feat: add backup/restore of app configurations

Add export and import functionality for app configurations:

- Export single app or all apps as versioned JSON backup bundle
- Import from backup file with name-conflict detection (skip duplicates)
- Fresh SSH keys and webhook secrets generated on import
- Preserves env vars, labels, volumes, and port mappings
- Web UI: export button on app detail, backup/restore page on dashboard
- REST API: GET /api/v1/apps/{id}/export, GET /api/v1/backup/export,
  POST /api/v1/backup/import
- Comprehensive test coverage for service and handler layers

README.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ A simple self-hosted PaaS that auto-deploys Docker containers from Git repositor
 - Environment variables, labels, and volume mounts per app
 - Docker builds via socket access
 - Notifications via ntfy and Slack-compatible webhooks
+- Backup/restore of app configurations (JSON export/import via UI and API)
 - Simple server-rendered UI with Tailwind CSS
 
 ## Non-Goals

internal/handlers/api_test.go

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ func apiRouter(tc *testContext) http.Handler {
 			apiR.Get("/apps", tc.handlers.HandleAPIListApps())
 			apiR.Get("/apps/{id}", tc.handlers.HandleAPIGetApp())
 			apiR.Get("/apps/{id}/deployments", tc.handlers.HandleAPIListDeployments())
+
+			// Backup/Restore API
+			apiR.Get("/apps/{id}/export", tc.handlers.HandleAPIExportApp())
+			apiR.Get("/backup/export", tc.handlers.HandleAPIExportAllApps())
+			apiR.Post("/backup/import", tc.handlers.HandleAPIImportApps())
 		})
 	})
 

internal/handlers/app.go

@@ -903,50 +903,92 @@ func (h *Handlers) addKeyValueToApp(
 	http.Redirect(writer, request, "/apps/"+application.ID, http.StatusSeeOther)
 }
 
-// HandleEnvVarAdd handles adding an environment variable.
+// envPairJSON represents a key-value pair in the JSON request body.
-func (h *Handlers) HandleEnvVarAdd() http.HandlerFunc {
+type envPairJSON struct {
-	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+	Key   string `json:"key"`
-		h.addKeyValueToApp(
+	Value string `json:"value"`
-			writer,
-			request,
-			func(ctx context.Context, application *models.App, key, value string) error {
-				envVar := models.NewEnvVar(h.db)
-				envVar.AppID = application.ID
-				envVar.Key = key
-				envVar.Value = value
-
-				return envVar.Save(ctx)
-			},
-		)
-	}
 }
 
-// HandleEnvVarDelete handles deleting an environment variable.
+// envVarMaxBodyBytes is the maximum allowed request body size for env var saves (1 MB).
-func (h *Handlers) HandleEnvVarDelete() http.HandlerFunc {
+const envVarMaxBodyBytes = 1 << 20
+
+// validateEnvPairs validates env var pairs.
+// It rejects empty keys and duplicate keys (returns a non-empty error string).
+func validateEnvPairs(pairs []envPairJSON) ([]models.EnvVarPair, string) {
+	seen := make(map[string]bool, len(pairs))
+
+	result := make([]models.EnvVarPair, 0, len(pairs))
+
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		trimmedKey := strings.TrimSpace(p.Key)
+		if trimmedKey == "" {
+			return nil, "empty environment variable key is not allowed"
+		}
+
+		if seen[trimmedKey] {
+			return nil, "duplicate environment variable key: " + trimmedKey
+		}
+
+		seen[trimmedKey] = true
+
+		result = append(result, models.EnvVarPair{Key: trimmedKey, Value: p.Value})
+	}
+
+	return result, ""
+}
+
+// HandleEnvVarSave handles bulk saving of all environment variables.
+// It reads a JSON array of {key, value} objects from the request body,
+// deletes all existing env vars for the app, and inserts the full
+// submitted set atomically within a database transaction.
+// Duplicate keys are rejected with a 400 Bad Request error.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleEnvVarSave() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		appID := chi.URLParam(request, "id")
-		envVarIDStr := chi.URLParam(request, "varID")
 
-		envVarID, parseErr := strconv.ParseInt(envVarIDStr, 10, 64)
+		application, findErr := models.FindApp(request.Context(), h.db, appID)
-		if parseErr != nil {
+		if findErr != nil || application == nil {
 			http.NotFound(writer, request)
 
 			return
 		}
 
-		envVar, findErr := models.FindEnvVar(request.Context(), h.db, envVarID)
+		// Limit request body size to prevent abuse
-		if findErr != nil || envVar == nil || envVar.AppID != appID {
+		request.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(writer, request.Body, envVarMaxBodyBytes)
-			http.NotFound(writer, request)
+
+		var pairs []envPairJSON
+
+		decodeErr := json.NewDecoder(request.Body).Decode(&pairs)
+		if decodeErr != nil {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]string{
+				"error": "invalid request body",
+			}, http.StatusBadRequest)
 
 			return
 		}
 
-		deleteErr := envVar.Delete(request.Context())
+		modelPairs, validationErr := validateEnvPairs(pairs)
-		if deleteErr != nil {
+		if validationErr != "" {
-			h.log.Error("failed to delete env var", "error", deleteErr)
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]string{
+				"error": validationErr,
+			}, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
 		}
 
-		http.Redirect(writer, request, "/apps/"+appID, http.StatusSeeOther)
+		replaceErr := models.ReplaceEnvVarsByAppID(
+			request.Context(), h.db, application.ID, modelPairs,
+		)
+		if replaceErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to replace env vars", "error", replaceErr)
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]string{
+				"error": "failed to save environment variables",
+			}, http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		h.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]bool{"ok": true}, http.StatusOK)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1205,59 +1247,6 @@ func ValidateVolumePath(p string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// HandleEnvVarEdit handles editing an existing environment variable.
-func (h *Handlers) HandleEnvVarEdit() http.HandlerFunc {
-	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
-		appID := chi.URLParam(request, "id")
-		envVarIDStr := chi.URLParam(request, "varID")
-
-		envVarID, parseErr := strconv.ParseInt(envVarIDStr, 10, 64)
-		if parseErr != nil {
-			http.NotFound(writer, request)
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		envVar, findErr := models.FindEnvVar(request.Context(), h.db, envVarID)
-		if findErr != nil || envVar == nil || envVar.AppID != appID {
-			http.NotFound(writer, request)
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		formErr := request.ParseForm()
-		if formErr != nil {
-			http.Error(writer, "Bad Request", http.StatusBadRequest)
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		key := request.FormValue("key")
-		value := request.FormValue("value")
-
-		if key == "" || value == "" {
-			http.Redirect(writer, request, "/apps/"+appID, http.StatusSeeOther)
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		envVar.Key = key
-		envVar.Value = value
-
-		saveErr := envVar.Save(request.Context())
-		if saveErr != nil {
-			h.log.Error("failed to update env var", "error", saveErr)
-		}
-
-		http.Redirect(
-			writer,
-			request,
-			"/apps/"+appID+"?success=env-updated",
-			http.StatusSeeOther,
-		)
-	}
-}
-
 // HandleLabelEdit handles editing an existing label.
 func (h *Handlers) HandleLabelEdit() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {

internal/handlers/backup.go

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/models"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/service/app"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/templates"
+)
+
+// importMaxBodyBytes is the maximum allowed request body size for backup import (10 MB).
+const importMaxBodyBytes = 10 << 20
+
+// HandleExportApp exports a single app's configuration as a JSON download.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleExportApp() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		appID := chi.URLParam(request, "id")
+
+		application, findErr := models.FindApp(request.Context(), h.db, appID)
+		if findErr != nil || application == nil {
+			http.NotFound(writer, request)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		bundle, exportErr := h.appService.ExportApp(request.Context(), application)
+		if exportErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to export app", "error", exportErr, "app", application.Name)
+			http.Error(writer, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		filename := fmt.Sprintf("upaas-backup-%s-%s.json",
+			application.Name,
+			time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102-150405"),
+		)
+
+		writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		writer.Header().Set("Content-Disposition",
+			`attachment; filename="`+filename+`"`)
+
+		encoder := json.NewEncoder(writer)
+		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+
+		err := encoder.Encode(bundle)
+		if err != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to encode backup", "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// HandleExportAllApps exports all app configurations as a JSON download.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleExportAllApps() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		bundle, exportErr := h.appService.ExportAllApps(request.Context())
+		if exportErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to export all apps", "error", exportErr)
+			http.Error(writer, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		filename := fmt.Sprintf("upaas-backup-all-%s.json",
+			time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102-150405"),
+		)
+
+		writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		writer.Header().Set("Content-Disposition",
+			`attachment; filename="`+filename+`"`)
+
+		encoder := json.NewEncoder(writer)
+		encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+
+		err := encoder.Encode(bundle)
+		if err != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to encode backup", "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// HandleImportPage renders the import/restore page.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleImportPage() http.HandlerFunc {
+	tmpl := templates.GetParsed()
+
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		data := h.addGlobals(map[string]any{
+			"Success": request.URL.Query().Get("success"),
+		}, request)
+
+		h.renderTemplate(writer, tmpl, "backup_import.html", data)
+	}
+}
+
+// HandleImportApps processes an uploaded backup JSON file and imports apps.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleImportApps() http.HandlerFunc {
+	tmpl := templates.GetParsed()
+
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		bundle, parseErr := h.parseBackupUpload(request)
+		if parseErr != "" {
+			data := h.addGlobals(map[string]any{"Error": parseErr}, request)
+			h.renderTemplate(writer, tmpl, "backup_import.html", data)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		imported, skipped, importErr := h.appService.ImportApps(
+			request.Context(), bundle,
+		)
+		if importErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to import apps", "error", importErr)
+
+			data := h.addGlobals(map[string]any{
+				"Error": "Import failed: " + importErr.Error(),
+			}, request)
+			h.renderTemplate(writer, tmpl, "backup_import.html", data)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		successMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Imported %d app(s)", len(imported))
+		if len(skipped) > 0 {
+			successMsg += fmt.Sprintf(", skipped %d (name conflict)", len(skipped))
+		}
+
+		http.Redirect(writer, request,
+			"/backup/import?success="+successMsg,
+			http.StatusSeeOther,
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// parseBackupUpload extracts and validates a BackupBundle from a multipart upload.
+// Returns the bundle and an empty string on success, or nil and an error message.
+func (h *Handlers) parseBackupUpload(
+	request *http.Request,
+) (*app.BackupBundle, string) {
+	request.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(nil, request.Body, importMaxBodyBytes)
+
+	parseErr := request.ParseMultipartForm(importMaxBodyBytes)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		return nil, "Failed to parse upload: " + parseErr.Error()
+	}
+
+	file, _, openErr := request.FormFile("backup_file")
+	if openErr != nil {
+		return nil, "Please select a backup file to import"
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+
+	decodeErr := json.NewDecoder(file).Decode(&bundle)
+	if decodeErr != nil {
+		return nil, "Invalid backup file: " + decodeErr.Error()
+	}
+
+	if bundle.Version != 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Sprintf(
+			"Unsupported backup version: %d (expected 1)", bundle.Version,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if len(bundle.Apps) == 0 {
+		return nil, "Backup file contains no apps"
+	}
+
+	return &bundle, ""
+}
+
+// HandleAPIExportApp exports a single app's configuration as JSON via API.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleAPIExportApp() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		appID := chi.URLParam(request, "id")
+
+		application, err := h.appService.GetApp(request.Context(), appID)
+		if err != nil {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "internal server error"},
+				http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		if application == nil {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "app not found"},
+				http.StatusNotFound)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		bundle, exportErr := h.appService.ExportApp(request.Context(), application)
+		if exportErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to export app", "error", exportErr)
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "failed to export app"},
+				http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		h.respondJSON(writer, request, bundle, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// HandleAPIExportAllApps exports all app configurations as JSON via API.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleAPIExportAllApps() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		bundle, exportErr := h.appService.ExportAllApps(request.Context())
+		if exportErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("failed to export all apps", "error", exportErr)
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "failed to export apps"},
+				http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		h.respondJSON(writer, request, bundle, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// HandleAPIImportApps imports app configurations from a JSON request body via API.
+func (h *Handlers) HandleAPIImportApps() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		request.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(writer, request.Body, importMaxBodyBytes)
+
+		var bundle app.BackupBundle
+
+		decodeErr := json.NewDecoder(request.Body).Decode(&bundle)
+		if decodeErr != nil {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "invalid request body"},
+				http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		if bundle.Version != 1 {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": fmt.Sprintf(
+					"unsupported backup version: %d", bundle.Version,
+				)},
+				http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(bundle.Apps) == 0 {
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "backup contains no apps"},
+				http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		imported, skipped, importErr := h.appService.ImportApps(
+			request.Context(), &bundle,
+		)
+		if importErr != nil {
+			h.log.Error("api: failed to import apps", "error", importErr)
+			h.respondJSON(writer, request,
+				map[string]string{"error": "import failed: " + importErr.Error()},
+				http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		h.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]any{
+			"imported": imported,
+			"skipped":  skipped,
+		}, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}

internal/handlers/backup_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+package handlers_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"mime/multipart"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/models"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/service/app"
+)
+
+// createTestAppWithConfig creates an app with env vars, labels, volumes, and ports.
+func createTestAppWithConfig(
+	t *testing.T,
+	tc *testContext,
+	name string,
+) *models.App {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, tc, name)
+
+	// Add env vars
+	ev := models.NewEnvVar(tc.database)
+	ev.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	ev.Key = "DATABASE_URL"
+	ev.Value = "postgres://localhost/mydb"
+	require.NoError(t, ev.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	// Add label
+	label := models.NewLabel(tc.database)
+	label.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	label.Key = "traefik.enable"
+	label.Value = "true"
+	require.NoError(t, label.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	// Add volume
+	volume := models.NewVolume(tc.database)
+	volume.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	volume.HostPath = "/data/app"
+	volume.ContainerPath = "/app/data"
+	volume.ReadOnly = false
+	require.NoError(t, volume.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	// Add port
+	port := models.NewPort(tc.database)
+	port.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	port.HostPort = 8080
+	port.ContainerPort = 80
+	port.Protocol = models.PortProtocolTCP
+	require.NoError(t, port.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	return createdApp
+}
+
+// createTestAppWithConfigPort creates an app with a custom host port.
+func createTestAppWithConfigPort(
+	t *testing.T,
+	tc *testContext,
+	name string,
+	hostPort int,
+) *models.App {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, tc, name)
+
+	ev := models.NewEnvVar(tc.database)
+	ev.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	ev.Key = "DATABASE_URL"
+	ev.Value = "postgres://localhost/mydb"
+	require.NoError(t, ev.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	port := models.NewPort(tc.database)
+	port.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	port.HostPort = hostPort
+	port.ContainerPort = 80
+	port.Protocol = models.PortProtocolTCP
+	require.NoError(t, port.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	return createdApp
+}
+
+func TestHandleExportApp(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createdApp := createTestAppWithConfig(t, testCtx, "export-test-app")
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/export", nil)
+	request = addChiURLParams(request, map[string]string{"id": createdApp.ID})
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleExportApp()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Content-Type"), "application/json")
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"), "attachment")
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"), "export-test-app")
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(recorder.Body.Bytes(), &bundle))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, bundle.Version)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, bundle.ExportedAt)
+	require.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 1)
+
+	appBackup := bundle.Apps[0]
+	assert.Equal(t, "export-test-app", appBackup.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "main", appBackup.Branch)
+	assert.Len(t, appBackup.EnvVars, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "DATABASE_URL", appBackup.EnvVars[0].Key)
+	assert.Equal(t, "postgres://localhost/mydb", appBackup.EnvVars[0].Value)
+	assert.Len(t, appBackup.Labels, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "traefik.enable", appBackup.Labels[0].Key)
+	assert.Len(t, appBackup.Volumes, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/data/app", appBackup.Volumes[0].HostPath)
+	assert.Len(t, appBackup.Ports, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 8080, appBackup.Ports[0].HostPort)
+}
+
+func TestHandleExportAppNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/apps/nonexistent/export", nil)
+	request = addChiURLParams(request, map[string]string{"id": "nonexistent"})
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleExportApp()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, recorder.Code)
+}
+
+func TestHandleExportAllApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createTestAppWithConfig(t, testCtx, "export-all-app1")
+	createTestAppWithConfigPort(t, testCtx, "export-all-app2", 8081)
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/backup/export", nil)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleExportAllApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"), "upaas-backup-all")
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(recorder.Body.Bytes(), &bundle))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, bundle.Version)
+	assert.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 2)
+}
+
+func TestHandleExportAllAppsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/backup/export", nil)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleExportAllApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(recorder.Body.Bytes(), &bundle))
+
+	assert.Empty(t, bundle.Apps)
+}
+
+// createMultipartBackupRequest builds a multipart form request with backup JSON as a file upload.
+func createMultipartBackupRequest(
+	t *testing.T,
+	backupJSON string,
+) *http.Request {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var body bytes.Buffer
+
+	writer := multipart.NewWriter(&body)
+
+	part, err := writer.CreateFormFile("backup_file", "backup.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = io.WriteString(part, backupJSON)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, writer.Close())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/backup/import", &body)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", writer.FormDataContentType())
+
+	return request
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	backupJSON := `{
+		"version": 1,
+		"exportedAt": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"apps": [{
+			"name": "imported-app",
+			"repoUrl": "git@example.com:user/repo.git",
+			"branch": "main",
+			"dockerfilePath": "Dockerfile",
+			"envVars": [{"key": "FOO", "value": "bar"}],
+			"labels": [{"key": "app.name", "value": "test"}],
+			"volumes": [{"hostPath": "/data", "containerPath": "/app/data", "readOnly": true}],
+			"ports": [{"hostPort": 3000, "containerPort": 8080, "protocol": "tcp"}]
+		}]
+	}`
+
+	request := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, backupJSON)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	// Should redirect on success
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusSeeOther, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Location"), "success=")
+
+	// Verify the app was created
+	apps, err := models.AllApps(context.Background(), testCtx.database)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, apps, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "imported-app", apps[0].Name)
+
+	// Verify env vars
+	envVars, _ := apps[0].GetEnvVars(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, envVars, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", envVars[0].Key)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", envVars[0].Value)
+
+	// Verify labels
+	labels, _ := apps[0].GetLabels(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, labels, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "app.name", labels[0].Key)
+
+	// Verify volumes
+	volumes, _ := apps[0].GetVolumes(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, volumes, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/data", volumes[0].HostPath)
+	assert.True(t, volumes[0].ReadOnly)
+
+	// Verify ports
+	ports, _ := apps[0].GetPorts(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, ports, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3000, ports[0].HostPort)
+	assert.Equal(t, 8080, ports[0].ContainerPort)
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportAppsSkipsDuplicateNames(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	// Create an existing app with same name
+	createTestApp(t, testCtx, "existing-app")
+
+	backupJSON := `{
+		"version": 1,
+		"exportedAt": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"apps": [
+			{
+				"name": "existing-app",
+				"repoUrl": "git@example.com:user/repo.git",
+				"branch": "main",
+				"dockerfilePath": "Dockerfile",
+				"envVars": [],
+				"labels": [],
+				"volumes": [],
+				"ports": []
+			},
+			{
+				"name": "new-app",
+				"repoUrl": "git@example.com:user/new.git",
+				"branch": "main",
+				"dockerfilePath": "Dockerfile",
+				"envVars": [],
+				"labels": [],
+				"volumes": [],
+				"ports": []
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	request := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, backupJSON)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusSeeOther, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Header().Get("Location"), "skipped")
+
+	// Should have 2 apps total (existing + new)
+	apps, err := models.AllApps(context.Background(), testCtx.database)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, apps, 2)
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportAppsInvalidJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	request := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, "not valid json")
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	// Should render the page with error, not redirect
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Body.String(), "Invalid backup file")
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportAppsUnsupportedVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	backupJSON := `{"version": 99, "exportedAt": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z", "apps": [{"name": "test"}]}`
+
+	request := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, backupJSON)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Body.String(), "Unsupported backup version")
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportAppsEmptyBundle(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	backupJSON := `{"version": 1, "exportedAt": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z", "apps": []}`
+
+	request := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, backupJSON)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Body.String(), "contains no apps")
+}
+
+func TestHandleImportPage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/backup/import", nil)
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler := testCtx.handlers.HandleImportPage()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Body.String(), "Import Backup")
+}
+
+func TestExportImportRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createTestAppWithConfig(t, testCtx, "roundtrip-app")
+
+	// Export
+	exportReq := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/backup/export", nil)
+	exportRec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	testCtx.handlers.HandleExportAllApps().ServeHTTP(exportRec, exportReq)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, exportRec.Code)
+
+	exportedJSON := exportRec.Body.String()
+
+	// Delete the original app
+	apps, _ := models.AllApps(context.Background(), testCtx.database)
+	for _, a := range apps {
+		require.NoError(t, a.Delete(context.Background()))
+	}
+
+	// Import
+	importReq := createMultipartBackupRequest(t, exportedJSON)
+	importRec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	testCtx.handlers.HandleImportApps().ServeHTTP(importRec, importReq)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusSeeOther, importRec.Code)
+
+	// Verify the app was recreated with all config
+	restoredApps, _ := models.AllApps(context.Background(), testCtx.database)
+	require.Len(t, restoredApps, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "roundtrip-app", restoredApps[0].Name)
+
+	envVars, _ := restoredApps[0].GetEnvVars(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, envVars, 1)
+
+	labels, _ := restoredApps[0].GetLabels(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, labels, 1)
+
+	volumes, _ := restoredApps[0].GetVolumes(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, volumes, 1)
+
+	ports, _ := restoredApps[0].GetPorts(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, ports, 1)
+}
+
+// TestAPIExportApp tests the API endpoint for exporting a single app.
+func TestAPIExportApp(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	createdApp, err := tc.appSvc.CreateApp(t.Context(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:    "api-export-app",
+		RepoURL: "git@example.com:user/repo.git",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rr := apiGet(t, tc, cookies, "/api/v1/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/export")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rr.Code)
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(rr.Body.Bytes(), &bundle))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, bundle.Version)
+	require.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "api-export-app", bundle.Apps[0].Name)
+}
+
+// TestAPIExportAppNotFound tests the API endpoint for a nonexistent app.
+func TestAPIExportAppNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	rr := apiGet(t, tc, cookies, "/api/v1/apps/nonexistent/export")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, rr.Code)
+}
+
+// TestAPIExportAllApps tests the API endpoint for exporting all apps.
+func TestAPIExportAllApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	_, err := tc.appSvc.CreateApp(t.Context(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:    "api-export-all-1",
+		RepoURL: "git@example.com:user/repo1.git",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = tc.appSvc.CreateApp(t.Context(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:    "api-export-all-2",
+		RepoURL: "git@example.com:user/repo2.git",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rr := apiGet(t, tc, cookies, "/api/v1/backup/export")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rr.Code)
+
+	var bundle app.BackupBundle
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(rr.Body.Bytes(), &bundle))
+
+	assert.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 2)
+}
+
+// TestAPIImportApps tests the API import endpoint.
+func TestAPIImportApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	backupJSON := `{
+		"version": 1,
+		"exportedAt": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"apps": [{
+			"name": "api-imported-app",
+			"repoUrl": "git@example.com:user/repo.git",
+			"branch": "main",
+			"dockerfilePath": "Dockerfile",
+			"envVars": [],
+			"labels": [],
+			"volumes": [],
+			"ports": []
+		}]
+	}`
+
+	r := apiRouter(tc)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/api/v1/backup/import", strings.NewReader(backupJSON))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	for _, c := range cookies {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rr.Code)
+
+	var resp map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(rr.Body.Bytes(), &resp))
+
+	imported, ok := resp["imported"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Len(t, imported, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "api-imported-app", imported[0])
+}
+
+// TestAPIImportAppsInvalidBody tests that the API rejects bad JSON.
+func TestAPIImportAppsInvalidBody(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	r := apiRouter(tc)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/api/v1/backup/import", strings.NewReader("not json"))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	for _, c := range cookies {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, rr.Code)
+}
+
+// TestAPIImportAppsUnsupportedVersion tests that the API rejects bad versions.
+func TestAPIImportAppsUnsupportedVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tc, cookies := setupAPITest(t)
+
+	r := apiRouter(tc)
+
+	body := `{"version": 42, "apps": [{"name": "x"}]}`
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/api/v1/backup/import", strings.NewReader(body))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	for _, c := range cookies {
+		req.AddCookie(c)
+	}
+
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, rr.Code)
+}

internal/handlers/handlers_test.go

@@ -560,45 +560,242 @@ func testOwnershipVerification(t *testing.T, cfg ownedResourceTestConfig) {
 	cfg.verifyFn(t, testCtx, resourceID)
 }
 
-// TestDeleteEnvVarOwnershipVerification tests that deleting an env var
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveBulk tests that HandleEnvVarSave replaces all env vars
-// via another app's URL path returns 404 (IDOR prevention).
+// for an app with the submitted set (monolithic delete-all + insert-all).
-func TestDeleteEnvVarOwnershipVerification(t *testing.T) { //nolint:dupl // intentionally similar IDOR test pattern
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveBulk(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	testOwnershipVerification(t, ownedResourceTestConfig{
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
-		appPrefix1: "envvar-owner-app",
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-bulk-app")
-		appPrefix2: "envvar-other-app",
-		createFn: func(t *testing.T, tc *testContext, ownerApp *models.App) int64 {
-			t.Helper()
 
-			envVar := models.NewEnvVar(tc.database)
+	// Create some pre-existing env vars
-			envVar.AppID = ownerApp.ID
+	for _, kv := range [][2]string{{"OLD_KEY", "old_value"}, {"REMOVE_ME", "gone"}} {
-			envVar.Key = "SECRET"
+		ev := models.NewEnvVar(testCtx.database)
-			envVar.Value = "hunter2"
+		ev.AppID = createdApp.ID
-			require.NoError(t, envVar.Save(context.Background()))
+		ev.Key = kv[0]
+		ev.Value = kv[1]
+		require.NoError(t, ev.Save(context.Background()))
+	}
 
-			return envVar.ID
+	// Submit a new set as a JSON array of key/value objects
-		},
+	body := `[{"key":"NEW_KEY","value":"new_value"},{"key":"ANOTHER","value":"42"}]`
-		deletePath: func(appID string, resourceID int64) string {
-			return "/apps/" + appID + "/env/" + strconv.FormatInt(resourceID, 10) + "/delete"
-		},
-		chiParams: func(appID string, resourceID int64) map[string]string {
-			return map[string]string{"id": appID, "varID": strconv.FormatInt(resourceID, 10)}
-		},
-		handler: func(h *handlers.Handlers) http.HandlerFunc { return h.HandleEnvVarDelete() },
-		verifyFn: func(t *testing.T, tc *testContext, resourceID int64) {
-			t.Helper()
 
-			found, findErr := models.FindEnvVar(context.Background(), tc.database, resourceID)
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
-			require.NoError(t, findErr)
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
-			assert.NotNil(t, found, "env var should still exist after IDOR attempt")
+
-		},
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
-	})
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env",
+		strings.NewReader(body),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	// Verify old env vars are gone and new ones exist
+	envVars, err := models.FindEnvVarsByAppID(
+		context.Background(), testCtx.database, createdApp.ID,
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, envVars, 2)
+
+	keys := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, ev := range envVars {
+		keys[ev.Key] = ev.Value
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "new_value", keys["NEW_KEY"])
+	assert.Equal(t, "42", keys["ANOTHER"])
+	assert.Empty(t, keys["OLD_KEY"], "old env vars should be deleted")
+	assert.Empty(t, keys["REMOVE_ME"], "old env vars should be deleted")
+}
+
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveAppNotFound tests that HandleEnvVarSave returns 404
+// for a non-existent app.
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveAppNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+
+	body := `[{"key":"KEY","value":"value"}]`
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/nonexistent-id/env",
+		strings.NewReader(body),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, recorder.Code)
+}
+
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveEmptyKeyRejected verifies that submitting a JSON
+// array containing an entry with an empty key returns 400.
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveEmptyKeyRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-emptykey-app")
+
+	body := `[{"key":"VALID_KEY","value":"ok"},{"key":"","value":"bad"}]`
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env",
+		strings.NewReader(body),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, recorder.Code)
+}
+
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveDuplicateKeyRejected verifies that when the client
+// sends duplicate keys, the server rejects them with 400 Bad Request.
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveDuplicateKeyRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-dedup-app")
+
+	// Send two entries with the same key — should be rejected
+	body := `[{"key":"FOO","value":"first"},{"key":"BAR","value":"bar"},{"key":"FOO","value":"second"}]`
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env",
+		strings.NewReader(body),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, recorder.Body.String(), "duplicate environment variable key: FOO")
+}
+
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveCrossAppIsolation verifies that posting env vars
+// to appA's endpoint does not affect appB's env vars (IDOR prevention).
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveCrossAppIsolation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	appA := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-iso-appA")
+	appB := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-iso-appB")
+
+	// Give appB some env vars
+	for _, kv := range [][2]string{{"B_KEY1", "b_val1"}, {"B_KEY2", "b_val2"}} {
+		ev := models.NewEnvVar(testCtx.database)
+		ev.AppID = appB.ID
+		ev.Key = kv[0]
+		ev.Value = kv[1]
+		require.NoError(t, ev.Save(context.Background()))
+	}
+
+	// POST new env vars to appA's endpoint
+	body := `[{"key":"A_KEY","value":"a_val"}]`
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/"+appA.ID+"/env",
+		strings.NewReader(body),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	// Verify appA has exactly what we sent
+	appAVars, err := models.FindEnvVarsByAppID(
+		context.Background(), testCtx.database, appA.ID,
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, appAVars, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "A_KEY", appAVars[0].Key)
+
+	// Verify appB's env vars are completely untouched
+	appBVars, err := models.FindEnvVarsByAppID(
+		context.Background(), testCtx.database, appB.ID,
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, appBVars, 2, "appB env vars must not be affected")
+
+	bKeys := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, ev := range appBVars {
+		bKeys[ev.Key] = ev.Value
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "b_val1", bKeys["B_KEY1"])
+	assert.Equal(t, "b_val2", bKeys["B_KEY2"])
+}
+
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveBodySizeLimit verifies that a request body
+// exceeding the 1 MB limit is rejected.
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveBodySizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-sizelimit-app")
+
+	// Build a JSON body that exceeds 1 MB
+	// Each entry is ~30 bytes; 40000 entries ≈ 1.2 MB
+	var sb strings.Builder
+
+	sb.WriteString("[")
+
+	for i := range 40000 {
+		if i > 0 {
+			sb.WriteString(",")
+		}
+
+		sb.WriteString(`{"key":"K` + strconv.Itoa(i) + `","value":"val"}`)
+	}
+
+	sb.WriteString("]")
+
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
+
+	request := httptest.NewRequest(
+		http.MethodPost,
+		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env",
+		strings.NewReader(sb.String()),
+	)
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, recorder.Code,
+		"oversized body should be rejected with 400")
 }
 
 // TestDeleteLabelOwnershipVerification tests that deleting a label
 // via another app's URL path returns 404 (IDOR prevention).
-func TestDeleteLabelOwnershipVerification(t *testing.T) { //nolint:dupl // intentionally similar IDOR test pattern
+func TestDeleteLabelOwnershipVerification(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	testOwnershipVerification(t, ownedResourceTestConfig{
@@ -714,41 +911,43 @@ func TestDeletePortOwnershipVerification(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, found, "port should still exist after IDOR attempt")
 }
 
-// TestHandleEnvVarDeleteUsesCorrectRouteParam verifies that HandleEnvVarDelete
+// TestHandleEnvVarSaveEmptyClears verifies that submitting an empty JSON
-// reads the "varID" chi URL parameter (matching the route definition {varID}),
+// array deletes all existing env vars for the app.
-// not a mismatched name like "envID".
+func TestHandleEnvVarSaveEmptyClears(t *testing.T) {
-func TestHandleEnvVarDeleteUsesCorrectRouteParam(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	testCtx := setupTestHandlers(t)
+	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envvar-clear-app")
 
-	createdApp := createTestApp(t, testCtx, "envdelete-param-app")
+	// Create a pre-existing env var
+	ev := models.NewEnvVar(testCtx.database)
+	ev.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	ev.Key = "DELETE_ME"
+	ev.Value = "gone"
+	require.NoError(t, ev.Save(context.Background()))
 
-	envVar := models.NewEnvVar(testCtx.database)
+	// Submit empty JSON array
-	envVar.AppID = createdApp.ID
-	envVar.Key = "DELETE_ME"
-	envVar.Value = "gone"
-	require.NoError(t, envVar.Save(context.Background()))
-
-	// Use chi router with the real route pattern to test param name
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
-	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env-vars/{varID}/delete", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarDelete())
+	r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", testCtx.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
 
 	request := httptest.NewRequest(
 		http.MethodPost,
-		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env-vars/"+strconv.FormatInt(envVar.ID, 10)+"/delete",
+		"/apps/"+createdApp.ID+"/env",
-		nil,
+		strings.NewReader("[]"),
 	)
-	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	r.ServeHTTP(recorder, request)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusSeeOther, recorder.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
 
-	// Verify the env var was actually deleted
+	// Verify all env vars are gone
-	found, findErr := models.FindEnvVar(context.Background(), testCtx.database, envVar.ID)
+	envVars, err := models.FindEnvVarsByAppID(
-	require.NoError(t, findErr)
+		context.Background(), testCtx.database, createdApp.ID,
-	assert.Nil(t, found, "env var should be deleted when using correct route param")
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, envVars, "all env vars should be deleted")
 }
 
 // TestHandleVolumeAddValidatesPaths verifies that HandleVolumeAdd validates

internal/models/env_var.go

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-//nolint:dupl // Active Record pattern - similar structure to label.go is intentional
 package models
 
 import (
@@ -129,13 +128,48 @@ func FindEnvVarsByAppID(
 	return envVars, rows.Err()
 }
 
-// DeleteEnvVarsByAppID deletes all env vars for an app.
+// EnvVarPair is a key-value pair for bulk env var operations.
-func DeleteEnvVarsByAppID(
+type EnvVarPair struct {
+	Key   string
+	Value string
+}
+
+// ReplaceEnvVarsByAppID atomically replaces all env vars for an app
+// within a single database transaction. It deletes all existing env
+// vars and inserts the provided pairs. If any operation fails, the
+// entire transaction is rolled back.
+func ReplaceEnvVarsByAppID(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	db *database.Database,
 	appID string,
+	pairs []EnvVarPair,
 ) error {
-	_, err := db.Exec(ctx, "DELETE FROM app_env_vars WHERE app_id = ?", appID)
+	tx, err := db.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("beginning transaction: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return err
+	defer func() { _ = tx.Rollback() }()
+
+	_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM app_env_vars WHERE app_id = ?", appID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting env vars: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx,
+			"INSERT INTO app_env_vars (app_id, key, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+			appID, p.Key, p.Value,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("inserting env var %q: %w", p.Key, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("committing transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

internal/models/label.go

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-//nolint:dupl // Active Record pattern - similar structure to env_var.go is intentional
 package models
 
 import (

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -82,10 +82,8 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 			r.Post("/apps/{id}/stop", s.handlers.HandleAppStop())
 			r.Post("/apps/{id}/start", s.handlers.HandleAppStart())
 
-			// Environment variables
+			// Environment variables (monolithic bulk save)
-			r.Post("/apps/{id}/env-vars", s.handlers.HandleEnvVarAdd())
+			r.Post("/apps/{id}/env", s.handlers.HandleEnvVarSave())
-			r.Post("/apps/{id}/env-vars/{varID}/edit", s.handlers.HandleEnvVarEdit())
-			r.Post("/apps/{id}/env-vars/{varID}/delete", s.handlers.HandleEnvVarDelete())
 
 			// Labels
 			r.Post("/apps/{id}/labels", s.handlers.HandleLabelAdd())
@@ -100,6 +98,12 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 			// Ports
 			r.Post("/apps/{id}/ports", s.handlers.HandlePortAdd())
 			r.Post("/apps/{id}/ports/{portID}/delete", s.handlers.HandlePortDelete())
+
+			// Backup/Restore
+			r.Get("/apps/{id}/export", s.handlers.HandleExportApp())
+			r.Get("/backup/export", s.handlers.HandleExportAllApps())
+			r.Get("/backup/import", s.handlers.HandleImportPage())
+			r.Post("/backup/import", s.handlers.HandleImportApps())
 		})
 	})
 
@@ -117,6 +121,11 @@ func (s *Server) SetupRoutes() {
 			r.Get("/apps", s.handlers.HandleAPIListApps())
 			r.Get("/apps/{id}", s.handlers.HandleAPIGetApp())
 			r.Get("/apps/{id}/deployments", s.handlers.HandleAPIListDeployments())
+
+			// Backup/Restore API
+			r.Get("/apps/{id}/export", s.handlers.HandleAPIExportApp())
+			r.Get("/backup/export", s.handlers.HandleAPIExportAllApps())
+			r.Post("/backup/import", s.handlers.HandleAPIImportApps())
 		})
 	})
 

internal/service/app/backup.go

@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/models"
+)
+
+// BackupEnvVar represents an environment variable in a backup.
+type BackupEnvVar struct {
+	Key   string `json:"key"`
+	Value string `json:"value"`
+}
+
+// BackupLabel represents a Docker label in a backup.
+type BackupLabel struct {
+	Key   string `json:"key"`
+	Value string `json:"value"`
+}
+
+// BackupVolume represents a volume mount in a backup.
+type BackupVolume struct {
+	HostPath      string `json:"hostPath"`
+	ContainerPath string `json:"containerPath"`
+	ReadOnly      bool   `json:"readOnly"`
+}
+
+// BackupPort represents a port mapping in a backup.
+type BackupPort struct {
+	HostPort      int    `json:"hostPort"`
+	ContainerPort int    `json:"containerPort"`
+	Protocol      string `json:"protocol"`
+}
+
+// Backup represents the exported configuration of a single app.
+type Backup struct {
+	Name           string         `json:"name"`
+	RepoURL        string         `json:"repoUrl"`
+	Branch         string         `json:"branch"`
+	DockerfilePath string         `json:"dockerfilePath"`
+	DockerNetwork  string         `json:"dockerNetwork,omitempty"`
+	NtfyTopic      string         `json:"ntfyTopic,omitempty"`
+	SlackWebhook   string         `json:"slackWebhook,omitempty"`
+	EnvVars        []BackupEnvVar `json:"envVars"`
+	Labels         []BackupLabel  `json:"labels"`
+	Volumes        []BackupVolume `json:"volumes"`
+	Ports          []BackupPort   `json:"ports"`
+}
+
+// BackupBundle represents a complete backup of one or more apps.
+type BackupBundle struct {
+	Version    int      `json:"version"`
+	ExportedAt string   `json:"exportedAt"`
+	Apps       []Backup `json:"apps"`
+}
+
+// backupVersion is the current backup format version.
+const backupVersion = 1
+
+// ExportApp exports a single app's configuration as a BackupBundle.
+func (svc *Service) ExportApp(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	application *models.App,
+) (*BackupBundle, error) {
+	appBackup, err := svc.buildAppBackup(ctx, application)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &BackupBundle{
+		Version:    backupVersion,
+		ExportedAt: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		Apps:       []Backup{appBackup},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ExportAllApps exports all app configurations as a BackupBundle.
+func (svc *Service) ExportAllApps(ctx context.Context) (*BackupBundle, error) {
+	apps, err := models.AllApps(ctx, svc.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing apps for export: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	backups := make([]Backup, 0, len(apps))
+
+	for _, application := range apps {
+		appBackup, buildErr := svc.buildAppBackup(ctx, application)
+		if buildErr != nil {
+			return nil, buildErr
+		}
+
+		backups = append(backups, appBackup)
+	}
+
+	return &BackupBundle{
+		Version:    backupVersion,
+		ExportedAt: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		Apps:       backups,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ImportApps imports app configurations from a BackupBundle.
+// It creates new apps (with fresh IDs, SSH keys, and webhook secrets)
+// and populates their env vars, labels, volumes, and ports.
+// Apps whose names conflict with existing apps are skipped and reported.
+func (svc *Service) ImportApps(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	bundle *BackupBundle,
+) ([]string, []string, error) {
+	// Build a set of existing app names for conflict detection
+	existingApps, listErr := models.AllApps(ctx, svc.db)
+	if listErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("listing existing apps: %w", listErr)
+	}
+
+	existingNames := make(map[string]bool, len(existingApps))
+	for _, a := range existingApps {
+		existingNames[a.Name] = true
+	}
+
+	var imported, skipped []string
+
+	for _, ab := range bundle.Apps {
+		if existingNames[ab.Name] {
+			skipped = append(skipped, ab.Name)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		importErr := svc.importSingleApp(ctx, ab)
+		if importErr != nil {
+			return imported, skipped, fmt.Errorf(
+				"importing app %q: %w", ab.Name, importErr,
+			)
+		}
+
+		imported = append(imported, ab.Name)
+	}
+
+	return imported, skipped, nil
+}
+
+// importSingleApp creates a single app from backup data.
+func (svc *Service) importSingleApp(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	ab Backup,
+) error {
+	createdApp, createErr := svc.CreateApp(ctx, CreateAppInput{
+		Name:           ab.Name,
+		RepoURL:        ab.RepoURL,
+		Branch:         ab.Branch,
+		DockerfilePath: ab.DockerfilePath,
+		DockerNetwork:  ab.DockerNetwork,
+		NtfyTopic:      ab.NtfyTopic,
+		SlackWebhook:   ab.SlackWebhook,
+	})
+	if createErr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating app: %w", createErr)
+	}
+
+	envErr := svc.importEnvVars(ctx, createdApp.ID, ab.EnvVars)
+	if envErr != nil {
+		return envErr
+	}
+
+	labelErr := svc.importLabels(ctx, createdApp.ID, ab.Labels)
+	if labelErr != nil {
+		return labelErr
+	}
+
+	volErr := svc.importVolumes(ctx, createdApp.ID, ab.Volumes)
+	if volErr != nil {
+		return volErr
+	}
+
+	portErr := svc.importPorts(ctx, createdApp.ID, ab.Ports)
+	if portErr != nil {
+		return portErr
+	}
+
+	svc.log.Info("app imported from backup",
+		"id", createdApp.ID, "name", createdApp.Name)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// importEnvVars adds env vars from backup to an app.
+func (svc *Service) importEnvVars(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appID string,
+	envVars []BackupEnvVar,
+) error {
+	for _, ev := range envVars {
+		addErr := svc.AddEnvVar(ctx, appID, ev.Key, ev.Value)
+		if addErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding env var %q: %w", ev.Key, addErr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// importLabels adds labels from backup to an app.
+func (svc *Service) importLabels(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appID string,
+	labels []BackupLabel,
+) error {
+	for _, l := range labels {
+		addErr := svc.AddLabel(ctx, appID, l.Key, l.Value)
+		if addErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding label %q: %w", l.Key, addErr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// importVolumes adds volumes from backup to an app.
+func (svc *Service) importVolumes(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appID string,
+	volumes []BackupVolume,
+) error {
+	for _, v := range volumes {
+		addErr := svc.AddVolume(ctx, appID, v.HostPath, v.ContainerPath, v.ReadOnly)
+		if addErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding volume %q: %w", v.ContainerPath, addErr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// importPorts adds ports from backup to an app.
+func (svc *Service) importPorts(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appID string,
+	ports []BackupPort,
+) error {
+	for _, p := range ports {
+		port := models.NewPort(svc.db)
+		port.AppID = appID
+		port.HostPort = p.HostPort
+		port.ContainerPort = p.ContainerPort
+		port.Protocol = models.PortProtocol(p.Protocol)
+
+		if port.Protocol == "" {
+			port.Protocol = models.PortProtocolTCP
+		}
+
+		saveErr := port.Save(ctx)
+		if saveErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding port %d: %w", p.HostPort, saveErr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildAppBackup collects all configuration for a single app into a Backup.
+func (svc *Service) buildAppBackup(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	application *models.App,
+) (Backup, error) {
+	envVars, labels, volumes, ports, err := svc.fetchAppResources(ctx, application)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Backup{}, err
+	}
+
+	backup := Backup{
+		Name:           application.Name,
+		RepoURL:        application.RepoURL,
+		Branch:         application.Branch,
+		DockerfilePath: application.DockerfilePath,
+		EnvVars:        convertEnvVars(envVars),
+		Labels:         convertLabels(labels),
+		Volumes:        convertVolumes(volumes),
+		Ports:          convertPorts(ports),
+	}
+
+	if application.DockerNetwork.Valid {
+		backup.DockerNetwork = application.DockerNetwork.String
+	}
+
+	if application.NtfyTopic.Valid {
+		backup.NtfyTopic = application.NtfyTopic.String
+	}
+
+	if application.SlackWebhook.Valid {
+		backup.SlackWebhook = application.SlackWebhook.String
+	}
+
+	return backup, nil
+}
+
+// fetchAppResources retrieves all sub-resources for an app.
+func (svc *Service) fetchAppResources(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	application *models.App,
+) ([]*models.EnvVar, []*models.Label, []*models.Volume, []*models.Port, error) {
+	envVars, err := application.GetEnvVars(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"getting env vars for %q: %w", application.Name, err,
+		)
+	}
+
+	labels, err := application.GetLabels(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"getting labels for %q: %w", application.Name, err,
+		)
+	}
+
+	volumes, err := application.GetVolumes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"getting volumes for %q: %w", application.Name, err,
+		)
+	}
+
+	ports, err := application.GetPorts(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"getting ports for %q: %w", application.Name, err,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return envVars, labels, volumes, ports, nil
+}
+
+// convertEnvVars converts model env vars to backup format.
+func convertEnvVars(envVars []*models.EnvVar) []BackupEnvVar {
+	result := make([]BackupEnvVar, 0, len(envVars))
+
+	for _, ev := range envVars {
+		result = append(result, BackupEnvVar{
+			Key:   ev.Key,
+			Value: ev.Value,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// convertLabels converts model labels to backup format.
+func convertLabels(labels []*models.Label) []BackupLabel {
+	result := make([]BackupLabel, 0, len(labels))
+
+	for _, l := range labels {
+		result = append(result, BackupLabel{
+			Key:   l.Key,
+			Value: l.Value,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// convertVolumes converts model volumes to backup format.
+func convertVolumes(volumes []*models.Volume) []BackupVolume {
+	result := make([]BackupVolume, 0, len(volumes))
+
+	for _, v := range volumes {
+		result = append(result, BackupVolume{
+			HostPath:      v.HostPath,
+			ContainerPath: v.ContainerPath,
+			ReadOnly:      v.ReadOnly,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// convertPorts converts model ports to backup format.
+func convertPorts(ports []*models.Port) []BackupPort {
+	result := make([]BackupPort, 0, len(ports))
+
+	for _, p := range ports {
+		result = append(result, BackupPort{
+			HostPort:      p.HostPort,
+			ContainerPort: p.ContainerPort,
+			Protocol:      string(p.Protocol),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return result
+}

internal/service/app/backup_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+package app_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/fx"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/globals"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/logger"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/models"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/service/app"
+)
+
+// backupTestContext bundles test dependencies for backup tests.
+type backupTestContext struct {
+	svc *app.Service
+	db  *database.Database
+}
+
+func setupBackupTest(t *testing.T) *backupTestContext {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	globals.SetAppname("upaas-test")
+	globals.SetVersion("test")
+
+	globalsInst, err := globals.New(fx.Lifecycle(nil))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	loggerInst, err := logger.New(
+		fx.Lifecycle(nil),
+		logger.Params{Globals: globalsInst},
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Port:          8080,
+		DataDir:       tmpDir,
+		SessionSecret: "test-secret-key-at-least-32-chars",
+	}
+
+	dbInst, err := database.New(fx.Lifecycle(nil), database.Params{
+		Logger: loggerInst,
+		Config: cfg,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	svc, err := app.New(fx.Lifecycle(nil), app.ServiceParams{
+		Logger:   loggerInst,
+		Database: dbInst,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return &backupTestContext{svc: svc, db: dbInst}
+}
+
+// createAppWithFullConfig creates an app with env vars, labels, volumes, and ports.
+func createAppWithFullConfig(
+	t *testing.T,
+	btc *backupTestContext,
+	name string,
+) *models.App {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	createdApp, err := btc.svc.CreateApp(context.Background(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:          name,
+		RepoURL:       "git@example.com:user/" + name + ".git",
+		Branch:        "develop",
+		NtfyTopic:     "https://ntfy.sh/" + name,
+		DockerNetwork: "test-network",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddEnvVar(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "DB_HOST", "localhost",
+	))
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddEnvVar(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "DB_PORT", "5432",
+	))
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddLabel(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "traefik.enable", "true",
+	))
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddVolume(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "/data", "/app/data", false,
+	))
+
+	port := models.NewPort(btc.db)
+	port.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	port.HostPort = 9090
+	port.ContainerPort = 8080
+	port.Protocol = models.PortProtocolTCP
+	require.NoError(t, port.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	return createdApp
+}
+
+// createAppWithConfigPort creates an app like createAppWithFullConfig but with
+// a custom host port to avoid UNIQUE constraint collisions.
+func createAppWithConfigPort(
+	t *testing.T,
+	btc *backupTestContext,
+	name string,
+	hostPort int,
+) *models.App {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	createdApp, err := btc.svc.CreateApp(context.Background(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:          name,
+		RepoURL:       "git@example.com:user/" + name + ".git",
+		Branch:        "develop",
+		NtfyTopic:     "https://ntfy.sh/" + name,
+		DockerNetwork: "test-network",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddEnvVar(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "DB_HOST", "localhost",
+	))
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddLabel(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "traefik.enable", "true",
+	))
+	require.NoError(t, btc.svc.AddVolume(
+		context.Background(), createdApp.ID, "/data2", "/app/data2", false,
+	))
+
+	port := models.NewPort(btc.db)
+	port.AppID = createdApp.ID
+	port.HostPort = hostPort
+	port.ContainerPort = 8080
+	port.Protocol = models.PortProtocolTCP
+	require.NoError(t, port.Save(context.Background()))
+
+	return createdApp
+}
+
+func TestExportApp(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+	createdApp := createAppWithFullConfig(t, btc, "export-svc-test")
+
+	bundle, err := btc.svc.ExportApp(context.Background(), createdApp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, bundle.Version)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, bundle.ExportedAt)
+	require.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 1)
+
+	ab := bundle.Apps[0]
+	assert.Equal(t, "export-svc-test", ab.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "develop", ab.Branch)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test-network", ab.DockerNetwork)
+	assert.Equal(t, "https://ntfy.sh/export-svc-test", ab.NtfyTopic)
+	assert.Len(t, ab.EnvVars, 2)
+	assert.Len(t, ab.Labels, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, ab.Volumes, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, ab.Ports, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 9090, ab.Ports[0].HostPort)
+	assert.Equal(t, 8080, ab.Ports[0].ContainerPort)
+	assert.Equal(t, "tcp", ab.Ports[0].Protocol)
+}
+
+func TestExportAllApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+	createAppWithFullConfig(t, btc, "export-all-1")
+	createAppWithConfigPort(t, btc, "export-all-2", 9091)
+
+	bundle, err := btc.svc.ExportAllApps(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, bundle.Version)
+	assert.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 2)
+}
+
+func TestExportAllAppsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+
+	bundle, err := btc.svc.ExportAllApps(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Empty(t, bundle.Apps)
+}
+
+func TestImportApps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+
+	bundle := &app.BackupBundle{
+		Version:    1,
+		ExportedAt: "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		Apps: []app.Backup{
+			{
+				Name:           "imported-test",
+				RepoURL:        "git@example.com:user/imported.git",
+				Branch:         "main",
+				DockerfilePath: "Dockerfile",
+				DockerNetwork:  "my-network",
+				EnvVars: []app.BackupEnvVar{
+					{Key: "FOO", Value: "bar"},
+				},
+				Labels: []app.BackupLabel{
+					{Key: "app", Value: "test"},
+				},
+				Volumes: []app.BackupVolume{
+					{HostPath: "/host", ContainerPath: "/container", ReadOnly: true},
+				},
+				Ports: []app.BackupPort{
+					{HostPort: 3000, ContainerPort: 8080, Protocol: "tcp"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	imported, skipped, err := btc.svc.ImportApps(context.Background(), bundle)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"imported-test"}, imported)
+	assert.Empty(t, skipped)
+
+	// Verify the app was created
+	apps, _ := btc.svc.ListApps(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, apps, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "imported-test", apps[0].Name)
+	assert.True(t, apps[0].DockerNetwork.Valid)
+	assert.Equal(t, "my-network", apps[0].DockerNetwork.String)
+
+	// Has fresh secrets
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, apps[0].WebhookSecret)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, apps[0].SSHPublicKey)
+
+	// Verify sub-resources
+	envVars, _ := apps[0].GetEnvVars(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, envVars, 1)
+
+	labels, _ := apps[0].GetLabels(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, labels, 1)
+
+	volumes, _ := apps[0].GetVolumes(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, volumes, 1)
+	assert.True(t, volumes[0].ReadOnly)
+
+	ports, _ := apps[0].GetPorts(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, ports, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3000, ports[0].HostPort)
+}
+
+func TestImportAppsSkipsDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+
+	// Create existing app
+	_, err := btc.svc.CreateApp(context.Background(), app.CreateAppInput{
+		Name:    "existing",
+		RepoURL: "git@example.com:user/existing.git",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	bundle := &app.BackupBundle{
+		Version:    1,
+		ExportedAt: "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		Apps: []app.Backup{
+			{
+				Name:           "existing",
+				RepoURL:        "git@example.com:user/existing.git",
+				Branch:         "main",
+				DockerfilePath: "Dockerfile",
+				EnvVars:        []app.BackupEnvVar{},
+				Labels:         []app.BackupLabel{},
+				Volumes:        []app.BackupVolume{},
+				Ports:          []app.BackupPort{},
+			},
+			{
+				Name:           "brand-new",
+				RepoURL:        "git@example.com:user/new.git",
+				Branch:         "main",
+				DockerfilePath: "Dockerfile",
+				EnvVars:        []app.BackupEnvVar{},
+				Labels:         []app.BackupLabel{},
+				Volumes:        []app.BackupVolume{},
+				Ports:          []app.BackupPort{},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	imported, skipped, err := btc.svc.ImportApps(context.Background(), bundle)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"brand-new"}, imported)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"existing"}, skipped)
+}
+
+func TestImportAppsPortDefaultProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+
+	bundle := &app.BackupBundle{
+		Version:    1,
+		ExportedAt: "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		Apps: []app.Backup{
+			{
+				Name:           "port-default-test",
+				RepoURL:        "git@example.com:user/repo.git",
+				Branch:         "main",
+				DockerfilePath: "Dockerfile",
+				EnvVars:        []app.BackupEnvVar{},
+				Labels:         []app.BackupLabel{},
+				Volumes:        []app.BackupVolume{},
+				Ports: []app.BackupPort{
+					{HostPort: 80, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ""},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	imported, _, err := btc.svc.ImportApps(context.Background(), bundle)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, imported, 1)
+
+	apps, _ := btc.svc.ListApps(context.Background())
+	ports, _ := apps[0].GetPorts(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, ports, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, models.PortProtocolTCP, ports[0].Protocol)
+}
+
+func TestExportImportRoundTripService(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	btc := setupBackupTest(t)
+	createAppWithFullConfig(t, btc, "roundtrip-svc")
+
+	// Export
+	bundle, err := btc.svc.ExportAllApps(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, bundle.Apps, 1)
+
+	// Delete original
+	apps, _ := btc.svc.ListApps(context.Background())
+	for _, a := range apps {
+		require.NoError(t, btc.svc.DeleteApp(context.Background(), a))
+	}
+
+	// Import
+	imported, skipped, err := btc.svc.ImportApps(context.Background(), bundle)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, imported, 1)
+	assert.Empty(t, skipped)
+
+	// Verify round-trip fidelity
+	restored, _ := btc.svc.ListApps(context.Background())
+	require.Len(t, restored, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "roundtrip-svc", restored[0].Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "develop", restored[0].Branch)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test-network", restored[0].DockerNetwork.String)
+
+	envVars, _ := restored[0].GetEnvVars(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, envVars, 2)
+
+	labels, _ := restored[0].GetLabels(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, labels, 1)
+
+	volumes, _ := restored[0].GetVolumes(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, volumes, 1)
+
+	ports, _ := restored[0].GetPorts(context.Background())
+	assert.Len(t, ports, 1)
+}

static/js/app-detail.js

@@ -6,6 +6,103 @@
  */
 
 document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
+    // ============================================
+    // Environment Variable Editor Component
+    // ============================================
+    Alpine.data("envVarEditor", (appId) => ({
+        vars: [],
+        editIdx: -1,
+        editKey: "",
+        editVal: "",
+        appId: appId,
+
+        init() {
+            this.vars = Array.from(this.$el.querySelectorAll(".env-init")).map(
+                (span) => ({
+                    key: span.dataset.key,
+                    value: span.dataset.value,
+                }),
+            );
+        },
+
+        startEdit(i) {
+            this.editIdx = i;
+            this.editKey = this.vars[i].key;
+            this.editVal = this.vars[i].value;
+        },
+
+        saveEdit(i) {
+            this.vars[i] = { key: this.editKey, value: this.editVal };
+            this.editIdx = -1;
+            this.submitAll();
+        },
+
+        removeVar(i) {
+            if (!window.confirm("Delete this environment variable?")) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.vars.splice(i, 1);
+            this.submitAll();
+        },
+
+        addVar(keyEl, valEl) {
+            const k = keyEl.value.trim();
+            const v = valEl.value.trim();
+
+            if (!k) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.vars.push({ key: k, value: v });
+            this.submitAll();
+        },
+
+        submitAll() {
+            const csrfInput = this.$el.querySelector(
+                'input[name="gorilla.csrf.Token"]',
+            );
+            const csrfToken = csrfInput ? csrfInput.value : "";
+
+            fetch("/apps/" + this.appId + "/env", {
+                method: "POST",
+                headers: {
+                    "Content-Type": "application/json",
+                    "X-CSRF-Token": csrfToken,
+                },
+                body: JSON.stringify(
+                    this.vars.map((e) => ({ key: e.key, value: e.value })),
+                ),
+            })
+                .then((res) => {
+                    if (res.ok) {
+                        window.location.reload();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    res.json()
+                        .then((data) => {
+                            window.alert(
+                                data.error ||
+                                    "Failed to save environment variables.",
+                            );
+                        })
+                        .catch(() => {
+                            window.alert(
+                                "Failed to save environment variables.",
+                            );
+                        });
+                })
+                .catch(() => {
+                    window.alert(
+                        "Network error: could not save environment variables.",
+                    );
+                });
+        },
+    }));
+
+    // ============================================
+    // App Detail Page Component
+    // ============================================
     Alpine.data("appDetail", (config) => ({
         appId: config.appId,
         currentDeploymentId: config.initialDeploymentId,

templates/app_detail.html

@@ -101,9 +101,10 @@
     </div>
 
     <!-- Environment Variables -->
-    <div class="card p-6 mb-6">
+    <div class="card p-6 mb-6" x-data="envVarEditor('{{.App.ID}}')">
         <h2 class="section-title mb-4">Environment Variables</h2>
-        {{if .EnvVars}}
+        {{range .EnvVars}}<span class="env-init hidden" data-key="{{.Key}}" data-value="{{.Value}}"></span>{{end}}
+        <template x-if="vars.length > 0">
         <div class="overflow-x-auto mb-4">
             <table class="table">
                 <thead class="table-header">
@@ -114,47 +115,43 @@
                     </tr>
                 </thead>
                 <tbody class="table-body">
-                    {{range .EnvVars}}
+                    <template x-for="(env, idx) in vars" :key="idx">
-                    <tr x-data="{ editing: false }">
+                    <tr>
-                        <template x-if="!editing">
+                        <template x-if="editIdx !== idx">
-                            <td class="font-mono font-medium">{{.Key}}</td>
+                            <td class="font-mono font-medium" x-text="env.key"></td>
                         </template>
-                        <template x-if="!editing">
+                        <template x-if="editIdx !== idx">
-                            <td class="font-mono text-gray-500">{{.Value}}</td>
+                            <td class="font-mono text-gray-500" x-text="env.value"></td>
                         </template>
-                        <template x-if="!editing">
+                        <template x-if="editIdx !== idx">
                             <td class="text-right">
-                                <button @click="editing = true" class="text-primary-600 hover:text-primary-800 text-sm mr-2">Edit</button>
+                                <button @click="startEdit(idx)" class="text-primary-600 hover:text-primary-800 text-sm mr-2">Edit</button>
-                                <form method="POST" action="/apps/{{$.App.ID}}/env-vars/{{.ID}}/delete" class="inline" x-data="confirmAction('Delete this environment variable?')" @submit="confirm($event)">
+                                <button @click="removeVar(idx)" class="text-error-500 hover:text-error-700 text-sm">Delete</button>
-                                    {{ $.CSRFField }}
-                                    <button type="submit" class="text-error-500 hover:text-error-700 text-sm">Delete</button>
-                                </form>
                             </td>
                         </template>
-                        <template x-if="editing">
+                        <template x-if="editIdx === idx">
                             <td colspan="3">
-                                <form method="POST" action="/apps/{{$.App.ID}}/env-vars/{{.ID}}/edit" class="flex gap-2 items-center">
+                                <form @submit.prevent="saveEdit(idx)" class="flex gap-2 items-center">
-                                    {{ $.CSRFField }}
+                                    <input type="text" x-model="editKey" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
-                                    <input type="text" name="key" value="{{.Key}}" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
+                                    <input type="text" x-model="editVal" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
-                                    <input type="text" name="value" value="{{.Value}}" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
                                     <button type="submit" class="btn-primary text-sm">Save</button>
-                                    <button type="button" @click="editing = false" class="text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-700 text-sm">Cancel</button>
+                                    <button type="button" @click="editIdx = -1" class="text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-700 text-sm">Cancel</button>
                                 </form>
                                 <p class="text-xs text-amber-600 mt-1">⚠ Container restart needed after env var changes.</p>
                             </td>
                         </template>
                     </tr>
-                    {{end}}
+                    </template>
                 </tbody>
             </table>
         </div>
-        {{end}}
+        </template>
-        <form method="POST" action="/apps/{{.App.ID}}/env" class="flex flex-col sm:flex-row gap-2">
+        <form @submit.prevent="addVar($refs.newKey, $refs.newVal)" class="flex flex-col sm:flex-row gap-2">
-                {{ .CSRFField }}
+            <input x-ref="newKey" type="text" placeholder="KEY" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
-            <input type="text" name="key" placeholder="KEY" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
+            <input x-ref="newVal" type="text" placeholder="value" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
-            <input type="text" name="value" placeholder="value" required class="input flex-1 font-mono text-sm">
             <button type="submit" class="btn-primary">Add</button>
         </form>
+        <div class="hidden">{{ .CSRFField }}</div>
     </div>
 
     <!-- Labels -->
@@ -435,6 +432,18 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
+    <!-- Backup -->
+    <div class="card p-6 mb-6">
+        <h2 class="section-title mb-4">Backup</h2>
+        <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 mb-3">Export this app's configuration (settings, env vars, labels, volumes, ports) as a JSON file for backup or migration.</p>
+        <a href="/apps/{{.App.ID}}/export" class="btn-secondary">
+            <svg class="w-4 h-4 mr-1 inline" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
+                <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 16v1a3 3 0 003 3h10a3 3 0 003-3v-1m-4-4l-4 4m0 0l-4-4m4 4V4"/>
+            </svg>
+            Export Config
+        </a>
+    </div>
+
     <!-- Danger Zone -->
     <div class="card border-2 border-error-500/20 bg-error-50/50 p-6">
         <h2 class="text-lg font-medium text-error-700 mb-4">Danger Zone</h2>

templates/backup_import.html

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{{template "base" .}}
+
+{{define "title"}}Import Backup - µPaaS{{end}}
+
+{{define "content"}}
+{{template "nav" .}}
+
+<main class="max-w-4xl mx-auto px-4 py-8">
+    <div class="mb-6">
+        <a href="/" class="text-primary-600 hover:text-primary-800 inline-flex items-center">
+            <svg class="w-4 h-4 mr-1" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
+                <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M15 19l-7-7 7-7"/>
+            </svg>
+            Back to Dashboard
+        </a>
+    </div>
+
+    {{template "alert-success" .}}
+    {{template "alert-error" .}}
+
+    <h1 class="text-2xl font-medium text-gray-900 mb-6">Import Backup</h1>
+
+    <div class="card p-6 mb-6">
+        <h2 class="section-title mb-4">Restore from Backup File</h2>
+        <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4">
+            Upload a previously exported µPaaS backup file (JSON) to restore app configurations.
+            New apps will be created with fresh SSH keys and webhook secrets.
+            Apps whose names already exist will be skipped.
+        </p>
+        <form method="POST" action="/backup/import" enctype="multipart/form-data">
+            {{ .CSRFField }}
+            <div class="mb-4">
+                <label for="backup_file" class="form-label">Backup File</label>
+                <input type="file" id="backup_file" name="backup_file" accept=".json,application/json"
+                    class="block w-full text-sm text-gray-500
+                    file:mr-4 file:py-2 file:px-4
+                    file:rounded file:border-0
+                    file:text-sm file:font-medium
+                    file:bg-primary-50 file:text-primary-700
+                    hover:file:bg-primary-100
+                    cursor-pointer">
+            </div>
+            <button type="submit" class="btn-primary">Import</button>
+        </form>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="card p-6">
+        <h2 class="section-title mb-4">Export All Apps</h2>
+        <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4">
+            Download a backup of all app configurations. This includes app settings,
+            environment variables, labels, volumes, and port mappings.
+            Secrets (SSH keys, webhook tokens) are not included — they are regenerated on import.
+        </p>
+        <a href="/backup/export" class="btn-secondary">
+            <svg class="w-4 h-4 mr-1 inline" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
+                <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 16v1a3 3 0 003 3h10a3 3 0 003-3v-1m-4-4l-4 4m0 0l-4-4m4 4V4"/>
+            </svg>
+            Export All Apps
+        </a>
+    </div>
+</main>
+{{end}}

templates/dashboard.html

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@
 
     <div class="section-header">
         <h1 class="text-2xl font-medium text-gray-900">Applications</h1>
+        <div class="flex gap-3">
+            <a href="/backup/import" class="btn-secondary">
+                <svg class="w-4 h-4 mr-1 inline" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
+                    <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 16v1a3 3 0 003 3h10a3 3 0 003-3v-1m-4-8l-4-4m0 0L8 8m4-4v12"/>
+                </svg>
+                Backup / Restore
+            </a>
             <a href="/apps/new" class="btn-primary">
                 <svg class="w-5 h-5 mr-1" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
                     <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M12 4v16m8-8H4"/>
@@ -18,6 +25,7 @@
                 New App
             </a>
         </div>
+    </div>
 
     {{if .AppStats}}
     <div class="card overflow-hidden">

templates/templates.go

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ func initTemplates() {
 		"app_edit.html",
 		"deployments.html",
 		"webhook_events.html",
+		"backup_import.html",
 	}
 
 	pageTemplates = make(map[string]*template.Template)