fix: return errors from deleteSnapshotFromLocalDB instead of swallowing them

Previously, deleteSnapshotFromLocalDB logged errors but always returned nil,
causing callers to believe deletion succeeded even when it failed. This could
lead to data inconsistency where remote metadata is deleted while local
records persist.

Now returns the first error encountered, allowing callers to handle failures
appropriately.

.dockerignore

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-.git
-.gitea
-*.md
-LICENSE
-vaultik
-coverage.out
-coverage.html
-.DS_Store

.gitea/workflows/check.yml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-name: check
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
-jobs:
-  check:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      # actions/checkout v4, 2024-09-16
-      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
-      - name: Build and check
-        run: docker build .

ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The database tracks five primary entities and their relationships:
 
 #### File (`database.File`)
 Represents a file or directory in the backup system. Stores metadata needed for restoration:
-- Path, mtime
+- Path, timestamps (mtime, ctime)
 - Size, mode, ownership (uid, gid)
 - Symlink target (if applicable)
 

Dockerfile

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Lint stage
-# golangci/golangci-lint:v2.11.3-alpine, 2026-03-17
-FROM golangci/golangci-lint:v2.11.3-alpine@sha256:b1c3de5862ad0a95b4e45a993b0f00415835d687e4f12c845c7493b86c13414e AS lint
-
-RUN apk add --no-cache make build-base
-
-WORKDIR /src
-
-# Copy go mod files first for better layer caching
-COPY go.mod go.sum ./
-RUN go mod download
-
-# Copy source code
-COPY . .
-
-# Run formatting check and linter
-RUN make fmt-check
-RUN make lint
-
-# Build stage
-# golang:1.26.1-alpine, 2026-03-17
-FROM golang:1.26.1-alpine@sha256:2389ebfa5b7f43eeafbd6be0c3700cc46690ef842ad962f6c5bd6be49ed82039 AS builder
-
-# Depend on lint stage passing
-COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
-
-ARG VERSION=dev
-
-# Install build dependencies for CGO (mattn/go-sqlite3) and sqlite3 CLI (tests)
-RUN apk add --no-cache make build-base sqlite
-
-WORKDIR /src
-
-# Copy go mod files first for better layer caching
-COPY go.mod go.sum ./
-RUN go mod download
-
-# Copy source code
-COPY . .
-
-# Run tests
-RUN make test
-
-# Build with CGO enabled (required for mattn/go-sqlite3)
-RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -ldflags "-X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=${VERSION}' -X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)'" -o /vaultik ./cmd/vaultik
-
-# Runtime stage
-# alpine:3.21, 2026-02-25
-FROM alpine:3.21@sha256:c3f8e73fdb79deaebaa2037150150191b9dcbfba68b4a46d70103204c53f4709
-
-RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates sqlite
-
-# Copy binary from builder
-COPY --from=builder /vaultik /usr/local/bin/vaultik
-
-# Create non-root user
-RUN adduser -D -H -s /sbin/nologin vaultik
-
-USER vaultik
-
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/vaultik"]

Makefile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: test fmt lint fmt-check check build clean all docker hooks
+.PHONY: test fmt lint build clean all
 
 # Version number
 VERSION := 0.0.1
@@ -14,12 +14,21 @@ LDFLAGS := -X 'git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=$(VERSION)' \
 all: vaultik
 
 # Run tests
-test:
-	go test -race -timeout 30s ./...
+test: lint fmt-check
+	@echo "Running tests..."
+	@if ! go test -v -timeout 10s ./... 2>&1; then \
+		echo ""; \
+		echo "TEST FAILURES DETECTED"; \
+		echo "Run 'go test -v ./internal/database' to see database test details"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
 
-# Check if code is formatted (read-only)
+# Check if code is formatted
 fmt-check:
-	@test -z "$$(gofmt -l .)" || (echo "Files not formatted:" && gofmt -l . && exit 1)
+	@if [ -n "$$(go fmt ./...)" ]; then \
+		echo "Error: Code is not formatted. Run 'make fmt' to fix."; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
 
 # Format code
 fmt:
@@ -27,7 +36,7 @@ fmt:
 
 # Run linter
 lint:
-	golangci-lint run ./...
+	golangci-lint run
 
 # Build binary
 vaultik: internal/*/*.go cmd/vaultik/*.go
@@ -38,6 +47,11 @@ clean:
 	rm -f vaultik
 	go clean
 
+# Install dependencies
+deps:
+	go mod download
+	go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
+
 # Run tests with coverage
 test-coverage:
 	go test -v -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
@@ -53,17 +67,3 @@ local:
 
 install: vaultik
 	cp ./vaultik $(HOME)/bin/
-
-# Run all checks (formatting, linting, tests) without modifying files
-check: fmt-check lint test
-
-# Build Docker image
-docker:
-	docker build -t vaultik .
-
-# Install pre-commit hook
-hooks:
-	@printf '#!/bin/sh\nset -e\n' > .git/hooks/pre-commit
-	@printf 'go mod tidy\ngo fmt ./...\ngit diff --exit-code -- go.mod go.sum || { echo "go mod tidy changed files; please stage and retry"; exit 1; }\n' >> .git/hooks/pre-commit
-	@printf 'make check\n' >> .git/hooks/pre-commit
-	@chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit

README.md

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ passphrase is needed or stored locally.
 vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot create [snapshot-names...] [--cron] [--daemon] [--prune]
 vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot list [--json]
 vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot verify <snapshot-id> [--deep]
-vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot purge [--keep-latest | --older-than <duration>] [--name <name>] [--force]
+vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot purge [--keep-latest | --older-than <duration>] [--force]
 vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot remove <snapshot-id> [--dry-run] [--force]
 vaultik [--config <path>] snapshot prune
 vaultik [--config <path>] restore <snapshot-id> <target-dir> [paths...]
@@ -180,9 +180,8 @@ vaultik [--config <path>] store info
 * `--deep`: Download and verify blob contents (not just existence)
 
 **snapshot purge**: Remove old snapshots based on criteria
-* `--keep-latest`: Keep the most recent snapshot per snapshot name
+* `--keep-latest`: Keep only the most recent snapshot
 * `--older-than`: Remove snapshots older than duration (e.g., 30d, 6mo, 1y)
-* `--name`: Filter purge to a specific snapshot name
 * `--force`: Skip confirmation prompt
 
 **snapshot remove**: Remove a specific snapshot

docs/DATAMODEL.md

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Stores metadata about files in the filesystem being backed up.
 - `id` (TEXT PRIMARY KEY) - UUID for the file record
 - `path` (TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE) - Absolute file path
 - `mtime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Modification time as Unix timestamp
+- `ctime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Change time as Unix timestamp  
 - `size` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - File size in bytes
 - `mode` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Unix file permissions and type
 - `uid` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - User ID of file owner

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik
 
-go 1.26.1
+go 1.24.4
 
 require (
 	filippo.io/age v1.2.1

internal/blob/packer.go

@@ -361,23 +361,101 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	blobHash, finalSize, err := p.closeBlobWriter()
+	// Close blobgen writer to flush all data
+	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Sync file to ensure all data is written
+	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the final size (encrypted if applicable)
+	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	chunkRefs := p.buildChunkRefs()
+	// Reset to beginning for reading
+	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
+		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
+	}
 
+	// Get hash from blobgen writer (of final encrypted data)
+	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
+	blobHash := hex.EncodeToString(finalHash)
+
+	// Create chunk references with offsets
+	chunkRefs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
+
+	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+		chunkRefs = append(chunkRefs, &BlobChunkRef{
+			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
+			Offset:    chunk.Offset,
+			Length:    chunk.Size,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Get pending chunks (will be inserted to DB and reported to handler)
 	chunksToInsert := p.pendingChunks
-	p.pendingChunks = nil
+	p.pendingChunks = nil // Clear pending list
 
-	if err := p.commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash, finalSize, chunksToInsert); err != nil {
-		return err
+	// Insert pending chunks, blob_chunks, and update blob in a single transaction
+	if p.repos != nil {
+		blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
+		if parseErr != nil {
+			p.cleanupTempFile()
+			return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
+		}
+		err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+			// First insert all pending chunks (required for blob_chunks FK)
+			for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
+				dbChunk := &database.Chunk{
+					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
+					Size:      chunk.Size,
+				}
+				if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Insert all blob_chunk records in batch
+			for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+				blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
+					BlobID:    blobIDTyped,
+					ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
+					Offset:    chunk.Offset,
+					Length:    chunk.Size,
+				}
+				if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Update blob record with final hash and sizes
+			return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash,
+				p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			p.cleanupTempFile()
+			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
+			"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert),
+			"blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
 	}
 
+	// Create finished blob
 	finished := &FinishedBlob{
 		ID:           p.currentBlob.id,
 		Hash:         blobHash,
+		Data:         nil, // We don't load data into memory anymore
 		Chunks:       chunkRefs,
 		CreatedTS:    p.currentBlob.startTime,
 		Uncompressed: p.currentBlob.size,
@@ -386,105 +464,28 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 
 	compressionRatio := float64(finished.Compressed) / float64(finished.Uncompressed)
 	log.Info("Finalized blob (compressed and encrypted)",
-		"hash", blobHash, "chunks", len(chunkRefs),
-		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed, "compressed", finished.Compressed,
+		"hash", blobHash,
+		"chunks", len(chunkRefs),
+		"uncompressed", finished.Uncompressed,
+		"compressed", finished.Compressed,
 		"ratio", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", compressionRatio),
 		"duration", time.Since(p.currentBlob.startTime))
 
+	// Collect inserted chunk hashes for the scanner to track
 	var insertedChunkHashes []string
 	for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
 		insertedChunkHashes = append(insertedChunkHashes, chunk.Hash)
 	}
 
-	return p.deliverFinishedBlob(finished, insertedChunkHashes)
-}
-
-// closeBlobWriter closes the writer, syncs to disk, and returns the blob hash and final size
-func (p *Packer) closeBlobWriter() (string, int64, error) {
-	if err := p.currentBlob.writer.Close(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("closing blobgen writer: %w", err)
-	}
-	if err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Sync(); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("syncing temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	finalSize, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
-	if err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("getting file size: %w", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("seeking to start: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	finalHash := p.currentBlob.writer.Sum256()
-	return hex.EncodeToString(finalHash), finalSize, nil
-}
-
-// buildChunkRefs creates BlobChunkRef entries from the current blob's chunks
-func (p *Packer) buildChunkRefs() []*BlobChunkRef {
-	refs := make([]*BlobChunkRef, 0, len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
-	for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-		refs = append(refs, &BlobChunkRef{
-			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash, Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
-		})
-	}
-	return refs
-}
-
-// commitBlobToDatabase inserts pending chunks, blob_chunks, and updates the blob record
-func (p *Packer) commitBlobToDatabase(blobHash string, finalSize int64, chunksToInsert []PendingChunk) error {
-	if p.repos == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	blobIDTyped, parseErr := types.ParseBlobID(p.currentBlob.id)
-	if parseErr != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("parsing blob ID: %w", parseErr)
-	}
-
-	err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-		for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
-			dbChunk := &database.Chunk{ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash), Size: chunk.Size}
-			if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
-			blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
-				BlobID: blobIDTyped, ChunkHash: types.ChunkHash(chunk.Hash),
-				Offset: chunk.Offset, Length: chunk.Size,
-			}
-			if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash, p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
-		"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert), "blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
-	return nil
-}
-
-// deliverFinishedBlob passes the blob to the handler or stores it internally
-func (p *Packer) deliverFinishedBlob(finished *FinishedBlob, insertedChunkHashes []string) error {
+	// Call blob handler if set
 	if p.blobHandler != nil {
+		// Reset file position for handler
 		if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("seeking for handler: %w", err)
 		}
 
+		// Create a blob reader that includes the data stream
 		blobWithReader := &BlobWithReader{
 			FinishedBlob:        finished,
 			Reader:              p.currentBlob.tempFile,
@@ -496,26 +497,30 @@ func (p *Packer) deliverFinishedBlob(finished *FinishedBlob, insertedChunkHashes
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
 			return fmt.Errorf("blob handler failed: %w", err)
 		}
+		// Note: blob handler is responsible for closing/cleaning up temp file
+		p.currentBlob = nil
+	} else {
+		log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", blobHash[:8]+"...")
+		// No handler, need to read data for legacy behavior
+		if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+			p.cleanupTempFile()
+			return fmt.Errorf("seeking to read data: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(p.currentBlob.tempFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			p.cleanupTempFile()
+			return fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
+		}
+		finished.Data = data
+
+		p.finishedBlobs = append(p.finishedBlobs, finished)
+
+		// Cleanup
+		p.cleanupTempFile()
 		p.currentBlob = nil
-		return nil
 	}
 
-	// No handler - read data for legacy behavior
-	log.Debug("No blob handler callback configured", "blob_hash", finished.Hash[:8]+"...")
-	if _, err := p.currentBlob.tempFile.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("seeking to read data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	data, err := io.ReadAll(p.currentBlob.tempFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		p.cleanupTempFile()
-		return fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
-	}
-	finished.Data = data
-	p.finishedBlobs = append(p.finishedBlobs, finished)
-	p.cleanupTempFile()
-	p.currentBlob = nil
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/blobgen/compress.go

@@ -51,13 +51,7 @@ func CompressStream(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, compressionLevel int, recipien
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("creating writer: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	closed := false
-	defer func() {
-		if !closed {
-			_ = w.Close()
-		}
-	}()
+	defer func() { _ = w.Close() }()
 
 	// Copy data
 	if _, err := io.Copy(w, src); err != nil {
@@ -68,7 +62,6 @@ func CompressStream(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, compressionLevel int, recipien
 	if err := w.Close(); err != nil {
 		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("closing writer: %w", err)
 	}
-	closed = true
 
 	return w.BytesWritten(), hex.EncodeToString(w.Sum256()), nil
 }

internal/blobgen/compress_test.go

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package blobgen
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// testRecipient is a static age recipient for tests.
-const testRecipient = "age1cplgrwj77ta54dnmydvvmzn64ltk83ankxl5sww04mrtmu62kv3s89gmvv"
-
-// TestCompressStreamNoDoubleClose is a regression test for issue #28.
-// It verifies that CompressStream does not panic or return an error due to
-// double-closing the underlying blobgen.Writer. Before the fix in PR #33,
-// the explicit Close() on the happy path combined with defer Close() would
-// cause a double close.
-func TestCompressStreamNoDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
-	input := []byte("regression test data for issue #28 double-close fix")
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	written, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, bytes.NewReader(input), 3, []string{testRecipient})
-	require.NoError(t, err, "CompressStream should not return an error")
-	assert.True(t, written > 0, "expected bytes written > 0")
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash, "expected non-empty hash")
-	assert.True(t, buf.Len() > 0, "expected non-empty output")
-}
-
-// TestCompressStreamLargeInput exercises CompressStream with a larger payload
-// to ensure no double-close issues surface under heavier I/O.
-func TestCompressStreamLargeInput(t *testing.T) {
-	data := make([]byte, 512*1024) // 512 KB
-	_, err := rand.Read(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	written, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, bytes.NewReader(data), 3, []string{testRecipient})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.True(t, written > 0)
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash)
-}
-
-// TestCompressStreamEmptyInput verifies CompressStream handles empty input
-// without double-close issues.
-func TestCompressStreamEmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	_, hash, err := CompressStream(&buf, strings.NewReader(""), 3, []string{testRecipient})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, hash)
-}
-
-// TestCompressDataNoDoubleClose mirrors the stream test for CompressData,
-// ensuring the explicit Close + error-path Close pattern is also safe.
-func TestCompressDataNoDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
-	input := []byte("CompressData regression test for double-close")
-	result, err := CompressData(input, 3, []string{testRecipient})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.True(t, result.CompressedSize > 0)
-	assert.True(t, result.UncompressedSize == int64(len(input)))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, result.SHA256)
-}

internal/cli/purge.go

@@ -11,9 +11,16 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
 
+// PurgeOptions contains options for the purge command
+type PurgeOptions struct {
+	KeepLatest bool
+	OlderThan  string
+	Force      bool
+}
+
 // NewPurgeCommand creates the purge command
 func NewPurgeCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	opts := &vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{}
+	opts := &PurgeOptions{}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "purge",
@@ -21,15 +28,8 @@ func NewPurgeCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Long: `Removes snapshots based on age or count criteria.
 
 This command allows you to:
-- Keep only the latest snapshot per name (--keep-latest)
+- Keep only the latest snapshot (--keep-latest)
 - Remove snapshots older than a specific duration (--older-than)
-- Filter to a specific snapshot name (--name)
-
-When --keep-latest is used, retention is applied per snapshot name. For example,
-if you have snapshots named "home" and "system", --keep-latest keeps the most
-recent of each.
-
-Use --name to restrict the purge to a single snapshot name.
 
 Config is located at /etc/vaultik/config.yml by default, but can be overridden by 
 specifying a path using --config or by setting VAULTIK_CONFIG to a path.`,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ specifying a path using --config or by setting VAULTIK_CONFIG to a path.`,
 								// Start the purge operation in a goroutine
 								go func() {
 									// Run the purge operation
-									if err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(opts); err != nil {
+									if err := v.PurgeSnapshots(opts.KeepLatest, opts.OlderThan, opts.Force); err != nil {
 										if err != context.Canceled {
 											log.Error("Purge operation failed", "error", err)
 											os.Exit(1)
@@ -92,10 +92,9 @@ specifying a path using --config or by setting VAULTIK_CONFIG to a path.`,
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.KeepLatest, "keep-latest", false, "Keep only the latest snapshot per name")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.KeepLatest, "keep-latest", false, "Keep only the latest snapshot")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.OlderThan, "older-than", "", "Remove snapshots older than duration (e.g. 30d, 6m, 1y)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Force, "force", false, "Skip confirmation prompts")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Name, "name", "", "Filter purge to a specific snapshot name")
 
 	return cmd
 }

internal/cli/restore.go

@@ -57,7 +57,76 @@ Examples:
   vaultik restore --verify myhost_docs_2025-01-01T12:00:00Z /restore`,
 		Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(2),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return runRestore(cmd, args, opts)
+			snapshotID := args[0]
+			opts.TargetDir = args[1]
+			if len(args) > 2 {
+				opts.Paths = args[2:]
+			}
+
+			// Use unified config resolution
+			configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			// Use the app framework like other commands
+			rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
+			return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
+				ConfigPath: configPath,
+				LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
+					Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
+					Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
+					Quiet:   rootFlags.Quiet,
+				},
+				Modules: []fx.Option{
+					fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
+						func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config,
+							storer storage.Storer, v *vaultik.Vaultik, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
+							return &RestoreApp{
+								Globals:    g,
+								Config:     cfg,
+								Storage:    storer,
+								Vaultik:    v,
+								Shutdowner: shutdowner,
+							}
+						},
+					)),
+				},
+				Invokes: []fx.Option{
+					fx.Invoke(func(app *RestoreApp, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
+						lc.Append(fx.Hook{
+							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								// Start the restore operation in a goroutine
+								go func() {
+									// Run the restore operation
+									restoreOpts := &vaultik.RestoreOptions{
+										SnapshotID: snapshotID,
+										TargetDir:  opts.TargetDir,
+										Paths:      opts.Paths,
+										Verify:     opts.Verify,
+									}
+									if err := app.Vaultik.Restore(restoreOpts); err != nil {
+										if err != context.Canceled {
+											log.Error("Restore operation failed", "error", err)
+										}
+									}
+
+									// Shutdown the app when restore completes
+									if err := app.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
+										log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
+									}
+								}()
+								return nil
+							},
+							OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								log.Debug("Stopping restore operation")
+								app.Vaultik.Cancel()
+								return nil
+							},
+						})
+					}),
+				},
+			})
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -65,87 +134,3 @@ Examples:
 
 	return cmd
 }
-
-// runRestore parses arguments and runs the restore operation through the app framework
-func runRestore(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, opts *RestoreOptions) error {
-	snapshotID := args[0]
-	opts.TargetDir = args[1]
-	if len(args) > 2 {
-		opts.Paths = args[2:]
-	}
-
-	// Use unified config resolution
-	configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Use the app framework like other commands
-	rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
-	return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
-		ConfigPath: configPath,
-		LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
-			Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
-			Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
-			Quiet:   rootFlags.Quiet,
-		},
-		Modules: buildRestoreModules(),
-		Invokes: buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID, opts),
-	})
-}
-
-// buildRestoreModules returns the fx.Options for dependency injection in restore
-func buildRestoreModules() []fx.Option {
-	return []fx.Option{
-		fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
-			func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config,
-				storer storage.Storer, v *vaultik.Vaultik, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
-				return &RestoreApp{
-					Globals:    g,
-					Config:     cfg,
-					Storage:    storer,
-					Vaultik:    v,
-					Shutdowner: shutdowner,
-				}
-			},
-		)),
-	}
-}
-
-// buildRestoreInvokes returns the fx.Options that wire up the restore lifecycle
-func buildRestoreInvokes(snapshotID string, opts *RestoreOptions) []fx.Option {
-	return []fx.Option{
-		fx.Invoke(func(app *RestoreApp, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
-			lc.Append(fx.Hook{
-				OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
-					// Start the restore operation in a goroutine
-					go func() {
-						// Run the restore operation
-						restoreOpts := &vaultik.RestoreOptions{
-							SnapshotID: snapshotID,
-							TargetDir:  opts.TargetDir,
-							Paths:      opts.Paths,
-							Verify:     opts.Verify,
-						}
-						if err := app.Vaultik.Restore(restoreOpts); err != nil {
-							if err != context.Canceled {
-								log.Error("Restore operation failed", "error", err)
-							}
-						}
-
-						// Shutdown the app when restore completes
-						if err := app.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
-							log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
-						}
-					}()
-					return nil
-				},
-				OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
-					log.Debug("Stopping restore operation")
-					app.Vaultik.Cancel()
-					return nil
-				},
-			})
-		}),
-	}
-}

internal/cli/snapshot.go

@@ -167,25 +167,21 @@ func newSnapshotListCommand() *cobra.Command {
 
 // newSnapshotPurgeCommand creates the 'snapshot purge' subcommand
 func newSnapshotPurgeCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	opts := &vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{}
+	var keepLatest bool
+	var olderThan string
+	var force bool
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "purge",
 		Short: "Purge old snapshots",
-		Long: `Removes snapshots based on age or count criteria.
-
-When --keep-latest is used, retention is applied per snapshot name. For example,
-if you have snapshots named "home" and "system", --keep-latest keeps the most
-recent of each.
-
-Use --name to restrict the purge to a single snapshot name.`,
-		Args: cobra.NoArgs,
+		Long:  "Removes snapshots based on age or count criteria",
+		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			// Validate flags
-			if !opts.KeepLatest && opts.OlderThan == "" {
+			if !keepLatest && olderThan == "" {
 				return fmt.Errorf("must specify either --keep-latest or --older-than")
 			}
-			if opts.KeepLatest && opts.OlderThan != "" {
+			if keepLatest && olderThan != "" {
 				return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both --keep-latest and --older-than")
 			}
 
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ Use --name to restrict the purge to a single snapshot name.`,
 						lc.Append(fx.Hook{
 							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
 								go func() {
-									if err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(opts); err != nil {
+									if err := v.PurgeSnapshots(keepLatest, olderThan, force); err != nil {
 										if err != context.Canceled {
 											log.Error("Failed to purge snapshots", "error", err)
 											os.Exit(1)
@@ -232,10 +228,9 @@ Use --name to restrict the purge to a single snapshot name.`,
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.KeepLatest, "keep-latest", false, "Keep only the latest snapshot per name")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.OlderThan, "older-than", "", "Remove snapshots older than duration (e.g., 30d, 6m, 1y)")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Force, "force", false, "Skip confirmation prompt")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Name, "name", "", "Filter purge to a specific snapshot name")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&keepLatest, "keep-latest", false, "Keep only the latest snapshot")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&olderThan, "older-than", "", "Remove snapshots older than duration (e.g., 30d, 6m, 1y)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&force, "force", false, "Skip confirmation prompt")
 
 	return cmd
 }

internal/database/cascade_debug_test.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func TestCascadeDeleteDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/cascade-test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/chunk_files_test.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ func TestChunkFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:       "/file1.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
+		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ func TestChunkFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:       "/file2.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
+		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -136,9 +138,9 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryComplexDeduplication(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create test files
 	testTime := time.Now().Truncate(time.Second)
-	file1 := &File{Path: "/file1.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
-	file2 := &File{Path: "/file2.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
-	file3 := &File{Path: "/file3.txt", MTime: testTime, Size: 2048, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file1 := &File{Path: "/file1.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file2 := &File{Path: "/file2.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 3072, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
+	file3 := &File{Path: "/file3.txt", MTime: testTime, CTime: testTime, Size: 2048, Mode: 0644, UID: 1000, GID: 1000}
 
 	if err := fileRepo.Create(ctx, nil, file1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create file1: %v", err)

internal/database/file_chunks_test.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ func TestFileChunkRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/file.txt",
 		MTime:      testTime,
+		CTime:      testTime,
 		Size:       3072,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ func TestFileChunkRepositoryMultipleFiles(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:       types.FilePath(path),
 			MTime:      testTime,
+			CTime:      testTime,
 			Size:       2048,
 			Mode:       0644,
 			UID:        1000,

internal/database/files.go

@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	}
 
 	query := `
-		INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 		ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
+			ctime = excluded.ctime,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,
@@ -41,10 +42,10 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	var idStr string
 	var err error
 	if tx != nil {
-		LogSQL("Execute", query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String())
-		err = tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
+		LogSQL("Execute", query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String())
+		err = tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	} else {
-		err = r.db.QueryRowWithLog(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
+		err = r.db.QueryRowWithLog(ctx, query, file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(), file.MTime.Unix(), file.CTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID, file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, err
 // GetByID retrieves a file by its UUID
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id types.FileID) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE id = ?
 	`
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id types.FileID) (*File, e
 
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByPathTx(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, path string) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPathTx(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, path strin
 func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 	var file File
 	var idStr, pathStr, sourcePathStr string
-	var mtimeUnix int64
+	var mtimeUnix, ctimeUnix int64
 	var linkTarget sql.NullString
 
 	err := row.Scan(
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 		&pathStr,
 		&sourcePathStr,
 		&mtimeUnix,
+		&ctimeUnix,
 		&file.Size,
 		&file.Mode,
 		&file.UID,
@@ -147,6 +149,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 	file.Path = types.FilePath(pathStr)
 	file.SourcePath = types.SourcePath(sourcePathStr)
 	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, 0).UTC()
+	file.CTime = time.Unix(ctimeUnix, 0).UTC()
 	if linkTarget.Valid {
 		file.LinkTarget = types.FilePath(linkTarget.String)
 	}
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFile(row *sql.Row) (*File, error) {
 func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 	var file File
 	var idStr, pathStr, sourcePathStr string
-	var mtimeUnix int64
+	var mtimeUnix, ctimeUnix int64
 	var linkTarget sql.NullString
 
 	err := rows.Scan(
@@ -166,6 +169,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 		&pathStr,
 		&sourcePathStr,
 		&mtimeUnix,
+		&ctimeUnix,
 		&file.Size,
 		&file.Mode,
 		&file.UID,
@@ -183,6 +187,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 	file.Path = types.FilePath(pathStr)
 	file.SourcePath = types.SourcePath(sourcePathStr)
 	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, 0).UTC()
+	file.CTime = time.Unix(ctimeUnix, 0).UTC()
 	if linkTarget.Valid {
 		file.LinkTarget = types.FilePath(linkTarget.String)
 	}
@@ -192,7 +197,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileRows(rows *sql.Rows) (*File, error) {
 
 func (r *FileRepository) ListModifiedSince(ctx context.Context, since time.Time) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE mtime >= ?
 		ORDER BY path
@@ -253,7 +258,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) DeleteByID(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, id types.Fi
 
 func (r *FileRepository) ListByPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path LIKE ? || '%'
 		ORDER BY path
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListByPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*Fi
 // ListAll returns all files in the database
 func (r *FileRepository) ListAll(ctx context.Context) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		ORDER BY path
 	`
@@ -310,7 +315,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, files []*F
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Each File has 9 values, so batch at 100 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
+	// Each File has 10 values, so batch at 100 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
 	const batchSize = 100
 
 	for i := 0; i < len(files); i += batchSize {
@@ -320,18 +325,19 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, files []*F
 		}
 		batch := files[i:end]
 
-		query := `INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target) VALUES `
-		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*9)
+		query := `INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target) VALUES `
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*10)
 		for j, f := range batch {
 			if j > 0 {
 				query += ", "
 			}
-			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
-			args = append(args, f.ID.String(), f.Path.String(), f.SourcePath.String(), f.MTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID, f.LinkTarget.String())
+			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, f.ID.String(), f.Path.String(), f.SourcePath.String(), f.MTime.Unix(), f.CTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID, f.LinkTarget.String())
 		}
 		query += ` ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
+			ctime = excluded.ctime,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,

internal/database/files_test.go

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ func TestFileRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/file.txt",
 		MTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:       1024,
 		Mode:       0644,
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ func TestFileRepositorySymlink(t *testing.T) {
 	symlink := &File{
 		Path:       "/test/link",
 		MTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime:      time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:       0,
 		Mode:       uint32(0777 | os.ModeSymlink),
 		UID:        1000,
@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/tx_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/models.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ type File struct {
 	Path       types.FilePath   // Absolute path of the file
 	SourcePath types.SourcePath // The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
 	MTime      time.Time
+	CTime      time.Time
 	Size       int64
 	Mode       uint32
 	UID        uint32

internal/database/repositories_test.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ func TestRepositoriesTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/tx_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ func TestRepositoriesTransactionRollback(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test/rollback_file.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -200,6 +202,7 @@ func TestRepositoriesReadTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test/read_file.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -223,6 +226,7 @@ func TestRepositoriesReadTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		_ = repos.Files.Create(ctx, tx, &File{
 			Path:  "/test/should_fail.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
+			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  0,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_comprehensive_test.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryUUIDGeneration(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			Path:  "/file1.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryUUIDGeneration(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			Path:  "/file2.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  2048,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryGetByID(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/orphaned.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -125,6 +129,7 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/referenced.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  2048,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -213,6 +218,7 @@ func TestOrphanedChunkCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -342,6 +348,7 @@ func TestFileChunkRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  3072,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -412,6 +419,7 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/file1.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -420,6 +428,7 @@ func TestChunkFileRepositoryWithUUIDs(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/file2.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -577,6 +586,7 @@ func TestComplexOrphanedDataScenario(t *testing.T) {
 		files[i] = &File{
 			Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)),
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -668,6 +678,7 @@ func TestCascadeDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/cascade-test.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -739,6 +750,7 @@ func TestTransactionIsolation(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/tx-test.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -800,6 +812,7 @@ func TestConcurrentOrphanedCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/concurrent-%d.txt", i)),
 			MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+			CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_debug_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanupDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file1 := &File{
 		Path:  "/orphaned.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ func TestOrphanedFileCleanupDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	file2 := &File{
 		Path:  "/referenced.txt",
 		MTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		CTime: time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
 		Size:  2048,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/repository_edge_cases_test.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath("/" + strings.Repeat("a", 4096)),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "/test/file with spaces and 特殊文字.txt",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:  "/empty.txt",
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  0,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@ func TestFileRepositoryEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 			file: &File{
 				Path:       "/link",
 				MTime:      time.Now(),
+				CTime:      time.Now(),
 				Size:       0,
 				Mode:       0777 | 0120000, // symlink mode
 				UID:        1000,
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file1 := &File{
 			Path:  "/duplicate.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
+			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -126,6 +132,7 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file2 := &File{
 			Path:  "/duplicate.txt", // Same path
 			MTime: time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
+			CTime: time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
 			Size:  2048,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -185,6 +192,7 @@ func TestDuplicateHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:  "/test-dup-fc.txt",
 			MTime: time.Now(),
+			CTime: time.Now(),
 			Size:  1024,
 			Mode:  0644,
 			UID:   1000,
@@ -236,6 +244,7 @@ func TestNullHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		file := &File{
 			Path:       "/regular.txt",
 			MTime:      time.Now(),
+			CTime:      time.Now(),
 			Size:       1024,
 			Mode:       0644,
 			UID:        1000,
@@ -340,6 +349,7 @@ func TestLargeDatasets(t *testing.T) {
 			file := &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath(fmt.Sprintf("/large/file%05d.txt", i)),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  int64(i * 1024),
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   uint32(1000 + (i % 10)),
@@ -464,6 +474,7 @@ func TestQueryInjection(t *testing.T) {
 			file := &File{
 				Path:  types.FilePath(injection),
 				MTime: time.Now(),
+				CTime: time.Now(),
 				Size:  1024,
 				Mode:  0644,
 				UID:   1000,
@@ -502,6 +513,7 @@ func TestTimezoneHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/timezone-test.txt",
 		MTime: nyTime,
+		CTime: nyTime,
 		Size:  1024,
 		Mode:  0644,
 		UID:   1000,

internal/database/schema.sql

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS files (
     path TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
     source_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',  -- The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
     mtime INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    ctime INTEGER NOT NULL,
     size INTEGER NOT NULL,
     mode INTEGER NOT NULL,
     uid INTEGER NOT NULL,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_files (
     file_id TEXT NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (snapshot_id, file_id),
     FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id)
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient file lookups (used in orphan detection)
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_blobs (
     blob_hash TEXT NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (snapshot_id, blob_id),
     FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    FOREIGN KEY (blob_id) REFERENCES blobs(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+    FOREIGN KEY (blob_id) REFERENCES blobs(id)
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient blob lookups (used in orphan detection)
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS uploads (
     size INTEGER NOT NULL,
     duration_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
     FOREIGN KEY (blob_hash) REFERENCES blobs(blob_hash),
-    FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+    FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id)
 );
 
 -- Index for efficient snapshot lookups

internal/snapshot/backup_test.go

@@ -345,8 +345,9 @@ func (b *BackupEngine) Backup(ctx context.Context, fsys fs.FS, root string) (str
 			Size:  info.Size(),
 			Mode:  uint32(info.Mode()),
 			MTime: info.ModTime(),
-			UID:   1000, // Default UID for test
-			GID:   1000, // Default GID for test
+			CTime: info.ModTime(), // Use mtime as ctime for test
+			UID:   1000,           // Default UID for test
+			GID:   1000,           // Default GID for test
 		}
 		err = b.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 			return b.repos.Files.Create(ctx, tx, file)

internal/snapshot/scanner.go

@@ -180,10 +180,18 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 	}
 
 	// Phase 0: Load known files and chunks from database into memory for fast lookup
-	knownFiles, err := s.loadDatabaseState(ctx, path)
+	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
+	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
 	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
+
+	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
+	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
 
 	// Phase 1: Scan directory, collect files to process, and track existing files
 	// (builds existingFiles map during walk to avoid double traversal)
@@ -208,8 +216,36 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Summarize scan phase results and update progress
-	s.summarizeScanPhase(result, filesToProcess)
+	// Calculate total size to process
+	var totalSizeToProcess int64
+	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
+		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
+	}
+
+	// Update progress with total size and file count
+	if s.progress != nil {
+		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
+		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
+		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
+		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
+		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
+		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
+
+	// Print scan summary
+	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
+		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
+		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
+	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
+			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
+	}
+	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Phase 2: Process files and create chunks
 	if len(filesToProcess) > 0 {
@@ -223,66 +259,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 		log.Info("Phase 2/3: Skipping (no files need processing, metadata-only snapshot)")
 	}
 
-	// Finalize result with blob statistics
-	s.finalizeScanResult(ctx, result)
-
-	return result, nil
-}
-
-// loadDatabaseState loads known files and chunks from the database into memory for fast lookup
-// This avoids per-file and per-chunk database queries during the scan and process phases
-func (s *Scanner) loadDatabaseState(ctx context.Context, path string) (map[string]*database.File, error) {
-	fmt.Println("Loading known files from database...")
-	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
-
-	fmt.Println("Loading known chunks from database...")
-	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
-
-	return knownFiles, nil
-}
-
-// summarizeScanPhase calculates total size to process, updates progress tracking,
-// and prints the scan phase summary with file counts and sizes
-func (s *Scanner) summarizeScanPhase(result *ScanResult, filesToProcess []*FileToProcess) {
-	var totalSizeToProcess int64
-	for _, file := range filesToProcess {
-		totalSizeToProcess += file.FileInfo.Size()
-	}
-
-	if s.progress != nil {
-		s.progress.SetTotalSize(totalSizeToProcess)
-		s.progress.GetStats().TotalFiles.Store(int64(len(filesToProcess)))
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Phase 1 complete",
-		"total_files", len(filesToProcess),
-		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)),
-		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
-		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))
-
-	fmt.Printf("Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
-		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
-		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
-	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
-		fmt.Printf(", %s deleted (%s)",
-			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
-}
-
-// finalizeScanResult populates final blob statistics in the scan result
-// by querying the packer and database for blob/upload counts
-func (s *Scanner) finalizeScanResult(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) {
+	// Get final stats from packer
 	blobs := s.packer.GetFinishedBlobs()
 	result.BlobsCreated += len(blobs)
 
@@ -299,6 +276,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) finalizeScanResult(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) {
 	}
 
 	result.EndTime = time.Now().UTC()
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 // loadKnownFiles loads all known files from the database into a map for fast lookup
@@ -446,38 +424,12 @@ func (s *Scanner) flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
 	flushStart := time.Now()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting")
 
-	// Partition pending files into those ready to flush and those still waiting
-	canFlush, stillPendingCount := s.partitionPendingByChunkStatus()
-
-	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
-		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
-		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
-		"files_still_pending", stillPendingCount)
-
-	// Collect all data for batch operations
-	allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles := s.collectBatchFlushData(canFlush)
-
-	// Execute the batch flush in a single transaction
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
-	txStart := time.Now()
-	err := s.executeBatchFileFlush(ctx, allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles)
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
-	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
-	return err
-}
-
-// partitionPendingByChunkStatus separates pending files into those whose chunks
-// are all committed to DB (ready to flush) and those still waiting on pending chunks.
-// Updates s.pendingFiles to contain only the still-pending files.
-func (s *Scanner) partitionPendingByChunkStatus() (canFlush []pendingFileData, stillPendingCount int) {
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquiring pendingFilesMu lock")
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Lock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: acquired lock", "pending_files", len(s.pendingFiles))
 
+	// Separate files into complete (can flush) and incomplete (keep pending)
+	var canFlush []pendingFileData
 	var stillPending []pendingFileData
 
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: checking which files can flush")
@@ -502,15 +454,18 @@ func (s *Scanner) partitionPendingByChunkStatus() (canFlush []pendingFileData, s
 	s.pendingFilesMu.Unlock()
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: released lock")
 
-	return canFlush, len(stillPending)
-}
+	if len(canFlush) == 0 {
+		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: nothing to flush")
+		return nil
+	}
 
-// collectBatchFlushData aggregates file records, IDs, file-chunk mappings, and chunk-file
-// mappings from the given pending file data for efficient batch database operations
-func (s *Scanner) collectBatchFlushData(canFlush []pendingFileData) ([]*database.File, []types.FileID, []database.FileChunk, []database.ChunkFile) {
+	log.Debug("Flushing completed files after blob finalize",
+		"files_to_flush", len(canFlush),
+		"files_still_pending", len(stillPending))
+
+	// Collect all data for batch operations
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collecting data for batch ops")
 	collectStart := time.Now()
-
 	var allFileChunks []database.FileChunk
 	var allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile
 	var allFileIDs []types.FileID
@@ -522,20 +477,16 @@ func (s *Scanner) collectBatchFlushData(canFlush []pendingFileData) ([]*database
 		allFileIDs = append(allFileIDs, data.file.ID)
 		allFiles = append(allFiles, data.file)
 	}
-
 	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: collected data",
 		"duration", time.Since(collectStart),
 		"file_chunks", len(allFileChunks),
 		"chunk_files", len(allChunkFiles),
 		"files", len(allFiles))
 
-	return allFiles, allFileIDs, allFileChunks, allChunkFiles
-}
-
-// executeBatchFileFlush writes all collected file data to the database in a single transaction,
-// including deleting old mappings, creating file records, and adding snapshot associations
-func (s *Scanner) executeBatchFileFlush(ctx context.Context, allFiles []*database.File, allFileIDs []types.FileID, allFileChunks []database.FileChunk, allChunkFiles []database.ChunkFile) error {
-	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+	// Flush the complete files using batch operations
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: starting transaction")
+	txStart := time.Now()
+	err := s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: inside transaction")
 
 		// Batch delete old file_chunks and chunk_files
@@ -588,6 +539,9 @@ func (s *Scanner) executeBatchFileFlush(ctx context.Context, allFiles []*databas
 		log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction complete")
 		return nil
 	})
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: transaction done", "duration", time.Since(txStart))
+	log.Debug("flushCompletedPendingFiles: total duration", "duration", time.Since(flushStart))
+	return err
 }
 
 // ScanPhaseResult contains the results of the scan phase
@@ -669,11 +623,62 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 		mu.Unlock()
 
 		// Update result stats
-		s.updateScanEntryStats(result, needsProcessing, info)
+		if needsProcessing {
+			result.BytesScanned += info.Size()
+			if s.progress != nil {
+				s.progress.GetStats().BytesScanned.Add(info.Size())
+			}
+		} else {
+			result.FilesSkipped++
+			result.BytesSkipped += info.Size()
+			if s.progress != nil {
+				s.progress.GetStats().FilesSkipped.Add(1)
+				s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(info.Size())
+			}
+		}
+		result.FilesScanned++
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.GetStats().FilesScanned.Add(1)
+		}
 
 		// Output periodic status
 		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
-			printScanProgressLine(filesScanned, changedCount, estimatedTotal, startTime)
+			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+			rate := float64(filesScanned) / elapsed.Seconds()
+
+			// Build status line - use estimate if available (not first backup)
+			if estimatedTotal > 0 {
+				// Show actual scanned vs estimate (may exceed estimate if files were added)
+				pct := float64(filesScanned) / float64(estimatedTotal) * 100
+				if pct > 100 {
+					pct = 100 // Cap at 100% for display
+				}
+				remaining := estimatedTotal - filesScanned
+				if remaining < 0 {
+					remaining = 0
+				}
+				var eta time.Duration
+				if rate > 0 && remaining > 0 {
+					eta = time.Duration(float64(remaining)/rate) * time.Second
+				}
+				fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files (~%.0f%%), %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed",
+					formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
+					pct,
+					formatNumber(changedCount),
+					rate,
+					elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+				if eta > 0 {
+					fmt.Printf(", ETA %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
+				}
+				fmt.Println()
+			} else {
+				// First backup - no estimate available
+				fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files, %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed\n",
+					formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
+					formatNumber(changedCount),
+					rate,
+					elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+			}
 			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
 		}
 
@@ -690,68 +695,6 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// updateScanEntryStats updates the scan result and progress reporter statistics
-// for a single scanned file entry based on whether it needs processing
-func (s *Scanner) updateScanEntryStats(result *ScanResult, needsProcessing bool, info os.FileInfo) {
-	if needsProcessing {
-		result.BytesScanned += info.Size()
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.GetStats().BytesScanned.Add(info.Size())
-		}
-	} else {
-		result.FilesSkipped++
-		result.BytesSkipped += info.Size()
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.GetStats().FilesSkipped.Add(1)
-			s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(info.Size())
-		}
-	}
-	result.FilesScanned++
-	if s.progress != nil {
-		s.progress.GetStats().FilesScanned.Add(1)
-	}
-}
-
-// printScanProgressLine prints a periodic progress line during the scan phase,
-// showing files scanned, percentage complete (if estimate available), and ETA
-func printScanProgressLine(filesScanned int64, changedCount int, estimatedTotal int64, startTime time.Time) {
-	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
-	rate := float64(filesScanned) / elapsed.Seconds()
-
-	if estimatedTotal > 0 {
-		// Show actual scanned vs estimate (may exceed estimate if files were added)
-		pct := float64(filesScanned) / float64(estimatedTotal) * 100
-		if pct > 100 {
-			pct = 100 // Cap at 100% for display
-		}
-		remaining := estimatedTotal - filesScanned
-		if remaining < 0 {
-			remaining = 0
-		}
-		var eta time.Duration
-		if rate > 0 && remaining > 0 {
-			eta = time.Duration(float64(remaining)/rate) * time.Second
-		}
-		fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files (~%.0f%%), %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed",
-			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-			pct,
-			formatNumber(changedCount),
-			rate,
-			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-		if eta > 0 {
-			fmt.Printf(", ETA %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
-		}
-		fmt.Println()
-	} else {
-		// First backup - no estimate available
-		fmt.Printf("Scan: %s files, %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed\n",
-			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-			formatNumber(changedCount),
-			rate,
-			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-	}
-}
-
 // checkFileInMemory checks if a file needs processing using the in-memory map
 // No database access is performed - this is purely CPU/memory work
 func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(path string, info os.FileInfo, knownFiles map[string]*database.File) (*database.File, bool) {
@@ -785,6 +728,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(path string, info os.FileInfo, knownFiles ma
 		Path:       types.FilePath(path),
 		SourcePath: types.SourcePath(s.currentSourcePath), // Store source directory for restore path stripping
 		MTime:      info.ModTime(),
+		CTime:      info.ModTime(), // afero doesn't provide ctime
 		Size:       info.Size(),
 		Mode:       uint32(info.Mode()),
 		UID:        uid,
@@ -886,13 +830,22 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 			s.progress.GetStats().CurrentFile.Store(fileToProcess.Path)
 		}
 
-		// Process file with error handling for deleted files and skip-errors mode
-		skipped, err := s.processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx, fileToProcess, result)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if skipped {
-			continue
+		// Process file in streaming fashion
+		if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
+			// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
+			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+				log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
+				result.FilesSkipped++
+				continue
+			}
+			// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
+			if s.skipErrors {
+				log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
+				fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+				result.FilesSkipped++
+				continue
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
 		}
 
 		// Update files processed counter
@@ -905,71 +858,36 @@ func (s *Scanner) processPhase(ctx context.Context, filesToProcess []*FileToProc
 
 		// Output periodic status
 		if time.Since(lastStatusTime) >= statusInterval {
-			printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles, bytesProcessed, totalBytes, startTime)
+			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+			pct := float64(bytesProcessed) / float64(totalBytes) * 100
+			byteRate := float64(bytesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
+			fileRate := float64(filesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
+
+			// Calculate ETA based on bytes (more accurate than files)
+			remainingBytes := totalBytes - bytesProcessed
+			var eta time.Duration
+			if byteRate > 0 {
+				eta = time.Duration(float64(remainingBytes)/byteRate) * time.Second
+			}
+
+			// Format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s
+			fmt.Printf("Progress [%s/%s] %s/%s (%.1f%%), %s/sec, %.0f files/sec, running for %s",
+				formatCompact(filesProcessed),
+				formatCompact(totalFiles),
+				humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
+				humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
+				pct,
+				humanize.Bytes(uint64(byteRate)),
+				fileRate,
+				elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+			if eta > 0 {
+				fmt.Printf(", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
+			}
+			fmt.Println()
 			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Finalize: flush packer, pending files, and handle local blobs
-	return s.finalizeProcessPhase(ctx, result)
-}
-
-// processFileWithErrorHandling wraps processFileStreaming with error recovery for
-// deleted files and skip-errors mode. Returns (skipped, error).
-func (s *Scanner) processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) (bool, error) {
-	if err := s.processFileStreaming(ctx, fileToProcess, result); err != nil {
-		// Handle files that were deleted between scan and process phases
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			log.Warn("File was deleted during backup, skipping", "path", fileToProcess.Path)
-			result.FilesSkipped++
-			return true, nil
-		}
-		// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
-		if s.skipErrors {
-			log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
-			fmt.Printf("ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
-			result.FilesSkipped++
-			return true, nil
-		}
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("processing file %s: %w", fileToProcess.Path, err)
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}
-
-// printProcessingProgress prints a periodic progress line during the process phase,
-// showing files processed, bytes transferred, throughput, and ETA
-func printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles int, bytesProcessed, totalBytes int64, startTime time.Time) {
-	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
-	pct := float64(bytesProcessed) / float64(totalBytes) * 100
-	byteRate := float64(bytesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
-	fileRate := float64(filesProcessed) / elapsed.Seconds()
-
-	// Calculate ETA based on bytes (more accurate than files)
-	remainingBytes := totalBytes - bytesProcessed
-	var eta time.Duration
-	if byteRate > 0 {
-		eta = time.Duration(float64(remainingBytes)/byteRate) * time.Second
-	}
-
-	// Format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s
-	fmt.Printf("Progress [%s/%s] %s/%s (%.1f%%), %s/sec, %.0f files/sec, running for %s",
-		formatCompact(filesProcessed),
-		formatCompact(totalFiles),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
-		pct,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(byteRate)),
-		fileRate,
-		elapsed.Round(time.Second))
-	if eta > 0 {
-		fmt.Printf(", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
-}
-
-// finalizeProcessPhase flushes the packer, writes remaining pending files to the database,
-// and handles local blob storage when no remote storage is configured
-func (s *Scanner) finalizeProcessPhase(ctx context.Context, result *ScanResult) error {
 	// Final packer flush first - this commits remaining chunks to DB
 	// and handleBlobReady will flush files whose chunks are now committed
 	s.packerMu.Lock()
@@ -1013,103 +931,40 @@ func (s *Scanner) handleBlobReady(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) error {
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()
 	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
 
+	// Report upload start and increment blobs created
 	if s.progress != nil {
 		s.progress.ReportUploadStart(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed)
 		s.progress.GetStats().BlobsCreated.Add(1)
 	}
 
+	// Upload to storage first (without holding any locks)
+	// Use scan context for cancellation support
 	ctx := s.scanCtx
 	if ctx == nil {
 		ctx = context.Background()
 	}
 
-	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
-	blobExists, err := s.uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader, startTime)
-	if err != nil {
-		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
-		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
-	}
-
-	if err := s.recordBlobMetadata(ctx, finishedBlob, blobExists, startTime); err != nil {
-		s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader)
-
-	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
-	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
-
-	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
-	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(ctx); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// uploadBlobIfNeeded uploads the blob to storage if it doesn't already exist, returns whether it existed
-func (s *Scanner) uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, blobPath string, blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader, startTime time.Time) (bool, error) {
-	finishedBlob := blobWithReader.FinishedBlob
-
-	// Check if blob already exists (deduplication after restart)
-	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
-		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
-			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-		return true, nil
-	}
-
-	progressCallback := s.makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx, finishedBlob)
-
-	if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to upload blob", "hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "error", err)
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("uploading blob to storage: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
-	uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
-
-	fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
-		finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
-		uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
-
-	log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
-		"path", blobPath,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-		"duration", uploadDuration,
-		"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBps*8, "bps"))
-
-	if s.progress != nil {
-		s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
-		stats := s.progress.GetStats()
-		stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
-		stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
-	}
-
-	return false, nil
-}
-
-// makeUploadProgressCallback creates a progress callback for blob uploads
-func (s *Scanner) makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob) func(int64) error {
+	// Track bytes uploaded for accurate speed calculation
 	lastProgressTime := time.Now()
 	lastProgressBytes := int64(0)
 
-	return func(uploaded int64) error {
+	progressCallback := func(uploaded int64) error {
+		// Calculate instantaneous speed
 		now := time.Now()
 		elapsed := now.Sub(lastProgressTime).Seconds()
-		if elapsed > 0.5 {
+		if elapsed > 0.5 { // Update speed every 0.5 seconds
 			bytesSinceLastUpdate := uploaded - lastProgressBytes
 			speed := float64(bytesSinceLastUpdate) / elapsed
+
 			if s.progress != nil {
 				s.progress.ReportUploadProgress(finishedBlob.Hash, uploaded, finishedBlob.Compressed, speed)
 			}
+
 			lastProgressTime = now
 			lastProgressBytes = uploaded
 		}
+
+		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
@@ -1117,26 +972,87 @@ func (s *Scanner) makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
-}
 
-// recordBlobMetadata stores blob upload metadata in the database
-func (s *Scanner) recordBlobMetadata(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.FinishedBlob, blobExists bool, startTime time.Time) error {
+	// Create sharded path: blobs/ca/fe/cafebabe...
+	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", finishedBlob.Hash[:2], finishedBlob.Hash[2:4], finishedBlob.Hash)
+
+	// Check if blob already exists in remote storage (deduplication after restart)
+	blobExists := false
+	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
+		blobExists = true
+		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
+			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash,
+			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		fmt.Printf("Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
+			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+	}
+
+	if !blobExists {
+		if err := s.storage.PutWithProgress(ctx, blobPath, blobWithReader.Reader, finishedBlob.Compressed, progressCallback); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob %s to storage: %w", finishedBlob.Hash, err)
+		}
+
+		uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
+
+		// Calculate upload speed
+		uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()
+
+		// Print blob stored message
+		fmt.Printf("Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
+			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
+			uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
+
+		// Log upload stats
+		uploadSpeedBits := uploadSpeedBps * 8 // bits per second
+		log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
+			"path", blobPath,
+			"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
+			"duration", uploadDuration,
+			"speed", humanize.SI(uploadSpeedBits, "bps"))
+
+		// Report upload complete
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			s.progress.ReportUploadComplete(finishedBlob.Hash, finishedBlob.Compressed, uploadDuration)
+		}
+
+		// Update progress after upload completes
+		if s.progress != nil {
+			stats := s.progress.GetStats()
+			stats.BlobsUploaded.Add(1)
+			stats.BytesUploaded.Add(finishedBlob.Compressed)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Store metadata in database (after upload is complete)
+	dbCtx := s.scanCtx
+	if dbCtx == nil {
+		dbCtx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	// Parse blob ID for typed operations
 	finishedBlobID, err := types.ParseBlobID(finishedBlob.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("parsing finished blob ID: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Track upload duration (0 if blob already existed)
 	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
 
-	return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(txCtx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
+	err = s.repos.WithTx(dbCtx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		// Update blob upload timestamp
+		if err := s.repos.Blobs.UpdateUploaded(ctx, tx, finishedBlob.ID); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("updating blob upload timestamp: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(txCtx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
+		// Add the blob to the snapshot
+		if err := s.repos.Snapshots.AddBlob(ctx, tx, s.snapshotID, finishedBlobID, types.BlobHash(finishedBlob.Hash)); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("adding blob to snapshot: %w", err)
 		}
 
+		// Record upload metrics (only for actual uploads, not deduplicated blobs)
 		if !blobExists {
 			upload := &database.Upload{
 				BlobHash:   finishedBlob.Hash,
@@ -1145,17 +1061,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) recordBlobMetadata(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *blob.Fin
 				Size:       finishedBlob.Compressed,
 				DurationMs: uploadDuration.Milliseconds(),
 			}
-			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(txCtx, tx, upload); err != nil {
+			if err := s.repos.Uploads.Create(ctx, tx, upload); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("recording upload metrics: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		return nil
 	})
-}
 
-// cleanupBlobTempFile closes and removes the blob's temporary file
-func (s *Scanner) cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) {
+	// Cleanup temp file if needed
 	if blobWithReader.TempFile != nil {
 		tempName := blobWithReader.TempFile.Name()
 		if err := blobWithReader.TempFile.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -1165,41 +1079,77 @@ func (s *Scanner) cleanupBlobTempFile(blobWithReader *blob.BlobWithReader) {
 			log.Fatal("Failed to remove temp file", "file", tempName, "error", err)
 		}
 	}
-}
 
-// streamingChunkInfo tracks chunk metadata collected during streaming
-type streamingChunkInfo struct {
-	fileChunk database.FileChunk
-	offset    int64
-	size      int64
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Chunks from this blob are now committed to DB - remove from pending set
+	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removing pending chunk hashes")
+	s.removePendingChunkHashes(blobWithReader.InsertedChunkHashes)
+	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: removed pending chunk hashes")
+
+	// Flush files whose chunks are now all committed
+	// This maintains database consistency after each blob
+	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: calling flushCompletedPendingFiles")
+	if err := s.flushCompletedPendingFiles(dbCtx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flushing completed files: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: flushCompletedPendingFiles returned")
+
+	log.Debug("handleBlobReady: complete")
+	return nil
 }
 
 // processFileStreaming processes a file by streaming chunks directly to the packer
 func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, result *ScanResult) error {
+	// Open the file
 	file, err := s.fs.Open(fileToProcess.Path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
 
-	var chunks []streamingChunkInfo
+	// We'll collect file chunks for database storage
+	// but process them for packing as we go
+	type chunkInfo struct {
+		fileChunk database.FileChunk
+		offset    int64
+		size      int64
+	}
+	var chunks []chunkInfo
 	chunkIndex := 0
 
+	// Process chunks in streaming fashion and get full file hash
 	fileHash, err := s.chunker.ChunkReaderStreaming(file, func(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
+		// Check for cancellation
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
 		default:
 		}
 
+		log.Debug("Processing content-defined chunk from file",
+			"file", fileToProcess.Path,
+			"chunk_index", chunkIndex,
+			"hash", chunk.Hash,
+			"size", chunk.Size)
+
+		// Check if chunk already exists (fast in-memory lookup)
 		chunkExists := s.chunkExists(chunk.Hash)
+
+		// Queue new chunks for batch insert when blob finalizes
+		// This dramatically reduces transaction overhead
 		if !chunkExists {
 			s.packer.AddPendingChunk(chunk.Hash, chunk.Size)
+			// Add to in-memory cache immediately for fast duplicate detection
 			s.addKnownChunk(chunk.Hash)
+			// Track as pending until blob finalizes and commits to DB
 			s.addPendingChunkHash(chunk.Hash)
 		}
 
-		chunks = append(chunks, streamingChunkInfo{
+		// Track file chunk association for later storage
+		chunks = append(chunks, chunkInfo{
 			fileChunk: database.FileChunk{
 				FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,
 				Idx:       chunkIndex,
@@ -1209,15 +1159,55 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 			size:   chunk.Size,
 		})
 
-		s.updateChunkStats(chunkExists, chunk.Size, result)
-
-		if !chunkExists {
-			if err := s.addChunkToPacker(chunk); err != nil {
-				return err
+		// Update stats
+		if chunkExists {
+			result.FilesSkipped++ // Track as skipped for now
+			result.BytesSkipped += chunk.Size
+			if s.progress != nil {
+				s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunk.Size)
+			}
+		} else {
+			result.ChunksCreated++
+			result.BytesScanned += chunk.Size
+			if s.progress != nil {
+				s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
+				s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunk.Size)
+				s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Add chunk to packer immediately (streaming)
+		// This happens outside the database transaction
+		if !chunkExists {
+			s.packerMu.Lock()
+			err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
+				Hash: chunk.Hash,
+				Data: chunk.Data,
+			})
+			if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
+				// Finalize current blob and retry
+				if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
+					s.packerMu.Unlock()
+					return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
+				}
+				// Retry adding the chunk
+				if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{
+					Hash: chunk.Hash,
+					Data: chunk.Data,
+				}); err != nil {
+					s.packerMu.Unlock()
+					return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
+				}
+			} else if err != nil {
+				s.packerMu.Unlock()
+				return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
+			}
+			s.packerMu.Unlock()
+		}
+
+		// Clear chunk data from memory immediately after use
 		chunk.Data = nil
+
 		chunkIndex++
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -1227,54 +1217,12 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileStreaming(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileT
 	}
 
 	log.Debug("Completed snapshotting file",
-		"path", fileToProcess.Path, "file_hash", fileHash, "chunks", len(chunks))
+		"path", fileToProcess.Path,
+		"file_hash", fileHash,
+		"chunks", len(chunks))
 
-	s.queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx, fileToProcess, chunks)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// updateChunkStats updates scan result and progress stats for a processed chunk
-func (s *Scanner) updateChunkStats(chunkExists bool, chunkSize int64, result *ScanResult) {
-	if chunkExists {
-		result.FilesSkipped++
-		result.BytesSkipped += chunkSize
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.GetStats().BytesSkipped.Add(chunkSize)
-		}
-	} else {
-		result.ChunksCreated++
-		result.BytesScanned += chunkSize
-		if s.progress != nil {
-			s.progress.GetStats().ChunksCreated.Add(1)
-			s.progress.GetStats().BytesProcessed.Add(chunkSize)
-			s.progress.UpdateChunkingActivity()
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// addChunkToPacker adds a chunk to the blob packer, finalizing the current blob if needed
-func (s *Scanner) addChunkToPacker(chunk chunker.Chunk) error {
-	s.packerMu.Lock()
-	err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data})
-	if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
-		if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil {
-			s.packerMu.Unlock()
-			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob: %w", err)
-		}
-		if err := s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data}); err != nil {
-			s.packerMu.Unlock()
-			return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk after finalize: %w", err)
-		}
-	} else if err != nil {
-		s.packerMu.Unlock()
-		return fmt.Errorf("adding chunk to packer: %w", err)
-	}
-	s.packerMu.Unlock()
-	return nil
-}
-
-// queueFileForBatchInsert builds file/chunk associations and queues the file for batch DB insert
-func (s *Scanner) queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *FileToProcess, chunks []streamingChunkInfo) {
+	// Build file data for batch insertion
+	// Update chunk associations with the file ID
 	fileChunks := make([]database.FileChunk, len(chunks))
 	chunkFiles := make([]database.ChunkFile, len(chunks))
 	for i, ci := range chunks {
@@ -1291,11 +1239,14 @@ func (s *Scanner) queueFileForBatchInsert(ctx context.Context, fileToProcess *Fi
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Queue file for batch insertion
+	// Files will be flushed when their chunks are committed (after blob finalize)
 	s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{
 		file:       fileToProcess.File,
 		fileChunks: fileChunks,
 		chunkFiles: chunkFiles,
 	})
+	return nil
 }
 
 // GetProgress returns the progress reporter for this scanner

internal/snapshot/snapshot.go

@@ -227,39 +227,12 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// Steps 1-5: Copy, clean, vacuum, compress, and read the database
-	finalData, tempDBPath, err := sm.prepareExportDB(ctx, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
-	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
-	if err := sm.uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx, snapshotID, finalData, blobManifest); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
-		"db_size", len(finalData),
-		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
-	return nil
-}
-
-// prepareExportDB copies, cleans, vacuums, and compresses the snapshot database for export.
-// Returns the compressed data and the path to the temporary database (needed for manifest generation).
-func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshotID, tempDir string) ([]byte, string, error) {
 	// Step 1: Copy database to temp file
 	// The main database should be closed at this point
 	tempDBPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "snapshot.db")
 	log.Debug("Copying database to temporary location", "source", dbPath, "destination", tempDBPath)
 	if err := sm.copyFile(dbPath, tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("copying database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database copy complete", "size", sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))
 
@@ -267,7 +240,7 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshot
 	log.Debug("Cleaning temporary database", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
 	stats, err := sm.cleanSnapshotDB(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cleaning snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Info("Temporary database cleanup complete",
 		"db_path", tempDBPath,
@@ -282,14 +255,14 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshot
 	// Step 3: VACUUM the database to remove deleted data and compact
 	// This is critical for security - ensures no stale/deleted data is uploaded
 	if err := sm.vacuumDatabase(tempDBPath); err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("vacuuming database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Database vacuumed", "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))))
 
 	// Step 4: Compress and encrypt the binary database file
 	compressedPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "db.zst.age")
 	if err := sm.compressFile(tempDBPath, compressedPath); err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("compressing database: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Compression complete",
 		"original_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(sm.getFileSize(tempDBPath))),
@@ -298,43 +271,49 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) prepareExportDB(ctx context.Context, dbPath, snapshot
 	// Step 5: Read compressed and encrypted data for upload
 	finalData, err := afero.ReadFile(sm.fs, compressedPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading compressed dump: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return finalData, tempDBPath, nil
-}
+	// Step 6: Generate blob manifest (before closing temp DB)
+	blobManifest, err := sm.generateBlobManifest(ctx, tempDBPath, snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("generating blob manifest: %w", err)
+	}
 
-// uploadSnapshotArtifacts uploads the database backup and blob manifest to S3
-func (sm *SnapshotManager) uploadSnapshotArtifacts(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string, dbData, manifestData []byte) error {
+	// Step 7: Upload to S3 in snapshot subdirectory
 	// Upload database backup (compressed and encrypted)
 	dbKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
 
 	dbUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(dbData)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(finalData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	dbUploadDuration := time.Since(dbUploadStart)
-	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(dbData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	dbUploadSpeed := float64(len(finalData)) * 8 / dbUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot database",
 		"path", dbKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(dbData))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(finalData))),
 		"duration", dbUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(dbUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
 	// Upload blob manifest (compressed only, not encrypted)
 	manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
 	manifestUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(manifestData)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(blobManifest)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob manifest: %w", err)
 	}
 	manifestUploadDuration := time.Since(manifestUploadStart)
-	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(manifestData)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
+	manifestUploadSpeed := float64(len(blobManifest)) * 8 / manifestUploadDuration.Seconds() // bits per second
 	log.Info("Uploaded blob manifest",
 		"path", manifestKey,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(manifestData))),
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(len(blobManifest))),
 		"duration", manifestUploadDuration,
 		"speed", humanize.SI(manifestUploadSpeed, "bps"))
 
+	log.Info("Uploaded snapshot metadata",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"db_size", len(finalData),
+		"manifest_size", len(blobManifest))
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/vaultik/blob_fetch.go

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-
-	"filippo.io/age"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
-)
-
-// hashVerifyReader wraps a blobgen.Reader and verifies the double-SHA-256 hash
-// of decrypted plaintext when Close is called. It reuses the hash that
-// blobgen.Reader already computes internally via its TeeReader, avoiding
-// redundant SHA-256 computation.
-type hashVerifyReader struct {
-	reader   *blobgen.Reader // underlying decrypted blob reader (has internal hasher)
-	fetcher  io.ReadCloser   // raw fetched stream (closed on Close)
-	blobHash string          // expected double-SHA-256 hex
-	done     bool            // EOF reached
-}
-
-func (h *hashVerifyReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := h.reader.Read(p)
-	if err == io.EOF {
-		h.done = true
-	}
-	return n, err
-}
-
-// Close verifies the hash (if the stream was fully read) and closes underlying readers.
-func (h *hashVerifyReader) Close() error {
-	readerErr := h.reader.Close()
-	fetcherErr := h.fetcher.Close()
-
-	if h.done {
-		firstHash := h.reader.Sum256()
-		secondHasher := sha256.New()
-		secondHasher.Write(firstHash)
-		actualHashHex := hex.EncodeToString(secondHasher.Sum(nil))
-		if actualHashHex != h.blobHash {
-			return fmt.Errorf("blob hash mismatch: expected %s, got %s", h.blobHash[:16], actualHashHex[:16])
-		}
-	}
-
-	if readerErr != nil {
-		return readerErr
-	}
-	return fetcherErr
-}
-
-// FetchAndDecryptBlob downloads a blob, decrypts and decompresses it, and
-// returns a streaming reader that computes the double-SHA-256 hash on the fly.
-// The hash is verified when the returned reader is closed (after fully reading).
-// This avoids buffering the entire blob in memory.
-func (v *Vaultik) FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64, identity age.Identity) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	rc, _, err := v.FetchBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	reader, err := blobgen.NewReader(rc, identity)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = rc.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob reader: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return &hashVerifyReader{
-		reader:   reader,
-		fetcher:  rc,
-		blobHash: blobHash,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-// FetchBlob downloads a blob and returns a reader for the encrypted data.
-func (v *Vaultik) FetchBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
-	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blobHash[:2], blobHash[2:4], blobHash)
-
-	rc, err := v.Storage.Get(ctx, blobPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("downloading blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
-	}
-
-	info, err := v.Storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = rc.Close()
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("stat blob %s: %w", blobHash[:16], err)
-	}
-
-	return rc, info.Size, nil
-}

internal/vaultik/blob_fetch_hash_test.go

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik_test
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"io"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"filippo.io/age"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
-)
-
-// TestFetchAndDecryptBlobVerifiesHash verifies that FetchAndDecryptBlob checks
-// the double-SHA-256 hash of the decrypted plaintext against the expected blob hash.
-func TestFetchAndDecryptBlobVerifiesHash(t *testing.T) {
-	identity, err := age.GenerateX25519Identity()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("generating identity: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Create test data and encrypt it using blobgen.Writer
-	plaintext := []byte("hello world test data for blob hash verification")
-	var encBuf bytes.Buffer
-	writer, err := blobgen.NewWriter(&encBuf, 1, []string{identity.Recipient().String()})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("creating blobgen writer: %v", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := writer.Write(plaintext); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("writing plaintext: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := writer.Close(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("closing writer: %v", err)
-	}
-	encryptedData := encBuf.Bytes()
-
-	// Compute correct double-SHA-256 hash of the plaintext (matches blobgen.Writer.Sum256)
-	firstHash := sha256.Sum256(plaintext)
-	secondHash := sha256.Sum256(firstHash[:])
-	correctHash := hex.EncodeToString(secondHash[:])
-
-	// Verify our hash matches what blobgen.Writer produces
-	writerHash := hex.EncodeToString(writer.Sum256())
-	if correctHash != writerHash {
-		t.Fatalf("hash computation mismatch: manual=%s, writer=%s", correctHash, writerHash)
-	}
-
-	// Set up mock storage with the blob at the correct path
-	mockStorage := NewMockStorer()
-	blobPath := "blobs/" + correctHash[:2] + "/" + correctHash[2:4] + "/" + correctHash
-	mockStorage.mu.Lock()
-	mockStorage.data[blobPath] = encryptedData
-	mockStorage.mu.Unlock()
-
-	tv := vaultik.NewForTesting(mockStorage)
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	t.Run("correct hash succeeds", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rc, err := tv.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, correctHash, int64(len(encryptedData)), identity)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected success, got error: %v", err)
-		}
-		data, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("reading stream: %v", err)
-		}
-		if err := rc.Close(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("close (hash verification) failed: %v", err)
-		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(data, plaintext) {
-			t.Fatalf("decrypted data mismatch: got %q, want %q", data, plaintext)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("wrong hash fails", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Use a fake hash that doesn't match the actual plaintext
-		fakeHash := strings.Repeat("ab", 32) // 64 hex chars
-		fakePath := "blobs/" + fakeHash[:2] + "/" + fakeHash[2:4] + "/" + fakeHash
-		mockStorage.mu.Lock()
-		mockStorage.data[fakePath] = encryptedData
-		mockStorage.mu.Unlock()
-
-		rc, err := tv.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, fakeHash, int64(len(encryptedData)), identity)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected error opening stream: %v", err)
-		}
-		// Read all data — hash is verified on Close
-		_, _ = io.ReadAll(rc)
-		err = rc.Close()
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Fatal("expected error for mismatched hash, got nil")
-		}
-		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "hash mismatch") {
-			t.Fatalf("expected hash mismatch error, got: %v", err)
-		}
-	})
-}

internal/vaultik/blobcache.go

@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// blobDiskCacheEntry tracks a cached blob on disk.
-type blobDiskCacheEntry struct {
-	key  string
-	size int64
-	prev *blobDiskCacheEntry
-	next *blobDiskCacheEntry
-}
-
-// blobDiskCache is an LRU cache that stores blobs on disk instead of in memory.
-// Blobs are written to a temp directory keyed by their hash. When total size
-// exceeds maxBytes, the least-recently-used entries are evicted (deleted from disk).
-type blobDiskCache struct {
-	mu       sync.Mutex
-	dir      string
-	maxBytes int64
-	curBytes int64
-	items    map[string]*blobDiskCacheEntry
-	head     *blobDiskCacheEntry // most recent
-	tail     *blobDiskCacheEntry // least recent
-}
-
-// newBlobDiskCache creates a new disk-based blob cache with the given max size.
-func newBlobDiskCache(maxBytes int64) (*blobDiskCache, error) {
-	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "vaultik-blobcache-*")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache dir: %w", err)
-	}
-	return &blobDiskCache{
-		dir:      dir,
-		maxBytes: maxBytes,
-		items:    make(map[string]*blobDiskCacheEntry),
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (c *blobDiskCache) path(key string) string {
-	return filepath.Join(c.dir, key)
-}
-
-func (c *blobDiskCache) unlink(e *blobDiskCacheEntry) {
-	if e.prev != nil {
-		e.prev.next = e.next
-	} else {
-		c.head = e.next
-	}
-	if e.next != nil {
-		e.next.prev = e.prev
-	} else {
-		c.tail = e.prev
-	}
-	e.prev = nil
-	e.next = nil
-}
-
-func (c *blobDiskCache) pushFront(e *blobDiskCacheEntry) {
-	e.prev = nil
-	e.next = c.head
-	if c.head != nil {
-		c.head.prev = e
-	}
-	c.head = e
-	if c.tail == nil {
-		c.tail = e
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *blobDiskCache) evictLRU() {
-	if c.tail == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	victim := c.tail
-	c.unlink(victim)
-	delete(c.items, victim.key)
-	c.curBytes -= victim.size
-	_ = os.Remove(c.path(victim.key))
-}
-
-// Put writes blob data to disk cache. Entries larger than maxBytes are silently skipped.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Put(key string, data []byte) error {
-	entrySize := int64(len(data))
-
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	if entrySize > c.maxBytes {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Remove old entry if updating
-	if e, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
-		c.unlink(e)
-		c.curBytes -= e.size
-		_ = os.Remove(c.path(key))
-		delete(c.items, key)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.WriteFile(c.path(key), data, 0600); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing blob to cache: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	e := &blobDiskCacheEntry{key: key, size: entrySize}
-	c.pushFront(e)
-	c.items[key] = e
-	c.curBytes += entrySize
-
-	for c.curBytes > c.maxBytes && c.tail != nil {
-		c.evictLRU()
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Get reads a cached blob from disk. Returns data and true on hit.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Get(key string) ([]byte, bool) {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	e, ok := c.items[key]
-	if !ok {
-		c.mu.Unlock()
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	c.unlink(e)
-	c.pushFront(e)
-	c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(c.path(key))
-	if err != nil {
-		c.mu.Lock()
-		if e2, ok2 := c.items[key]; ok2 && e2 == e {
-			c.unlink(e)
-			delete(c.items, key)
-			c.curBytes -= e.size
-		}
-		c.mu.Unlock()
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	return data, true
-}
-
-// ReadAt reads a slice of a cached blob without loading the entire blob into memory.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) ReadAt(key string, offset, length int64) ([]byte, error) {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	e, ok := c.items[key]
-	if !ok {
-		c.mu.Unlock()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key %q not in cache", key)
-	}
-	if offset+length > e.size {
-		c.mu.Unlock()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read beyond blob size: offset=%d length=%d size=%d", offset, length, e.size)
-	}
-	c.unlink(e)
-	c.pushFront(e)
-	c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	f, err := os.Open(c.path(key))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
-
-	buf := make([]byte, length)
-	if _, err := f.ReadAt(buf, offset); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return buf, nil
-}
-
-// Has returns whether a key exists in the cache.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Has(key string) bool {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	_, ok := c.items[key]
-	return ok
-}
-
-// Size returns current total cached bytes.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Size() int64 {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	return c.curBytes
-}
-
-// Len returns number of cached entries.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Len() int {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	return len(c.items)
-}
-
-// Close removes the cache directory and all cached blobs.
-func (c *blobDiskCache) Close() error {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	c.items = nil
-	c.head = nil
-	c.tail = nil
-	c.curBytes = 0
-	return os.RemoveAll(c.dir)
-}

internal/vaultik/blobcache_test.go

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_BasicGetPut(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(1 << 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	data := []byte("hello world")
-	if err := cache.Put("key1", data); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	got, ok := cache.Get("key1")
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected cache hit")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(got, data) {
-		t.Fatalf("got %q, want %q", got, data)
-	}
-
-	_, ok = cache.Get("nonexistent")
-	if ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected cache miss")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_EvictionUnderPressure(t *testing.T) {
-	maxBytes := int64(1000)
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(maxBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-		data := make([]byte, 300)
-		if err := cache.Put(fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i), data); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if cache.Size() > maxBytes {
-		t.Fatalf("cache size %d exceeds max %d", cache.Size(), maxBytes)
-	}
-
-	if !cache.Has("key4") {
-		t.Fatal("expected key4 to be cached")
-	}
-	if cache.Has("key0") {
-		t.Fatal("expected key0 to be evicted")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_OversizedEntryRejected(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(100)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	data := make([]byte, 200)
-	if err := cache.Put("big", data); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if cache.Has("big") {
-		t.Fatal("oversized entry should not be cached")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_UpdateInPlace(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(1 << 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	if err := cache.Put("key1", []byte("v1")); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if err := cache.Put("key1", []byte("version2")); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	got, ok := cache.Get("key1")
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected hit")
-	}
-	if string(got) != "version2" {
-		t.Fatalf("got %q, want %q", got, "version2")
-	}
-	if cache.Len() != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected 1 entry, got %d", cache.Len())
-	}
-	if cache.Size() != int64(len("version2")) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected size %d, got %d", len("version2"), cache.Size())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_ReadAt(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(1 << 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	data := make([]byte, 1024)
-	if _, err := rand.Read(data); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if err := cache.Put("blob1", data); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	chunk, err := cache.ReadAt("blob1", 100, 200)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(chunk, data[100:300]) {
-		t.Fatal("ReadAt returned wrong data")
-	}
-
-	_, err = cache.ReadAt("blob1", 900, 200)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for out-of-bounds read")
-	}
-
-	_, err = cache.ReadAt("missing", 0, 10)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for missing key")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_Close(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(1 << 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if err := cache.Put("key1", []byte("data")); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if err := cache.Close(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBlobDiskCache_LRUOrder(t *testing.T) {
-	cache, err := newBlobDiskCache(200)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = cache.Close() }()
-
-	d := make([]byte, 100)
-	if err := cache.Put("a", d); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if err := cache.Put("b", d); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	// Access "a" to make it most recently used
-	cache.Get("a")
-
-	// Adding "c" should evict "b" (LRU), not "a"
-	if err := cache.Put("c", d); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if !cache.Has("a") {
-		t.Fatal("expected 'a' to survive")
-	}
-	if !cache.Has("c") {
-		t.Fatal("expected 'c' to be present")
-	}
-	if cache.Has("b") {
-		t.Fatal("expected 'b' to be evicted")
-	}
-}

internal/vaultik/helpers.go

@@ -79,21 +79,6 @@ func parseSnapshotTimestamp(snapshotID string) (time.Time, error) {
 	return timestamp.UTC(), nil
 }
 
-// parseSnapshotName extracts the snapshot name from a snapshot ID.
-// Format: hostname_snapshotname_timestamp (3 parts) or hostname_timestamp (2 parts, no name).
-// Returns the snapshot name, or empty string if no name component is present.
-func parseSnapshotName(snapshotID string) string {
-	parts := strings.Split(snapshotID, "_")
-	if len(parts) < 3 {
-		// Format: hostname_timestamp — no snapshot name
-		return ""
-	}
-	// Format: hostname_name_timestamp — middle parts are the name.
-	// The last part is the RFC3339 timestamp, the first part is the hostname,
-	// everything in between is the snapshot name (which may itself contain underscores).
-	return strings.Join(parts[1:len(parts)-1], "_")
-}
-
 // parseDuration parses a duration string with support for days
 func parseDuration(s string) (time.Duration, error) {
 	// Check for days suffix

internal/vaultik/helpers_test.go

@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestParseSnapshotName(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
-		snapshotID string
-		want       string
-	}{
-		{
-			name:       "standard format with name",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_home_2026-01-12T14:41:15Z",
-			want:       "home",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "standard format with different name",
-			snapshotID: "server1_system_2026-02-15T09:30:00Z",
-			want:       "system",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "no snapshot name (legacy format)",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_2026-01-12T14:41:15Z",
-			want:       "",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "name with underscores",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_my_special_backup_2026-03-01T00:00:00Z",
-			want:       "my_special_backup",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "single part (edge case)",
-			snapshotID: "nounderscore",
-			want:       "",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "empty string",
-			snapshotID: "",
-			want:       "",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := parseSnapshotName(tt.snapshotID)
-			if got != tt.want {
-				t.Errorf("parseSnapshotName(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.snapshotID, got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParseSnapshotTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
-		snapshotID string
-		wantErr    bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:       "valid with name",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_home_2026-01-12T14:41:15Z",
-			wantErr:    false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "valid without name",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_2026-01-12T14:41:15Z",
-			wantErr:    false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "invalid - single part",
-			snapshotID: "nounderscore",
-			wantErr:    true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "invalid - bad timestamp",
-			snapshotID: "myhost_home_notadate",
-			wantErr:    true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := parseSnapshotTimestamp(tt.snapshotID)
-			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
-				t.Errorf("parseSnapshotTimestamp(%q) error = %v, wantErr %v", tt.snapshotID, err, tt.wantErr)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSnapshotPurgeOptions(t *testing.T) {
-	opts := &SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Name:       "home",
-		Force:      true,
-	}
-	if !opts.KeepLatest {
-		t.Error("Expected KeepLatest to be true")
-	}
-	if opts.Name != "home" {
-		t.Errorf("Expected Name to be 'home', got %q", opts.Name)
-	}
-	if !opts.Force {
-		t.Error("Expected Force to be true")
-	}
-
-	opts2 := &SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		OlderThan: "30d",
-		Name:      "system",
-	}
-	if opts2.OlderThan != "30d" {
-		t.Errorf("Expected OlderThan to be '30d', got %q", opts2.OlderThan)
-	}
-	if opts2.Name != "system" {
-		t.Errorf("Expected Name to be 'system', got %q", opts2.Name)
-	}
-}

internal/vaultik/info.go

@@ -15,99 +15,99 @@ import (
 // ShowInfo displays system and configuration information
 func (v *Vaultik) ShowInfo() error {
 	// System Information
-	v.printfStdout("=== System Information ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("OS/Architecture: %s/%s\n", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
-	v.printfStdout("Version:         %s\n", v.Globals.Version)
-	v.printfStdout("Commit:          %s\n", v.Globals.Commit)
-	v.printfStdout("Go Version:      %s\n", runtime.Version())
-	v.printlnStdout()
+	fmt.Printf("=== System Information ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("OS/Architecture: %s/%s\n", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
+	fmt.Printf("Version:         %s\n", v.Globals.Version)
+	fmt.Printf("Commit:          %s\n", v.Globals.Commit)
+	fmt.Printf("Go Version:      %s\n", runtime.Version())
+	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Storage Configuration
-	v.printfStdout("=== Storage Configuration ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("S3 Bucket:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Bucket)
+	fmt.Printf("=== Storage Configuration ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("S3 Bucket:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Bucket)
 	if v.Config.S3.Prefix != "" {
-		v.printfStdout("S3 Prefix:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Prefix)
+		fmt.Printf("S3 Prefix:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Prefix)
 	}
-	v.printfStdout("S3 Endpoint:     %s\n", v.Config.S3.Endpoint)
-	v.printfStdout("S3 Region:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Region)
-	v.printlnStdout()
+	fmt.Printf("S3 Endpoint:     %s\n", v.Config.S3.Endpoint)
+	fmt.Printf("S3 Region:       %s\n", v.Config.S3.Region)
+	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Backup Settings
-	v.printfStdout("=== Backup Settings ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("=== Backup Settings ===\n")
 
 	// Show configured snapshots
-	v.printfStdout("Snapshots:\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Snapshots:\n")
 	for _, name := range v.Config.SnapshotNames() {
 		snap := v.Config.Snapshots[name]
-		v.printfStdout("  %s:\n", name)
+		fmt.Printf("  %s:\n", name)
 		for _, path := range snap.Paths {
-			v.printfStdout("    - %s\n", path)
+			fmt.Printf("    - %s\n", path)
 		}
 		if len(snap.Exclude) > 0 {
-			v.printfStdout("    exclude: %s\n", strings.Join(snap.Exclude, ", "))
+			fmt.Printf("    exclude: %s\n", strings.Join(snap.Exclude, ", "))
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Global exclude patterns
 	if len(v.Config.Exclude) > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("Global Exclude:  %s\n", strings.Join(v.Config.Exclude, ", "))
+		fmt.Printf("Global Exclude:  %s\n", strings.Join(v.Config.Exclude, ", "))
 	}
 
-	v.printfStdout("Compression:     zstd level %d\n", v.Config.CompressionLevel)
-	v.printfStdout("Chunk Size:      %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(v.Config.ChunkSize)))
-	v.printfStdout("Blob Size Limit: %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(v.Config.BlobSizeLimit)))
-	v.printlnStdout()
+	fmt.Printf("Compression:     zstd level %d\n", v.Config.CompressionLevel)
+	fmt.Printf("Chunk Size:      %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(v.Config.ChunkSize)))
+	fmt.Printf("Blob Size Limit: %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(v.Config.BlobSizeLimit)))
+	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Encryption Configuration
-	v.printfStdout("=== Encryption Configuration ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("Recipients:\n")
+	fmt.Printf("=== Encryption Configuration ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Recipients:\n")
 	for _, recipient := range v.Config.AgeRecipients {
-		v.printfStdout("  - %s\n", recipient)
+		fmt.Printf("  - %s\n", recipient)
 	}
-	v.printlnStdout()
+	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Daemon Settings (if applicable)
 	if v.Config.BackupInterval > 0 || v.Config.MinTimeBetweenRun > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("=== Daemon Settings ===\n")
+		fmt.Printf("=== Daemon Settings ===\n")
 		if v.Config.BackupInterval > 0 {
-			v.printfStdout("Backup Interval: %s\n", v.Config.BackupInterval)
+			fmt.Printf("Backup Interval: %s\n", v.Config.BackupInterval)
 		}
 		if v.Config.MinTimeBetweenRun > 0 {
-			v.printfStdout("Minimum Time:    %s\n", v.Config.MinTimeBetweenRun)
+			fmt.Printf("Minimum Time:    %s\n", v.Config.MinTimeBetweenRun)
 		}
-		v.printlnStdout()
+		fmt.Println()
 	}
 
 	// Local Database
-	v.printfStdout("=== Local Database ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("Index Path:      %s\n", v.Config.IndexPath)
+	fmt.Printf("=== Local Database ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Index Path:      %s\n", v.Config.IndexPath)
 
 	// Check if index file exists and get its size
 	if info, err := v.Fs.Stat(v.Config.IndexPath); err == nil {
-		v.printfStdout("Index Size:      %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(info.Size())))
+		fmt.Printf("Index Size:      %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(info.Size())))
 
 		// Get snapshot count from database
 		query := `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM snapshots WHERE completed_at IS NOT NULL`
 		var snapshotCount int
 		if err := v.DB.Conn().QueryRowContext(v.ctx, query).Scan(&snapshotCount); err == nil {
-			v.printfStdout("Snapshots:       %d\n", snapshotCount)
+			fmt.Printf("Snapshots:       %d\n", snapshotCount)
 		}
 
 		// Get blob count from database
 		query = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blobs`
 		var blobCount int
 		if err := v.DB.Conn().QueryRowContext(v.ctx, query).Scan(&blobCount); err == nil {
-			v.printfStdout("Blobs:           %d\n", blobCount)
+			fmt.Printf("Blobs:           %d\n", blobCount)
 		}
 
 		// Get file count from database
 		query = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM files`
 		var fileCount int
 		if err := v.DB.Conn().QueryRowContext(v.ctx, query).Scan(&fileCount); err == nil {
-			v.printfStdout("Files:           %d\n", fileCount)
+			fmt.Printf("Files:           %d\n", fileCount)
 		}
 	} else {
-		v.printfStdout("Index Size:      (not created)\n")
+		fmt.Printf("Index Size:      (not created)\n")
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -149,64 +149,35 @@ type RemoteInfoResult struct {
 
 // RemoteInfo displays information about remote storage
 func (v *Vaultik) RemoteInfo(jsonOutput bool) error {
-	log.Info("Starting remote storage info gathering")
 	result := &RemoteInfoResult{}
 
+	// Get storage info
 	storageInfo := v.Storage.Info()
 	result.StorageType = storageInfo.Type
 	result.StorageLocation = storageInfo.Location
 
 	if !jsonOutput {
-		v.printfStdout("=== Remote Storage ===\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Type:     %s\n", storageInfo.Type)
-		v.printfStdout("Location: %s\n", storageInfo.Location)
-		v.printlnStdout()
-		v.printfStdout("Scanning snapshot metadata...\n")
-	}
-
-	snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, err := v.collectSnapshotMetadata()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		fmt.Printf("=== Remote Storage ===\n")
+		fmt.Printf("Type:     %s\n", storageInfo.Type)
+		fmt.Printf("Location: %s\n", storageInfo.Location)
+		fmt.Println()
 	}
 
+	// List all snapshot metadata
 	if !jsonOutput {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+		fmt.Printf("Scanning snapshot metadata...\n")
 	}
 
-	referencedBlobs := v.collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs, snapshotMetadata)
-
-	v.populateRemoteInfoResult(result, snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, referencedBlobs)
-
-	if err := v.scanRemoteBlobStorage(result, referencedBlobs, jsonOutput); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Remote info complete",
-		"snapshots", result.TotalMetadataCount,
-		"total_blobs", result.TotalBlobCount,
-		"referenced_blobs", result.ReferencedBlobCount,
-		"orphaned_blobs", result.OrphanedBlobCount)
-
-	if jsonOutput {
-		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
-		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
-		return enc.Encode(result)
-	}
-
-	v.printRemoteInfoTable(result)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// collectSnapshotMetadata scans remote metadata and returns per-snapshot info and sorted IDs
-func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotMetadata() (map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, []string, error) {
 	snapshotMetadata := make(map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo)
 
+	// Collect metadata files
 	metadataCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
 	for obj := range metadataCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("listing metadata: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
 
+		// Parse key: metadata/<snapshot-id>/<filename>
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 3 {
 			continue
@@ -214,11 +185,14 @@ func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotMetadata() (map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, [
 		snapshotID := parts[1]
 
 		if _, exists := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]; !exists {
-			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{SnapshotID: snapshotID}
+			snapshotMetadata[snapshotID] = &SnapshotMetadataInfo{
+				SnapshotID: snapshotID,
+			}
 		}
 
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		filename := parts[2]
+
 		if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "manifest") {
 			info.ManifestSize = obj.Size
 		} else if strings.HasPrefix(filename, "db") {
@@ -227,18 +201,19 @@ func (v *Vaultik) collectSnapshotMetadata() (map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, [
 		info.TotalSize = info.ManifestSize + info.DatabaseSize
 	}
 
+	// Sort snapshots by ID for consistent output
 	var snapshotIDs []string
 	for id := range snapshotMetadata {
 		snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, id)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(snapshotIDs)
 
-	return snapshotMetadata, snapshotIDs, nil
-}
+	// Download and parse all manifests to get referenced blobs
+	if !jsonOutput {
+		fmt.Printf("Downloading %d manifest(s)...\n", len(snapshotIDs))
+	}
 
-// collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests downloads manifests and returns referenced blob hashes with sizes
-func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs []string, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo) map[string]int64 {
-	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+	referencedBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> compressed size
 
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
@@ -255,8 +230,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs []string, snap
 			continue
 		}
 
+		// Record blob info from manifest
 		info := snapshotMetadata[snapshotID]
 		info.BlobCount = manifest.BlobCount
+
 		var blobsSize int64
 		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 			referencedBlobs[blob.Hash] = blob.CompressedSize
@@ -265,11 +242,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobsFromManifests(snapshotIDs []string, snap
 		info.BlobsSize = blobsSize
 	}
 
-	return referencedBlobs
-}
-
-// populateRemoteInfoResult fills in the result's snapshot and referenced blob stats
-func (v *Vaultik) populateRemoteInfoResult(result *RemoteInfoResult, snapshotMetadata map[string]*SnapshotMetadataInfo, snapshotIDs []string, referencedBlobs map[string]int64) {
+	// Build result snapshots
 	var totalMetadataSize int64
 	for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
 		info := snapshotMetadata[id]
@@ -279,25 +252,26 @@ func (v *Vaultik) populateRemoteInfoResult(result *RemoteInfoResult, snapshotMet
 	result.TotalMetadataSize = totalMetadataSize
 	result.TotalMetadataCount = len(snapshotIDs)
 
+	// Calculate referenced blob stats
 	for _, size := range referencedBlobs {
 		result.ReferencedBlobCount++
 		result.ReferencedBlobSize += size
 	}
-}
 
-// scanRemoteBlobStorage lists all blobs on remote and computes orphan stats
-func (v *Vaultik) scanRemoteBlobStorage(result *RemoteInfoResult, referencedBlobs map[string]int64, jsonOutput bool) error {
+	// List all blobs on remote
 	if !jsonOutput {
-		v.printfStdout("Scanning blobs...\n")
+		fmt.Printf("Scanning blobs...\n")
 	}
 
-	blobCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size from storage
 
+	blobCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
 	for obj := range blobCh {
 		if obj.Err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", obj.Err)
 		}
+
+		// Extract hash from key: blobs/xx/yy/hash
 		parts := strings.Split(obj.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) < 4 {
 			continue
@@ -308,6 +282,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) scanRemoteBlobStorage(result *RemoteInfoResult, referencedBlob
 		result.TotalBlobSize += obj.Size
 	}
 
+	// Calculate orphaned blobs
 	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
 		if _, referenced := referencedBlobs[hash]; !referenced {
 			result.OrphanedBlobCount++
@@ -315,19 +290,22 @@ func (v *Vaultik) scanRemoteBlobStorage(result *RemoteInfoResult, referencedBlob
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
-}
+	// Output results
+	if jsonOutput {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(result)
+	}
 
-// printRemoteInfoTable renders the human-readable remote info output
-func (v *Vaultik) printRemoteInfoTable(result *RemoteInfoResult) {
-	v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot Metadata ===\n")
+	// Human-readable output
+	fmt.Printf("\n=== Snapshot Metadata ===\n")
 	if len(result.Snapshots) == 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("No snapshots found\n")
+		fmt.Printf("No snapshots found\n")
 	} else {
-		v.printfStdout("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", "SNAPSHOT", "MANIFEST", "DATABASE", "TOTAL", "BLOBS", "BLOB SIZE")
-		v.printfStdout("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", strings.Repeat("-", 45), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 10), strings.Repeat("-", 12))
+		fmt.Printf("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", "SNAPSHOT", "MANIFEST", "DATABASE", "TOTAL", "BLOBS", "BLOB SIZE")
+		fmt.Printf("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", strings.Repeat("-", 45), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 10), strings.Repeat("-", 12))
 		for _, info := range result.Snapshots {
-			v.printfStdout("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n",
+			fmt.Printf("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n",
 				truncateString(info.SnapshotID, 45),
 				humanize.Bytes(uint64(info.ManifestSize)),
 				humanize.Bytes(uint64(info.DatabaseSize)),
@@ -336,21 +314,26 @@ func (v *Vaultik) printRemoteInfoTable(result *RemoteInfoResult) {
 				humanize.Bytes(uint64(info.BlobsSize)),
 			)
 		}
-		v.printfStdout("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", strings.Repeat("-", 45), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 10), strings.Repeat("-", 12))
-		v.printfStdout("%-45s %12s %12s %12s\n", fmt.Sprintf("Total (%d snapshots)", result.TotalMetadataCount), "", "", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalMetadataSize)))
+		fmt.Printf("%-45s %12s %12s %12s %10s %12s\n", strings.Repeat("-", 45), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 12), strings.Repeat("-", 10), strings.Repeat("-", 12))
+		fmt.Printf("%-45s %12s %12s %12s\n", fmt.Sprintf("Total (%d snapshots)", result.TotalMetadataCount), "", "", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalMetadataSize)))
 	}
 
-	v.printfStdout("\n=== Blob Storage ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("Total blobs on remote:      %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
-	v.printfStdout("Referenced by snapshots:    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
-	v.printfStdout("Orphaned (unreferenced):    %s (%s)\n",
-		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)), humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
+	fmt.Printf("\n=== Blob Storage ===\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Total blobs on remote:      %s (%s)\n",
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.TotalBlobCount)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.TotalBlobSize)))
+	fmt.Printf("Referenced by snapshots:    %s (%s)\n",
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.ReferencedBlobCount)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.ReferencedBlobSize)))
+	fmt.Printf("Orphaned (unreferenced):    %s (%s)\n",
+		humanize.Comma(int64(result.OrphanedBlobCount)),
+		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.OrphanedBlobSize)))
 
 	if result.OrphanedBlobCount > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("\nRun 'vaultik prune --remote' to remove orphaned blobs.\n")
+		fmt.Printf("\nRun 'vaultik prune --remote' to remove orphaned blobs.\n")
 	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 // truncateString truncates a string to maxLen, adding "..." if truncated

internal/vaultik/prune.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package vaultik
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
@@ -27,80 +28,54 @@ type PruneBlobsResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 	log.Info("Starting prune operation")
 
-	allBlobsReferenced, err := v.collectReferencedBlobs()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	allBlobs, err := v.listAllRemoteBlobs()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	unreferencedBlobs, totalSize := v.findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs, allBlobsReferenced)
-
-	result := &PruneBlobsResult{BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs)}
-
-	if len(unreferencedBlobs) == 0 {
-		log.Info("No unreferenced blobs found")
-		if opts.JSON {
-			return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
-		}
-		v.printlnStdout("No unreferenced blobs to remove.")
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Found unreferenced blobs", "count", len(unreferencedBlobs), "total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Found %d unreferenced blob(s) totaling %s\n", len(unreferencedBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-	}
-
-	if !opts.Force && !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("\nDelete %d unreferenced blob(s)? [y/N] ", len(unreferencedBlobs))
-		var confirm string
-		if _, err := v.scanStdin(&confirm); err != nil {
-			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
-			return nil
-		}
-		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "y" {
-			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	v.deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs, allBlobs, result)
-
-	if opts.JSON {
-		return v.outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
-	}
-
-	v.printfStdout("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", result.BlobsDeleted, humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)))
-	if result.BlobsFailed > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", result.BlobsFailed)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// collectReferencedBlobs downloads all manifests and returns the set of referenced blob hashes
-func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobs() (map[string]bool, error) {
-	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
-	snapshotIDs, err := v.listUniqueSnapshotIDs()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing snapshot IDs: %w", err)
-	}
-	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
-
+	// Get all remote snapshots and their manifests
 	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
 	manifestCount := 0
 
+	// List all snapshots in storage
+	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
+
+	var snapshotIDs []string
+	for object := range objectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+
+		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
+			// Check if this is a directory by looking for trailing slash
+			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
+				snapshotID := parts[1]
+				// Only add unique snapshot IDs
+				found := false
+				for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
+					if id == snapshotID {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if !found {
+					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Found manifests in remote storage", "count", len(snapshotIDs))
+
+	// Download and parse each manifest to get referenced blobs
 	for _, snapshotID := range snapshotIDs {
 		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
+
 		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
 			continue
 		}
+
+		// Add all blobs from this manifest to our referenced set
 		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
 			allBlobsReferenced[blob.Hash] = true
 		}
@@ -108,69 +83,75 @@ func (v *Vaultik) collectReferencedBlobs() (map[string]bool, error) {
 	}
 
 	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))
-	return allBlobsReferenced, nil
-}
 
-// listUniqueSnapshotIDs returns deduplicated snapshot IDs from remote metadata
-func (v *Vaultik) listUniqueSnapshotIDs() ([]string, error) {
-	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
-	seen := make(map[string]bool)
-	var snapshotIDs []string
-
-	for object := range objectCh {
-		if object.Err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing metadata objects: %w", object.Err)
-		}
-		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
-		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
-			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
-				snapshotID := parts[1]
-				if !seen[snapshotID] {
-					seen[snapshotID] = true
-					snapshotIDs = append(snapshotIDs, snapshotID)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return snapshotIDs, nil
-}
-
-// listAllRemoteBlobs returns a map of all blob hashes to their sizes in remote storage
-func (v *Vaultik) listAllRemoteBlobs() (map[string]int64, error) {
+	// List all blobs in storage
 	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
-	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64)
+	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size
 	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")
 
 	for object := range blobObjectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
 		}
+
+		// Extract hash from path like blobs/ab/cd/abcdef123456...
 		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
 		if len(parts) == 4 && parts[0] == "blobs" {
-			allBlobs[parts[3]] = object.Size
+			hash := parts[3]
+			allBlobs[hash] = object.Size
 		}
 	}
 
 	log.Info("Found blobs in storage", "count", len(allBlobs))
-	return allBlobs, nil
-}
 
-// findUnreferencedBlobs returns blob hashes not referenced by any manifest and their total size
-func (v *Vaultik) findUnreferencedBlobs(allBlobs map[string]int64, referenced map[string]bool) ([]string, int64) {
-	var unreferenced []string
+	// Find unreferenced blobs
+	var unreferencedBlobs []string
 	var totalSize int64
 	for hash, size := range allBlobs {
-		if !referenced[hash] {
-			unreferenced = append(unreferenced, hash)
+		if !allBlobsReferenced[hash] {
+			unreferencedBlobs = append(unreferencedBlobs, hash)
 			totalSize += size
 		}
 	}
-	return unreferenced, totalSize
-}
 
-// deleteUnreferencedBlobs deletes the given blobs from storage and populates the result
-func (v *Vaultik) deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs []string, allBlobs map[string]int64, result *PruneBlobsResult) {
+	result := &PruneBlobsResult{
+		BlobsFound: len(unreferencedBlobs),
+	}
+
+	if len(unreferencedBlobs) == 0 {
+		log.Info("No unreferenced blobs found")
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
+		}
+		fmt.Println("No unreferenced blobs to remove.")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Show what will be deleted
+	log.Info("Found unreferenced blobs", "count", len(unreferencedBlobs), "total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		fmt.Printf("Found %d unreferenced blob(s) totaling %s\n", len(unreferencedBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+	}
+
+	// Confirm unless --force is used (skip in JSON mode - require --force)
+	if !opts.Force && !opts.JSON {
+		fmt.Printf("\nDelete %d unreferenced blob(s)? [y/N] ", len(unreferencedBlobs))
+		var confirm string
+		if _, err := fmt.Scanln(&confirm); err != nil {
+			// Treat EOF or error as "no"
+			fmt.Println("Cancelled")
+			return nil
+		}
+		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "y" {
+			fmt.Println("Cancelled")
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Delete unreferenced blobs
 	log.Info("Deleting unreferenced blobs")
+	deletedCount := 0
+	deletedSize := int64(0)
 
 	for i, hash := range unreferencedBlobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", hash[:2], hash[2:4], hash)
@@ -180,9 +161,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs []string, allBlobs m
 			continue
 		}
 
-		result.BlobsDeleted++
-		result.BytesFreed += allBlobs[hash]
+		deletedCount++
+		deletedSize += allBlobs[hash]
 
+		// Progress update every 100 blobs
 		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i == len(unreferencedBlobs)-1 {
 			log.Info("Deletion progress",
 				"deleted", i+1,
@@ -192,18 +174,31 @@ func (v *Vaultik) deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs []string, allBlobs m
 		}
 	}
 
-	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - result.BlobsDeleted
+	result.BlobsDeleted = deletedCount
+	result.BlobsFailed = len(unreferencedBlobs) - deletedCount
+	result.BytesFreed = deletedSize
 
 	log.Info("Prune complete",
-		"deleted_count", result.BlobsDeleted,
-		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)),
-		"failed", result.BlobsFailed,
+		"deleted_count", deletedCount,
+		"deleted_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)),
+		"failed", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount,
 	)
+
+	if opts.JSON {
+		return outputPruneBlobsJSON(result)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("\nDeleted %d blob(s) totaling %s\n", deletedCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(deletedSize)))
+	if deletedCount < len(unreferencedBlobs) {
+		fmt.Printf("Failed to delete %d blob(s)\n", len(unreferencedBlobs)-deletedCount)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 // outputPruneBlobsJSON outputs the prune result as JSON
-func (v *Vaultik) outputPruneBlobsJSON(result *PruneBlobsResult) error {
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(v.Stdout)
+func outputPruneBlobsJSON(result *PruneBlobsResult) error {
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
 	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
 	return encoder.Encode(result)
 }

internal/vaultik/purge_per_name_test.go

@@ -1,303 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik_test
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"database/sql"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/types"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// setupPurgeTest creates a Vaultik instance with an in-memory database and mock
-// storage pre-populated with the given snapshot IDs. Each snapshot is marked as
-// completed. Remote metadata stubs are created so syncWithRemote keeps them.
-func setupPurgeTest(t *testing.T, snapshotIDs []string) *vaultik.Vaultik {
-	t.Helper()
-	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	db, err := database.New(ctx, ":memory:")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
-
-	repos := database.NewRepositories(db)
-	mockStorage := NewMockStorer()
-
-	// Insert each snapshot into the DB and create remote metadata stubs.
-	// Use timestamps parsed from snapshot IDs for realistic ordering.
-	for _, id := range snapshotIDs {
-		// Parse timestamp from the snapshot ID
-		parts := strings.Split(id, "_")
-		timestampStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
-		startedAt, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timestampStr)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "parsing timestamp from snapshot ID %q", id)
-
-		completedAt := startedAt.Add(5 * time.Minute)
-		snap := &database.Snapshot{
-			ID:             types.SnapshotID(id),
-			Hostname:       "testhost",
-			VaultikVersion: "test",
-			StartedAt:      startedAt,
-			CompletedAt:    &completedAt,
-		}
-		err = repos.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-			return repos.Snapshots.Create(ctx, tx, snap)
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err, "creating snapshot %s", id)
-
-		// Create remote metadata stub so syncWithRemote keeps it
-		metadataKey := "metadata/" + id + "/manifest.json.zst"
-		err = mockStorage.Put(ctx, metadataKey, strings.NewReader("stub"))
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-	}
-
-	stdout := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	stderr := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	stdin := &bytes.Buffer{}
-
-	v := &vaultik.Vaultik{
-		Storage:      mockStorage,
-		Repositories: repos,
-		DB:           db,
-		Stdout:       stdout,
-		Stderr:       stderr,
-		Stdin:        stdin,
-	}
-	v.SetContext(ctx)
-
-	return v
-}
-
-// listRemainingSnapshots returns IDs of all completed snapshots in the database.
-func listRemainingSnapshots(t *testing.T, v *vaultik.Vaultik) []string {
-	t.Helper()
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	dbSnaps, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.ListRecent(ctx, 10000)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	var ids []string
-	for _, s := range dbSnaps {
-		if s.CompletedAt != nil {
-			ids = append(ids, s.ID.String())
-		}
-	}
-	return ids
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_PerName(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create snapshots for two different names: "home" and "system".
-	// With per-name --keep-latest, the latest of each should be kept.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-
-	// Should keep the latest of each name
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 2, "should keep exactly 2 snapshots (one per name)")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z", "should keep latest system")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z", "should keep latest home")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_SingleName(t *testing.T) {
-	// All snapshots have the same name — keep-latest should keep exactly one.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 1)
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z", "should keep the newest")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_WithNameFilter(t *testing.T) {
-	// Use --name to filter purge to only "home" snapshots.
-	// "system" snapshots should be untouched.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-		Name:       "home",
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-
-	// 2 system snapshots untouched + 1 latest home = 3
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 3)
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_NoSnapshots(t *testing.T) {
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, nil)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_NameFilterNoMatch(t *testing.T) {
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-		Name:       "nonexistent",
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// All snapshots should remain — the name filter matched nothing
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 2)
-}
-
-func TestPurgeOlderThan_WithNameFilter(t *testing.T) {
-	// Snapshots with different names and timestamps.
-	// --older-than should apply only to the named subset when --name is used.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_system_2020-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2020-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	// Purge only "home" snapshots older than 365 days
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		OlderThan: "365d",
-		Force:     true,
-		Name:      "home",
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-
-	// Old system stays (not filtered by name), old home deleted, recent ones stay
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 3)
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2020-01-01T00:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_LegacyNoNameSnapshots(t *testing.T) {
-	// Legacy snapshots without a name component (hostname_timestamp).
-	// Should be grouped together under empty-name.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 1)
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_MixedNamedAndLegacy(t *testing.T) {
-	// Mix of named snapshots and legacy ones (no name).
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-
-	// Should keep latest of each group: latest legacy + latest home
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 2)
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z")
-}
-
-func TestPurgeKeepLatest_ThreeNames(t *testing.T) {
-	// Three different snapshot names with multiple snapshots each.
-	snapshotIDs := []string{
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T01:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_media_2026-01-01T02:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T03:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_system_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_media_2026-01-01T05:00:00Z",
-		"testhost_home_2026-01-01T06:00:00Z",
-	}
-
-	v := setupPurgeTest(t, snapshotIDs)
-
-	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
-		KeepLatest: true,
-		Force:      true,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	remaining := listRemainingSnapshots(t, v)
-	assert.Len(t, remaining, 3, "should keep one per name")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_home_2026-01-01T06:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_system_2026-01-01T04:00:00Z")
-	assert.Contains(t, remaining, "testhost_media_2026-01-01T05:00:00Z")
-}

internal/vaultik/restore.go

@@ -22,13 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/term"
 )
 
-const (
-	// progressBarWidth is the character width of the progress bar display.
-	progressBarWidth = 40
-	// progressBarThrottle is the minimum interval between progress bar redraws.
-	progressBarThrottle = 100 * time.Millisecond
-)
-
 // RestoreOptions contains options for the restore operation
 type RestoreOptions struct {
 	SnapshotID string
@@ -55,9 +48,15 @@ type RestoreResult struct {
 func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	startTime := time.Now()
 
-	identity, err := v.prepareRestoreIdentity()
+	// Check for age_secret_key
+	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
+	}
+
+	// Parse the age identity
+	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	log.Info("Starting restore operation",
@@ -109,9 +108,27 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Step 5: Restore files
-	result, err := v.restoreAllFiles(files, repos, opts, identity, chunkToBlobMap)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	result := &RestoreResult{}
+	blobCache := make(map[string][]byte) // Cache downloaded and decrypted blobs
+
+	for i, file := range files {
+		if v.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return v.ctx.Err()
+		}
+
+		if err := v.restoreFile(v.ctx, repos, file, opts.TargetDir, identity, chunkToBlobMap, blobCache, result); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to restore file", "path", file.Path, "error", err)
+			// Continue with other files
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Progress logging
+		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i+1 == len(files) {
+			log.Info("Restore progress",
+				"files", fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", i+1, len(files)),
+				"bytes", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
+			)
+		}
 	}
 
 	result.Duration = time.Since(startTime)
@@ -124,130 +141,32 @@ func (v *Vaultik) Restore(opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 		"duration", result.Duration,
 	)
 
-	v.printfStdout("Restored %d files (%s) in %s\n",
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "Restored %d files (%s) in %s\n",
 		result.FilesRestored,
 		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
 		result.Duration.Round(time.Second),
 	)
 
-	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nWARNING: %d file(s) failed to restore:\n", result.FilesFailed)
-		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  - %s\n", path)
-		}
-	}
-
 	// Run verification if requested
 	if opts.Verify {
-		if err := v.handleRestoreVerification(repos, files, opts, result); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d file(s) failed to restore", result.FilesFailed)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// prepareRestoreIdentity validates that an age secret key is configured and parses it
-func (v *Vaultik) prepareRestoreIdentity() (age.Identity, error) {
-	if v.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decryption key required for restore\n\nSet the VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable to your age private key:\n  export VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY='AGE-SECRET-KEY-...'")
-	}
-
-	identity, err := age.ParseX25519Identity(v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing age secret key: %w", err)
-	}
-	return identity, nil
-}
-
-// restoreAllFiles iterates over files and restores each one, tracking progress and failures
-func (v *Vaultik) restoreAllFiles(
-	files []*database.File,
-	repos *database.Repositories,
-	opts *RestoreOptions,
-	identity age.Identity,
-	chunkToBlobMap map[string]*database.BlobChunk,
-) (*RestoreResult, error) {
-	result := &RestoreResult{}
-	blobCache, err := newBlobDiskCache(4 * v.Config.BlobSizeLimit.Int64())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating blob cache: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = blobCache.Close() }()
-
-	// Calculate total bytes for progress bar
-	var totalBytesExpected int64
-	for _, file := range files {
-		totalBytesExpected += file.Size
-	}
-
-	// Create progress bar if output is a terminal
-	bar := v.newProgressBar("Restoring", totalBytesExpected)
-
-	for i, file := range files {
-		if v.ctx.Err() != nil {
-			return nil, v.ctx.Err()
+		if err := v.verifyRestoredFiles(v.ctx, repos, files, opts.TargetDir, result); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("verification failed: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if err := v.restoreFile(v.ctx, repos, file, opts.TargetDir, identity, chunkToBlobMap, blobCache, result); err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to restore file", "path", file.Path, "error", err)
-			result.FilesFailed++
-			result.FailedFiles = append(result.FailedFiles, file.Path.String())
-			// Update progress bar even on failure
-			if bar != nil {
-				_ = bar.Add64(file.Size)
+		if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nVerification FAILED: %d files did not match expected checksums\n", result.FilesFailed)
+			for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  - %s\n", path)
 			}
-			continue
+			return fmt.Errorf("%d files failed verification", result.FilesFailed)
 		}
 
-		// Update progress bar
-		if bar != nil {
-			_ = bar.Add64(file.Size)
-		}
-
-		// Progress logging (for non-terminal or structured logs)
-		if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i+1 == len(files) {
-			log.Info("Restore progress",
-				"files", fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", i+1, len(files)),
-				"bytes", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesRestored)),
-			)
-		}
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "Verified %d files (%s)\n",
+			result.FilesVerified,
+			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesVerified)),
+		)
 	}
 
-	if bar != nil {
-		_ = bar.Finish()
-	}
-
-	return result, nil
-}
-
-// handleRestoreVerification runs post-restore verification if requested
-func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreVerification(
-	repos *database.Repositories,
-	files []*database.File,
-	opts *RestoreOptions,
-	result *RestoreResult,
-) error {
-	if err := v.verifyRestoredFiles(v.ctx, repos, files, opts.TargetDir, result); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("verification failed: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("\nVerification FAILED: %d files did not match expected checksums\n", result.FilesFailed)
-		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
-			v.printfStdout("  - %s\n", path)
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d files failed verification", result.FilesFailed)
-	}
-
-	v.printfStdout("Verified %d files (%s)\n",
-		result.FilesVerified,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesVerified)),
-	)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -380,7 +299,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreFile(
 	targetDir string,
 	identity age.Identity,
 	chunkToBlobMap map[string]*database.BlobChunk,
-	blobCache *blobDiskCache,
+	blobCache map[string][]byte,
 	result *RestoreResult,
 ) error {
 	// Calculate target path - use full original path under target directory
@@ -464,7 +383,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreRegularFile(
 	targetPath string,
 	identity age.Identity,
 	chunkToBlobMap map[string]*database.BlobChunk,
-	blobCache *blobDiskCache,
+	blobCache map[string][]byte,
 	result *RestoreResult,
 ) error {
 	// Get file chunks in order
@@ -498,15 +417,13 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreRegularFile(
 
 		// Download and decrypt blob if not cached
 		blobHashStr := blob.Hash.String()
-		blobData, ok := blobCache.Get(blobHashStr)
+		blobData, ok := blobCache[blobHashStr]
 		if !ok {
 			blobData, err = v.downloadBlob(ctx, blobHashStr, blob.CompressedSize, identity)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("downloading blob %s: %w", blobHashStr[:16], err)
 			}
-			if putErr := blobCache.Put(blobHashStr, blobData); putErr != nil {
-				log.Debug("Failed to cache blob on disk", "hash", blobHashStr[:16], "error", putErr)
-			}
+			blobCache[blobHashStr] = blobData
 			result.BlobsDownloaded++
 			result.BytesDownloaded += blob.CompressedSize
 		}
@@ -558,23 +475,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) restoreRegularFile(
 
 // downloadBlob downloads and decrypts a blob
 func (v *Vaultik) downloadBlob(ctx context.Context, blobHash string, expectedSize int64, identity age.Identity) ([]byte, error) {
-	rc, err := v.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize, identity)
+	result, err := v.FetchAndDecryptBlob(ctx, blobHash, expectedSize, identity)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	data, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = rc.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading blob data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Close triggers hash verification
-	if err := rc.Close(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return data, nil
+	return result.Data, nil
 }
 
 // verifyRestoredFiles verifies that all restored files match their expected chunk hashes
@@ -606,13 +511,28 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyRestoredFiles(
 		"files", len(regularFiles),
 		"bytes", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
 	)
-	v.printfStdout("\nVerifying %d files (%s)...\n",
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nVerifying %d files (%s)...\n",
 		len(regularFiles),
 		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
 	)
 
 	// Create progress bar if output is a terminal
-	bar := v.newProgressBar("Verifying", totalBytes)
+	var bar *progressbar.ProgressBar
+	if isTerminal() {
+		bar = progressbar.NewOptions64(
+			totalBytes,
+			progressbar.OptionSetDescription("Verifying"),
+			progressbar.OptionSetWriter(os.Stderr),
+			progressbar.OptionShowBytes(true),
+			progressbar.OptionShowCount(),
+			progressbar.OptionSetWidth(40),
+			progressbar.OptionThrottle(100*time.Millisecond),
+			progressbar.OptionOnCompletion(func() {
+				fmt.Fprint(os.Stderr, "\n")
+			}),
+			progressbar.OptionSetRenderBlankState(true),
+		)
+	}
 
 	// Verify each file
 	for _, file := range regularFiles {
@@ -706,37 +626,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyFile(
 	return bytesVerified, nil
 }
 
-// newProgressBar creates a terminal-aware progress bar with standard options.
-// It returns nil if stdout is not a terminal.
-func (v *Vaultik) newProgressBar(description string, total int64) *progressbar.ProgressBar {
-	if !v.isTerminal() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return progressbar.NewOptions64(
-		total,
-		progressbar.OptionSetDescription(description),
-		progressbar.OptionSetWriter(v.Stderr),
-		progressbar.OptionShowBytes(true),
-		progressbar.OptionShowCount(),
-		progressbar.OptionSetWidth(progressBarWidth),
-		progressbar.OptionThrottle(progressBarThrottle),
-		progressbar.OptionOnCompletion(func() {
-			v.printfStderr("\n")
-		}),
-		progressbar.OptionSetRenderBlankState(true),
-	)
-}
-
-// isTerminal returns true if stdout is a terminal.
-// It checks whether v.Stdout implements Fd() (i.e. is an *os.File),
-// and falls back to false for non-file writers (e.g. in tests).
-func (v *Vaultik) isTerminal() bool {
-	type fder interface {
-		Fd() uintptr
-	}
-	f, ok := v.Stdout.(fder)
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	return term.IsTerminal(int(f.Fd()))
+// isTerminal returns true if stdout is a terminal
+func isTerminal() bool {
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdout.Fd()))
 }

internal/vaultik/snapshot_prune_test.go

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-package vaultik
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-)
-
-// TestSnapshotCreateOptions_PruneFlag verifies the Prune field exists on
-// SnapshotCreateOptions and can be set.
-func TestSnapshotCreateOptions_PruneFlag(t *testing.T) {
-	opts := &SnapshotCreateOptions{
-		Prune: true,
-	}
-	if !opts.Prune {
-		t.Error("Expected Prune to be true")
-	}
-
-	opts2 := &SnapshotCreateOptions{
-		Prune: false,
-	}
-	if opts2.Prune {
-		t.Error("Expected Prune to be false")
-	}
-}

internal/vaultik/vaultik.go

@@ -129,26 +129,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) GetFilesystem() afero.Fs {
 	return v.Fs
 }
 
-// printfStdout writes formatted output to stdout.
-func (v *Vaultik) printfStdout(format string, args ...any) {
+// Outputf writes formatted output to stdout for user-facing messages.
+// This should be used for all non-log user output.
+func (v *Vaultik) Outputf(format string, args ...any) {
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, format, args...)
 }
 
-// printlnStdout writes a line to stdout.
-func (v *Vaultik) printlnStdout(args ...any) {
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(v.Stdout, args...)
-}
-
-// printfStderr writes formatted output to stderr.
-func (v *Vaultik) printfStderr(format string, args ...any) {
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stderr, format, args...)
-}
-
-// scanStdin reads a line of input from stdin.
-func (v *Vaultik) scanStdin(a ...any) (int, error) {
-	return fmt.Fscanln(v.Stdin, a...)
-}
-
 // TestVaultik wraps a Vaultik with captured stdout/stderr for testing
 type TestVaultik struct {
 	*Vaultik

internal/vaultik/verify.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"hash"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"time"
@@ -36,19 +35,6 @@ type VerifyResult struct {
 	ErrorMessage string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// deepVerifyFailure records a failure in the result and returns it appropriately
-func (v *Vaultik) deepVerifyFailure(result *VerifyResult, opts *VerifyOptions, msg string, err error) error {
-	result.Status = "failed"
-	result.ErrorMessage = msg
-	if opts.JSON {
-		return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return fmt.Errorf("%s", msg)
-}
-
 // RunDeepVerify executes deep verification operation
 func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	result := &VerifyResult{
@@ -56,20 +42,89 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		Mode:       "deep",
 	}
 
+	// Check for decryption capability
 	if !v.CanDecrypt() {
-		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			"VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification",
-			fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"))
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = "VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification"
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set - required for deep verification")
 	}
 
-	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep")
+	log.Info("Starting snapshot verification",
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"mode", "deep",
+	)
+
 	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Deep verification of snapshot: %s\n\n", snapshotID)
+		v.Outputf("Deep verification of snapshot: %s\n\n", snapshotID)
 	}
 
-	manifest, tempDB, dbBlobs, err := v.loadVerificationData(snapshotID, opts, result)
+	// Step 1: Download manifest
+	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("Downloading manifest...\n")
+	}
+
+	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err)
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
+
+	// Decompress manifest
+	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err)
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
+		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
+		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)),
+	)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
+	}
+
+	// Step 2: Download and decrypt database (authoritative source)
+	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
+	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
+	}
+
+	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err)
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
+
+	// Decrypt and decompress database
+	tempDB, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err)
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if tempDB != nil {
@@ -77,6 +132,17 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
+	// Step 3: Get authoritative blob list from database
+	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tempDB.DB)
+	if err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err)
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	result.BlobCount = len(dbBlobs)
 	var totalSize int64
 	for _, blob := range dbBlobs {
@@ -84,10 +150,54 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 	result.TotalSize = totalSize
 
-	if err := v.runVerificationSteps(manifest, dbBlobs, tempDB, opts, result, totalSize); err != nil {
+	log.Info("Database loaded",
+		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
+		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)),
+	)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+		v.Outputf("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
+	}
+
+	// Step 4: Verify manifest matches database
+	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Step 5: Verify all blobs exist in S3 (using database as source)
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("Manifest verified.\n")
+		v.Outputf("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
+	}
+	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Step 6: Deep verification - download and verify blob contents
+	if !opts.JSON {
+		v.Outputf("All blobs exist.\n")
+		v.Outputf("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+	}
+	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tempDB.DB, opts); err != nil {
+		result.Status = "failed"
+		result.ErrorMessage = err.Error()
+		if opts.JSON {
+			return v.outputVerifyJSON(result)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Success
 	result.Status = "ok"
 	result.Verified = len(dbBlobs)
 
@@ -96,111 +206,15 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	log.Info("✓ Verification completed successfully",
-		"snapshot_id", snapshotID, "mode", "deep", "blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs))
-	v.printfStdout("\n✓ Verification completed successfully\n")
-	v.printfStdout("  Snapshot:       %s\n", snapshotID)
-	v.printfStdout("  Blobs verified: %d\n", len(dbBlobs))
-	v.printfStdout("  Total size:     %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+		"snapshot_id", snapshotID,
+		"mode", "deep",
+		"blobs_verified", len(dbBlobs),
+	)
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-// loadVerificationData downloads manifest, database, and blob list for verification
-func (v *Vaultik) loadVerificationData(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult) (*snapshot.Manifest, *tempDB, []snapshot.BlobInfo, error) {
-	// Download manifest
-	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading manifest...\n")
-	}
-	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download manifest: %v", err),
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err))
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = manifestReader.Close() }()
-
-	manifest, err := snapshot.DecodeManifest(manifestReader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode manifest: %v", err),
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to decode manifest: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Manifest loaded",
-		"manifest_blob_count", manifest.BlobCount,
-		"manifest_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", manifest.BlobCount, humanize.Bytes(uint64(manifest.TotalCompressedSize)))
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and decrypting database...\n")
-	}
-
-	// Download and decrypt database
-	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
-	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)
-	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			fmt.Sprintf("failed to download database: %v", err),
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err))
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = dbReader.Close() }()
-
-	tdb, err := v.decryptAndLoadDatabase(dbReader, v.Config.AgeSecretKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			fmt.Sprintf("failed to decrypt database: %v", err),
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt database: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	dbBlobs, err := v.getBlobsFromDatabase(snapshotID, tdb.DB)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = tdb.Close()
-		return nil, nil, nil, v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts,
-			fmt.Sprintf("failed to get blobs from database: %v", err),
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to get blobs from database: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	var dbTotalSize int64
-	for _, b := range dbBlobs {
-		dbTotalSize += b.CompressedSize
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Database loaded",
-		"db_blob_count", len(dbBlobs),
-		"db_total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Database loaded: %d blobs (%s)\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(dbTotalSize)))
-	}
-
-	return manifest, tdb, dbBlobs, nil
-}
-
-// runVerificationSteps executes manifest verification, blob existence check, and deep content verification
-func (v *Vaultik) runVerificationSteps(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, dbBlobs []snapshot.BlobInfo, tdb *tempDB, opts *VerifyOptions, result *VerifyResult, totalSize int64) error {
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Verifying manifest against database...\n")
-	}
-	if err := v.verifyManifestAgainstDatabase(manifest, dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
-	}
-
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("Manifest verified.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Checking blob existence in remote storage...\n")
-	}
-	if err := v.verifyBlobExistenceFromDB(dbBlobs); err != nil {
-		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
-	}
-
-	if !opts.JSON {
-		v.printfStdout("All blobs exist.\n")
-		v.printfStdout("Downloading and verifying blob contents (%d blobs, %s)...\n", len(dbBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
-	}
-	if err := v.performDeepVerificationFromDB(dbBlobs, tdb.DB, opts); err != nil {
-		return v.deepVerifyFailure(result, opts, err.Error(), err)
-	}
+	v.Outputf("\n✓ Verification completed successfully\n")
+	v.Outputf("  Snapshot:       %s\n", snapshotID)
+	v.Outputf("  Blobs verified: %d\n", len(dbBlobs))
+	v.Outputf("  Total size:     %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -302,27 +316,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	}
 	defer decompressor.Close()
 
-	chunkCount, err := v.verifyBlobChunks(db, blobInfo.Hash, decompressor)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := v.verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor, blobHasher, blobInfo.Hash); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Blob verified",
-		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
-		"chunks", chunkCount,
-		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
-	)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// verifyBlobChunks queries blob chunks from the database and verifies each chunk's hash
-// against the decompressed blob stream
-func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.Reader) (int, error) {
+	// Query blob chunks from database to get offsets and lengths
 	query := `
 		SELECT bc.chunk_hash, bc.offset, bc.length
 		FROM blob_chunks bc
@@ -330,9 +324,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 		WHERE b.blob_hash = ?
 		ORDER BY bc.offset
 	`
-	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobHash)
+	rows, err := db.QueryContext(v.ctx, query, blobInfo.Hash)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
 
@@ -345,12 +339,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 		var chunkHash string
 		var offset, length int64
 		if err := rows.Scan(&chunkHash, &offset, &length); err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan chunk row: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		// Verify chunk ordering
 		if offset <= lastOffset {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
+			return fmt.Errorf("chunks out of order: offset %d after %d", offset, lastOffset)
 		}
 		lastOffset = offset
 
@@ -359,7 +353,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 			// Skip to the correct offset
 			skipBytes := offset - totalRead
 			if _, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, decompressor, skipBytes); err != nil {
-				return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to skip to offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 			}
 			totalRead = offset
 		}
@@ -367,7 +361,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 		// Read chunk data
 		chunkData := make([]byte, length)
 		if _, err := io.ReadFull(decompressor, chunkData); err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read chunk at offset %d: %w", offset, err)
 		}
 		totalRead += length
 
@@ -377,7 +371,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 		calculatedHash := hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil))
 
 		if calculatedHash != chunkHash {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
+			return fmt.Errorf("chunk hash mismatch at offset %d: calculated %s, expected %s",
 				offset, calculatedHash, chunkHash)
 		}
 
@@ -385,15 +379,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobChunks(db *sql.DB, blobHash string, decompressor io.
 	}
 
 	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error iterating blob chunks: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return chunkCount, nil
-}
-
-// verifyBlobFinalIntegrity checks that no trailing data exists in the decompressed stream
-// and that the encrypted blob hash matches the expected value
-func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor io.Reader, blobHasher hash.Hash, expectedHash string) error {
 	// Verify no remaining data in blob - if chunk list is accurate, blob should be fully consumed
 	remaining, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, decompressor)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -405,11 +393,17 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobFinalIntegrity(decompressor io.Reader, blobHasher ha
 
 	// Verify blob hash matches the encrypted data we downloaded
 	calculatedBlobHash := hex.EncodeToString(blobHasher.Sum(nil))
-	if calculatedBlobHash != expectedHash {
+	if calculatedBlobHash != blobInfo.Hash {
 		return fmt.Errorf("blob hash mismatch: calculated %s, expected %s",
-			calculatedBlobHash, expectedHash)
+			calculatedBlobHash, blobInfo.Hash)
 	}
 
+	log.Info("Blob verified",
+		"hash", blobInfo.Hash[:16]+"...",
+		"chunks", chunkCount,
+		"size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(blobInfo.CompressedSize)),
+	)
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -575,7 +569,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) performDeepVerificationFromDB(blobs []snapshot.BlobInfo, db *s
 		)
 
 		if !opts.JSON {
-			v.printfStdout("  Verified %d/%d blobs (%d remaining) - %s/%s - elapsed %s, eta %s\n",
+			v.Outputf("  Verified %d/%d blobs (%d remaining) - %s/%s - elapsed %s, eta %s\n",
 				i+1, len(blobs), remaining,
 				humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
 				humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesExpected)),