerSec := float64(bytesUploaded) / duration.Seconds()
 	bitsPerSec := bytesPerSec * 8
-		if bitsPerSec >= 1e9 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.1f Gbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e9)
-		} else if bitsPerSec >= 1e6 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Mbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e6)
-		} else if bitsPerSec >= 1e3 {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Kbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e3)
-		} else {
-			avgUploadSpeed = fmt.Sprintf("%.0f bit/s", bitsPerSec)
+	switch {
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e9:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f Gbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e9)
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e6:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Mbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e6)
+	case bitsPerSec >= 1e3:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f Kbit/s", bitsPerSec/1e3)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0f bit/s", bitsPerSec)
 	}
-	} else {
-		avgUploadSpeed = "N/A"
 }
 
+// printSnapshotSummary prints the comprehensive snapshot completion summary
+func (v *Vaultik) printSnapshotSummary(snapshotID string, startTime time.Time, stats *snapshotStats) {
+	snapshotDuration := time.Since(startTime)
+	totalFilesChanged := stats.totalFiles - stats.totalFilesSkipped
+	totalBytesAll := stats.totalBytes + stats.totalBytesSkipped
+
 	// Get total blob sizes from database
-	totalBlobSizeCompressed := int64(0)
-	totalBlobSizeUncompressed := int64(0)
-	if blobHashes, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetBlobHashes(v.ctx, snapshotID); err == nil {
-		for _, hash := range blobHashes {
-			if blob, err := v.Repositories.Blobs.GetByHash(v.ctx, hash); err == nil && blob != nil {
-				totalBlobSizeCompressed += blob.CompressedSize
-				totalBlobSizeUncompressed += blob.UncompressedSize
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	totalBlobSizeCompressed, totalBlobSizeUncompressed := v.getSnapshotBlobSizes(snapshotID)
 
-	// Calculate compression ratio
 	var compressionRatio float64
 	if totalBlobSizeUncompressed > 0 {
 		compressionRatio = float64(totalBlobSizeCompressed) / float64(totalBlobSizeUncompressed)
@@ -293,55 +319,96 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		compressionRatio = 1.0
 	}
 
-	// Print comprehensive summary
 	v.printfStdout("=== Snapshot Complete ===\n")
 	v.printfStdout("ID: %s\n", snapshotID)
 	v.printfStdout("Files: %s examined, %s to process, %s unchanged",
-		formatNumber(totalFiles),
+		formatNumber(stats.totalFiles),
 		formatNumber(totalFilesChanged),
-		formatNumber(totalFilesSkipped))
-	if totalFilesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", formatNumber(totalFilesDeleted))
+		formatNumber(stats.totalFilesSkipped))
+	if stats.totalFilesDeleted > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", formatNumber(stats.totalFilesDeleted))
 	}
 	v.printlnStdout()
 	v.printfStdout("Data: %s total (%s to process)",
 		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesAll)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesChanged)))
-	if totalBytesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesDeleted)))
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytes)))
+	if stats.totalBytesDeleted > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesDeleted)))
 	}
 	v.printlnStdout()
-	if totalBlobsUploaded > 0 {
+	if stats.totalBlobsUploaded > 0 {
 		v.printfStdout("Storage: %s compressed from %s (%.2fx)\n",
 			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeCompressed)),
 			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeUncompressed)),
 			compressionRatio)
 		v.printfStdout("Upload: %d blobs, %s in %s (%s)\n",
-			totalBlobsUploaded,
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesUploaded)),
-			formatDuration(uploadDuration),
-			avgUploadSpeed)
+			stats.totalBlobsUploaded,
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesUploaded)),
+			formatDuration(stats.uploadDuration),
+			formatUploadSpeed(stats.totalBytesUploaded, stats.uploadDuration))
 	}
 	v.printfStdout("Duration: %s\n", formatDuration(snapshotDuration))
+}
 
-	return nil
+// getSnapshotBlobSizes returns total compressed and uncompressed blob sizes for a snapshot
+func (v *Vaultik) getSnapshotBlobSizes(snapshotID string) (compressed int64, uncompressed int64) {
+	blobHashes, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetBlobHashes(v.ctx, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	for _, hash := range blobHashes {
+		if blob, err := v.Repositories.Blobs.GetByHash(v.ctx, hash); err == nil && blob != nil {
+			compressed += blob.CompressedSize
+			uncompressed += blob.UncompressedSize
+		}
+	}
+	return compressed, uncompressed
 }
 
 // ListSnapshots lists all snapshots
 func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
-	// Get all remote snapshots
+	log.Info("Listing snapshots")
+	remoteSnapshots, err := v.listRemoteSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	localSnapshotMap, err := v.reconcileLocalWithRemote(remoteSnapshots)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	snapshots, err := v.buildSnapshotInfoList(remoteSnapshots, localSnapshotMap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Sort by timestamp (newest first)
+	sort.Slice(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
+	})
+
+	if jsonOutput {
+		encoder := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return encoder.Encode(snapshots)
+	}
+
+	return v.printSnapshotTable(snapshots)
+}
+
+// listRemoteSnapshotIDs returns a set of snapshot IDs found in remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listRemoteSnapshotIDs() (map[string]bool, error) {
 	remoteSnapshots := make(map[string]bool)
 	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 
 	for object := range objectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
 		}
 
-		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
 		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
-			// Skip macOS resource fork files (._*) and other hidden files
 			if strings.HasPrefix(parts[1], ".") {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -349,56 +416,46 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Get all local snapshots
-	localSnapshots, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.ListRecent(v.ctx, 10000)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listing local snapshots: %w", err)
+	return remoteSnapshots, nil
+}
+
+// reconcileLocalWithRemote removes local snapshots not in remote and returns the surviving local map
+func (v *Vaultik) reconcileLocalWithRemote(remoteSnapshots map[string]bool) (map[string]*database.Snapshot, error) {
+	localSnapshots, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.ListRecent(v.ctx, 10000)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing local snapshots: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Build a map of local snapshots for quick lookup
 	localSnapshotMap := make(map[string]*database.Snapshot)
 	for _, s := range localSnapshots {
 		localSnapshotMap[s.ID.String()] = s
 	}
 
-	// Remove local snapshots that don't exist remotely
-	for _, snapshot := range localSnapshots {
-		snapshotIDStr := snapshot.ID.String()
+	for _, snap := range localSnapshots {
+		snapshotIDStr := snap.ID.String()
 		if !remoteSnapshots[snapshotIDStr] {
-			log.Info("Removing local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
-
-			// Delete related records first to avoid foreign key constraints
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
-			}
-
-			// Now delete the snapshot itself
-			if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to delete local snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
+			log.Info("Removing local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snap.ID)
+			if err := v.deleteSnapshotFromLocalDB(snapshotIDStr); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to delete local snapshot", "snapshot_id", snap.ID, "error", err)
 			} else {
-				log.Info("Deleted local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
+				log.Info("Deleted local snapshot not found in remote", "snapshot_id", snap.ID)
 				delete(localSnapshotMap, snapshotIDStr)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Build final snapshot list
+	return localSnapshotMap, nil
+}
+
+// buildSnapshotInfoList constructs SnapshotInfo entries from remote IDs and local data
+func (v *Vaultik) buildSnapshotInfoList(remoteSnapshots map[string]bool, localSnapshotMap map[string]*database.Snapshot) ([]SnapshotInfo, error) {
 	snapshots := make([]SnapshotInfo, 0, len(remoteSnapshots))
 
 	for snapshotID := range remoteSnapshots {
-		// Check if we have this snapshot locally
 		if localSnap, exists := localSnapshotMap[snapshotID]; exists && localSnap.CompletedAt != nil {
-			// Get total compressed size of all blobs referenced by this snapshot
 			totalSize, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetSnapshotTotalCompressedSize(v.ctx, snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to get total compressed size", "id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-				// Fall back to stored blob size
 				totalSize = localSnap.BlobSize
 			}
 
@@ -408,17 +465,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 				CompressedSize: totalSize,
 			})
 		} else {
-			// Remote snapshot not in local DB - fetch manifest to get size
 			timestamp, err := parseSnapshotTimestamp(snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to parse snapshot timestamp", "id", snapshotID, "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			// Try to download manifest to get size
 			totalSize, err := v.getManifestSize(snapshotID)
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to get manifest size for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get manifest size for %s: %w", snapshotID, err)
 			}
 
 			snapshots = append(snapshots, SnapshotInfo{
@@ -429,22 +484,13 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Sort by timestamp (newest first)
-	sort.Slice(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
-	})
-
-	if jsonOutput {
-		// JSON output
-		encoder := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
-		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
-		return encoder.Encode(snapshots)
+	return snapshots, nil
 }
 
-	// Table output
+// printSnapshotTable renders the snapshot list as a formatted table
+func (v *Vaultik) printSnapshotTable(snapshots []SnapshotInfo) error {
 	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(v.Stdout, 0, 0, 3, ' ', 0)
 
-	// Show configured snapshots from config file
 	if _, err := fmt.Fprintln(w, "CONFIGURED SNAPSHOTS:"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -465,7 +511,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Show remote snapshots
 	if _, err := fmt.Fprintln(w, "REMOTE SNAPSHOTS:"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -518,26 +563,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PurgeSnapshots(keepLatest bool, olderThan string, force bool)
 		return snapshots[i].Timestamp.After(snapshots[j].Timestamp)
 	})
 
-	var toDelete []SnapshotInfo
-
-	if keepLatest {
-		// Keep only the most recent snapshot
-		if len(snapshots) > 1 {
-			toDelete = snapshots[1:]
-		}
-	} else if olderThan != "" {
-		// Parse duration
-		duration, err := parseDuration(olderThan)
+	toDelete, err := v.collectSnapshotsToPurge(snapshots, keepLatest, olderThan)
 	if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		cutoff := time.Now().UTC().Add(-duration)
-		for _, snap := range snapshots {
-			if snap.Timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
-				toDelete = append(toDelete, snap)
-			}
-		}
+		return err
 	}
 
 	if len(toDelete) == 0 {
@@ -545,6 +573,41 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PurgeSnapshots(keepLatest bool, olderThan string, force bool)
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	return v.confirmAndExecutePurge(toDelete, force)
+}
+
+// collectSnapshotsToPurge determines which snapshots to delete based on retention criteria
+func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotsToPurge(snapshots []SnapshotInfo, keepLatest bool, olderThan string) ([]SnapshotInfo, error) {
+	if keepLatest {
+		// Keep only the most recent snapshot
+		if len(snapshots) > 1 {
+			return snapshots[1:], nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if olderThan != "" {
+		// Parse duration
+		duration, err := parseDuration(olderThan)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid duration: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		cutoff := time.Now().UTC().Add(-duration)
+		var toDelete []SnapshotInfo
+		for _, snap := range snapshots {
+			if snap.Timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
+				toDelete = append(toDelete, snap)
+			}
+		}
+		return toDelete, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// confirmAndExecutePurge shows deletion candidates, confirms with user, and deletes snapshots
+func (v *Vaultik) confirmAndExecutePurge(toDelete []SnapshotInfo, force bool) error {
 	// Show what will be deleted
 	v.printfStdout("The following snapshots will be deleted:\n\n")
 	for _, snap := range toDelete {
@@ -610,29 +673,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 		result.Mode = "deep"
 	}
 
-	// Parse snapshot ID to extract timestamp
-	parts := strings.Split(snapshotID, "-")
-	var snapshotTime time.Time
-	if len(parts) >= 3 {
-		// Format: hostname-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSSZ
-		dateStr := parts[len(parts)-2]
-		timeStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
-		if len(dateStr) == 8 && len(timeStr) == 7 && strings.HasSuffix(timeStr, "Z") {
-			timeStr = timeStr[:6] // Remove Z
-			timestamp, err := time.Parse("20060102150405", dateStr+timeStr)
-			if err == nil {
-				snapshotTime = timestamp
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Verifying snapshot %s\n", snapshotID)
-		if !snapshotTime.IsZero() {
-			v.printfStdout("Snapshot time: %s\n", snapshotTime.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST"))
-		}
-		v.printlnStdout()
-	}
+	v.printVerifyHeader(snapshotID, opts)
 
 	// Download and parse manifest
 	manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
@@ -663,10 +704,40 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence...\n")
 	}
 
-	missing := 0
-	verified := 0
-	missingSize := int64(0)
+	result.Verified, result.Missing, result.MissingSize = v.verifyManifestBlobsExist(manifest, opts)
 
+	return v.formatVerifyResult(result, manifest, opts)
+}
+
+// printVerifyHeader prints the snapshot ID and parsed timestamp for verification output
+func (v *Vaultik) printVerifyHeader(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) {
+	// Parse snapshot ID to extract timestamp
+	parts := strings.Split(snapshotID, "-")
+	var snapshotTime time.Time
+	if len(parts) >= 3 {
+		// Format: hostname-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSSZ
+		dateStr := parts[len(parts)-2]
+		timeStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
+		if len(dateStr) == 8 && len(timeStr) == 7 && strings.HasSuffix(timeStr, "Z") {
+			timeStr = timeStr[:6] // Remove Z
+			timestamp, err := time.Parse("20060102150405", dateStr+timeStr)
+			if err == nil {
+				snapshotTime = timestamp
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Verifying snapshot %s\n", snapshotID)
+		if !snapshotTime.IsZero() {
+			v.printfStdout("Snapshot time: %s\n", snapshotTime.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST"))
+		}
+		v.printlnStdout()
+	}
+}
+
+// verifyManifestBlobsExist checks that each blob in the manifest exists in storage
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyManifestBlobsExist(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, opts *VerifyOptions) (verified, missing int, missingSize int64) {
 	for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blob.Hash[:2], blob.Hash[2:4], blob.Hash)
 
@@ -682,15 +753,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 			verified++
 		}
 	}
+	return verified, missing, missingSize
+}
 
-	result.Verified = verified
-	result.Missing = missing
-	result.MissingSize = missingSize
-
+// formatVerifyResult outputs the final verification results as JSON or human-readable text
+func (v *Vaultik) formatVerifyResult(result *VerifyResult, manifest *snapshot.Manifest, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	if opts.JSON {
-		if missing > 0 {
+		if result.Missing > 0 {
 			result.Status = "failed"
-			result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("%d blobs are missing", missing)
+			result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("%d blobs are missing", result.Missing)
 		} else {
 			result.Status = "ok"
 		}
@@ -698,20 +769,19 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshotWithOptions(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptio
 	}
 
 	v.printfStdout("\nVerification complete:\n")
-	v.printfStdout("  Verified:     %d blobs (%s)\n", verified,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize-missingSize)))
-	if missing > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      %d blobs (%s)\n", missing, humanize.Bytes(uint64(missingSize)))
+	v.printfStdout("  Verified:     %d blobs (%s)\n", result.Verified,
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize-result.MissingSize)))
+	if result.Missing > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      %d blobs (%s)\n", result.Missing, humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.MissingSize)))
 	} else {
 		v.printfStdout("  Missing:      0 blobs\n")
 	}
 	v.printfStdout("  Status:       ")
-	if missing > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("FAILED - %d blobs are missing\n", missing)
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d blobs are missing", missing)
-	} else {
-		v.printfStdout("OK - All blobs verified\n")
+	if result.Missing > 0 {
+		v.printfStdout("FAILED - %d blobs are missing\n", result.Missing)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d blobs are missing", result.Missing)
 	}
+	v.printfStdout("OK - All blobs verified\n")
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -907,9 +977,27 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveSnapshot(snapshotID string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*Remov
 
 // RemoveAllSnapshots removes all snapshots from local database and optionally from remote
 func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
-	result := &RemoveResult{}
+	snapshotIDs, err := v.listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
-	// List all snapshots
+	if len(snapshotIDs) == 0 {
+		if !opts.JSON {
+			v.printlnStdout("No snapshots found")
+		}
+		return &RemoveResult{}, nil
+	}
+
+	if opts.DryRun {
+		return v.handleRemoveAllDryRun(snapshotIDs, opts)
+	}
+
+	return v.executeRemoveAll(snapshotIDs, opts)
+}
+
+// listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs collects all unique snapshot IDs from remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) listAllRemoteSnapshotIDs() ([]string, error) {
 	log.Info("Listing all snapshots")
 	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 
@@ -941,16 +1029,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(snapshotIDs) == 0 {
-		if !opts.JSON {
-			v.printlnStdout("No snapshots found")
-		}
-		return result, nil
+	return snapshotIDs, nil
 }
 
-	if opts.DryRun {
-		result.DryRun = true
-		result.SnapshotsRemoved = snapshotIDs
+// handleRemoveAllDryRun handles the dry-run mode for removing all snapshots
+func (v *Vaultik) handleRemoveAllDryRun(snapshotIDs []string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
+	result := &RemoveResult{
+		DryRun:           true,
+		SnapshotsRemoved: snapshotIDs,
+	}
 	if !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("Would remove %d snapshot(s):\n", len(snapshotIDs))
 		for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
@@ -967,6 +1054,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error)
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+// executeRemoveAll removes all snapshots from local database and optionally from remote storage
+func (v *Vaultik) executeRemoveAll(snapshotIDs []string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
 	// --all requires --force
 	if !opts.Force {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("--all requires --force")
@@ -974,6 +1063,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveAllSnapshots(opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error)
 
 	log.Info("Removing all snapshots", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
 
+	result := &RemoveResult{}
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		log.Info("Removing snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
 

internal/vaultik/verify.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
+	"hash"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"time"
@@ -35,6 +36,19 @@ type VerifyResult struct {
 	ErrorMessage string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// deepVerifyFailure records a failure in the result and returns it appropriately
+func (v *Vaultik) deepVerifyFailure(result *VerifyResult, opts *VerifyOptions, msg string, err error) error {
+	result.Status = "failed"
+	result.ErrorMessage = msg
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("%s", msg)
+}
+
 // RunDeepVerify executes deep verification operation
 func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	result := &VerifyResult{
@@ -42,89 +56,20 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		Mode:       "deep",
 	}
 
-	// Check for decryption capability
 	if !v.CanDecrypt() {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = "VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification")
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			"VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification",
+			fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"))
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"mode", "deep",
-	)
-
+	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep")
 	if !opts.JSON {
 		v.printfStdout("Deep verification of snapshot: %s\n\n", snapshotID)
 	}
 
-	// Step 1: Download manifest
-	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading manifest...\n")
-	}
-
-	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	manifest, tempDB, dbBlobs, err := v.loadVerificationData(snapshotID, opts, result)
 	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
-
-	// Decompress manifest
-	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
-		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
-		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)),
-	)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
-	}
-
-	// Step 2: Download and decrypt database (authoritative source)
-	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
-	}
-
-	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
-
-	// Decrypt and decompress database
-	tempDB, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if tempDB != nil {
@@ -132,17 +77,6 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// Step 3: Get authoritative blob list from database
-	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tempDB.DB)
-	if err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err)
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	result.BlobCount = len(dbBlobs)
 	var totalSize int64
 	for _, blob := range dbBlobs {
@@ -150,54 +84,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 	result.TotalSize = totalSize
 
-	log.Info("Database loaded",
-		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
-		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)),
-	)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-		v.printfStdout("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
-	}
-
-	// Step 4: Verify manifest matches database
-	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
+	if err := v.runVerificationSteps(manifest, dbBlobs, tempDB, opts, result, totalSize); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Step 5: Verify all blobs exist in S3 (using database as source)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest verified.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
-	}
-	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Step 6: Deep verification - download and verify blob contents
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("All blobs exist.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-	}
-	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tempDB.DB, opts); err != nil {
-		result.Status = "failed"
-		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Success
 	result.Status = "ok"
 	result.Verified = len(dbBlobs)
 
@@ -206,11 +96,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	log.Info("✓ Verification completed successfully",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"mode", "deep",
-		"blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs),
-	)
-
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep", "blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs))
 	v.printfStdout("\n✓ Verification completed successfully\n")
 	v.printfStdout("  Snapshot:       %s\n", snapshotID)
 	v.printfStdout("  Blobs verified: %d\n", len(dbBlobs))
@@ -219,6 +105,106 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// loadVerificationData downloads manifest, database, and blob list for verification
+func (v *Vaultik) loadVerificationData(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult) (*snapshot.Manifest, *tempDB, []snapshot.BlobInfo, error) {
+	// Download manifest
+	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading manifest...\n")
+	}
+	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
+
+	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
+		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
+		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
+	}
+
+	// Download and decrypt database
+	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
+	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
+
+	tdb, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tdb.DB)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = tdb.Close()
+		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err),
+			fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	var dbTotalSize int64
+	for _, b := range dbBlobs {
+		dbTotalSize += b.CompressedSize
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Database loaded",
+		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
+		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
+	}
+
+	return manifest, tdb, dbBlobs, nil
+}
+
+// runVerificationSteps executes manifest verification, blob existence check, and deep content verification
+func (v *Vaultik) runVerificationSteps(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, dbBlobs []snapshot.BlobInfo, tdb *tempDB, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult, totalSize int64) error {
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
+	}
+	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("Manifest verified.\n")
+		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
+	}
+	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.printfStdout("All blobs exist.\n")
+		v.printfStdout("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+	}
+	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tdb.DB, opts); err != nil {
+		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // tempDB wraps sql.DB with cleanup
 type tempDB struct {
 	*sql.DB
@@ -316,7 +302,27 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	}
 	defer decompressor.Close()
 
-	// Query blob chunks from database to get offsets and lengths
+	chunkCount, err := v.verifyBlobChunks(db, blobInfo.Hash, decompressor)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := v.verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor, blobHasher, blobInfo.Hash); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Blob verified",
+		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
+		"chunks", chunkCount,
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
+	)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyBlobChunks queries blob chunks from the database and verifies each chunk's hash
+// against the decompressed blob stream
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.Reader) (int, error) {
 	query := `
 		SELECT bc.chunk_hash, bc.offset, bc.length
 		FROM blob_chunks bc
@@ -324,9 +330,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		WHERE b.blob_hash = ?
 		ORDER BY bc.offset
 	`
-	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobInfo.Hash)
+	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobHash)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
 
@@ -339,12 +345,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		var chunkHash string
 		var offset, length int64
 		if err := rows.Scan(&chunkHash, &offset, &length); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		// Verify chunk ordering
 		if offset <= lastOffset {
-			return fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
 		}
 		lastOffset = offset
 
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 			// Skip to the correct offset
 			skipBytes := offset - totalRead
 			if _, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, decompressor, skipBytes); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 			}
 			totalRead = offset
 		}
@@ -361,7 +367,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		// Read chunk data
 		chunkData := make([]byte, length)
 		if _, err := io.ReadFull(decompressor, chunkData); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 		}
 		totalRead += length
 
@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 		calculatedHash := hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil))
 
 		if calculatedHash != chunkHash {
-			return fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
 				offset, calculatedHash, chunkHash)
 		}
 
@@ -379,9 +385,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	return chunkCount, nil
+}
+
+// verifyBlobFinalIntegrity checks that no trailing data exists in the decompressed stream
+// and that the encrypted blob hash matches the expected value
+func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor io.Reader, blobHasher hash.Hash, expectedHash string) error {
 	// Verify no remaining data in blob - if chunk list is accurate, blob should be fully consumed
 	remaining, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, decompressor)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -393,17 +405,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 
 	// Verify blob hash matches the encrypted data we downloaded
 	calculatedBlobHash := hex.EncodeToString(blobHasher.Sum(nil))
-	if calculatedBlobHash != blobInfo.Hash {
+	if calculatedBlobHash != expectedHash {
 		return fmt.Errorf("blob hash mismatch: calculated %s, expected %s",
-			calculatedBlobHash, blobInfo.Hash)
+			calculatedBlobHash, expectedHash)
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Blob verified",
-		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
-		"chunks", chunkCount,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
-	)
-
 	return nil
 }