Show route churn as a whole count per minute (closes #160)

The status page showed route churn per second as a one-minute moving
average, so a quiet feed gave a fraction such as 0.1. The average was
correct.

The metrics tracker now also counts prefix announcements and
withdrawals, from all peers, in each clock minute. /api/v1/stats
reports the count for the last full minute as route_churn_per_min in
stream, in place of route_churn_per_sec. The status page shows it as
"Route Churn/min".

The status and home pages round messages and updates per second to
whole numbers.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -56,15 +56,17 @@ Every route answers `HEAD` as it answers `GET`, without the body.
 
 ### Web Interface
 
-- `GET /` - Home page (HTML): headline figures, and lookups by AS number and by
-  IP address
+- `GET /` - Home page (HTML): headline figures, lookups by AS number and by IP
+  address, and a search of AS names
 - `GET /status` - HTML status dashboard, which reads `/api/v1/stats`
 - `GET /status.json` - JSON statistics: feed, memory, database and route figures
 - `GET /.well-known/healthcheck.json` - Health check (JSON): 200 when the
   database answers and the RIS Live feed is connected, otherwise 503;
   `data.status` is `ok` or `error` and `data.checks` says which check failed
 - `GET /as/{asn}` - AS detail page (HTML): the prefixes the AS originates and
-  its peers
+  its peers. When the database has no record of the AS, its handle and
+  description come from the AS list built into RouteWatch. The page then shows
+  no first-seen date.
 - `GET /prefix/{prefix}/{length}` - Prefix detail page (HTML), such as
   `/prefix/192.0.2.0/24`: every live route for the prefix, one per peer, and its
   origin ASes
@@ -79,7 +81,9 @@ Every route answers `HEAD` as it answers `GET`, without the body.
 ### API v1
 
 - `GET /api/v1/stats` - The `/status.json` figures plus connection, garbage
-  collector, stream and handler queue statistics
+  collector, stream and handler queue statistics. `stream.route_churn_per_min`
+  is the number of prefix announcements and withdrawals, from all peers, in the
+  last full clock minute.
 - `GET /api/v1/ip/{ip}` - Looks up each address: its most specific live route
   (`netblock`), that route's origin AS with its WHOIS details, and the address's
   PTR names. `{ip}` is an IP address, a host name, or a comma-separated list of
@@ -93,9 +97,22 @@ Every route answers `HEAD` as it answers `GET`, without the body.
   and 404 when none of the addresses has a live route. A PTR lookup gets 2
   seconds; an address whose lookup takes longer is answered without PTR names.
 - `GET /api/v1/as/{asn}` - The AS and the prefixes it originates, IPv4 and IPv6
-  apart, each with when its newest route was updated
+  apart, each with when its newest route was updated. When the database has no
+  record of the AS, its handle and description come from the AS list built into
+  RouteWatch. The answer then has no `first_seen` or `last_seen`.
 - `GET /api/v1/prefix/{prefix}/{length}` - Every live route for the prefix, one
   per peer, and the same routes grouped by origin AS in `origins`
+- `GET /api/v1/search/as?q={text}` - Finds the ASes whose handle or description
+  contains `{text}`, ignoring case. `data` holds:
+    - `query`: `{text}` without its leading and trailing spaces
+    - `total`: the number of ASes that match
+    - `results`: the first 50 of them in AS number order, each with `asn`,
+      `handle` and `description`
+
+    The search reads the AS list built into RouteWatch, not the database. The
+    list comes from [ipverse/asn-info](https://github.com/ipverse/asn-info). A
+    match can therefore be an AS that the database has no record of. A `q` that
+    is missing, empty or only spaces answers 400.
 
 A JSON answer is `{"status": "ok", "data": ...}`, or for an error
 `{"status": "error", "error": {"msg": ..., "code": ...}}`, and carries an
@@ -106,13 +123,16 @@ took. The health check is the exception: its 503 answer is also
 A request that runs past its time limit answers 504: the limit is 30 seconds,
 and 4 seconds for the database reads behind `/status.json` and `/api/v1/stats`.
 An AS number, prefix or mask length that does not parse answers 400, as does a
-mask length out of range for its IP version. An AS the database does not hold,
-or a prefix with no live route, answers 404. The HTML pages give these errors as
-plain text. Under `/api/v1` and `/ip/`, a path no route matches answers 404 with
-the message `Not found`, and `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `OPTIONS`,
-`TRACE` or `CONNECT` answers 405 with `Method not allowed`. A 500 answer says
-only `Internal server error`, and a host name that does not resolve only
-`could not resolve host name`; the detail goes to the log.
+mask length out of range for its IP version. An AS answers 404 when it is not in
+the AS list built into RouteWatch and the database has neither a record of it
+nor a live route it originates. AS 0 always answers 404, because it means no
+known origin. The AS name search never lists it. A prefix with no live route
+answers 404 too. The HTML pages give these errors as plain text. Under `/api/v1`
+and `/ip/`, a path no route matches answers 404 with the message `Not found`,
+and `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `OPTIONS`, `TRACE` or `CONNECT` answers
+405 with `Method not allowed`. A 500 answer says only `Internal server error`,
+and a host name that does not resolve only `could not resolve host name`; the
+detail goes to the log.
 
 Every answer carries `Strict-Transport-Security`, `Content-Security-Policy`,
 `X-Frame-Options`, `X-Content-Type-Options`, `Referrer-Policy` and

TODO.md

@@ -33,6 +33,21 @@ tested.
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-26: the status page shows "Route Churn/min", the number of prefix
+  announcements and withdrawals, from all peers, in the last full clock minute.
+  `/api/v1/stats` reports it as `route_churn_per_min` in `stream`, which
+  replaces the moving average `route_churn_per_sec`. The messages and updates
+  per second on `/` and `/status` are whole numbers (closes #160)
+- 2026-10-26: the WHOIS fetcher backs off more slowly. A failure makes its wait
+  1.5 times as long, up to one minute instead of five. Its queries to RIPE,
+  APNIC and AFRINIC leave out person and role objects, which RIPE counts against
+  a daily limit per address. A refused query is logged with the RIR's error line
+  (closes #159)
+- 2026-10-26: the home page's AS name search lists the ASes whose handle or
+  description holds the text, as links to their pages, from the new
+  `/api/v1/search/as`; the search ignores case. When the database has no record
+  of an AS, its page takes the handle and description from the AS list built
+  into RouteWatch and still lists the AS's prefixes (closes #151)
 - 2026-10-19: README "HTTP Endpoints" lists every route with what it answers,
   "Database Schema" matches `schema.sql`, and the rest of the README matches the
   code; this file brought up to date (closes #72)

internal/database/database.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
 	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
 )
@@ -1748,9 +1749,21 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetails(asn int) (*ASN, []LiveRoute, error) {
 // GetASDetailsContext returns the AS and the prefixes it originates, the IPv4
 // ones first, each once with the time of its newest route. It makes two index
 // searches per prefix, however many peers carry the prefix.
+//
+// The routes of an AS can be stored before its record in the asns table. When
+// the AS has no record, its handle and description come from the AS info
+// lookup, and it has no seen times. An AS with no record, no lookup entry and
+// no prefix is ErrNoRoute.
+//
+// ristypes.NoOrigin means no known origin, not an AS, so it is ErrNoRoute
+// whatever is stored.
 func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 	ctx context.Context, asn int,
 ) (*ASN, []LiveRoute, error) {
+	if asn == ristypes.NoOrigin {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
+	}
+
 	// Get AS information
 	var (
 		asnInfo             ASN
@@ -1763,17 +1776,28 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 		asn,
 	).Scan(&asnInfo.ASN, &handle, &description, &asnInfo.FirstSeen,
 		&asnInfo.LastSeen)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
+
+	// known is whether the asns table or the AS info lookup holds the AS.
+	known := true
+
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows):
+		asnInfo.ASN = asn
+
+		info, ok := asinfo.Get(asn)
+		if ok {
+			asnInfo.Handle = info.Handle
+			asnInfo.Description = info.Description
 		}
 
+		known = ok
+	case err != nil:
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query AS: %w", err)
+	default:
+		asnInfo.Handle = handle.String
+		asnInfo.Description = description.String
 	}
 
-	asnInfo.Handle = handle.String
-	asnInfo.Description = description.String
-
 	allPrefixes, err := d.originPrefixes(ctx, asn, ipVersionV4)
 	if err != nil {
 		return &asnInfo, nil, err
@@ -1784,7 +1808,13 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 		return &asnInfo, allPrefixes, err
 	}
 
-	return &asnInfo, append(allPrefixes, prefixesV6...), nil
+	allPrefixes = append(allPrefixes, prefixesV6...)
+
+	if !known && len(allPrefixes) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
+	}
+
+	return &asnInfo, allPrefixes, nil
 }
 
 // ASPeer represents a peering relationship with another AS including handle,

internal/database/database_internal_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
 	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
 
@@ -1699,6 +1700,85 @@ func TestGetASDetailsListsEachPrefixOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestGetASDetailsOfASNotInDatabase asks for ASes that the database has no
+// record of, some with stored routes. Each gets the prefixes of its routes and
+// no seen times. One that the AS info lookup knows gets its handle and
+// description from it. An AS with no record, no lookup entry and no route is
+// ErrNoRoute. Before the fix every AS with no record was ErrNoRoute.
+func TestGetASDetailsOfASNotInDatabase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		asn      int
+		listed   bool     // in the AS info lookup
+		prefixes []string // of the routes stored for the AS
+	}{
+		{15169, true, []string{"192.0.2.0/24"}},
+		{13335, true, nil},
+		{4200000000, false, []string{"198.51.100.0/24"}},
+	}
+
+	var routes []*LiveRoute
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if _, ok := asinfo.Get(tt.asn); ok != tt.listed {
+			t.Fatalf("AS%d in the AS info data: %t, want %t", tt.asn, ok, tt.listed)
+		}
+
+		for _, prefix := range tt.prefixes {
+			routes = append(routes, mkV4Route(t, prefix, tt.asn, ts))
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got, prefixes, err := db.GetASDetails(tt.asn)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d): %v", tt.asn, err)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		want := ASN{ASN: tt.asn}
+		if info, ok := asinfo.Get(tt.asn); ok {
+			want.Handle, want.Description = info.Handle, info.Description
+		}
+
+		var gotPrefixes []string
+		for _, route := range prefixes {
+			gotPrefixes = append(gotPrefixes, route.Prefix)
+		}
+
+		if *got != want || !slices.Equal(gotPrefixes, tt.prefixes) {
+			t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d) = %+v with prefixes %v, want %+v with %v",
+				tt.asn, *got, gotPrefixes, want, tt.prefixes)
+		}
+	}
+
+	const absentASN = 4200000001 // no record, no lookup entry and no route
+
+	if _, ok := asinfo.Get(absentASN); ok {
+		t.Fatalf("AS%d is in the AS info data", absentASN)
+	}
+
+	_, _, err = db.GetASDetails(absentASN)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNoRoute) {
+		t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d): error %v, want %v", absentASN, err, ErrNoRoute)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestASPrefixQueriesUseCoveringIndexes checks the plan of each query that
 // lists the prefixes an AS originates: a search of a covering index and no
 // temporary B-tree, so the list reads one index entry per prefix, not one

internal/database/models.go

@@ -28,9 +28,10 @@ type ASN struct {
 	RIRRegDate  *time.Time `json:"rir_registration_date,omitempty"`
 	RIRLastMod  *time.Time `json:"rir_last_modified,omitempty"`
 	WHOISRaw    string     `json:"whois_raw,omitempty"`
-	// Timestamps
-	FirstSeen      time.Time  `json:"first_seen"`
-	LastSeen       time.Time  `json:"last_seen"`
+	// Timestamps. They are zero, and left out of JSON, for an AS that has no
+	// record in the asns table.
+	FirstSeen      time.Time  `json:"first_seen,omitzero"`
+	LastSeen       time.Time  `json:"last_seen,omitzero"`
 	WHOISUpdatedAt *time.Time `json:"whois_updated_at,omitempty"`
 }
 

internal/metrics/metrics.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type Tracker struct {
 	// Announcement/withdrawal metrics
 	announcementCounter metrics.Counter
 	withdrawalCounter   metrics.Counter
-	churnRate           metrics.Meter // combined announcements + withdrawals per second
+	churnPerMinute      minuteCounter // prefix announcements and withdrawals
 
 	// BGP peer tracking
 	bgpPeerCount atomic.Int32
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func New() *Tracker {
 		ipv6UpdateRate:      metrics.NewMeter(),
 		announcementCounter: metrics.NewCounter(),
 		withdrawalCounter:   metrics.NewCounter(),
-		churnRate:           metrics.NewMeter(),
+		churnPerMinute:      minuteCounter{now: time.Now},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ func (t *Tracker) RecordIPv6Update() {
 // RecordAnnouncement records a route announcement
 func (t *Tracker) RecordAnnouncement() {
 	t.announcementCounter.Inc(1)
-	t.churnRate.Mark(1)
+	t.churnPerMinute.add()
 }
 
 // RecordWithdrawal records a route withdrawal
 func (t *Tracker) RecordWithdrawal() {
 	t.withdrawalCounter.Inc(1)
-	t.churnRate.Mark(1)
+	t.churnPerMinute.add()
 }
 
 // SetBGPPeerCount updates the current BGP peer count
@@ -198,9 +198,10 @@ func (t *Tracker) GetWithdrawalCount() uint64 {
 	return uint64(count)
 }
 
-// GetChurnRate returns the route churn rate per second
-func (t *Tracker) GetChurnRate() float64 {
-	return t.churnRate.Rate1()
+// GetChurnPerMinute returns the number of prefix announcements and
+// withdrawals, from all peers, in the last full clock minute.
+func (t *Tracker) GetChurnPerMinute() int {
+	return t.churnPerMinute.lastFullMinute()
 }
 
 // GetRouteMetrics returns current route update metrics

internal/metrics/minutecounter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package metrics
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// minuteCounter counts events in each clock minute and reports the count of
+// the last full minute. It is safe for concurrent use.
+type minuteCounter struct {
+	mu  sync.Mutex
+	now func() time.Time
+
+	// minute is the start of the minute that count belongs to.
+	minute time.Time
+	count  int
+	// lastMinuteCount is the count of the minute just before minute.
+	lastMinuteCount int
+}
+
+// add counts one event in the current minute.
+func (c *minuteCounter) add() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.moveToCurrentMinute()
+	c.count++
+}
+
+// lastFullMinute returns the number of events in the minute that ended most
+// recently.
+func (c *minuteCounter) lastFullMinute() int {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.moveToCurrentMinute()
+
+	return c.lastMinuteCount
+}
+
+// moveToCurrentMinute starts a new count when the clock has moved into
+// another minute. The count it ends becomes the last full minute's count when
+// its minute is the one just before the current minute. Otherwise the last
+// full minute had no events. The caller holds mu.
+func (c *minuteCounter) moveToCurrentMinute() {
+	minute := c.now().Truncate(time.Minute)
+	if minute.Equal(c.minute) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if minute.Sub(c.minute) == time.Minute {
+		c.lastMinuteCount = c.count
+	} else {
+		c.lastMinuteCount = 0
+	}
+
+	c.minute = minute
+	c.count = 0
+}

internal/metrics/minutecounter_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package metrics
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// TestChurnPerMinuteCountsLastFullMinute announces and withdraws prefixes on
+// an injected clock and expects each minute's whole count once that minute
+// has ended, and 0 for a minute with none.
+func TestChurnPerMinuteCountsLastFullMinute(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	now := time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 0, 30, 0, time.UTC)
+	tracker := New()
+	tracker.churnPerMinute.now = func() time.Time { return now }
+
+	expectChurn := func(want int, why string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		got := tracker.GetChurnPerMinute()
+		if got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("at %s churn = %d, want %d: %s",
+				now.Format(time.TimeOnly), got, want, why)
+		}
+	}
+
+	const firstMinuteChurn = 2
+
+	tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
+	tracker.RecordWithdrawal()
+	expectChurn(0, "12:00 has not ended")
+
+	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 1, 59, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
+	expectChurn(firstMinuteChurn, "12:00 had one announcement and one withdrawal")
+
+	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 2, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	expectChurn(1, "12:01 had one announcement")
+
+	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 4, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	expectChurn(0, "12:03 had none")
+
+	tracker.RecordWithdrawal()
+
+	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 6, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	expectChurn(0, "12:05 had none, though 12:04 had one withdrawal")
+}
+
+// TestChurnPerMinuteCountsConcurrentRecords announces prefixes from several
+// goroutines at once and expects every one counted.
+func TestChurnPerMinuteCountsConcurrentRecords(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		goroutines          = 8
+		recordsPerGoroutine = 1000
+	)
+
+	now := time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	tracker := New()
+	tracker.churnPerMinute.now = func() time.Time { return now }
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for range goroutines {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			for range recordsPerGoroutine {
+				tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	now = now.Add(time.Minute)
+
+	want := goroutines * recordsPerGoroutine
+	if got := tracker.GetChurnPerMinute(); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("churn = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}

internal/ristypes/ris.go

@@ -39,12 +39,16 @@ type ASPath struct {
 	Set []int
 }
 
+// NoOrigin is the origin AS of a route whose origin is not known. AS 0 is
+// reserved, so no AS has this number.
+const NoOrigin = 0
+
 // Origin returns the AS that originated the route: the last AS of the
-// sequence, or 0 (none) when the path ends in a set of several members or is
+// sequence, or NoOrigin when the path ends in a set of several members or is
 // empty.
 func (p *ASPath) Origin() int {
 	if len(p.Set) > 0 || len(p.Sequence) == 0 {
-		return 0
+		return NoOrigin
 	}
 
 	return p.Sequence[len(p.Sequence)-1]

internal/routewatch/asnfetcher.go

@@ -21,10 +21,16 @@ const (
 	minInterval = 1 * time.Second
 
 	// maxInterval is the maximum interval after failures (backoff cap).
-	maxInterval = 5 * time.Minute
+	maxInterval = time.Minute
 
-	// backoffMultiplier is how much to multiply interval on failure.
-	backoffMultiplier = 2
+	// A failure multiplies the interval by backoffNumerator divided by
+	// backoffDenominator, 1.5, up to maxInterval.
+	backoffNumerator   = 3
+	backoffDenominator = 2
+
+	// A success divides the interval by successDivisor, down to
+	// minInterval.
+	successDivisor = 2
 
 	// whoisStaleThreshold is how old WHOIS data can be before refresh.
 	whoisStaleThreshold = 30 * 24 * time.Hour // 30 days
@@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordSuccess() {
 	f.consecutiveFails = 0
 
 	// Decrease interval by half, but not below minimum
-	newInterval := max(f.currentInterval/backoffMultiplier, minInterval)
+	newInterval := max(f.currentInterval/successDivisor, minInterval)
 
 	if newInterval != f.currentInterval {
 		f.logger.Debug("Decreased fetch interval",
@@ -184,8 +190,9 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordFailure() {
 	f.intervalMu.Lock()
 	f.consecutiveFails++
 
-	// Exponential backoff: multiply by 2, capped at max
-	newInterval := min(f.currentInterval*backoffMultiplier, maxInterval)
+	// Exponential backoff: multiply by 1.5, capped at max
+	newInterval := min(
+		f.currentInterval*backoffNumerator/backoffDenominator, maxInterval)
 
 	if newInterval != f.currentInterval {
 		f.logger.Debug("Increased fetch interval due to failure",

internal/routewatch/asnfetcher_internal_test.go

@@ -120,17 +120,58 @@ func TestFetchAndUpdateKeepsTheRowWhenTheLookupFails(t *testing.T) {
 					"was stored", stats.NeverFetched)
 			}
 
+			want := baseInterval * backoffNumerator / backoffDenominator
+
 			got := f.GetStats()
-			if got.CurrentInterval != baseInterval*backoffMultiplier ||
-				got.ConsecutiveFails != 1 {
+			if got.CurrentInterval != want || got.ConsecutiveFails != 1 {
 				t.Errorf("interval %v after %d failures, want %v after 1",
-					got.CurrentInterval, got.ConsecutiveFails,
-					baseInterval*backoffMultiplier)
+					got.CurrentInterval, got.ConsecutiveFails, want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// TestRecordStepsTheInterval has the fetcher fail from its base interval of
+// 15 seconds, then succeed. Each failure makes the interval 1.5 times as
+// long, up to one minute, and each success halves it, down to one second.
+func TestRecordStepsTheInterval(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := NewASNFetcher(newMockStore(), logger.New().Logger)
+
+	for i, want := range []time.Duration{
+		22500 * time.Millisecond,
+		33750 * time.Millisecond,
+		50625 * time.Millisecond,
+		time.Minute,
+		time.Minute,
+	} {
+		f.recordFailure()
+
+		if got := f.getInterval(); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("interval after %d failures = %v, want %v",
+				i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i, want := range []time.Duration{
+		30 * time.Second,
+		15 * time.Second,
+		7500 * time.Millisecond,
+		3750 * time.Millisecond,
+		1875 * time.Millisecond,
+		time.Second,
+		time.Second,
+	} {
+		f.recordSuccess()
+
+		if got := f.getInterval(); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("interval after %d successes = %v, want %v",
+				i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // TestFetchAndUpdateMarksAnASWithoutReferral looks up a private-use AS, which
 // IANA refers to no RIR. The AS must not be looked up again until it is
 // stale, and the lookup counts as neither a success nor a failure.

internal/server/handlers.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/templates"
 	asinfo "git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
@@ -56,10 +57,18 @@ const (
 // Error messages an answer sends, in place of the error behind it where there
 // is one.
 const (
-	invalidPrefixMessage   = "Invalid prefix"
-	hostNotResolvedMessage = "could not resolve host name"
-	hostNotPublicMessage   = "host name has no public address"
-	tooManyTargetsMessage  = "Too many addresses or host names"
+	invalidPrefixMessage      = "Invalid prefix"
+	hostNotResolvedMessage    = "could not resolve host name"
+	hostNotPublicMessage      = "host name has no public address"
+	tooManyTargetsMessage     = "Too many addresses or host names"
+	searchQueryMissingMessage = "Missing search query"
+)
+
+// The AS name search reads the text it looks for from the URL query parameter
+// asSearchQueryParam, and answers with at most maxASSearchResults matches.
+const (
+	asSearchQueryParam = "q"
+	maxASSearchResults = 50
 )
 
 // IP versions as database.LiveRoute.IPVersion records them.
@@ -432,10 +441,10 @@ type GCStats struct {
 //
 //nolint:tagliatelle // field names are the existing JSON API
 type StreamStats struct {
-	Announcements    uint64  `json:"announcements"`
-	Withdrawals      uint64  `json:"withdrawals"`
-	RouteChurnPerSec float64 `json:"route_churn_per_sec"`
-	BGPPeerCount     int     `json:"bgp_peer_count"`
+	Announcements    uint64 `json:"announcements"`
+	Withdrawals      uint64 `json:"withdrawals"`
+	RouteChurnPerMin int    `json:"route_churn_per_min"`
+	BGPPeerCount     int    `json:"bgp_peer_count"`
 }
 
 // StatsResponse represents the API statistics response
@@ -536,7 +545,7 @@ func (s *Server) streamStats() StreamStats {
 	return StreamStats{
 		Announcements:    metricsTracker.GetAnnouncementCount(),
 		Withdrawals:      metricsTracker.GetWithdrawalCount(),
-		RouteChurnPerSec: metricsTracker.GetChurnRate(),
+		RouteChurnPerMin: metricsTracker.GetChurnPerMinute(),
 		BGPPeerCount:     metricsTracker.GetBGPPeerCount(),
 	}
 }
@@ -1001,11 +1010,12 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-// splitRoutesByIPVersion groups routes into the IPv4 and the IPv6 ones.
+// splitRoutesByIPVersion groups routes into the IPv4 and the IPv6 ones. Neither
+// group is nil, so that a JSON answer holds [] for an empty one and not null.
 func splitRoutesByIPVersion(
 	routes []database.LiveRoute,
 ) ([]database.LiveRoute, []database.LiveRoute) {
-	var ipv4Routes, ipv6Routes []database.LiveRoute
+	ipv4Routes, ipv6Routes := []database.LiveRoute{}, []database.LiveRoute{}
 
 	for _, route := range routes {
 		if route.IPVersion == ipVersionV4 {
@@ -1105,6 +1115,56 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// ASSearchResponse is the answer to an AS name search: the text searched for,
+// the number of ASes that match it, and the first maxASSearchResults of them in
+// AS number order.
+type ASSearchResponse struct {
+	Query   string        `json:"query"`
+	Total   int           `json:"total"`
+	Results []asinfo.Info `json:"results"`
+}
+
+// handleASSearch returns a handler that searches the AS list built into
+// asinfo for the text in the q parameter, without its leading and trailing
+// spaces. It answers 400 when no text is left.
+func (s *Server) handleASSearch() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		query := strings.TrimSpace(r.URL.Query().Get(asSearchQueryParam))
+		if query == "" {
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, searchQueryMissingMessage)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		// AS 0 means no known origin and has no AS page, so the answer leaves
+		// it out. The matches come in AS number order, so AS 0 can only be the
+		// first. The search asks for one match more than the answer holds, to
+		// take its place.
+		results, total := asinfo.Search(query, maxASSearchResults+1)
+		if len(results) > 0 && results[0].ASN == ristypes.NoOrigin {
+			results = results[1:]
+			total--
+		}
+
+		results = results[:min(len(results), maxASSearchResults)]
+
+		// results is an empty list rather than nil when nothing matches, so
+		// that the answer holds [] and not null.
+		if results == nil {
+			results = []asinfo.Info{}
+		}
+
+		err := writeJSONSuccess(w, ASSearchResponse{
+			Query:   query,
+			Total:   total,
+			Results: results,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			s.logger.Error("Failed to encode AS search results", "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // handleASDetail returns a handler that serves the AS detail HTML page
 func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

internal/server/handlers_internal_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
 )
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 // The prefix and peer addresses the prefix page tests store routes for.
 const (
 	testPrefixV4 = "192.0.2.0/24"
+	testPrefixV6 = "2001:db8::/32"
 	testPeerV4   = "198.51.100.1"
 	testPeerV6   = "2001:db8::1"
 )
@@ -193,8 +195,53 @@ func TestStatsHandlersAnswerFromMemory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestStatsAnswerCarriesChurnPerMinute checks that the stream object of the
+// /api/v1/stats answer holds route_churn_per_min as a whole number, and no
+// longer route_churn_per_sec, the moving average it replaces
+// (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/160).
+func TestStatsAnswerCarriesChurnPerMinute(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s.handleStats()(rec,
+		httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, statsPath, nil))
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status %d, want %d; body %s", rec.Code, http.StatusOK, rec.Body)
+	}
+
+	var body struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Stream map[string]json.RawMessage `json:"stream"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+
+	err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decoding the answer: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	churn, ok := body.Data.Stream["route_churn_per_min"]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("stream has no route_churn_per_min: %s", rec.Body)
+	}
+
+	var count int
+
+	err = json.Unmarshal(churn, &count)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("route_churn_per_min = %s, want a whole number: %v", churn, err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := body.Data.Stream["route_churn_per_sec"]; ok {
+		t.Errorf("stream still has route_churn_per_sec: %s", rec.Body)
+	}
+}
+
 // newServerWithTestRoutes returns a server on a new database that holds a
-// route for testPrefixV4 and one for 2001:db8::/32.
+// route for testPrefixV4 and one for testPrefixV6.
 func newServerWithTestRoutes(t *testing.T) *Server {
 	t.Helper()
 
@@ -214,7 +261,7 @@ func newServerWithTestRoutes(t *testing.T) *Server {
 			NextHop: testPeerV4, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
 		{
-			Prefix: "2001:db8::/32", MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
+			Prefix: testPrefixV6, MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
 			OriginASN: 64501, PeerIP: testPeerV6, ASPath: []int{64501},
 			NextHop: testPeerV6, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
@@ -1166,6 +1213,389 @@ func TestIPLookupHidesPrivateAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// asSearchPath is the path of the AS name search.
+const asSearchPath = "/api/v1/search/as"
+
+// searchAS sends an AS name search with the URL query rawQuery through s's
+// router, expects a 200 answer, and returns its data.
+func searchAS(t *testing.T, s *Server, rawQuery string) ASSearchResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(), http.MethodGet, asSearchPath+"?"+rawQuery, nil))
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+			rawQuery, rec.Code, http.StatusOK, rec.Body)
+	}
+
+	var body struct {
+		Data ASSearchResponse `json:"data"`
+	}
+
+	err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%s: decoding the answer %q: %v", rawQuery, rec.Body, err)
+	}
+
+	return body.Data
+}
+
+// TestASSearchAnswersMatches searches for Cloudflare's handle in lower case,
+// with spaces around it, and expects AS13335 among the matches. Before the fix
+// there was no AS name search, and the home page's search card said it was
+// coming soon (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/151).
+func TestASSearchAnswersMatches(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const query = "cloudflarenet"
+
+	data := searchAS(t, newServerWithTestRoutes(t), "q=%20"+query+"%20")
+
+	if data.Query != query {
+		t.Errorf("query %q, want %q", data.Query, query)
+	}
+
+	if data.Total != len(data.Results) {
+		t.Errorf("total %d, but %d results", data.Total, len(data.Results))
+	}
+
+	cloudflare := asinfo.Info{
+		ASN: 13335, Handle: "CLOUDFLARENET", Description: "Cloudflare, Inc.",
+	}
+	if !slices.Contains(data.Results, cloudflare) {
+		t.Errorf("results %v do not hold %v", data.Results, cloudflare)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestASSearchAnswersEmptyListWhenNothingMatches expects a search that matches
+// nothing to answer 200 with a total of 0 and an empty list, not null.
+func TestASSearchAnswersEmptyListWhenNothingMatches(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	data := searchAS(t, newServerWithTestRoutes(t), "q=XYZABC123456")
+
+	if data.Total != 0 || data.Results == nil || len(data.Results) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("total %d and results %#v, want 0 and an empty list",
+			data.Total, data.Results)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestASSearchAnswers400ForEmptyQuery expects a search with no q, an empty q
+// or a q of only spaces to answer 400 with the JSON error body.
+func TestASSearchAnswers400ForEmptyQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	for _, path := range []string{
+		asSearchPath, asSearchPath + "?q=", asSearchPath + "?q=%20%20",
+	} {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				path, rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest, rec.Body)
+		}
+
+		checkJSONErrorCode(t, path, rec, http.StatusBadRequest)
+		checkJSONErrorMessage(t, path, rec, searchQueryMissingMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestASSearchShowsFirstMatchesAndTotal searches for a word with more matches
+// than an answer holds, and expects the first maxASSearchResults of them, in
+// AS number order, and the number of all of them.
+func TestASSearchShowsFirstMatchesAndTotal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const query = "university"
+
+	all, _ := asinfo.Search(query, asinfo.Total())
+	if len(all) <= maxASSearchResults {
+		t.Fatalf("Search(%q) has %d matches; the test needs more than %d",
+			query, len(all), maxASSearchResults)
+	}
+
+	data := searchAS(t, newServerWithTestRoutes(t), "q="+query)
+
+	if data.Total != len(all) {
+		t.Errorf("total %d, want %d", data.Total, len(all))
+	}
+
+	if !slices.Equal(data.Results, all[:maxASSearchResults]) {
+		t.Errorf("results %v, want the first %d matches %v",
+			data.Results, maxASSearchResults, all[:maxASSearchResults])
+	}
+}
+
+// The AS numbers the AS detail tests ask for. storedASN originates the route
+// for testPrefixV4 and is in the database. routeOnlyASN originates the route
+// for testPrefixV6, but the database has no record of the AS itself, as when
+// a route is stored before its AS. builtInOnlyASN is in the AS list built into
+// asinfo but not in the database. unknownASN is in neither.
+const (
+	storedASN      = 64500
+	routeOnlyASN   = 64501
+	builtInOnlyASN = 15169
+	unknownASN     = 4200000000
+)
+
+// zeroDate is how a page writes a time that was never set.
+const zeroDate = "0001-01-01"
+
+// firstSeenCard is the label of the AS page's first-seen date.
+const firstSeenCard = `<div class="info-label">First Seen</div>`
+
+// newServerWithStoredAS returns newServerWithTestRoutes's server with storedASN
+// added to the database. It fails the test when the AS list built into asinfo
+// lacks routeOnlyASN or builtInOnlyASN, or holds unknownASN.
+func newServerWithStoredAS(t *testing.T) *Server {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for _, asn := range []int{routeOnlyASN, builtInOnlyASN} {
+		if _, ok := asinfo.Get(asn); !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("AS%d is not in the AS info data", asn)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := asinfo.Get(unknownASN); ok {
+		t.Fatalf("AS%d is in the AS info data", unknownASN)
+	}
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	_, err := s.db.GetOrCreateASN(storedASN, time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASN: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// TestASDetailJSONAnswersBuiltInAS asks /api/v1/as/ for each of the ASes above.
+// All but unknownASN answer 200 with the handle and description from the
+// built-in AS list and their prefixes, as lists even when empty. Only storedASN
+// has a first_seen time. unknownASN answers 404. Before the fix builtInOnlyASN
+// and routeOnlyASN answered 404 too
+// (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/151).
+func TestASDetailJSONAnswersBuiltInAS(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithStoredAS(t)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		asn           int
+		wantCode      int
+		wantPrefixes  []string
+		wantFirstSeen bool
+	}{
+		{storedASN, http.StatusOK, []string{testPrefixV4}, true},
+		{routeOnlyASN, http.StatusOK, []string{testPrefixV6}, false},
+		{builtInOnlyASN, http.StatusOK, nil, false},
+		{unknownASN, http.StatusNotFound, nil, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		path := "/api/v1/as/" + strconv.Itoa(tt.asn)
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != tt.wantCode {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				path, rec.Code, tt.wantCode, rec.Body)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantCode != http.StatusOK {
+			checkJSONErrorCode(t, path, rec, tt.wantCode)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		//nolint:tagliatelle // field names are the existing JSON API
+		var body struct {
+			Data struct {
+				ASN          database.ASN         `json:"asn"`
+				IPv4Prefixes []database.LiveRoute `json:"ipv4_prefixes"`
+				IPv6Prefixes []database.LiveRoute `json:"ipv6_prefixes"`
+			} `json:"data"`
+		}
+
+		err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: decoding the answer %q: %v", path, rec.Body, err)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		info, _ := asinfo.Get(tt.asn)
+		got := body.Data.ASN
+
+		if got.ASN != tt.asn || got.Handle != info.Handle ||
+			got.Description != info.Description {
+			t.Errorf("%s: AS %d %q %q, want %d %q %q", path, got.ASN,
+				got.Handle, got.Description, tt.asn, info.Handle, info.Description)
+		}
+
+		if body.Data.IPv4Prefixes == nil || body.Data.IPv6Prefixes == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: a prefix list is null; body %s", path, rec.Body)
+		}
+
+		routes := slices.Concat(body.Data.IPv4Prefixes, body.Data.IPv6Prefixes)
+
+		gotPrefixes := make([]string, 0, len(routes))
+		for _, route := range routes {
+			gotPrefixes = append(gotPrefixes, route.Prefix)
+		}
+
+		if !slices.Equal(gotPrefixes, tt.wantPrefixes) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: prefixes %v, want %v", path, gotPrefixes, tt.wantPrefixes)
+		}
+
+		gotFirstSeen := strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), `"first_seen"`)
+		if gotFirstSeen != tt.wantFirstSeen {
+			t.Errorf("%s: has first_seen %t, want %t; body %s",
+				path, gotFirstSeen, tt.wantFirstSeen, rec.Body)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestASDetailPageShowsBuiltInAS asks /as/ for each of the ASes above. All but
+// unknownASN answer 200 with the handle and description from the built-in AS
+// list. storedASN and routeOnlyASN list their prefixes, and builtInOnlyASN says
+// the AS announces none. Only storedASN shows a first-seen date, and no page
+// shows a date that was never set. unknownASN answers 404. Before the fix
+// builtInOnlyASN and routeOnlyASN answered 404 too
+// (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/151).
+func TestASDetailPageShowsBuiltInAS(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithStoredAS(t)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		asn           int
+		wantCode      int
+		wantText      string
+		wantFirstSeen bool
+	}{
+		{storedASN, http.StatusOK, testPrefixV4, true},
+		{routeOnlyASN, http.StatusOK, testPrefixV6, false},
+		{builtInOnlyASN, http.StatusOK, "No prefixes announced by this AS", false},
+		{unknownASN, http.StatusNotFound, "", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		path := "/as/" + strconv.Itoa(tt.asn)
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != tt.wantCode {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				path, rec.Code, tt.wantCode, rec.Body)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantCode != http.StatusOK {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		info, _ := asinfo.Get(tt.asn)
+		page := rec.Body.String()
+
+		for _, want := range []string{
+			html.EscapeString(info.Handle),
+			html.EscapeString(info.Description),
+			tt.wantText,
+		} {
+			if !strings.Contains(page, want) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: page does not show %q", path, want)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if strings.Contains(page, zeroDate) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: page shows the date %s", path, zeroDate)
+		}
+
+		gotFirstSeen := strings.Contains(page, firstSeenCard)
+		if gotFirstSeen != tt.wantFirstSeen {
+			t.Errorf("%s: shows a first-seen date %t, want %t",
+				path, gotFirstSeen, tt.wantFirstSeen)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNoOriginHasNoASAnswers stores a route with no known origin, which has
+// origin AS 0 (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/75). It expects
+// /as/0 and /api/v1/as/0 to answer 404. It expects a search for "iana" to leave
+// AS 0 out of its results and its total, although the AS list built into
+// asinfo holds AS 0. That search has more matches than an answer holds, so it
+// still lists maxASSearchResults of them.
+func TestNoOriginHasNoASAnswers(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		noOriginPrefix = "203.0.113.0/24"
+		query          = "iana"
+	)
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	err := s.db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*database.LiveRoute{{
+		Prefix: noOriginPrefix, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+		OriginASN: ristypes.NoOrigin, PeerIP: testPeerV4,
+		ASPath: []int{64500, 64501, 64502}, NextHop: testPeerV4,
+		LastUpdated: time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC),
+	}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	asn := strconv.Itoa(ristypes.NoOrigin)
+
+	for _, path := range []string{"/as/" + asn, "/api/v1/as/" + asn} {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				path, rec.Code, http.StatusNotFound, rec.Body)
+		}
+	}
+
+	first, total := asinfo.Search(query, 1)
+	if len(first) != 1 || first[0].ASN != ristypes.NoOrigin {
+		t.Fatalf("AS%d is not the first match for %q in the AS info data",
+			ristypes.NoOrigin, query)
+	}
+
+	data := searchAS(t, s, "q="+query)
+
+	for _, info := range data.Results {
+		if info.ASN == ristypes.NoOrigin {
+			t.Errorf("the search for %q lists AS%d", query, info.ASN)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if data.Total != total-1 {
+		t.Errorf("the search for %q has a total of %d, want %d",
+			query, data.Total, total-1)
+	}
+
+	if len(data.Results) != maxASSearchResults {
+		t.Errorf("the search for %q lists %d matches, want %d",
+			query, len(data.Results), maxASSearchResults)
+	}
+}
+
 // settledGoroutineCount lets transient goroutines finish, then reports the
 // current count.
 func settledGoroutineCount() int {

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ func (s *Server) setupRoutes() {
 		r.Get("/ip/{ip}", s.handleIPLookup())
 		r.Get("/as/{asn}", s.handleASDetailJSON())
 		r.Get("/prefix/{prefix}/{len}", s.handlePrefixDetailJSON())
+		r.Get("/search/as", s.handleASSearch())
 	})
 
 	s.router = r

internal/server/server.go

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Package server provides HTTP endpoints for status monitoring and statistics
+// Package server serves RouteWatch's web pages and JSON API:
+//   - the home page, the status figures and the health check
+//   - the AS, prefix and prefix length pages, and the JSON answers behind them
+//   - the IP lookups
+//   - the AS name search
 package server
 
 import (

internal/templates/as_detail.html

@@ -233,10 +233,12 @@
                 <div class="info-label">Peer ASNs</div>
                 <div class="info-value">{{.PeerCount}}</div>
             </div>
+            {{if not .ASN.FirstSeen.IsZero}}
             <div class="info-card">
                 <div class="info-label">First Seen</div>
                 <div class="info-value">{{.ASN.FirstSeen.Format "2006-01-02"}}</div>
             </div>
+            {{end}}
         </div>
 
         {{if .IPv4Prefixes}}

internal/templates/index.html

@@ -174,6 +174,38 @@
         #asname-results .search-message {
             font-size: 13px;
         }
+        #asname-results .error {
+            color: #c00;
+        }
+        .asname-list {
+            list-style: none;
+            margin: 12px 0 0 0;
+            padding: 0;
+            max-height: 400px;
+            overflow-y: auto;
+        }
+        .asname-list li {
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
+        }
+        .asname-list a {
+            display: block;
+            padding: 8px 4px;
+            color: #2c3e50;
+            text-decoration: none;
+            font-size: 14px;
+        }
+        .asname-list a:hover {
+            background: #f5f5f5;
+        }
+        .asname-list .asn {
+            font-weight: 600;
+            color: #3498db;
+        }
+        .asname-list .description {
+            display: block;
+            color: #7f8c8d;
+            font-size: 12px;
+        }
 
         /* IP Lookup result */
         .ip-result {
@@ -306,7 +338,7 @@
                     <input type="text" id="asname-input" placeholder="e.g., Google, Cloudflare" autocomplete="off">
                     <button type="submit">Search</button>
                 </form>
-                <p class="search-hint">Search for autonomous systems by organization name</p>
+                <p class="search-hint">Search for autonomous systems by organization name or handle</p>
                 <div id="asname-results"></div>
             </div>
 
@@ -368,7 +400,7 @@
                     }
 
                     const totalUpdates = data.ipv4_updates_per_sec + data.ipv6_updates_per_sec;
-                    document.getElementById('stat-updates').textContent = totalUpdates.toFixed(1);
+                    document.getElementById('stat-updates').textContent = Math.round(totalUpdates).toLocaleString();
                 })
                 .catch(() => {
                     document.getElementById('stat-status').textContent = 'Error';
@@ -387,24 +419,82 @@
             }
         });
 
-        // AS name search
+        // AS name search. The handles and descriptions come from outside data,
+        // so the results are built with textContent, never innerHTML.
+        const asNameResults = document.getElementById('asname-results');
+
+        // Replace the search results with one line of text.
+        function showASNameMessage(text, className) {
+            const line = document.createElement('p');
+            line.className = className;
+            line.textContent = text;
+            asNameResults.replaceChildren(line);
+        }
+
+        // List the matches of a search answer, each as a link to its AS page,
+        // and say how many more matched than the answer holds.
+        function showASNameMatches(data) {
+            if (data.total === 0) {
+                showASNameMessage('No AS matches "' + data.query + '".', 'search-message');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const list = document.createElement('ul');
+            list.className = 'asname-list';
+            for (const match of data.results) {
+                const asn = document.createElement('span');
+                asn.className = 'asn';
+                asn.textContent = 'AS' + match.asn;
+
+                const description = document.createElement('span');
+                description.className = 'description';
+                description.textContent = match.description;
+
+                const link = document.createElement('a');
+                link.href = '/as/' + match.asn;
+                link.append(asn, ' ' + match.handle, description);
+
+                const item = document.createElement('li');
+                item.append(link);
+                list.append(item);
+            }
+            asNameResults.replaceChildren(list);
+
+            const more = data.total - data.results.length;
+            if (more > 0) {
+                const line = document.createElement('p');
+                line.className = 'search-message';
+                line.textContent = more.toLocaleString() + ' more matched. Narrow the search to see them.';
+                asNameResults.append(line);
+            }
+        }
+
         document.getElementById('asname-form').addEventListener('submit', function(e) {
             e.preventDefault();
             const query = document.getElementById('asname-input').value.trim();
             if (!query) return;
 
-            const resultsDiv = document.getElementById('asname-results');
-            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="loading">Searching...</p>';
-
-            // Use a simple client-side search against the asinfo data
-            // For now, redirect to AS page if it looks like an ASN
-            if (/^\d+$/.test(query)) {
-                window.location.href = '/as/' + query;
+            // A number, or AS and a number, opens that AS's page
+            const asn = query.replace(/^AS/i, '');
+            if (/^\d+$/.test(asn)) {
+                window.location.href = '/as/' + asn;
                 return;
             }
 
-            // Show a message that server-side search is coming
-            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="search-message">AS name search coming soon. For now, try an AS number.</p>';
+            showASNameMessage('Searching...', 'loading');
+
+            fetch('/api/v1/search/as?q=' + encodeURIComponent(query))
+                .then(response => response.json())
+                .then(response => {
+                    if (response.status === 'error') {
+                        showASNameMessage('Error: ' + response.error.msg, 'error');
+                    } else {
+                        showASNameMatches(response.data);
+                    }
+                })
+                .catch(error => {
+                    showASNameMessage('Error: ' + error.message, 'error');
+                });
         });
 
         // IP lookup

internal/templates/status.html

@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@
                 <span class="metric-value" id="withdrawals">-</span>
             </div>
             <div class="metric">
-                <span class="metric-label">Route Churn/sec</span>
-                <span class="metric-value" id="route_churn_per_sec">-</span>
+                <span class="metric-label">Route Churn/min</span>
+                <span class="metric-value" id="route_churn_per_min">-</span>
             </div>
             <div class="metric">
                 <span class="metric-label">Total Data</span>
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
             document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = '-';
             document.getElementById('announcements').textContent = '-';
             document.getElementById('withdrawals').textContent = '-';
-            document.getElementById('route_churn_per_sec').textContent = '-';
+            document.getElementById('route_churn_per_min').textContent = '-';
             document.getElementById('total_wire_bytes').textContent = '-';
             document.getElementById('wire_mbits_per_sec').textContent = '-';
             document.getElementById('gc_num').textContent = '-';
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
                     document.getElementById('connection_duration').textContent = data.connection_duration;
                     document.getElementById('reconnect_count').textContent = formatNumber(data.reconnect_count);
                     document.getElementById('total_messages').textContent = formatNumber(data.total_messages);
-                    document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = data.messages_per_sec.toFixed(1);
+                    document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.messages_per_sec));
                     document.getElementById('total_wire_bytes').textContent = formatBytes(data.total_wire_bytes);
                     document.getElementById('wire_mbits_per_sec').textContent = data.wire_mbits_per_sec.toFixed(2) + ' Mbps';
                     document.getElementById('asns').textContent = formatNumber(data.asns);
@@ -591,8 +591,8 @@
                     document.getElementById('live_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.live_routes);
                     document.getElementById('ipv4_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.ipv4_routes);
                     document.getElementById('ipv6_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.ipv6_routes);
-                    document.getElementById('ipv4_updates_per_sec').textContent = data.ipv4_updates_per_sec.toFixed(1);
-                    document.getElementById('ipv6_updates_per_sec').textContent = data.ipv6_updates_per_sec.toFixed(1);
+                    document.getElementById('ipv4_updates_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.ipv4_updates_per_sec));
+                    document.getElementById('ipv6_updates_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.ipv6_updates_per_sec));
                     document.getElementById('oldest_route').textContent = formatRelativeTime(data.oldest_route);
                     document.getElementById('newest_route').textContent = formatRelativeTime(data.newest_route);
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
                         document.getElementById('bgp_peer_count').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.bgp_peer_count);
                         document.getElementById('announcements').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.announcements);
                         document.getElementById('withdrawals').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.withdrawals);
-                        document.getElementById('route_churn_per_sec').textContent = data.stream.route_churn_per_sec.toFixed(1);
+                        document.getElementById('route_churn_per_min').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.route_churn_per_min);
                     }
 
                     // Update GC stats

internal/whois/whois.go

@@ -49,6 +49,31 @@ const (
 	RIRAFRNIC = "AFRINIC"
 )
 
+// noPersonalFlag keeps person and role objects out of an answer. The
+// organisation object stays in it. RIPE counts the person and role objects
+// it returns against a daily limit per IP address. Role objects for abuse
+// contacts do not count. RIPE refuses an address for good that passes the
+// limit too often:
+// https://docs.db.ripe.net/Types-of-Queries/Access-Control-for-Queries/
+//
+// RIPE documents the flag here:
+// https://docs.db.ripe.net/Types-of-Queries/Referenced-Objects-in-Query-Response/
+// APNIC and AFRINIC list it in their answers to the query "help". AFRINIC
+// sends readers to that answer for its full list of flags:
+// https://afrinic.net/whois-getting-started
+const noPersonalFlag = "--no-personal"
+
+// The error lines with which RIPE's database software refuses a query:
+// access denied to the client's IP address, and that address's limit
+// reached. APNIC and AFRINIC run the same software. The lines are listed
+// under "Access Errors" on this page, whose URL is split over two lines:
+// https://docs.db.ripe.net/Appendices/
+// Appendix-C--RIPE-Database-Query-Server-Response-Codes-and-Messages/
+const (
+	accessDeniedError = "%ERROR:201:"
+	accessLimitError  = "%ERROR:202:"
+)
+
 // Errors LookupASN returns when a WHOIS answer has nothing to store.
 var (
 	// ErrNoReferral is returned when IANA refers the AS to no RIR, as it
@@ -58,6 +83,7 @@ var (
 	errNoASBlock = errors.New("IANA answered with neither a referral " +
 		"nor an AS block")
 	errNoFields       = errors.New("RIR answered with no WHOIS fields")
+	errRefused        = errors.New("RIR refused the query")
 	errUnknownServer  = errors.New("IANA refers the AS to a server no RIR runs")
 	errAnswerTooLarge = errors.New("WHOIS answer reached the size cap")
 )
@@ -97,10 +123,10 @@ func NewClient() *Client {
 
 // LookupASN asks IANA which RIR holds the given ASN, asks that RIR, and
 // returns what the RIR's answer says. It returns ErrNoReferral when IANA
-// refers the AS to no RIR, and another error when a query fails, when IANA's
-// answer has neither a referral nor the AS's block, when IANA refers the AS
-// to a server none of the five RIRs run, or when the RIR's answer carries
-// none of ASNInfo's fields, as a refusal of service does.
+// refers the AS to no RIR, and another error when a query fails, when the
+// RIR refuses it, when IANA's answer has neither a referral nor the AS's
+// block, when IANA refers the AS to a server none of the five RIRs run, or
+// when the RIR's answer carries none of ASNInfo's fields.
 func (c *Client) LookupASN(ctx context.Context, asn int) (*ASNInfo, error) {
 	// Query IANA first to find the authoritative RIR
 	query := fmt.Sprintf("AS%d", asn)
@@ -127,7 +153,7 @@ func (c *Client) LookupASN(ctx context.Context, asn int) (*ASNInfo, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Query the authoritative RIR
-	rirResp, err := c.query(ctx, whoisServer, query)
+	rirResp, err := c.queryRIR(ctx, whoisServer, rirQuery(rir, query))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("RIR query failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -154,6 +180,39 @@ func (info *ASNInfo) isEmpty() bool {
 		info.RegDate == nil && info.LastMod == nil
 }
 
+// rirQuery returns the query sent to rir's server for asQuery, an AS
+// number such as "AS3333". RIPE, APNIC and AFRINIC are asked to keep person
+// and role objects out of the answer.
+func rirQuery(rir, asQuery string) string {
+	switch rir {
+	case RIRRIPE, RIRAPNIC, RIRAFRNIC:
+		return noPersonalFlag + " " + asQuery
+	default:
+		return asQuery
+	}
+}
+
+// queryRIR sends query to an RIR's server and returns the answer. An answer
+// holding an error line with which the server refuses the query is an
+// error, and the error holds that line.
+func (c *Client) queryRIR(
+	ctx context.Context, server, query string,
+) (string, error) {
+	answer, err := c.query(ctx, server, query)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(answer, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, accessDeniedError) ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(line, accessLimitError) {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errRefused, line)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return answer, nil
+}
+
 // query performs a raw WHOIS query to the specified server. An answer that
 // reaches maxAnswerSize is an error.
 func (c *Client) query(ctx context.Context, server, query string) (string, error) {

internal/whois/whois_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
@@ -21,8 +22,20 @@ const (
 	ripeServer = "whois.ripe.net:43"
 )
 
-// testASN is the AS the tests look up.
-const testASN = 3333
+// testASN is the AS the tests look up, and asQuery the query for it.
+const (
+	testASN = 3333
+	asQuery = "AS3333"
+)
+
+// The fake servers' answers are keyed by a server's address, a space and a
+// query. These are the keys of the queries LookupASN sends for testASN:
+// IANA's, then RIPE's, which asks RIPE to leave out person and role
+// objects.
+const (
+	ianaQuery = ianaServer + " " + asQuery
+	ripeQuery = ripeServer + " --no-personal " + asQuery
+)
 
 // ianaReferral is IANA's answer for an AS in a block it gave to RIPE.
 const ianaReferral = `% IANA WHOIS server
@@ -36,27 +49,75 @@ changed:      2002-09-01
 source:       IANA
 `
 
-// ripeRecord is RIPE's answer for the AS.
+// ripeRecord is RIPE's answer for the AS when asked to leave out person and
+// role objects: the abuse address as a comment, the AS's object and the
+// organisation object it refers to.
 const ripeRecord = `% This is the RIPE Database query service.
+% The objects are in RPSL format.
+
+% Note: --no-personal means ALL personal data has been filtered from this output.
+
+% Information related to 'AS3333'
+
+% Abuse contact for 'AS3333' is 'abuse@ripe.net'
 
 aut-num:        AS3333
 as-name:        RIPE-NCC-AS
 org:            ORG-RIEN1-RIPE
+admin-c:        BRD-RIPE
+tech-c:         OPS4-RIPE
+abuse-c:        OPS4-RIPE
+mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-MNT
 created:        2002-09-17T13:08:32Z
 last-modified:  2024-01-09T08:55:41Z
 source:         RIPE
+
+organisation:   ORG-RIEN1-RIPE
+org-name:       Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)
+country:        NL
+org-type:       RIR
+address:        P.O. Box 10096
+address:        1001EB Amsterdam
+abuse-c:        OPS4-RIPE
+created:        2012-03-09T13:08:29Z
+last-modified:  2024-03-26T10:55:38Z
+source:         RIPE
 `
 
+// The error lines with which RIPE refuses a query: access denied to the
+// host, and the host's limit on returned objects reached.
+const (
+	ripeAccessDenied = "%ERROR:201: access denied for 192.0.2.1"
+	ripeLimitReached = "%ERROR:202: access control limit reached"
+)
+
 // ripeRefusal is RIPE's answer to a host it no longer serves.
 const ripeRefusal = `% This is the RIPE Database query service.
 % The objects are in RPSL format.
 %
-%ERROR:201: access denied for 192.0.2.1
+` + ripeAccessDenied + `
 %
 % Sorry, access from your host has been permanently
 % denied because of a repeated excessive querying.
 `
 
+// apnicAfrinicRecord is the answer of APNIC or AFRINIC for the AS when asked
+// to leave out person and role objects. Like RIPE's, it holds the abuse
+// address as a comment, the AS's object and the organisation object.
+const apnicAfrinicRecord = `% Abuse contact for 'AS3333' is 'abuse@example.net'
+
+aut-num:        AS3333
+as-name:        EXAMPLE-AS
+org:            ORG-EXAMPLE1
+admin-c:        EX1-TEST
+last-modified:  2026-08-26T00:40:00Z
+
+organisation:   ORG-EXAMPLE1
+org-name:       Example Networks
+country:        ZA
+address:        1 Example Road
+`
+
 // ianaPrivateUse is IANA's answer for a private-use AS: its block and no
 // referral.
 const ianaPrivateUse = `% IANA WHOIS server
@@ -80,20 +141,29 @@ const fillerLine = "remarks:        and more\n"
 const endlessAnswerSize = 4 << 20
 
 // fakeServers returns a DialContext for a whois.Client that connects to a
-// fake server for each address in answers, which reads the query and sends
-// answers[address]. Connecting to any other address is refused.
+// fake server at each address answers names. Each key of answers is a
+// server's address, a space and a query, and its value is that server's
+// answer to that query. A server reads one query and sends its answer, or
+// nothing for a query it has no answer for. Connecting to any other address
+// is refused.
 func fakeServers(
 	t *testing.T, answers map[string]string,
 ) func(context.Context, string, string) (net.Conn, error) {
 	t.Helper()
 
+	addresses := make(map[string]bool)
+
+	for key := range answers {
+		address, _, _ := strings.Cut(key, " ")
+		addresses[address] = true
+	}
+
 	var servers sync.WaitGroup
 
 	t.Cleanup(servers.Wait)
 
 	return func(_ context.Context, _, address string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		answer, ok := answers[address]
-		if !ok {
+		if !addresses[address] {
 			return nil, syscall.ECONNREFUSED
 		}
 
@@ -102,7 +172,8 @@ func fakeServers(
 		servers.Go(func() {
 			defer func() { _ = server.Close() }()
 
-			_, _ = bufio.NewReader(server).ReadString('\n')
+			query, _ := bufio.NewReader(server).ReadString('\n')
+			answer := answers[address+" "+strings.TrimSpace(query)]
 			_, _ = io.WriteString(server, answer)
 		})
 
@@ -122,25 +193,41 @@ func lookUp(
 	return client.LookupASN(t.Context(), testASN)
 }
 
-// TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE. The
-// fields come from RIPE's answer, the last-modified date included: IANA's
-// "changed:" line dates its block, not the AS.
+// TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE. RIPE
+// answers only a query that leaves out person and role objects, and its
+// answer to that still fills the AS's fields: the abuse address from the
+// comment line, and the organisation's name and country from its object.
+// The dates are the AS's: IANA's "changed:" line dates its block.
 func TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	info, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-		ianaServer: ianaReferral,
-		ripeServer: ripeRecord,
+		ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
+		ripeQuery: ripeRecord,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if info.ASName != "RIPE-NCC-AS" || info.OrgID != "ORG-RIEN1-RIPE" ||
-		info.RIR != whois.RIRRIPE {
-		t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name %q, org %q, RIR %q; "+
-			"want RIPE-NCC-AS, ORG-RIEN1-RIPE, RIPE",
-			info.ASName, info.OrgID, info.RIR)
+	got := []string{
+		info.ASName, info.OrgID, info.OrgName, info.CountryCode,
+		info.AbuseEmail, info.RIR,
+	}
+	want := []string{
+		"RIPE-NCC-AS", "ORG-RIEN1-RIPE",
+		"Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)", "NL",
+		"abuse@ripe.net", whois.RIRRIPE,
+	}
+
+	if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name, org ID, org name, country, abuse "+
+			"address, RIR %q; want %q", got, want)
+	}
+
+	wantRegDate := time.Date(2002, 9, 17, 13, 8, 32, 0, time.UTC)
+	if info.RegDate == nil || !info.RegDate.Equal(wantRegDate) {
+		t.Errorf("LookupASN registered = %v, want %v",
+			info.RegDate, wantRegDate)
 	}
 
 	wantLastMod := time.Date(2024, 1, 9, 8, 55, 41, 0, time.UTC)
@@ -150,6 +237,65 @@ func TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestLookupASNAsksAPNICAndAFRINICToLeaveOutPersonalData looks up an AS at
+// APNIC and at AFRINIC. Each answers only a query that leaves out person
+// and role objects, as RIPE does. That one answer still holds the
+// organisation object, so the organisation's name and country are filled.
+func TestLookupASNAsksAPNICAndAFRINICToLeaveOutPersonalData(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, server := range []string{"whois.apnic.net", "whois.afrinic.net"} {
+		t.Run(server, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			address := server + ":43"
+
+			info, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
+				ianaQuery:                             "refer:        " + server + "\n",
+				address + " --no-personal " + asQuery: apnicAfrinicRecord,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			got := []string{
+				info.ASName, info.OrgName, info.CountryCode, info.AbuseEmail,
+			}
+			want := []string{
+				"EXAMPLE-AS", "Example Networks", "ZA", "abuse@example.net",
+			}
+
+			if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
+				t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name, org name, country, abuse "+
+					"address %q; want %q", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLookupASNReportsARefusal looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE when RIPE
+// refuses the query, with each of the error lines RIPE refuses with. The
+// error holds RIPE's line, so the log says why the lookup failed.
+func TestLookupASNReportsARefusal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, line := range []string{ripeAccessDenied, ripeLimitReached} {
+		t.Run(line, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
+				ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
+				ripeQuery: "% This is the RIPE Database query service.\n" +
+					line + "\n",
+			})
+			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), line) {
+				t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one holding %q",
+					err, line)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to
 // RIPE when RIPE's server refuses the connection, and when it answers only
 // with an error. Neither is a lookup that found the AS.
@@ -157,8 +303,8 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	for name, answers := range map[string]map[string]string{
-		"connection refused": {ianaServer: ianaReferral},
-		"only an error":      {ianaServer: ianaReferral, ripeServer: ripeRefusal},
+		"connection refused": {ianaQuery: ianaReferral},
+		"only an error":      {ianaQuery: ianaReferral, ripeQuery: ripeRefusal},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
@@ -177,7 +323,7 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLookupASNReportsNoReferral(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaServer: ianaPrivateUse})
+	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaQuery: ianaPrivateUse})
 	if !errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want ErrNoReferral", err)
 	}
@@ -189,7 +335,7 @@ func TestLookupASNReportsNoReferral(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLookupASNFailsWhenIANAAnswersNoBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaServer: ianaNoObject})
+	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaQuery: ianaNoObject})
 	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not ErrNoReferral",
 			err)
@@ -206,8 +352,8 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRAnswerDoesNotEnd(t *testing.T) {
 		strings.Repeat(fillerLine, endlessAnswerSize/len(fillerLine))
 
 	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-		ianaServer: ianaReferral,
-		ripeServer: endless,
+		ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
+		ripeQuery: endless,
 	})
 	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not ErrNoReferral",
@@ -233,9 +379,9 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsOnAReferralToAnotherServer(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
 			_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-				ianaServer: "refer:        " + refer + "\n\n" +
+				ianaQuery: "refer:        " + refer + "\n\n" +
 					"as-block:     3154-3353\n",
-				address: ripeRecord,
+				address + " " + asQuery: ripeRecord,
 			})
 			if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not "+

pkg/asinfo/asinfo.go

@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@ package asinfo
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"compress/gzip"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 )
 
@@ -23,6 +26,17 @@ type Info struct {
 type Registry struct {
 	mu    sync.RWMutex
 	byASN map[int]*Info
+	// searchEntries holds every entry in AS number order, for Search.
+	searchEntries []searchEntry
+}
+
+// searchEntry is an entry with its handle and description in lower case. They
+// are put in lower case once, when the data loads, so that Search only
+// compares.
+type searchEntry struct {
+	info             *Info
+	lowerHandle      string
+	lowerDescription string
 }
 
 var (
@@ -59,9 +73,21 @@ func initRegistry() {
 		panic("failed to unmarshal embedded AS data: " + err.Error())
 	}
 
+	slices.SortFunc(asInfos, func(a, b Info) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.ASN, b.ASN)
+	})
+
+	defaultRegistry.searchEntries = make([]searchEntry, 0, len(asInfos))
+
 	for i := range asInfos {
 		info := &asInfos[i]
 		defaultRegistry.byASN[info.ASN] = info
+		defaultRegistry.searchEntries = append(defaultRegistry.searchEntries,
+			searchEntry{
+				info:             info,
+				lowerHandle:      strings.ToLower(info.Handle),
+				lowerDescription: strings.ToLower(info.Description),
+			})
 	}
 }
 
@@ -129,36 +155,36 @@ func All() []Info {
 	return result
 }
 
-// Search searches for AS entries where the handle or description contains the query
-// This is a simple case-sensitive substring search
-func Search(query string) []Info {
+// Search finds the AS entries whose handle or description contains query,
+// ignoring case. It returns the first limit of them in AS number order, and the
+// number of entries that match. An empty query matches nothing.
+func Search(query string, limit int) ([]Info, int) {
 	once.Do(initRegistry)
 
+	if query == "" {
+		return nil, 0
+	}
+
+	query = strings.ToLower(query)
+
 	defaultRegistry.mu.RLock()
 	defer defaultRegistry.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	var results []Info
+	var (
+		results []Info
+		total   int
+	)
 
-	for _, info := range defaultRegistry.byASN {
-		if contains(info.Handle, query) || contains(info.Description, query) {
-			results = append(results, *info)
+	for _, entry := range defaultRegistry.searchEntries {
+		if strings.Contains(entry.lowerHandle, query) ||
+			strings.Contains(entry.lowerDescription, query) {
+			if total < limit {
+				results = append(results, *entry.info)
+			}
+
+			total++
 		}
 	}
 
-	return results
-}
-
-// contains is a simple substring search
-func contains(s, substr string) bool {
-	return len(substr) > 0 && len(s) >= len(substr) && containsImpl(s, substr)
-}
-
-func containsImpl(s, substr string) bool {
-	for i := 0; i <= len(s)-len(substr); i++ {
-		if s[i:i+len(substr)] == substr {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false
+	return results, total
 }

pkg/asinfo/asinfo_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package asinfo_test
 
 import (
+	"cmp"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -140,11 +142,6 @@ func TestSearch(t *testing.T) {
 			query:   "University",
 			wantMin: 10,
 		},
-		{
-			name:    "Empty search",
-			query:   "",
-			wantMin: 0,
-		},
 		{
 			name:    "Non-existent org",
 			query:   "XYZABC123456",
@@ -156,26 +153,115 @@ func TestSearch(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
-			results := asinfo.Search(tt.query)
+			results, _ := asinfo.Search(tt.query, asinfo.Total())
 			if len(results) < tt.wantMin {
 				t.Errorf("Search(%q) returned %d results, want at least %d",
 					tt.query, len(results), tt.wantMin)
 			}
 
-			// Verify all results contain the query
-			if tt.query != "" {
-				for _, r := range results {
-					if !strings.Contains(r.Handle, tt.query) &&
-						!strings.Contains(r.Description, tt.query) {
-						t.Errorf("Search result ASN %d doesn't contain query %q",
-							r.ASN, tt.query)
-					}
+			// Verify all results contain the query, ignoring case
+			query := strings.ToLower(tt.query)
+			for _, r := range results {
+				if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(r.Handle), query) &&
+					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(r.Description), query) {
+					t.Errorf("Search result ASN %d doesn't contain query %q",
+						r.ASN, tt.query)
 				}
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// TestSearchEmptyQueryMatchesNothing expects an empty query to match no AS,
+// although every handle contains the empty string.
+func TestSearchEmptyQueryMatchesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	results, total := asinfo.Search("", asinfo.Total())
+	if len(results) != 0 || total != 0 {
+		t.Errorf(`Search("") returned %d results and a total of %d, want none`,
+			len(results), total)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSearchIgnoresCase searches for Cloudflare's handle in lower case and its
+// description in upper case, and expects both searches to find AS13335.
+func TestSearchIgnoresCase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const cloudflareASN = 13335 // handle CLOUDFLARENET, "Cloudflare, Inc."
+
+	isCloudflare := func(info asinfo.Info) bool {
+		return info.ASN == cloudflareASN
+	}
+
+	for _, query := range []string{"cloudflarenet", "CLOUDFLARE, INC."} {
+		results, _ := asinfo.Search(query, asinfo.Total())
+		if !slices.ContainsFunc(results, isCloudflare) {
+			t.Errorf("Search(%q) did not find AS%d", query, cloudflareASN)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSearchOrdersByASN expects the matches of a search with many of them to
+// come in AS number order.
+func TestSearchOrdersByASN(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const query = "University"
+
+	results, _ := asinfo.Search(query, asinfo.Total())
+
+	for i := 1; i < len(results); i++ {
+		if results[i-1].ASN >= results[i].ASN {
+			t.Fatalf("Search(%q): AS%d comes after AS%d",
+				query, results[i].ASN, results[i-1].ASN)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSearchStopsAtLimit searches for a word that matches more entries than
+// the limit. It expects exactly limit entries, the first matches in AS number
+// order, and the number of all matches, counted here from All.
+func TestSearchStopsAtLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		query = "university"
+		limit = 10
+	)
+
+	var matches []asinfo.Info
+
+	for _, info := range asinfo.All() {
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(info.Handle), query) ||
+			strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(info.Description), query) {
+			matches = append(matches, info)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(matches) <= limit {
+		t.Fatalf("%q matches %d entries; the test needs more than %d",
+			query, len(matches), limit)
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(matches, func(a, b asinfo.Info) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.ASN, b.ASN)
+	})
+
+	results, total := asinfo.Search(query, limit)
+
+	if total != len(matches) {
+		t.Errorf("Search(%q, %d): total %d, want %d",
+			query, limit, total, len(matches))
+	}
+
+	if !slices.Equal(results, matches[:limit]) {
+		t.Errorf("Search(%q, %d) = %v, want %v",
+			query, limit, results, matches[:limit])
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDataIntegrity(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -215,11 +301,13 @@ func BenchmarkGet(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkSearch(b *testing.B) {
+	const limit = 50
+
 	queries := []string{"Google", "Amazon", "Microsoft", "University"}
 
 	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	for i := range b.N {
-		asinfo.Search(queries[i%len(queries)])
+		asinfo.Search(queries[i%len(queries)], limit)
 	}
 }

pkg/asinfo/doc.go

@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ Basic usage:
 	// Get just the description
 	desc := asinfo.GetDescription(15169) // "Google LLC"
 
-	// Search for AS entries
-	results := asinfo.Search("University")
+	// Search the handles and descriptions, ignoring case, for the first 10
+	// matches in AS number order and the number of all matches
+	results, total := asinfo.Search("university", 10)
+	fmt.Printf("%d matches\n", total)
 	for _, as := range results {
 		fmt.Printf("AS%d: %s\n", as.ASN, as.Description)
 	}

pkg/asinfo/example_test.go

@@ -21,9 +21,16 @@ func ExampleGetDescription() {
 }
 
 func ExampleSearch() {
-	results := asinfo.Search("MIT-GATEWAY")
+	const limit = 10
+
+	results, total := asinfo.Search("mit-gateway", limit)
+
+	fmt.Printf("%d of %d matches\n", len(results), total)
+
 	for _, info := range results {
 		fmt.Printf("AS%d: %s - %s\n", info.ASN, info.Handle, info.Description)
 	}
-	// Output: AS3: MIT-GATEWAYS - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+	// Output:
+	// 1 of 1 matches
+	// AS3: MIT-GATEWAYS - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 }