Remove old images by tag, and test the step after a deploy (closes #216)

Old images are now removed by their upaas-<app>:<N> tag, without force,
so Docker deletes an image only when no other tag (such as another app's
build of the same source) and no container still uses it. Removing by ID
with force could delete another app's rollback image.

The step after a deploy (record the new image, keep the replaced one for
rollback, remove the rest) is its own function, tested against a fake
Docker API, so the test fails if the removal is dropped or runs before
the images are updated.

Model: opus-5-5

TODO.md

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ regress.
 - 2026-09-23: After a successful deploy, upaas removes the app's images other
   than the running one and the one rollback would use, together with the
   untagged images they were built on (#216).
+- 2026-09-23: The git clone container is now removed together with its anonymous
+  volume (the `alpine/git` image declares one at `/git`), so a deploy no longer
+  leaves a Docker volume behind (#215).
 - 2026-09-23: Deployment log files are now stored under `logs/<appname>/`
   instead of `logs/<hostname>/<appname>/`, so downloads keep working after the
   upaas container is recreated; logs written under an old hostname directory are

internal/docker/client.go

@@ -537,12 +537,13 @@ func (c *Client) RemoveImage(ctx context.Context, imageID ImageID) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// ListImageIDs returns the IDs of all images tagged in the given repository,
+// ListImageTags returns the tags in the given repository, such as
-// such as "upaas-myapp".
+// "upaas-myapp:12" in "upaas-myapp", each with the ID of its image.
-func (c *Client) ListImageIDs(
+// Tags the same image has in other repositories are left out.
+func (c *Client) ListImageTags(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	repository string,
-) ([]ImageID, error) {
+) (map[string]ImageID, error) {
 	if c.docker == nil {
 		return nil, ErrNotConnected
 	}
@@ -554,12 +555,35 @@ func (c *Client) ListImageIDs(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to list images: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	ids := make([]ImageID, 0, len(images))
+	tags := make(map[string]ImageID)
+
 	for _, img := range images {
-		ids = append(ids, ImageID(img.ID))
+		for _, tag := range img.RepoTags {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(tag, repository+":") {
+				tags[tag] = ImageID(img.ID)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
-	return ids, nil
+	return tags, nil
+}
+
+// RemoveImageTag removes a tag such as "upaas-myapp:12", without force.
+// Docker then deletes the image, and the untagged images it was built on,
+// only if no other tag and no container still uses it.
+func (c *Client) RemoveImageTag(ctx context.Context, tag string) error {
+	if c.docker == nil {
+		return ErrNotConnected
+	}
+
+	_, err := c.docker.ImageRemove(ctx, tag, image.RemoveOptions{
+		PruneChildren: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil && !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove image tag %s: %w", tag, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (c *Client) performBuild(
@@ -681,11 +705,14 @@ func (c *Client) performClone(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// The git image declares a volume, so Docker gives each clone container
+	// an anonymous volume; remove it with the container. The removal must
+	// still run when the deploy is cancelled.
 	defer func() {
 		_ = c.docker.ContainerRemove(
-			ctx,
+			context.WithoutCancel(ctx),
 			gitContainerID.String(),
-			container.RemoveOptions{Force: true},
+			container.RemoveOptions{Force: true, RemoveVolumes: true},
 		)
 	}()
 

internal/docker/validation_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 package docker //nolint:testpackage // tests unexported regexps and Client struct
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 )
 
 // mainBranch is the branch name used across validation tests.
@@ -149,3 +158,84 @@ func TestCloneRepoRejectsInjection(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestPerformCloneRemovesContainerVolumes runs a clone against a fake Docker
+// API and checks that the clone container is removed together with its
+// anonymous volumes, whether the clone succeeds, fails, or is cancelled.
+func TestPerformCloneRemovesContainerVolumes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		exitCode int
+		cancel   bool
+	}{
+		{name: "succeeds", exitCode: 0},
+		{name: "fails", exitCode: 1},
+		{name: "cancelled", cancel: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+			t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+			removeQuery := make(chan url.Values, 1)
+
+			srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(
+				func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+					switch {
+					case r.Method == http.MethodDelete:
+						removeQuery <- r.URL.Query()
+					case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/containers/create"):
+						_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"Id":"gitcontainer"}`))
+					case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/wait") && tt.cancel:
+						// Cancel the deploy while the clone is running.
+						cancel()
+						<-r.Context().Done()
+					case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/wait"):
+						_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"StatusCode":%d}`, tt.exitCode)
+					default:
+						_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{}`))
+					}
+				},
+			))
+			t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+			dockerAPI, err := client.NewClientWithOpts(
+				client.WithHost("tcp://" + srv.Listener.Addr().String()),
+			)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			c := &Client{docker: dockerAPI, log: slog.Default()}
+
+			dir := t.TempDir()
+			cfg := &cloneConfig{
+				repoURL:       "git@example.com:repo.git",
+				branch:        mainBranch,
+				sshPrivateKey: "fake-key",
+				containerDir:  filepath.Join(dir, "repo"),
+				hostDir:       filepath.Join(dir, "repo"),
+				keyFile:       filepath.Join(dir, "deploy_key"),
+				hostKeyFile:   filepath.Join(dir, "deploy_key"),
+			}
+
+			_, _ = c.performClone(ctx, cfg)
+
+			select {
+			case query := <-removeQuery:
+				if query.Get("v") != "1" {
+					t.Errorf("clone container removed without its volumes: %v", query)
+				}
+			default:
+				t.Error("clone container was not removed")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/service/deploy/deploy.go

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -524,18 +526,11 @@ func (svc *Service) runBuildAndDeploy(
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Save current image as previous before updating to new one
+	err = svc.recordDeployedImage(bgCtx, app, deployment, imageID)
-	if app.ImageID.Valid && app.ImageID.String != "" {
-		app.PreviousImageID = app.ImageID
-	}
-
-	err = svc.updateAppRunning(bgCtx, app, imageID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	svc.removeUnusedImages(bgCtx, app, deployment)
-
 	// Use context.WithoutCancel to ensure health check completes even if
 	// the parent context is cancelled (e.g., HTTP request ends).
 	go svc.checkHealthAfterDelay(bgCtx, app, deployment)
@@ -716,57 +711,68 @@ func (svc *Service) checkCancelled(
 	return ErrDeployCancelled
 }
 
-// removeUnusedImages removes the app's images (tagged upaas-<app>:<deployment>
+// recordDeployedImage runs once the new container has started: it makes
-// by buildImage) except the one the running container uses and the one
+// imageID the app's current image, keeps the replaced one as the previous
-// Rollback would start. Removing an image also removes the untagged images
+// image for Rollback, and then removes the app's other images.
-// it was built on, unless another image still needs them.
+func (svc *Service) recordDeployedImage(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	app *models.App,
+	deployment *models.Deployment,
+	imageID docker.ImageID,
+) error {
+	// Save current image as previous before updating to new one
+	if app.ImageID.Valid && app.ImageID.String != "" {
+		app.PreviousImageID = app.ImageID
+	}
+
+	err := svc.updateAppRunning(ctx, app, imageID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	svc.removeUnusedImages(ctx, app, deployment)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// removeUnusedImages removes the app's tags (upaas-<app>:<deployment>, set by
+// buildImage) except those of the image the running container uses and the
+// one Rollback would start. Docker deletes an image only once no other tag,
+// such as another app's, and no container still uses it.
 func (svc *Service) removeUnusedImages(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	app *models.App,
 	deployment *models.Deployment,
 ) {
-	images, err := svc.docker.ListImageIDs(ctx, "upaas-"+app.Name)
+	tags, err := svc.docker.ListImageTags(ctx, "upaas-"+app.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		svc.log.Error("failed to list app images", "error", err, "app", app.Name)
 
 		return
 	}
 
-	for _, imageID := range unusedImages(images, app) {
+	for _, tag := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(tags)) {
-		removeErr := svc.docker.RemoveImage(ctx, imageID)
+		imageID := tags[tag].String()
+		if imageID == app.ImageID.String || imageID == app.PreviousImageID.String {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		removeErr := svc.docker.RemoveImageTag(ctx, tag)
 		if removeErr != nil {
 			svc.log.Error("failed to remove old image",
-				"error", removeErr, "app", app.Name, "image", imageID)
+				"error", removeErr, "app", app.Name, "tag", tag)
 			_ = deployment.AppendLog(
 				ctx,
-				"WARNING: failed to remove old image "+
+				"WARNING: failed to remove old image "+tag+": "+removeErr.Error(),
-					imageID.String()+": "+removeErr.Error(),
 			)
 
 			continue
 		}
 
-		_ = deployment.AppendLog(ctx, "Removed old image: "+imageID.String())
+		_ = deployment.AppendLog(ctx, "Removed old image: "+tag)
 	}
 }
 
-// unusedImages returns the images that are neither the app's current image
-// nor its previous image, which Rollback uses.
-func unusedImages(images []docker.ImageID, app *models.App) []docker.ImageID {
-	var unused []docker.ImageID
-
-	for _, imageID := range images {
-		if imageID.String() == app.ImageID.String ||
-			imageID.String() == app.PreviousImageID.String {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		unused = append(unused, imageID)
-	}
-
-	return unused
-}
-
 // cleanupCancelledDeploy removes orphan resources left by a cancelled deployment.
 func (svc *Service) cleanupCancelledDeploy(
 	ctx context.Context,

internal/service/deploy/deploy_images_test.go

@@ -1,48 +1,106 @@
 package deploy_test
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/fx/fxtest"
 
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/database"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/docker"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/logger"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/models"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/upaas/internal/service/deploy"
 )
 
-const currentImage = "sha256:current"
+// TestRecordDeployedImageRemovesOldImages runs the step after a deploy
-
+// against a fake Docker API. Image one is also tagged for another app,
-func TestUnusedImages_KeepsCurrentAndRollbackImage(t *testing.T) {
+// image two was the previous image, three the current one, four is new.
+func TestRecordDeployedImageRemovesOldImages(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	app := &models.App{
+	var (
-		ImageID:         sql.NullString{String: currentImage, Valid: true},
+		mu      sync.Mutex
-		PreviousImageID: sql.NullString{String: "sha256:previous", Valid: true},
+		removed []string
-	}
+		forced  bool
-	images := []docker.ImageID{
-		"sha256:oldest",
-		"sha256:previous",
-		"sha256:older",
-		currentImage,
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t,
-		[]docker.ImageID{"sha256:oldest", "sha256:older"},
-		deploy.UnusedImages(images, app),
-	)
-}
-
-func TestUnusedImages_FirstDeployHasNoRollbackImage(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	app := &models.App{
-		ImageID: sql.NullString{String: currentImage, Valid: true},
-	}
-	images := []docker.ImageID{currentImage, "sha256:failed"}
-
-	assert.Equal(t,
-		[]docker.ImageID{"sha256:failed"},
-		deploy.UnusedImages(images, app),
 	)
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(
+		func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+			switch {
+			case r.Method == http.MethodDelete:
+				_, name, _ := strings.Cut(r.URL.Path, "/images/")
+
+				mu.Lock()
+
+				removed = append(removed, name)
+				forced = forced || r.URL.Query().Get("force") != ""
+				mu.Unlock()
+
+				_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`[]`))
+			case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/images/json"):
+				_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`[
+					{"Id":"sha256:one","RepoTags":["upaas-myapp:1","upaas-otherapp:7"]},
+					{"Id":"sha256:two","RepoTags":["upaas-myapp:2"]},
+					{"Id":"sha256:three","RepoTags":["upaas-myapp:3"]},
+					{"Id":"sha256:four","RepoTags":["upaas-myapp:4"]}
+				]`))
+			default:
+				_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{}`))
+			}
+		},
+	))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	log := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stderr, nil))
+	lifecycle := fxtest.NewLifecycle(t)
+
+	dockerClient, err := docker.New(lifecycle, docker.Params{
+		Logger: logger.NewForTest(log),
+		Config: &config.Config{DockerHost: "tcp://" + srv.Listener.Addr().String()},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lifecycle.RequireStart()
+	t.Cleanup(lifecycle.RequireStop)
+
+	db := database.NewTestDatabase(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	app := models.NewApp(db)
+	app.ID = "myapp-id"
+	app.Name = "myapp"
+	app.ImageID = sql.NullString{String: "sha256:three", Valid: true}
+	app.PreviousImageID = sql.NullString{String: "sha256:two", Valid: true}
+	require.NoError(t, app.Save(ctx))
+
+	deployment := models.NewDeployment(db)
+	deployment.AppID = app.ID
+	require.NoError(t, deployment.Save(ctx))
+
+	svc := deploy.NewTestServiceWithConfig(log, &config.Config{}, dockerClient)
+
+	err = svc.RecordDeployedImage(ctx, app, deployment, "sha256:four")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "sha256:four", app.ImageID.String)
+	assert.Equal(t, "sha256:three", app.PreviousImageID.String)
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	defer mu.Unlock()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"upaas-myapp:1", "upaas-myapp:2"}, removed)
+	assert.False(t, forced, "old image tags must be removed without force")
 }

internal/service/deploy/export_test.go

@@ -90,9 +90,14 @@ func (svc *Service) GetBuildDirExported(appName string) string {
 	return svc.GetBuildDir(appName)
 }
 
-// UnusedImages exposes unusedImages for testing.
+// RecordDeployedImage exposes recordDeployedImage for testing.
-func UnusedImages(images []docker.ImageID, app *models.App) []docker.ImageID {
+func (svc *Service) RecordDeployedImage(
-	return unusedImages(images, app)
+	ctx context.Context,
+	app *models.App,
+	deployment *models.Deployment,
+	imageID docker.ImageID,
+) error {
+	return svc.recordDeployedImage(ctx, app, deployment, imageID)
 }
 
 // BuildContainerOptionsExported exposes buildContainerOptions for testing.