Add the HTTP hardening the policy requires before 1.0 (closes #108)

Every answer carries the six security headers REPO_POLICIES.md lists.
The Content-Security-Policy allows inline content only with a nonce made
for that answer; the pages put it on their style and script blocks and
drop their four style attributes.

The request log and /ip/ take a forwarded address only from a proxy
listed in TRUSTED_PROXIES, which stops the start when set but invalid:
the last X-Forwarded-For entry that is not a trusted proxy. X-Real-IP
and True-Client-IP are no longer read.

The JSON routes and the health check send fixed messages in place of
database, parser and resolver errors, and log the detail.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ DEBUG=routewatch ./routewatch
   picked at random, each with its newest route (HTML)
 - `GET /prefixlength6/{length}` - The same for IPv6
 - `GET /ip/{addr}` - The same JSON answer as `/api/v1/ip/{ip}`
-- `GET /ip/` - The same, for the caller's own address, or the one a proxy names
-  in `True-Client-IP`, `X-Real-IP` or `X-Forwarded-For`
+- `GET /ip/` - The same, for the caller's own address: the address the request
+  came from or, when that is a trusted proxy (`TRUSTED_PROXIES`, see
+  Configuration), the client address in its `X-Forwarded-For`
 
 ### API v1
 
@@ -84,7 +85,17 @@ and 4 seconds for the database reads behind `/status.json` and `/api/v1/stats`.
 An AS number, prefix or mask length that does not parse answers 400, as does a
 mask length out of range for its IP version. An AS the database does not hold,
 or a prefix with no live route, answers 404. The HTML pages give these errors as
-plain text.
+plain text. A 500 answer says only `Internal server error`, and a host name that
+does not resolve only `could not resolve host name`; the detail goes to the log.
+
+Every answer carries `Strict-Transport-Security`, `Content-Security-Policy`,
+`X-Frame-Options`, `X-Content-Type-Options`, `Referrer-Policy` and
+`Permissions-Policy`. The Content-Security-Policy lets a page load content only
+from the server, and does not allow inline content with `'unsafe-inline'`: the
+pages keep their CSS and JavaScript in inline `<style>` and `<script>` blocks,
+so each answer's policy names a random nonce made for that answer, and the
+browser applies or runs only the blocks that carry it. The pages therefore use
+no `style` attributes, which a nonce cannot cover.
 
 An origin AS of 0 (`origin_asn` in a route, `asn` in an IP lookup, the key `0`
 in a prefix's `origins`) means the route has no known origin: its AS path ends
@@ -247,10 +258,20 @@ Configuration is handled via environment variables and OS-specific paths:
 | `XDG_DATA_HOME`    | `/var/lib` (in the Docker image) | Base of the state directory; must be an absolute path       |
 | `GOMEMLIMIT`       | `1536MiB` (in the Docker image)  | Go soft memory limit; see Memory                            |
 | `MALLOC_ARENA_MAX` | `2` (in the Docker image)        | glibc malloc arena cap, a positive whole number; see Memory |
+| `TRUSTED_PROXIES`  | (empty)                          | Addresses and CIDR ranges of trusted proxies; see below     |
 
 A variable that is set to an invalid value stops the start with an error and a
 non-zero exit. An empty variable counts as unset.
 
+`TRUSTED_PROXIES` lists the reverse proxies whose `X-Forwarded-For` the server
+believes, comma-separated, such as `10.0.0.0/8,192.0.2.1`. For a request from
+one of them, the request log and `/ip/` use the last address in
+`X-Forwarded-For` that is not a trusted proxy: each proxy adds the address it
+received the request from to the end, so the entries before it are whatever the
+client sent. For a request from any other address they use the address the
+request came from, whatever forwarding headers it carries. `X-Real-IP` and
+`True-Client-IP` are not read.
+
 State directory (database location):
 
 - macOS: `~/Library/Application Support/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch/`
@@ -336,9 +357,12 @@ What the [upaas](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/upaas) app needs:
 
 - Container port: `8080`.
 - Volume: one, at container path `/var/lib/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch`.
-- Environment: nothing is required. Leave `XDG_DATA_HOME`, `GOMEMLIMIT` and
-  `MALLOC_ARENA_MAX` at the image's values. `DEBUG=routewatch` is optional and
-  adds the `System stats` memory line to the log.
+- Environment: `TRUSTED_PROXIES`, set to the address the reverse proxy in front
+  of the app connects from, as the container sees it; without it the request log
+  and `/ip/` give the proxy's address for every request. Nothing else is needed:
+  leave `XDG_DATA_HOME`, `GOMEMLIMIT` and `MALLOC_ARENA_MAX` at the image's
+  values. `DEBUG=routewatch` is optional and adds the `System stats` memory line
+  to the log.
 - Memory Limit: `5g`, the 5 GiB limit from Memory above. upaas sets no swap
   limit, so on a host with swap Docker allows the same amount of swap again.
 - Health check: the image's `HEALTHCHECK` requests

internal/config/config.go

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ package config
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -32,6 +34,8 @@ var (
 	errRelativeXDGDataHome = errors.New("XDG_DATA_HOME must be an absolute path")
 	errUnsupportedOS       = errors.New("unsupported operating system")
 	errInvalidPort         = errors.New("PORT must be a whole number")
+	errInvalidProxy        = errors.New(
+		"TRUSTED_PROXIES must list IP addresses and CIDR ranges, comma-separated")
 )
 
 // Config holds configuration for the entire application
@@ -42,6 +46,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Port is the TCP port the HTTP server listens on
 	Port int
 
+	// TrustedProxies are the reverse proxies whose X-Forwarded-For header
+	// the HTTP server believes
+	TrustedProxies []netip.Prefix
+
 	// MaxRuntime is the maximum runtime (0 = run forever)
 	MaxRuntime time.Duration
 
@@ -68,9 +76,15 @@ func New() (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	trustedProxies, err := getTrustedProxies()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return &Config{
-		StateDir: stateDir,
-		Port:     port,
+		StateDir:       stateDir,
+		Port:           port,
+		TrustedProxies: trustedProxies,
 		// Run forever by default
 		MaxRuntime: 0,
 		// Enable batching by default
@@ -145,6 +159,38 @@ func getPort() (int, error) {
 	return int(port), nil
 }
 
+// getTrustedProxies returns the addresses and CIDR ranges listed in
+// TRUSTED_PROXIES, such as "10.0.0.0/8,192.0.2.1", or none when it is not set.
+// An address is returned as a range holding only that address.
+func getTrustedProxies() ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
+	value := os.Getenv("TRUSTED_PROXIES")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var proxies []netip.Prefix
+
+	for entry := range strings.SplitSeq(value, ",") {
+		entry = strings.TrimSpace(entry)
+
+		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(entry)
+		if err == nil {
+			proxies = append(proxies, netip.PrefixFrom(addr, addr.BitLen()))
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(entry)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w, got %q", errInvalidProxy, entry)
+		}
+
+		proxies = append(proxies, prefix)
+	}
+
+	return proxies, nil
+}
+
 // EnsureDirectories creates all necessary directories if they don't exist
 func (c *Config) EnsureDirectories() error {
 	// Ensure state directory exists

internal/config/config_internal_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -44,6 +46,55 @@ func TestNewRefusesInvalidPort(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestNewReadsTrustedProxies(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PORT", "")
+	t.Setenv("XDG_DATA_HOME", "")
+
+	t.Setenv("TRUSTED_PROXIES", "")
+
+	cfg, err := New()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("New() without TRUSTED_PROXIES: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.TrustedProxies) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("New() without TRUSTED_PROXIES: TrustedProxies = %v, want none",
+			cfg.TrustedProxies)
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("TRUSTED_PROXIES", "10.0.0.0/8, 192.0.2.1,2001:db8::/32")
+
+	cfg, err = New()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("New() with TRUSTED_PROXIES: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	want := []netip.Prefix{
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8"),
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.1/32"),
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:db8::/32"),
+	}
+	if !slices.Equal(cfg.TrustedProxies, want) {
+		t.Errorf("TrustedProxies = %v, want %v", cfg.TrustedProxies, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewRefusesInvalidTrustedProxies(t *testing.T) {
+	invalid := []string{"proxy.example", "10.0.0.0/33", "192.0.2.1:80", "192.0.2.1,"}
+	for _, value := range invalid {
+		t.Run(value, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("PORT", "")
+			t.Setenv("XDG_DATA_HOME", "")
+			t.Setenv("TRUSTED_PROXIES", value)
+
+			_, err := New()
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("New() with TRUSTED_PROXIES=%q returned no error", value)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestNewRefusesRelativeXDGDataHome(t *testing.T) {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
 		t.Skip("macOS does not read XDG_DATA_HOME")

internal/server/handlers.go

@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ const (
 	jsonStatusError = "error"
 )
 
+// Error messages an answer sends in place of the error that caused it.
+const (
+	invalidPrefixMessage   = "Invalid prefix"
+	hostNotResolvedMessage = "could not resolve host name"
+)
+
 // IP versions as database.LiveRoute.IPVersion records them.
 const (
 	ipVersionV4 = 4
@@ -68,7 +74,9 @@ func (s *Server) handleHealthCheck() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// Check database connectivity with lightweight ping
 		err := s.db.Ping(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			checks["database"] = "error: " + err.Error()
+			s.logger.Error("Health check database ping failed", "error", err)
+
+			checks["database"] = jsonStatusError
 			healthy = false
 		} else {
 			checks["database"] = "ok"
@@ -108,12 +116,12 @@ func (s *Server) handleHealthCheck() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 // handleIndex returns a handler that serves the home page.
 func (s *Server) handleIndex() http.HandlerFunc {
-	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
 
 		tmpl := templates.IndexTemplate()
 
-		err := tmpl.Execute(w, nil)
+		err := tmpl.Execute(w, pageData{CSPNonce: cspNonce(r.Context())})
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to render index template", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -121,6 +129,12 @@ func (s *Server) handleIndex() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// pageData is what the pages that show no data are rendered with: the nonce
+// their script and style blocks carry.
+type pageData struct {
+	CSPNonce string
+}
+
 // writeJSONError writes a standardized JSON error response with the given
 // status code and error message.
 func (s *Server) writeJSONError(w http.ResponseWriter, statusCode int, message string) {
@@ -251,7 +265,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleStatusJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to get database stats", "error", err)
-			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, internalErrorMessage)
 
 			return
 		}
@@ -541,7 +555,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleStats() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to get database stats", "error", err)
-			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, internalErrorMessage)
 
 			return
 		}
@@ -622,12 +636,12 @@ func (s *Server) statsResponse(
 // handleStatusHTML returns a handler that serves the HTML status page,
 // which displays real-time statistics fetched via JavaScript.
 func (s *Server) handleStatusHTML() http.HandlerFunc {
-	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
 
 		tmpl := templates.StatusTemplate()
 
-		err := tmpl.Execute(w, nil)
+		err := tmpl.Execute(w, pageData{CSPNonce: cspNonce(r.Context())})
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to render template", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -667,7 +681,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		// Collect all IPs to look up
-		ipsToLookup, resolveErrors := resolveLookupTargets(ctx, target)
+		ipsToLookup, resolveErrors := s.resolveLookupTargets(ctx, target)
 		if deadlinePassed(ctx) {
 			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusGatewayTimeout, requestTimeoutMessage)
 
@@ -695,7 +709,8 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 			}
 
 			if err != nil {
-				response.Errors = append(response.Errors, ip+": "+err.Error())
+				response.Errors = append(response.Errors,
+					ip+": "+s.lookupErrorMessage(ip, err))
 
 				continue
 			}
@@ -736,6 +751,19 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// lookupErrorMessage returns what an IP lookup answer says about err, the
+// failed lookup of ip: err's own text when ip is not a valid address or has no
+// route, otherwise a fixed message, with err in the log.
+func (s *Server) lookupErrorMessage(ip string, err error) string {
+	if errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute) || errors.Is(err, database.ErrInvalidIP) {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+
+	s.logger.Error("Failed to look up IP", "ip", ip, "error", err)
+
+	return internalErrorMessage
+}
+
 // lookupTarget returns what an IP lookup request asks for: the ip or addr URL
 // parameter, or else the client's own address.
 func lookupTarget(r *http.Request) string {
@@ -766,9 +794,12 @@ func (s *Server) queueWHOISRefresh(asns map[int]bool) {
 
 // resolveLookupTargets splits a comma-separated list of IP addresses and
 // hostnames and returns the IP addresses to look up, resolving each hostname.
-// A hostname that does not resolve is reported in the returned errors instead.
+// A hostname that does not resolve is reported in the returned errors instead,
+// with the resolver's own error only in the log, since it names the DNS server.
 // It stops once ctx's deadline has passed; the caller then answers 504.
-func resolveLookupTargets(ctx context.Context, target string) ([]string, []string) {
+func (s *Server) resolveLookupTargets(
+	ctx context.Context, target string,
+) ([]string, []string) {
 	var ipsToLookup, resolveErrors []string
 
 	for t := range strings.SplitSeq(target, ",") {
@@ -791,7 +822,8 @@ func resolveLookupTargets(ctx context.Context, target string) ([]string, []strin
 		}
 
 		if err != nil {
-			resolveErrors = append(resolveErrors, t+": "+err.Error())
+			s.logger.Warn("Host name lookup failed", "host", t, "error", err)
+			resolveErrors = append(resolveErrors, t+": "+hostNotResolvedMessage)
 
 			continue
 		}
@@ -819,7 +851,7 @@ func lookupPTRNames(ctx context.Context, ip string) []string {
 }
 
 // extractClientIP extracts the client IP from the request.
-// Works with chi's RealIP middleware which sets RemoteAddr.
+// Works with RealIPMiddleware, which sets RemoteAddr.
 func extractClientIP(r *http.Request) string {
 	// RemoteAddr is in the form "IP:port" or just "IP" for unix sockets
 	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.RemoteAddr)
@@ -854,7 +886,9 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 			if errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute) {
 				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusNotFound, err.Error())
 			} else {
-				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
+				s.logger.Error("Failed to get AS details", "asn", asn, "error", err)
+				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError,
+					internalErrorMessage)
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -933,7 +967,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// tables store, so that any valid way of writing it finds the route.
 		parsed, err := netip.ParsePrefix(prefixParam + "/" + lenParam)
 		if err != nil {
-			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, invalidPrefixMessage)
 
 			return
 		}
@@ -951,7 +985,10 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 			if errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute) {
 				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusNotFound, err.Error())
 			} else {
-				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
+				s.logger.Error("Failed to get prefix details",
+					"prefix", prefix, "error", err)
+				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError,
+					internalErrorMessage)
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -1002,7 +1039,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 				http.Error(w, "AS not found", http.StatusNotFound)
 			} else {
 				s.logger.Error("Failed to get AS details", "error", err)
-				http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+				http.Error(w, internalErrorMessage, http.StatusInternalServerError)
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -1039,6 +1076,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 			IPv6Count    int
 			Peers        []database.ASPeer
 			PeerCount    int
+			CSPNonce     string
 		}{
 			ASN:          asInfo,
 			IPv4Prefixes: ipv4Prefixes,
@@ -1048,6 +1086,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 			IPv6Count:    len(ipv6Prefixes),
 			Peers:        peers,
 			PeerCount:    len(peers),
+			CSPNonce:     cspNonce(r.Context()),
 		}
 
 		// Check if context is still valid before writing response
@@ -1058,9 +1097,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
 
-		tmpl := templates.ASDetailTemplate()
-
-		err = tmpl.Execute(w, data)
+		err = templates.ASDetailTemplate().Execute(w, data)
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to render AS detail template", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -1085,7 +1122,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// tables store, so that any valid way of writing it finds the route.
 		parsed, err := netip.ParsePrefix(prefixParam + "/" + lenParam)
 		if err != nil {
-			http.Error(w, "Invalid prefix", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			http.Error(w, invalidPrefixMessage, http.StatusBadRequest)
 
 			return
 		}
@@ -1104,7 +1141,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 				http.Error(w, "Prefix not found", http.StatusNotFound)
 			} else {
 				s.logger.Error("Failed to get prefix details", "error", err)
-				http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+				http.Error(w, internalErrorMessage, http.StatusInternalServerError)
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -1131,6 +1168,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 			Origins     []*ASNInfo
 			PeerCount   int
 			OriginCount int
+			CSPNonce    string
 		}{
 			Prefix:      prefix,
 			MaskLength:  maskLength,
@@ -1139,6 +1177,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 			Origins:     origins,
 			PeerCount:   len(routes),
 			OriginCount: len(origins),
+			CSPNonce:    cspNonce(r.Context()),
 		}
 
 		// Check if context is still valid before writing response
@@ -1151,9 +1190,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
 
-		tmpl := templates.PrefixDetailTemplate()
-
-		err = tmpl.Execute(w, data)
+		err = templates.PrefixDetailTemplate().Execute(w, data)
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to render prefix detail template", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -1303,7 +1340,7 @@ func (s *Server) prefixLengthHandler(ipVersion, maxMaskLength int) http.HandlerF
 
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to get prefixes by length", "error", err)
-			http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			http.Error(w, internalErrorMessage, http.StatusInternalServerError)
 
 			return
 		}
@@ -1324,6 +1361,7 @@ func (s *Server) prefixLengthHandler(ipVersion, maxMaskLength int) http.HandlerF
 			"IPVersion":  ipVersion,
 			"Prefixes":   prefixesWithASDescriptions(prefixes),
 			"Count":      len(prefixes),
+			"CSPNonce":   cspNonce(r.Context()),
 		}
 
 		// Check if context is still valid before writing response

internal/server/handlers_internal_test.go

@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ const (
 	testPeerV6   = "2001:db8::1"
 )
 
+// Paths several tests request.
+const (
+	asPagePath           = "/as/64500"
+	prefixLengthPagePath = "/prefixlength/24"
+	statusJSONPath       = "/status.json"
+	statsPath            = "/api/v1/stats"
+)
+
 // The names the stats handler tests report the two stats handlers by.
 const (
 	statusJSONHandlerName = "status.json"
@@ -429,7 +437,7 @@ func TestPagesSayOriginZeroIsNoKnownOrigin(t *testing.T) {
 
 	s := New(db, streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(), &config.Config{})
 
-	for _, path := range []string{"/prefix/" + testPrefixV4, "/prefixlength/24"} {
+	for _, path := range []string{"/prefix/" + testPrefixV4, prefixLengthPagePath} {
 		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
 			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
@@ -610,13 +618,13 @@ func TestRoutesAnswer504WhenDatabaseReadIsCutOff(t *testing.T) {
 		path         string
 		wantJSONBody bool
 	}{
-		{path: "/as/64500"},
+		{path: asPagePath},
 		{path: "/prefix/192.0.2.0/24"},
-		{path: "/prefixlength/24"},
+		{path: prefixLengthPagePath},
 		{path: "/prefixlength6/48"},
-		{path: "/status.json", wantJSONBody: true},
+		{path: statusJSONPath, wantJSONBody: true},
 		{path: "/ip/192.0.2.1", wantJSONBody: true},
-		{path: "/api/v1/stats", wantJSONBody: true},
+		{path: statsPath, wantJSONBody: true},
 		{path: "/api/v1/ip/192.0.2.1", wantJSONBody: true},
 		{path: "/api/v1/as/64500", wantJSONBody: true},
 		{path: "/api/v1/prefix/192.0.2.0/24", wantJSONBody: true},
@@ -689,9 +697,9 @@ func TestRoutesAnswer504WhenSecondDatabaseReadIsCutOff(t *testing.T) {
 		path         string
 		wantJSONBody bool
 	}{
-		{path: "/as/64500"},
-		{path: "/status.json", wantJSONBody: true},
-		{path: "/api/v1/stats", wantJSONBody: true},
+		{path: asPagePath},
+		{path: statusJSONPath, wantJSONBody: true},
+		{path: statsPath, wantJSONBody: true},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -758,6 +766,86 @@ func checkJSONErrorCode(
 	}
 }
 
+// errDiskIO is the database driver's error failingDB answers with.
+var errDiskIO = errors.New("disk I/O error")
+
+// failingDB embeds database.Store (left nil) and fails the reads of the JSON
+// routes and the health check's ping with errDiskIO. Every other Store method
+// is unused and would panic if called.
+type failingDB struct {
+	database.Store
+}
+
+func (failingDB) Ping(_ context.Context) error {
+	return errDiskIO
+}
+
+func (failingDB) GetStatsContext(_ context.Context) (database.Stats, error) {
+	return database.Stats{}, errDiskIO
+}
+
+func (failingDB) GetIPInfoContext(
+	_ context.Context, _ string,
+) (*database.IPInfo, error) {
+	return nil, errDiskIO
+}
+
+func (failingDB) GetASDetailsContext(
+	_ context.Context, _ int,
+) (*database.ASN, []database.LiveRoute, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errDiskIO
+}
+
+func (failingDB) GetPrefixDetailsContext(
+	_ context.Context, _ string,
+) ([]database.LiveRoute, map[int]database.ASN, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errDiskIO
+}
+
+// TestJSONRoutesDoNotSendErrorDetails sends a request to each JSON route and
+// the health check with a store whose reads fail with the driver's error text,
+// and a prefix that does not parse, and checks that no answer carries the
+// driver's or the prefix parser's text. Before the fix the answers sent it to
+// the client (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/108). The IP lookup
+// answers 404, as it does whenever no address could be looked up.
+func TestJSONRoutesDoNotSendErrorDetails(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := New(failingDB{}, streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(),
+		&config.Config{})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		path     string
+		wantCode int
+	}{
+		{"/.well-known/healthcheck.json", http.StatusServiceUnavailable},
+		{statusJSONPath, http.StatusInternalServerError},
+		{statsPath, http.StatusInternalServerError},
+		{"/api/v1/as/64500", http.StatusInternalServerError},
+		{"/api/v1/prefix/192.0.2.0/24", http.StatusInternalServerError},
+		{"/api/v1/ip/192.0.2.1", http.StatusNotFound},
+		{"/api/v1/prefix/foo/24", http.StatusBadRequest},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, tt.path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != tt.wantCode {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				tt.path, rec.Code, tt.wantCode, rec.Body)
+		}
+
+		for _, detail := range []string{errDiskIO.Error(), "netip"} {
+			if strings.Contains(rec.Body.String(), detail) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: body %s carries the error text %q",
+					tt.path, rec.Body, detail)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // settledGoroutineCount lets transient goroutines finish, then reports the
 // current count.
 func settledGoroutineCount() int {

internal/server/middleware.go

@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@ package server
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -118,6 +122,10 @@ func JSONResponseMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 // requestTimeoutMessage is the error message sent with 504 Gateway Timeout.
 const requestTimeoutMessage = "Request timeout"
 
+// internalErrorMessage is the error message sent with 500 Internal Server
+// Error, whatever went wrong; the handler logs the detail.
+const internalErrorMessage = "Internal server error"
+
 // deadlinePassed reports whether ctx ended because its deadline passed.
 //
 // A handler calls it right after each database read or host name lookup,
@@ -194,7 +202,7 @@ func JSONValidationMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 
 		w.WriteHeader(statusCode)
 
-		errorMsg := "Internal server error"
+		errorMsg := internalErrorMessage
 		if statusCode == http.StatusGatewayTimeout {
 			errorMsg = requestTimeoutMessage
 		}
@@ -296,3 +304,105 @@ func DecodedPathMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 	})
 }
+
+// The values of the headers SecurityHeadersMiddleware sets.
+const (
+	// strictTransportSecurity tells browsers to reach this host and its
+	// subdomains only over HTTPS for a year. The server listens on plain
+	// HTTP behind a TLS-terminating proxy, which passes the header on.
+	strictTransportSecurity = "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
+
+	// contentSecurityPolicy lets a page load content only from this server,
+	// and run or apply an inline script or style block only when the block
+	// carries the nonce made for that answer, which replaces %[1]s. No other
+	// site may frame the pages.
+	contentSecurityPolicy = "default-src 'self'; " +
+		"script-src 'nonce-%[1]s'; style-src 'nonce-%[1]s'; " +
+		"frame-ancestors 'none'; base-uri 'none'; form-action 'self'"
+
+	frameOptions       = "DENY"
+	contentTypeOptions = "nosniff"
+	referrerPolicy     = "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+
+	// permissionsPolicy turns off browser features the pages do not use.
+	permissionsPolicy = "accelerometer=(), camera=(), geolocation=(), " +
+		"gyroscope=(), magnetometer=(), microphone=(), payment=(), usb=()"
+)
+
+// cspNonceKey is the request context key of the nonce SecurityHeadersMiddleware
+// made for the answer.
+type cspNonceKey struct{}
+
+// SecurityHeadersMiddleware sets the security headers REPO_POLICIES.md requires
+// on every answer. Each answer's Content-Security-Policy names a nonce of its
+// own; a page reads it with cspNonce and writes it on its script and style
+// blocks.
+func SecurityHeadersMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		nonce := rand.Text()
+
+		header := w.Header()
+		header.Set("Strict-Transport-Security", strictTransportSecurity)
+		header.Set("Content-Security-Policy",
+			fmt.Sprintf(contentSecurityPolicy, nonce))
+		header.Set("X-Frame-Options", frameOptions)
+		header.Set("X-Content-Type-Options", contentTypeOptions)
+		header.Set("Referrer-Policy", referrerPolicy)
+		header.Set("Permissions-Policy", permissionsPolicy)
+
+		ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), cspNonceKey{}, nonce)
+		next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	})
+}
+
+// cspNonce returns the nonce SecurityHeadersMiddleware made for the answer to
+// the request with ctx.
+func cspNonce(ctx context.Context) string {
+	nonce, _ := ctx.Value(cspNonceKey{}).(string)
+
+	return nonce
+}
+
+// RealIPMiddleware gives a request from one of trustedProxies the address of
+// the client the proxies forwarded it for as its RemoteAddr: the last
+// X-Forwarded-For entry that is not a trusted proxy. Each proxy appends the
+// address it took the request from, so the entries left of that one are
+// whatever the client sent. A request from any other peer keeps the peer's
+// address, whatever headers it carries.
+func RealIPMiddleware(trustedProxies []netip.Prefix) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	isTrusted := func(addr netip.Addr) bool {
+		return slices.ContainsFunc(trustedProxies, func(proxy netip.Prefix) bool {
+			return proxy.Contains(addr.Unmap())
+		})
+	}
+
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			peer, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(r.RemoteAddr)
+			if err != nil || !isTrusted(peer.Addr()) {
+				next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			// A header sent on several lines is one list.
+			entries := strings.Split(
+				strings.Join(r.Header.Values("X-Forwarded-For"), ","), ",")
+
+			for _, entry := range slices.Backward(entries) {
+				addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(strings.TrimSpace(entry))
+				if err != nil {
+					break
+				}
+
+				r.RemoteAddr = addr.String()
+
+				if !isTrusted(addr) {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/server/middleware_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// The addresses the forwarding tests use: the client a proxy names in
+// X-Forwarded-For, a peer inside the trusted range of
+// TestRealIPMiddlewareTrustsOnlyConfiguredProxies, and a peer outside it,
+// which lies in testPrefixV4 so that an IP lookup of it finds a route.
+const (
+	forwardedClient   = "203.0.113.9"
+	trustedPeer       = "10.0.0.2:1234"
+	untrustedPeerAddr = "192.0.2.1"
+	untrustedPeer     = untrustedPeerAddr + ":1234"
+)
+
+// TestResponsesCarrySecurityHeaders checks that a page, a JSON route and a
+// path no route matches each answer with the security headers REPO_POLICIES.md
+// requires, and that the Content-Security-Policy allows no inline content
+// without a nonce (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/108).
+func TestResponsesCarrySecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	headers := []string{
+		"Strict-Transport-Security",
+		"Content-Security-Policy",
+		"X-Frame-Options",
+		"X-Content-Type-Options",
+		"Referrer-Policy",
+		"Permissions-Policy",
+	}
+
+	for _, path := range []string{"/", statsPath, "/no-such-page"} {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		for _, name := range headers {
+			if rec.Header().Get(name) == "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s: no %s header", path, name)
+			}
+		}
+
+		policy := rec.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy")
+		if strings.Contains(policy, "'unsafe-") {
+			t.Errorf("%s: Content-Security-Policy %q allows unsafe content",
+				path, policy)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPagesCarryTheCSPNonce checks that every script and style block of each
+// page carries the nonce its Content-Security-Policy header names, so that the
+// browser runs and applies them, that each answer has a nonce of its own, and
+// that no page uses a style attribute, which the policy does not allow.
+func TestPagesCarryTheCSPNonce(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	_, err := s.db.GetOrCreateASN(64500, time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASN: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	paths := []string{
+		"/", "/status", asPagePath, "/prefix/" + testPrefixV4,
+		prefixLengthPagePath, "/prefixlength6/32",
+	}
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(), http.MethodGet, path, nil))
+
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
+				path, rec.Code, http.StatusOK, rec.Body)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		policy := rec.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy")
+
+		_, nonce, found := strings.Cut(policy, "'nonce-")
+		if !found {
+			t.Errorf("%s: Content-Security-Policy %q names no nonce", path, policy)
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		nonce, _, _ = strings.Cut(nonce, "'")
+		if seen[nonce] {
+			t.Errorf("%s: nonce %q was already used for another answer", path, nonce)
+		}
+
+		seen[nonce] = true
+		page := rec.Body.String()
+
+		for _, tag := range []string{"<script", "<style"} {
+			withNonce := tag + ` nonce="` + nonce + `"`
+			if strings.Count(page, tag) != strings.Count(page, withNonce) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: a %s tag does not carry the nonce %q", path, tag, nonce)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if strings.Contains(page, "style=") {
+			t.Errorf("%s: the page uses a style attribute", path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestForwardedForFromUntrustedPeerIsIgnored asks /ip/ for the caller's own
+// address from a peer that is not a trusted proxy, with forwarding headers
+// naming another address, and checks that the lookup is for the TCP peer.
+// Before the fix any client could choose the address it was looked up and
+// logged as (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/108).
+func TestForwardedForFromUntrustedPeerIsIgnored(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/ip/", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = untrustedPeer
+	req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", forwardedClient)
+	req.Header.Set("X-Real-IP", forwardedClient)
+	req.Header.Set("True-Client-IP", forwardedClient)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	var body struct {
+		Data IPLookupResponse `json:"data"`
+	}
+
+	err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decoding the answer %q: %v", rec.Body, err)
+	}
+
+	if body.Data.Query != untrustedPeerAddr {
+		t.Errorf("looked up %q, want the TCP peer %s; answer %s",
+			body.Data.Query, untrustedPeerAddr, rec.Body)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRealIPMiddlewareTrustsOnlyConfiguredProxies checks which address
+// RealIPMiddleware gives a request: the TCP peer, unless the peer is a trusted
+// proxy; then the last X-Forwarded-For entry that is not a trusted proxy,
+// since the entries left of it are whatever the client sent.
+func TestRealIPMiddlewareTrustsOnlyConfiguredProxies(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	trusted := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		peer         string
+		forwardedFor string
+		want         string
+	}{
+		{"untrusted peer", untrustedPeer, forwardedClient, untrustedPeer},
+		{"trusted peer", trustedPeer, forwardedClient, forwardedClient},
+		{
+			"entries the client wrote", trustedPeer,
+			"198.51.100.7, " + forwardedClient, forwardedClient,
+		},
+		{
+			"two trusted proxies", trustedPeer,
+			forwardedClient + ", 10.0.0.3", forwardedClient,
+		},
+		{"no header", trustedPeer, "", trustedPeer},
+		{"entry not an address", trustedPeer, "client", trustedPeer},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		var got string
+
+		handler := RealIPMiddleware(trusted)(http.HandlerFunc(
+			func(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { got = r.RemoteAddr }))
+
+		req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+		req.RemoteAddr = tt.peer
+
+		if tt.forwardedFor != "" {
+			req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", tt.forwardedFor)
+		}
+
+		handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: RemoteAddr %q, want %q", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ func (s *Server) setupRoutes() {
 
 	// Middleware
 	r.Use(DecodedPathMiddleware)
+	r.Use(SecurityHeadersMiddleware)
 	r.Use(middleware.RequestID)
-	r.Use(middleware.RealIP)
+	r.Use(RealIPMiddleware(s.trustedProxies))
 	r.Use(RequestLoggerMiddleware(s.logger.Logger)) // Structured request logging
 	r.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
 	r.Use(JSONResponseMiddleware)

internal/server/server.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
@@ -40,6 +41,10 @@ type Server struct {
 	port       int
 	srv        *http.Server
 	asnFetcher ASNFetcher
+
+	// trustedProxies are the reverse proxies whose X-Forwarded-For header
+	// RealIPMiddleware believes
+	trustedProxies []netip.Prefix
 }
 
 // New creates a new HTTP server
@@ -50,10 +55,11 @@ func New(
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *Server {
 	s := &Server{
-		db:       db,
-		streamer: streamer,
-		logger:   logger,
-		port:     cfg.Port,
+		db:             db,
+		streamer:       streamer,
+		logger:         logger,
+		port:           cfg.Port,
+		trustedProxies: cfg.TrustedProxies,
 	}
 
 	s.setupRoutes()

internal/templates/as_detail.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
     <title>AS{{.ASN.ASN}} - {{.ASN.Handle}} - RouteWatch</title>
-    <style>
+    <style nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         * {
             box-sizing: border-box;
         }

internal/templates/index.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
     <title>RouteWatch - BGP Route Monitor</title>
-    <style>
+    <style nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         * {
             box-sizing: border-box;
         }
@@ -167,6 +167,13 @@
             color: #95a5a6;
             margin-top: 8px;
         }
+        #asname-results p {
+            color: #7f8c8d;
+            margin-top: 12px;
+        }
+        #asname-results .search-message {
+            font-size: 13px;
+        }
 
         /* IP Lookup result */
         .ip-result {
@@ -329,7 +336,7 @@
         <span><a href="{{appGitCommitURL}}">{{appGitRevision}}</a></span>
     </footer>
 
-    <script>
+    <script nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         function formatNumber(num) {
             if (num >= 1000000) {
                 return (num / 1000000).toFixed(1) + 'M';
@@ -387,7 +394,7 @@
             if (!query) return;
 
             const resultsDiv = document.getElementById('asname-results');
-            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="loading" style="color: #7f8c8d; margin-top: 12px;">Searching...</p>';
+            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="loading">Searching...</p>';
 
             // Use a simple client-side search against the asinfo data
             // For now, redirect to AS page if it looks like an ASN
@@ -397,7 +404,7 @@
             }
 
             // Show a message that server-side search is coming
-            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p style="color: #7f8c8d; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 13px;">AS name search coming soon. For now, try an AS number.</p>';
+            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="search-message">AS name search coming soon. For now, try an AS number.</p>';
         });
 
         // IP lookup

internal/templates/prefix_detail.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
     <title>{{.Prefix}} - RouteWatch</title>
-    <style>
+    <style nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         * {
             box-sizing: border-box;
         }
@@ -221,6 +221,10 @@
             border-radius: 4px;
             border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
         }
+        .origin-item .peer-count {
+            color: #7f8c8d;
+            margin-left: 10px;
+        }
         .empty-state {
             text-align: center;
             padding: 40px;
@@ -288,7 +292,7 @@
                     {{else}}
                     No known origin
                     {{end}}
-                    <span style="color: #7f8c8d; margin-left: 10px;">{{.PeerCount}} peer{{if ne .PeerCount 1}}s{{end}}</span>
+                    <span class="peer-count">{{.PeerCount}} peer{{if ne .PeerCount 1}}s{{end}}</span>
                 </div>
                 {{end}}
             </div>

internal/templates/prefix_length.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
     <title>Prefixes with /{{ .MaskLength }} - RouteWatch</title>
-    <style>
+    <style nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         * {
             box-sizing: border-box;
         }

internal/templates/status.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
     <title>RouteWatch Status</title>
-    <style>
+    <style nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         * {
             box-sizing: border-box;
         }
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@
             color: #ef4444;
         }
         .error {
+            display: none;
             background: #fee;
             color: #c00;
             padding: 10px;
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@
     </nav>
 
     <main class="main-content">
-    <div id="error" class="error" style="display: none;"></div>
+    <div id="error" class="error"></div>
     <div class="status-grid">
         <div class="status-card">
             <h2>RouteWatch</h2>
@@ -383,8 +384,8 @@
     <div id="handler-stats-container" class="status-grid">
         <!-- Handler stats will be dynamically added here -->
     </div>
-    
-    <script>
+
+    <script nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
         function formatBytes(bytes) {
             if (bytes === 0) return '0 B';
             const k = 1024;