Default request limits per hour and per day, sized for API use (closes #176)

The default request limits now suit programmatic use of an API, such
as an automation fleet on another host, and still catch crawlers:

- per minute: off;
- per hour: 30000, passed by a crawler that keeps up 10 a second;
- per day: 300000, passed by one that keeps up 4 a second.

The byte limits and ban lengths are unchanged. SPEC.md, README.md and
docs/settings.md give the reasons and what counting cannot catch;
docs/gitea.md redoes the Actions runner sums.

Judgement call: the ban alert example in docs/alerts.md now shows the
hour limit, since the minute limit is off by default.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -17,11 +17,15 @@ reference documents under [`docs/`](docs/) are listed under "Documents" below.
 ## What it protects against
 
 - Scrapers that fetch every page of a site, all day. Rate limiting gives each
-  client 1000 requests a minute, 10,000 an hour and 50,000 a day. Byte limits
-  give it 10 GiB a minute, 20 GiB an hour and 50 GiB a day. A client over a
-  limit is refused and banned. The first ban lasts an hour. Each repeat within a
-  day makes the next ban three times as long. A ban that would last more than
-  seven days is permanent.
+  client 30,000 requests an hour and 300,000 a day, with no limit per minute.
+  That leaves room for programmatic use of an API, such as an automation fleet
+  on another host. The hour limit catches a crawler that keeps up 10 requests a
+  second. The day limit catches one that keeps up 4 a second around the clock.
+  Counting cannot catch a client slower than about 3.5 requests a second; only
+  the protections below can. Byte limits give each client 4 GiB a minute, 20 GiB
+  an hour and 200 GiB a day. A client over a limit is refused and banned. The
+  first ban lasts an hour. Each repeat within a day makes the next ban three
+  times as long. A ban that would last more than seven days is permanent.
 - Scanners that probe for secrets, such as `/.env` or `/.git/config`. The
   default rule file bans such a client for seven days at its first probe. Its
   next request during the ban makes the ban permanent. The default rule file

SPEC.md

@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ to them.
   all. Every setting has a default chosen for a service facing the internet
   in 2026. A setting that needs an alert destination, an account key or a token
   stays off until the operator supplies it.
-- It limits each client's requests and bytes per minute, hour and day. It bounds
-  the size and duration of every request and answer. It detects attacks.
+- It limits each client's requests per hour and day, and its bytes per minute,
+  hour and day. It bounds the size and duration of every request and answer. It
+  detects attacks.
 - It bans abusers: briefly at first, for seven days on a clear sign of attack,
   and permanently when they keep at it.
 - It looks up each client's AS number and country. It can refuse whole countries
@@ -368,16 +369,33 @@ Conventions:
 - `SWWAF_ALLOW_NETS` skips the checks step 3 names, for monitoring or the
   owner's own networks. `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS` bypasses the request and
   byte limits only; the error burst, attack detection and bans still apply.
-- Many clients share one address (mobile carriers, offices, Tor), and so share
-  its limits and its bans. `SWWAF_ALLOW_NETS` and `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`
-  take known shared addresses out.
+- Many people can share one address, as in an office, on a mobile carrier or
+  through Tor. They are one client, and share its limits and its bans. A known
+  shared address busier than the limits allow belongs in `SWWAF_ALLOW_NETS` or
+  `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`.
 
 ### Request rate limits, per client
 
-Breaking one bans the client, so the defaults sit several times above what one
-busy person produces. A browser loading a heavy page makes a few hundred
-requests, and a git clone a handful. A machine that talks to the app all day can
-still pass the day limit. Its address belongs in `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`.
+Breaking one bans the client. The defaults suit programmatic use of an API, such
+as an automation fleet on another host, and still stop abusive bots. They count
+per hour and per day, so a short burst of requests breaks no limit on its own.
+
+- Per minute: `off`.
+- Per hour: 30,000, about 8 requests a second for a whole hour. A crawler that
+  keeps up 10 a second makes 36,000 an hour, and passes it.
+- Per day: 300,000, about 3.5 requests a second around the clock. A crawler that
+  keeps up 4 a second makes 345,600 a day, and passes it.
+
+A fleet of 20 agents, each making a request every 10 seconds, makes 7,200
+requests an hour. Working around the clock, it makes 172,800 a day. Both stay
+under the limits.
+
+Counting cannot catch a client slower than these limits. Only the other checks
+can catch an abuser that slow. They include the trap paths, the rule files, the
+Core Rule Set and the blocklists. An abuser that trips none of them is not
+caught. A machine that keeps up more than about 3.5 requests a second all day
+passes the day limit, as two busy Actions runners on one address do. Its address
+belongs in `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`.
 
 `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_PATHS` takes path prefixes out of the count, such as
 static assets or health checks; their bytes are not counted either. A prefix is
@@ -390,9 +408,12 @@ matched the same way.
 
 ### Byte limits, per client
 
-A response's bytes are counted when it ends (see step 15). So every default sits
-above the largest request and answer together, and no single download breaks a
-limit.
+The hour and day limits sit about twice above what 40 people busy with heavy web
+apps move together on one address. Each moves about 256 MiB an hour, for ten
+hours a day. A response's bytes are counted when it ends (see step 15). So the
+minute limit holds two of the largest responses, with their requests, ending in
+the same minute. No single download then breaks a limit. An operator who raises
+`SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES` raises the byte limits with it.
 
 ### Size and time limits
 

docs/alerts.md

@@ -35,34 +35,34 @@ on one line:
 ```json
 {
     "instance": "fsn1app1/gitea",
-    "time": "2026-10-06T12:00:00.123461Z",
+    "time": "2026-10-06T12:50:00.123461Z",
     "event": "ban",
     "client": "203.0.113.9",
     "netblock": "203.0.113.9/32",
     "asn": "",
     "as_name": "",
     "country": "",
-    "reason": "requests per minute over the limit of 1000",
+    "reason": "requests per hour over the limit of 30000",
     "detail": {
-        "ban_expires": "2026-10-06T13:00:00.123Z",
+        "ban_expires": "2026-10-06T13:50:00.123Z",
         "cause": "limit",
         "notes": {
             "asn": "",
             "as_name": "",
             "country": "",
             "kind": "requests",
-            "limit": 1000,
-            "window": "minute",
-            "count": 1001,
+            "limit": 30000,
+            "window": "hour",
+            "count": 30001,
             "request": {
-                "time": "2026-10-06T12:00:00.123456789Z",
+                "time": "2026-10-06T12:50:00.123456789Z",
                 "method": "GET",
                 "host": "app.example",
                 "path": "/owner/repo/commits/branch/main?page=812",
                 "status": 403,
                 "user_agent": "scraper/1.0"
             },
-            "requests": 5210,
+            "requests": 30001,
             "refused": 0,
             "earlier_bans": {
                 "limit": 0,
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ on one line:
 - `asn`, `as_name` and `country`: the client's, as known when the alert was
   raised. They are empty when GeoJS had not answered yet.
 - `reason`: a short sentence, such as
-  `requests per minute over the limit of 1000` or `listed by a blocklist`.
+  `requests per hour over the limit of 30000` or `listed by a blocklist`.
 - `detail`: what is particular to the event:
     - for a ban, its `cause`, `ban_expires` and `notes` (the notes are listed
       under `bans.json` in [`state-files.md`](state-files.md));

docs/gitea.md

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ checked again when gitea or the Core Rule Set changes version.
 
 - SSH access to gitea does not pass through `smallwebwaf` and is not protected
   by it.
-- A clone is a response. It fits the defaults of 30 minutes and 5 GiB for all
-  but the largest repositories and slowest links.
+- A clone is a response. It fits the defaults of 30 minutes and 1 GiB unless the
+  repository is large or the link slow. A repository whose clone is larger than
+  1 GiB needs `SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES` raised, and the byte limits with it
+  ("Byte limits, per client" in `SPEC.md`).
 - A push is a request, and so is every other upload:
     - a git push;
     - an LFS object;
@@ -30,12 +32,13 @@ checked again when gitea or the Core Rule Set changes version.
   request limits do most of the work there.
 - An Actions runner that reaches gitea through `smallwebwaf` sends requests all
   day. One older than version 0.4 (April 2026) asks for work every 2 seconds,
-  43,200 requests a day, and reports a running job's log and state every second.
-  So it passes the day limit of 50,000 after about an hour and a quarter of
-  jobs. It is then banned, the job it is running fails, and each repeat within a
-  day makes the ban longer. Newer runners ask less often, but a busy one, or
-  several on one address, can still pass it. Put the runners' addresses in
-  `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`.
+  43,200 requests a day. While it runs a job, it reports the job's log and state
+  every second instead, two requests a second. So one runner busy all day sends
+  172,800 requests, under the request limits. Two such runners on one address,
+  each busy all day, make 345,600 and pass the day limit of 300,000; one stays
+  under it. Their address is then banned, their running jobs fail, and each
+  repeat within a day makes the ban longer. Newer runners ask for work less
+  often. Put the runners' addresses in `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS`.
 
 ## What the Core Rule Set lets through
 

docs/settings.md

@@ -99,16 +99,25 @@ that take `off`, the `_FILE` form, and what each group does and why.
 
 ## Request rate limits, per client
 
-- `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE` (default `1000`), `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR`
-  (default `10000`) and `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_DAY` (default `50000`): the most
-  requests a client may make in each window. A count or `off`.
+- `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE` (default `off`): the most requests a client may
+  make in a minute. A count or `off`. It is off by default so that a short burst
+  of API requests breaks no limit on its own.
+- `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR` (default `30000`, about 8 a second): the most
+  requests a client may make in an hour. A count or `off`. The default leaves
+  room for an automation fleet at work, and catches a crawler that keeps up 10 a
+  second.
+- `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_DAY` (default `300000`, about 3.5 a second): the most
+  requests a client may make in a day. A count or `off`. The default catches a
+  crawler that keeps up 4 a second around the clock.
+- Counting cannot catch a client slower than these limits (see "Request rate
+  limits, per client" in [`SPEC.md`](../SPEC.md)).
 - `SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_PATHS` (default empty): path prefixes exempt from
   rate limiting and the byte limits, such as `/assets/`.
 
 ## Byte limits, per client
 
-- `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE` (default `10G`), `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_HOUR`
-  (default `20G`) and `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_DAY` (default `50G`): the most
+- `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE` (default `4G`), `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_HOUR`
+  (default `20G`) and `SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_DAY` (default `200G`): the most
   bytes counted for a client in each window. A size or `off`.
 - `SWWAF_BYTES_COUNT` (default `both`): which body bytes the byte limits count:
   `response`, `request` or `both`.
@@ -131,7 +140,7 @@ that take `off`, the `_FILE` form, and what each group does and why.
   to send its whole answer. A duration or `off`.
 - `SWWAF_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES` (default `100M`): the largest request body. A size
   or `off`.
-- `SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES` (default `5G`): the largest response body. A size
+- `SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES` (default `1G`): the largest response body. A size
   or `off`.
 
 ## Lookup of AS number and country

internal/config/config.go

@@ -502,17 +502,17 @@ func FromEnvironment(lookupEnv func(string) (string, bool)) (*Config, error) {
 		UpstreamRequestTimeout:  env.duration("SWWAF_UPSTREAM_REQUEST_TIMEOUT", "60s"),
 		UpstreamResponseTimeout: env.duration("SWWAF_UPSTREAM_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT", "30m"),
 		RequestMaxBytes:         env.size("SWWAF_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES", "100M"),
-		ResponseMaxBytes:        env.size("SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES", "5G"),
+		ResponseMaxBytes:        env.size("SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES", "1G"),
 		AllowNets:               env.netblocks("SWWAF_ALLOW_NETS", ""),
 		RateLimitExemptNets:     env.netblocks("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_NETS", ""),
 		DenyNets:                env.netblocks("SWWAF_DENY_NETS", ""),
-		RateLimitPerMinute:      env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE", "1000"),
-		RateLimitPerHour:        env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR", "10000"),
-		RateLimitPerDay:         env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_DAY", "50000"),
+		RateLimitPerMinute:      env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE", off),
+		RateLimitPerHour:        env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR", "30000"),
+		RateLimitPerDay:         env.count("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_DAY", "300000"),
 		RateLimitExemptPaths:    env.pathPrefixes("SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_PATHS", ""),
-		BytesLimitPerMinute:     env.size("SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE", "10G"),
+		BytesLimitPerMinute:     env.size("SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE", "4G"),
 		BytesLimitPerHour:       env.size("SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_HOUR", "20G"),
-		BytesLimitPerDay:        env.size("SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_DAY", "50G"),
+		BytesLimitPerDay:        env.size("SWWAF_BYTES_LIMIT_PER_DAY", "200G"),
 		BytesCount:              env.bytesCount("SWWAF_BYTES_COUNT", "both"),
 		LookupSource:            env.lookupSource("SWWAF_LOOKUP_SOURCE", "geojs"),
 		LookupDBPath:            env.value("SWWAF_LOOKUP_DB_PATH", ""),

internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ func TestDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 		UpstreamRequestTimeout:      time.Minute,
 		UpstreamResponseTimeout:     30 * time.Minute,
 		RequestMaxBytes:             100 << 20,
-		ResponseMaxBytes:            5 << 30,
-		RateLimitPerMinute:          1000,
-		RateLimitPerHour:            10000,
-		RateLimitPerDay:             50000,
+		ResponseMaxBytes:            1 << 30,
+		RateLimitPerMinute:          0,
+		RateLimitPerHour:            30000,
+		RateLimitPerDay:             300000,
 		BanResponse:                 403,
 		LimitBanDuration:            time.Hour,
 		LimitBanRepeatWindow:        24 * time.Hour,
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ func TestDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 		LookupSource: defaultLookupSource, LookupTimeout: time.Second,
 	})
 	wantByteLimitSettings(t, cfg, config.Config{
-		BytesLimitPerMinute: 10 << 30, BytesLimitPerHour: 20 << 30,
-		BytesLimitPerDay: 50 << 30, BytesCount: "both",
+		BytesLimitPerMinute: 4 << 30, BytesLimitPerHour: 20 << 30,
+		BytesLimitPerDay: 200 << 30, BytesCount: "both",
 	})
 
 	if cfg.UpstreamURL.String() != "http://127.0.0.1:8081" {
@@ -2371,17 +2371,17 @@ func TestLogsEachSettingWithItsValue(t *testing.T) {
 		upstreamRequestTimeout:  "60s",
 		upstreamResponseTimeout: "30m",
 		requestMaxBytes:         "100M",
-		responseMaxBytes:        "5G",
+		responseMaxBytes:        "1G",
 		allowNets:               "",
 		rateLimitExemptNets:     "",
 		denyNets:                "",
-		rateLimitPerMinute:      "1000",
-		rateLimitPerHour:        "10000",
-		rateLimitPerDay:         "50000",
+		rateLimitPerMinute:      off,
+		rateLimitPerHour:        "30000",
+		rateLimitPerDay:         "300000",
 		rateLimitExemptPaths:    "",
-		bytesLimitPerMinute:     "10G",
+		bytesLimitPerMinute:     "4G",
 		bytesLimitPerHour:       "20G",
-		bytesLimitPerDay:        "50G",
+		bytesLimitPerDay:        "200G",
 		bytesCount:              "both",
 		lookupSource:            defaultLookupSource,
 		lookupDBPath:            "",

internal/smallwebwaf/healthcheck_test.go

@@ -60,8 +60,19 @@ func TestHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		}, 0, "")
 	}
 
-	app.Close()
-	wantHealthCheck(t, env, 1, "unhealthy: connect to the app: ")
+	// Another test can take a closed server's port at once, so the app's
+	// address here is a multicast address, to which TCP cannot connect.
+	wantHealthCheck(t, map[string]string{
+		listenAddr:  ":" + port,
+		upstreamURL: "http://224.0.0.1",
+	}, 1, "unhealthy: connect to the app: ")
+
+	// Listening on port 0 takes any free port, so nothing listens on port 0
+	// itself.
+	wantHealthCheck(t, map[string]string{listenAddr: ":0"}, 1,
+		"unhealthy: ask smallwebwaf: ")
+	wantHealthCheck(t, map[string]string{listenAddr: "8080"}, 1,
+		"unhealthy: invalid setting: SWWAF_LISTEN_ADDR: ")
 
 	stop()
 
@@ -70,10 +81,6 @@ func TestHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	case <-time.After(waitLimit):
 		t.Fatal("still running after being told to stop")
 	}
-
-	wantHealthCheck(t, env, 1, "unhealthy: ask smallwebwaf: ")
-	wantHealthCheck(t, map[string]string{listenAddr: "8080"}, 1,
-		"unhealthy: invalid setting: SWWAF_LISTEN_ADDR: ")
 }
 
 func TestHealthCheckRefusesAnArgument(t *testing.T) {

internal/smallwebwaf/smallwebwaf_test.go

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ const (
 	greeting = "hello from the app"
 	// placed is the client the tests' lookup databases place.
 	placed = "203.0.113.9"
+	// off is the value that switches a setting off.
+	off = "off"
 )
 
 // output collects what smallwebwaf writes on stdout.
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, env map[string]string, out *output) int {
 		LookupEnv: func(name string) (string, bool) {
 			value, ok := env[name]
 			if !ok && name == "SWWAF_LOOKUP_SOURCE" {
-				return "off", true
+				return off, true
 			}
 
 			return value, ok
@@ -502,7 +504,7 @@ func TestRuleFileAddedWhileRunningTakesEffect(t *testing.T) {
 		rulesDir:    dir,
 		// The requests sent until the rule takes effect must not break a
 		// rate limit, whose ban would refuse them too.
-		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE": "off",
+		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE": off,
 	}
 
 	out := runUntilStopped(t, env, func(url string) {
@@ -1240,13 +1242,13 @@ func wantStartingLine(t *testing.T, line map[string]any, appURL, dir string) {
 		"SWWAF_UPSTREAM_REQUEST_TIMEOUT":        "60s",
 		"SWWAF_UPSTREAM_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT":       "30m",
 		"SWWAF_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES":               "100M",
-		"SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES":              "5G",
+		"SWWAF_RESPONSE_MAX_BYTES":              "1G",
 		"SWWAF_ALLOW_NETS":                      "",
 		rateLimitExemptNets:                     "",
 		"SWWAF_DENY_NETS":                       "",
-		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE":           "1000",
-		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR":             "10000",
-		rateLimitPerDay:                         "50000",
+		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE":           off,
+		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_PER_HOUR":             "30000",
+		rateLimitPerDay:                         "300000",
 		"SWWAF_RATE_LIMIT_EXEMPT_PATHS":         "",
 		"SWWAF_DENIED_COUNTRIES":                "",
 		"SWWAF_EXCLUSIVELY_ALLOWED_COUNTRIES":   "",