Make live route writes cheaper so the prefix handler keeps up (closes #96)

The live route tables lose their random UUID key: the row id, which the
prefix-length sample draws, is now declared as the integer key. The prefix
tables are keyed by the prefix, without the UUID or the duplicate index.
A route update sets only the columns that change, so SQLite no longer
rewrites the mask length indexes on every update, nor the origin index
while the origin AS stays the same. Each kept index names the queries
that use it. BenchmarkPrefixBatchOnFiveMillionRoutes, run by hand, times
one 25,000-update batch on 5 million routes.

Model: opus-5-5

internal/database/counts_internal_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ func mkV4Route(t *testing.T, prefix string, asn int, ts time.Time) *LiveRoute {
 	}
 
 	return &LiveRoute{
-		ID:          uuid.New(),
 		Prefix:      prefix,
 		MaskLength:  maskLength,
 		IPVersion:   ipVersionV4,
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ func mkV4Route(t *testing.T, prefix string, asn int, ts time.Time) *LiveRoute {
 // mkV6Route builds an IPv6 live route.
 func mkV6Route(prefix string, asn int, ts time.Time) *LiveRoute {
 	return &LiveRoute{
-		ID:          uuid.New(),
 		Prefix:      prefix,
 		MaskLength:  32,
 		IPVersion:   ipVersionV6,

internal/database/database.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
 )
 
@@ -234,30 +233,42 @@ func (d *Database) Close() error {
 	return d.db.Close()
 }
 
-// A live-route upsert is an UPDATE followed, only when no row matched, by an
-// INSERT. A live route is keyed by prefix and peer, so an announcement replaces
-// the peer's route for the prefix whatever its origin AS. The UPDATE's
-// rows-affected count (1 for an existing key, 0 for a new one) is what lets the
-// in-memory route counters stay exact without a COUNT(*). Callers hold the
-// database write lock, so no other writer can insert the same key between the
-// two statements. The id column is set only on INSERT, so an updated route
-// keeps its original id, exactly as the previous ON CONFLICT upsert did.
+// A live-route upsert sets the origin AS of the peer's route for the prefix
+// when the announcement changes it, then updates the rest of the route, and
+// inserts the route only when that update matched no row. A live route is keyed
+// by prefix and peer, so an announcement replaces the peer's route for the
+// prefix whatever its origin AS. The update's rows-affected count (1 for an
+// existing key, 0 for a new one) is what lets the in-memory route counters stay
+// exact without a COUNT(*). Callers hold the database write lock, so no other
+// writer can insert the same key between the statements.
+//
+// SQLite rewrites a row's entry in every index on a column an UPDATE sets, even
+// when the value stays the same, so the update sets only the columns that
+// change: mask_length follows from the prefix, and origin_asn has a statement
+// of its own that changes nothing when the origin AS stays the same, as it
+// mostly does.
 const (
+	updateLiveRouteOriginV4SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v4 SET origin_asn = ?
+		WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ? AND origin_asn != ?`
+
 	updateLiveRouteV4SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v4
-		SET mask_length = ?, origin_asn = ?, as_path = ?, next_hop = ?,
-		last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
+		SET as_path = ?, next_hop = ?, last_updated = ?
+		WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
 
 	insertLiveRouteV4SQL = `INSERT INTO live_routes_v4
-		(id, prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip, as_path, next_hop,
-		last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
+		(prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip, as_path, next_hop,
+		last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
+
+	updateLiveRouteOriginV6SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v6 SET origin_asn = ?
+		WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ? AND origin_asn != ?`
 
 	updateLiveRouteV6SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v6
-		SET mask_length = ?, origin_asn = ?, as_path = ?, next_hop = ?,
-		last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
+		SET as_path = ?, next_hop = ?, last_updated = ?
+		WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
 
 	insertLiveRouteV6SQL = `INSERT INTO live_routes_v6
-		(id, prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip, as_path, next_hop,
-		last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
+		(prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip, as_path, next_hop,
+		last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
 )
 
 // Before a new route is inserted and after a route is deleted, the write looks
@@ -278,15 +289,22 @@ const (
 		WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
 )
 
-// upsertRouteRow updates a live route with the update statement of its IP
-// version's table, inserting it when no row matched. It reports whether a new
-// row was inserted and whether that row is the first live route for its prefix.
+// upsertRouteRow updates a live route with the origin and update statements of
+// its IP version's table, inserting it when no row matched. It reports whether
+// a new row was inserted and whether that row is the first live route for its
+// prefix.
 func upsertRouteRow(
-	ctx context.Context, upd, ins, has *sql.Stmt, route *LiveRoute,
+	ctx context.Context, setOrigin, upd, ins, has *sql.Stmt, route *LiveRoute,
 	pathJSON string,
 ) (bool, bool, error) {
-	res, err := upd.ExecContext(ctx, route.MaskLength, route.OriginASN, pathJSON,
-		route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated, route.Prefix, route.PeerIP)
+	_, err := setOrigin.ExecContext(ctx, route.OriginASN, route.Prefix,
+		route.PeerIP, route.OriginASN)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, false, err
+	}
+
+	res, err := upd.ExecContext(ctx, pathJSON, route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated,
+		route.Prefix, route.PeerIP)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, false, err
 	}
@@ -307,9 +325,9 @@ func upsertRouteRow(
 		return false, false, err
 	}
 
-	_, err = ins.ExecContext(ctx, route.ID.String(), route.Prefix,
-		route.MaskLength, route.OriginASN, route.PeerIP, pathJSON,
-		route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated)
+	_, err = ins.ExecContext(ctx, route.Prefix, route.MaskLength,
+		route.OriginASN, route.PeerIP, pathJSON, route.NextHop,
+		route.LastUpdated)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, false, err
 	}
@@ -327,13 +345,23 @@ func upsertRoutesInTable(
 		return 0, nil, nil
 	}
 
-	family, updateSQL, insertSQL, lookupSQL := ipv4Family, updateLiveRouteV4SQL,
-		insertLiveRouteV4SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV4SQL
+	family, originSQL, updateSQL := ipv4Family, updateLiveRouteOriginV4SQL,
+		updateLiveRouteV4SQL
+	insertSQL, lookupSQL := insertLiveRouteV4SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV4SQL
+
 	if ipVersion == ipVersionV6 {
-		family, updateSQL, insertSQL, lookupSQL = ipv6Family,
-			updateLiveRouteV6SQL, insertLiveRouteV6SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV6SQL
+		family, originSQL, updateSQL = ipv6Family, updateLiveRouteOriginV6SQL,
+			updateLiveRouteV6SQL
+		insertSQL, lookupSQL = insertLiveRouteV6SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV6SQL
 	}
 
+	setOrigin, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, originSQL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare %s origin statement: %w",
+			family, err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = setOrigin.Close() }()
+
 	upd, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, updateSQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare %s update statement: %w",
@@ -365,8 +393,8 @@ func upsertRoutesInTable(
 			return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode AS path: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		inserted, newPrefix, err := upsertRouteRow(ctx, upd, ins, has, route,
-			string(pathJSON))
+		inserted, newPrefix, err := upsertRouteRow(ctx, setOrigin, upd, ins, has,
+			route, string(pathJSON))
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to upsert route %s: %w",
 				route.Prefix, err)
@@ -684,39 +712,33 @@ func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRoutesOfPeer(peerIP string) (int, error) {
 }
 
 // upsertPrefix updates the last_seen time of prefix with the statements of its
-// IP version's table, inserting the prefix when it is new. It reports whether
-// it inserted it.
+// IP version's table, inserting the prefix when the update matched no row. It
+// reports whether it inserted it.
 func upsertPrefix(
-	ctx context.Context, selectStmt, updateStmt, insertStmt *sql.Stmt,
+	ctx context.Context, updateStmt, insertStmt *sql.Stmt,
 	prefix string, timestamp time.Time,
 ) (bool, error) {
-	var id string
-
-	err := selectStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx, prefix).Scan(&id)
-
-	switch {
-	case err == nil:
-		// Prefix exists, update last_seen
-		_, err = updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, timestamp, prefix)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to update prefix %s: %w",
-				prefix, err)
-		}
-
-		return false, nil
-	case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows):
-		// Prefix doesn't exist, create it
-		_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, generateUUID().String(), prefix,
-			timestamp, timestamp)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to insert prefix %s: %w",
-				prefix, err)
-		}
-
-		return true, nil
-	default:
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to query prefix %s: %w", prefix, err)
+	res, err := updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, timestamp, prefix)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to update prefix %s: %w", prefix, err)
 	}
+
+	affected, err := res.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to count updated prefix %s: %w",
+			prefix, err)
+	}
+
+	if affected > 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, prefix, timestamp, timestamp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to insert prefix %s: %w", prefix, err)
+	}
+
+	return true, nil
 }
 
 // upsertPrefixesInTable updates the last_seen time of prefixes, all of one IP
@@ -731,26 +753,17 @@ func upsertPrefixesInTable(
 	}
 
 	family := ipv4Family
-	selectSQL := "SELECT id FROM prefixes_v4 WHERE prefix = ?"
 	updateSQL := "UPDATE prefixes_v4 SET last_seen = ? WHERE prefix = ?"
-	insertSQL := "INSERT INTO prefixes_v4 (id, prefix, first_seen, last_seen) " +
-		"VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)"
+	insertSQL := "INSERT INTO prefixes_v4 (prefix, first_seen, last_seen) " +
+		"VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
 
 	if ipVersion == ipVersionV6 {
 		family = ipv6Family
-		selectSQL = "SELECT id FROM prefixes_v6 WHERE prefix = ?"
 		updateSQL = "UPDATE prefixes_v6 SET last_seen = ? WHERE prefix = ?"
-		insertSQL = "INSERT INTO prefixes_v6 (id, prefix, first_seen, last_seen) " +
-			"VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)"
+		insertSQL = "INSERT INTO prefixes_v6 (prefix, first_seen, last_seen) " +
+			"VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
 	}
 
-	selectStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, selectSQL)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare %s select statement: %w",
-			family, err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = selectStmt.Close() }()
-
 	updateStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, updateSQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare %s update statement: %w",
@@ -768,8 +781,8 @@ func upsertPrefixesInTable(
 	var newPrefixes int
 
 	for prefix, timestamp := range prefixes {
-		inserted, err := upsertPrefix(ctx, selectStmt, updateStmt, insertStmt,
-			prefix, timestamp)
+		inserted, err := upsertPrefix(ctx, updateStmt, insertStmt, prefix,
+			timestamp)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
@@ -1047,22 +1060,19 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreatePrefix(
 		tableName = "prefixes_v6"
 	}
 
-	var (
-		p     Prefix
-		idStr string
-	)
+	var p Prefix
 
-	query := fmt.Sprintf("SELECT id, prefix, first_seen, last_seen "+
+	query := fmt.Sprintf("SELECT prefix, first_seen, last_seen "+
 		"FROM %s WHERE prefix = ?", tableName)
 
-	err = tx.QueryRow(query, prefix).Scan(&idStr, &p.Prefix, &p.FirstSeen, &p.LastSeen)
+	err = tx.QueryRow(query, prefix).Scan(&p.Prefix, &p.FirstSeen, &p.LastSeen)
 	if err == nil {
 		// Prefix exists, update last_seen
-		p.ID, _ = uuid.Parse(idStr)
 		p.IPVersion = ipVersion
-		updateQuery := fmt.Sprintf("UPDATE %s SET last_seen = ? WHERE id = ?", tableName)
+		updateQuery := fmt.Sprintf("UPDATE %s SET last_seen = ? WHERE prefix = ?",
+			tableName)
 
-		_, err = tx.Exec(updateQuery, timestamp, p.ID.String())
+		_, err = tx.Exec(updateQuery, timestamp, prefix)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -1085,12 +1095,12 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreatePrefix(
 	}
 
 	// Prefix doesn't exist, create it
-	p = Prefix{ID: generateUUID(), Prefix: prefix, IPVersion: ipVersion,
+	p = Prefix{Prefix: prefix, IPVersion: ipVersion,
 		FirstSeen: timestamp, LastSeen: timestamp}
 	insertQuery := fmt.Sprintf("INSERT INTO %s "+
-		"(id, prefix, first_seen, last_seen) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)", tableName)
+		"(prefix, first_seen, last_seen) VALUES (?, ?, ?)", tableName)
 
-	_, err = tx.Exec(insertQuery, p.ID.String(), p.Prefix, p.FirstSeen, p.LastSeen)
+	_, err = tx.Exec(insertQuery, p.Prefix, p.FirstSeen, p.LastSeen)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1389,17 +1399,24 @@ func (d *Database) UpsertLiveRoute(route *LiveRoute) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode AS path: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	updateSQL, insertSQL, lookupSQL := updateLiveRouteV4SQL,
-		insertLiveRouteV4SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV4SQL
+	originSQL, updateSQL := updateLiveRouteOriginV4SQL, updateLiveRouteV4SQL
+	insertSQL, lookupSQL := insertLiveRouteV4SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV4SQL
+
 	if route.IPVersion == ipVersionV6 {
-		updateSQL, insertSQL, lookupSQL = updateLiveRouteV6SQL,
-			insertLiveRouteV6SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV6SQL
+		originSQL, updateSQL = updateLiveRouteOriginV6SQL, updateLiveRouteV6SQL
+		insertSQL, lookupSQL = insertLiveRouteV6SQL, prefixHasLiveRouteV6SQL
 	}
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	// The write lock is held, so no other writer can insert this key between the
 	// update and the insert even though they are separate autocommit statements.
+	setOrigin, err := d.db.PrepareContext(ctx, originSQL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare origin statement: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = setOrigin.Close() }()
+
 	upd, err := d.db.PrepareContext(ctx, updateSQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare update statement: %w", err)
@@ -1418,8 +1435,8 @@ func (d *Database) UpsertLiveRoute(route *LiveRoute) error {
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = has.Close() }()
 
-	inserted, newPrefix, err := upsertRouteRow(ctx, upd, ins, has, route,
-		string(pathJSON))
+	inserted, newPrefix, err := upsertRouteRow(ctx, setOrigin, upd, ins, has,
+		route, string(pathJSON))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to upsert route %s: %w", route.Prefix, err)
 	}

internal/database/database_internal_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
@@ -14,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func TestLiveRouteTablesHoldOneRoutePerPrefixAndPeer(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRoute(%s): %v", tt.route.Prefix, err)
 		}
 
-		_, err = db.db.ExecContext(t.Context(), tt.insertSQL, uuid.NewString(),
+		_, err = db.db.ExecContext(t.Context(), tt.insertSQL,
 			tt.route.Prefix, tt.route.MaskLength, otherOriginASN,
 			tt.route.PeerIP, "[]", tt.route.NextHop, ts)
 
@@ -317,7 +317,6 @@ func writeOriginRoutes(t *testing.T, db *Database, origins map[string]int) {
 
 	for prefix, asn := range origins {
 		routes = append(routes, &LiveRoute{
-			ID:          uuid.New(),
 			Prefix:      prefix,
 			MaskLength:  netip.MustParsePrefix(prefix).Bits(),
 			IPVersion:   detectIPVersion(prefix),
@@ -1090,3 +1089,284 @@ func TestGetRandomPrefixesByLengthSkipsWithdrawnRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 			routes, kept.Prefix)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestLiveRouteUpdateSetsOriginWhenItChanges announces a peer's route for a
+// prefix, then again with the same origin AS and a new path, then with a new
+// origin AS. Each time the route must carry the announced origin AS, path and
+// time, and the AS details must list the prefix under that origin AS only. The
+// update sets the origin AS with a statement of its own, which changes nothing
+// while the origin AS stays the same.
+func TestLiveRouteUpdateSetsOriginWhenItChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	const firstOrigin, secondOrigin = 64500, 64501
+
+	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	for _, asn := range []int{firstOrigin, secondOrigin} {
+		_, err := db.GetOrCreateASN(asn, ts)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASN(%d): %v", asn, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	route := mkV4Route(t, "198.51.100.0/24", firstOrigin, ts)
+
+	for _, announced := range []struct {
+		origin int
+		path   []int
+	}{
+		{firstOrigin, []int{firstOrigin}},
+		{firstOrigin, []int{secondOrigin, firstOrigin}},
+		{secondOrigin, []int{firstOrigin, secondOrigin}},
+	} {
+		ts = ts.Add(time.Minute)
+		route.OriginASN, route.ASPath, route.LastUpdated =
+			announced.origin, announced.path, ts
+
+		err := db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*LiveRoute{route})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		routes, _, err := db.GetPrefixDetails(route.Prefix)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetPrefixDetails: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(routes) != 1 || routes[0].OriginASN != announced.origin ||
+			!slices.Equal(routes[0].ASPath, announced.path) ||
+			!routes[0].LastUpdated.Equal(ts) {
+			t.Errorf("after announcing origin AS%d, path %v at %s: routes %+v",
+				announced.origin, announced.path, ts, routes)
+		}
+
+		for _, asn := range []int{firstOrigin, secondOrigin} {
+			_, prefixes, err := db.GetASDetails(asn)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("GetASDetails(%d): %v", asn, err)
+			}
+
+			listed := len(prefixes) == 1 && prefixes[0].Prefix == route.Prefix
+			if listed != (asn == announced.origin) {
+				t.Errorf("after announcing origin AS%d, AS%d lists %+v",
+					announced.origin, asn, prefixes)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUpdatePrefixesBatchKeepsFirstSeen writes a prefix, then a batch with it
+// and a new prefix. Only the new prefix is counted, and the known one keeps its
+// first_seen time while its last_seen time moves on.
+func TestUpdatePrefixesBatchKeepsFirstSeen(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	const known = "198.51.100.0/24"
+
+	first := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+	later := first.Add(time.Hour)
+
+	err = db.UpdatePrefixesBatch(map[string]time.Time{known: first})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpdatePrefixesBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.UpdatePrefixesBatch(map[string]time.Time{
+		known: later, testV6Prefix: later,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpdatePrefixesBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	stats, err := db.GetStats()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetStats: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stats.IPv4Prefixes != 1 || stats.IPv6Prefixes != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("prefix counts = (v4 %d, v6 %d), want (1, 1)",
+			stats.IPv4Prefixes, stats.IPv6Prefixes)
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		query, prefix       string
+		firstSeen, lastSeen time.Time
+	}{
+		{
+			query:  "SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM prefixes_v4 WHERE prefix = ?",
+			prefix: known, firstSeen: first, lastSeen: later,
+		},
+		{
+			query:  "SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM prefixes_v6 WHERE prefix = ?",
+			prefix: testV6Prefix, firstSeen: later, lastSeen: later,
+		},
+	} {
+		var firstSeen, lastSeen time.Time
+
+		err := db.db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(), tt.query, tt.prefix).
+			Scan(&firstSeen, &lastSeen)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("reading %s: %v", tt.prefix, err)
+		}
+
+		if !firstSeen.Equal(tt.firstSeen) || !lastSeen.Equal(tt.lastSeen) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: first seen %s, last seen %s; want %s, %s", tt.prefix,
+				firstSeen, lastSeen, tt.firstSeen, tt.lastSeen)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Parameters for BenchmarkPrefixBatchOnFiveMillionRoutes.
+const (
+	// benchPeers and benchPrefixes size the table the batches are written to:
+	// every peer has a route for every prefix, 5 million routes in all.
+	benchPeers    = 10
+	benchPrefixes = 500000
+	// benchBatchSize is how many updates each batch holds, as many as a full
+	// prefix handler batch (prefixBatchSize in internal/routewatch).
+	benchBatchSize = 25000
+	// benchWithdrawalEvery makes every fifth update of a timed batch a
+	// withdrawal; the others are announcements.
+	benchWithdrawalEvery = 5
+	// benchOrigins is how many origin ASes the prefixes are spread over.
+	benchOrigins = 50000
+	// benchFirstASN is the lowest AS number in the benchmark's AS paths.
+	benchFirstASN = 64500
+	// benchMaskLength is the mask length of every prefix in the benchmark.
+	benchMaskLength = 24
+)
+
+// BenchmarkPrefixBatchOnFiveMillionRoutes times the writes the prefix handler
+// makes for one full batch, 25,000 announcements and withdrawals of routes
+// picked at random, to a database that already holds 5 million live routes:
+// 500,000 IPv4 prefixes, each from 10 peers. It builds that database first,
+// one batch at a time, which takes some minutes and a few GB of disk under
+// TMPDIR. It is run by hand, not by make test, for example in the test image:
+//
+//	go test -run '^$' -bench FiveMillion -benchtime 20x ./internal/database/
+func BenchmarkPrefixBatchOnFiveMillionRoutes(b *testing.B) {
+	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: b.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	//nolint:gosec // The benchmark needs the same batches every run.
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewPCG(1, 2))
+	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	// Each peer sends its whole table, as when its session comes up.
+	for peer := range benchPeers {
+		for first := 0; first < benchPrefixes; first += benchBatchSize {
+			routes := make([]*LiveRoute, 0, benchBatchSize)
+			for prefix := first; prefix < first+benchBatchSize; prefix++ {
+				routes = append(routes, benchRoute(rng, prefix, peer, ts))
+			}
+
+			writeBenchBatch(b, db, routes, nil, ts)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		ts = ts.Add(time.Second)
+
+		var (
+			routes      []*LiveRoute
+			withdrawals []LiveRouteDeletion
+		)
+
+		for i := range benchBatchSize {
+			route := benchRoute(rng, rng.IntN(benchPrefixes),
+				rng.IntN(benchPeers), ts)
+			if i%benchWithdrawalEvery == 0 {
+				withdrawals = append(withdrawals, LiveRouteDeletion{
+					Prefix: route.Prefix, PeerIP: route.PeerIP,
+					IPVersion: ipVersionV4,
+				})
+			} else {
+				routes = append(routes, route)
+			}
+		}
+
+		writeBenchBatch(b, db, routes, withdrawals, ts)
+	}
+}
+
+// benchRoute returns the route peer has for the prefix numbered prefix, a /24
+// from 1.0.0.0/24 on, with a new AS path of three to six ASes from the peer's
+// AS to the prefix's origin AS.
+func benchRoute(rng *rand.Rand, prefix, peer int, ts time.Time) *LiveRoute {
+	const minPathLength, extraPathLength = 3, 4
+
+	origin := benchFirstASN + prefix%benchOrigins
+	pathLength := minPathLength + rng.IntN(extraPathLength)
+
+	path := make([]int, 0, pathLength)
+	path = append(path, benchFirstASN+peer)
+
+	for len(path) < pathLength-1 {
+		path = append(path, benchFirstASN+rng.IntN(benchOrigins))
+	}
+
+	path = append(path, origin)
+	peerIP := fmt.Sprintf("198.51.100.%d", 1+peer)
+
+	return &LiveRoute{
+		Prefix: fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.0/%d",
+			1+prefix>>16, (prefix>>8)%256, prefix%256, benchMaskLength),
+		MaskLength:  benchMaskLength,
+		IPVersion:   ipVersionV4,
+		OriginASN:   origin,
+		PeerIP:      peerIP,
+		ASPath:      path,
+		NextHop:     peerIP,
+		LastUpdated: ts,
+	}
+}
+
+// writeBenchBatch writes what the prefix handler writes for a batch: the
+// announced routes, the withdrawals, and the last-seen time of every prefix
+// the batch names.
+func writeBenchBatch(
+	b *testing.B, db *Database, routes []*LiveRoute,
+	withdrawals []LiveRouteDeletion, ts time.Time,
+) {
+	b.Helper()
+
+	prefixes := make(map[string]time.Time, len(routes)+len(withdrawals))
+	for _, route := range routes {
+		prefixes[route.Prefix] = ts
+	}
+
+	for _, withdrawal := range withdrawals {
+		prefixes[withdrawal.Prefix] = ts
+	}
+
+	err := db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.DeleteLiveRouteBatch(withdrawals)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("DeleteLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.UpdatePrefixesBatch(prefixes)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("UpdatePrefixesBatch: %v", err)
+	}
+}

internal/database/models.go

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ type ASN struct {
 // Prefix represents an IP prefix (CIDR block) with its IP version (4 or 6)
 // and first/last seen timestamps.
 type Prefix struct {
-	ID        uuid.UUID
 	Prefix    string
 	IPVersion int // 4 or 6
 	FirstSeen time.Time
@@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ type ASNPeering struct {
 //
 //nolint:tagliatelle // field names are the existing JSON API
 type LiveRoute struct {
-	ID          uuid.UUID `json:"id"`
 	Prefix      string    `json:"prefix"`
 	MaskLength  int       `json:"mask_length"`
 	IPVersion   int       `json:"ip_version"`

internal/database/schema.sql

@@ -27,21 +27,20 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS asns (
 	whois_updated_at DATETIME    -- when we last fetched WHOIS data
 );
 
--- IPv4 prefixes table
+-- IPv4 prefixes table. Every read and write finds a row by its prefix, so the
+-- rows are stored by prefix (WITHOUT ROWID) and need no index of their own.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS prefixes_v4 (
-	id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-	prefix TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+	prefix TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
 	first_seen DATETIME NOT NULL,
 	last_seen DATETIME NOT NULL
-);
+) WITHOUT ROWID;
 
--- IPv6 prefixes table
+-- IPv6 prefixes table, stored as prefixes_v4 is.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS prefixes_v6 (
-	id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-	prefix TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+	prefix TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
 	first_seen DATETIME NOT NULL,
 	last_seen DATETIME NOT NULL
-);
+) WITHOUT ROWID;
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS announcements (
 	id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -75,11 +74,6 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bgp_peers (
 	last_message_type TEXT
 );
 
--- Indexes for prefixes_v4 table
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_prefixes_v4_prefix ON prefixes_v4(prefix);
-
--- Indexes for prefixes_v6 table
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_prefixes_v6_prefix ON prefixes_v6(prefix);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_announcements_timestamp ON announcements(timestamp);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_announcements_prefix_id ON announcements(prefix_id);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_announcements_peer_asn ON announcements(peer_asn);
@@ -97,9 +91,14 @@ CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_bgp_peers_asn ON bgp_peers(peer_asn);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_bgp_peers_last_seen ON bgp_peers(last_seen);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_bgp_peers_ip ON bgp_peers(peer_ip);
 
--- IPv4 routing table maintained by PrefixHandler
+-- IPv4 routing table maintained by PrefixHandler. A route write changes the
+-- table and its entry in every index on a column the write sets, so the table
+-- has only the indexes that the queries named with them use.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v4 (
-	id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+	-- The row id, which the prefix-length pages' sample draws through the
+	-- mask_length index. Declared as a column, it stays the same for as long
+	-- as the route is live, also through a VACUUM.
+	id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
 	prefix TEXT NOT NULL,
 	mask_length INTEGER NOT NULL, -- CIDR mask length (0-32)
 	origin_asn INTEGER NOT NULL,
@@ -107,15 +106,15 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v4 (
 	as_path TEXT NOT NULL, -- JSON array
 	next_hop TEXT NOT NULL,
 	last_updated DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	-- A peer has at most one route for a prefix. peer_ip comes first so that
-	-- this key also finds all of a peer's routes, when its BGP session goes
-	-- down; lookups by prefix use the prefix index below.
+	-- A peer has at most one route for a prefix. This key finds the route a
+	-- write updates or deletes and, peer_ip coming first, all of a peer's
+	-- routes when its BGP session goes down.
 	UNIQUE(peer_ip, prefix)
 );
 
--- IPv6 routing table maintained by PrefixHandler
+-- IPv6 routing table maintained by PrefixHandler, as live_routes_v4.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v6 (
-	id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+	id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
 	prefix TEXT NOT NULL,
 	mask_length INTEGER NOT NULL, -- CIDR mask length (0-128)
 	origin_asn INTEGER NOT NULL,
@@ -123,24 +122,29 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v6 (
 	as_path TEXT NOT NULL, -- JSON array
 	next_hop TEXT NOT NULL,
 	last_updated DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	-- As in live_routes_v4: peer_ip first, to find all of a peer's routes.
 	UNIQUE(peer_ip, prefix)
 );
 
--- Indexes for live_routes_v4 table
--- Finds a prefix's newest route in one search, whatever the number of peers.
+-- Indexes for both live route tables, and the queries that use each.
+--
+-- prefix, last_updated: a prefix's routes, for the prefix page and its API
+-- answer, the IP lookup and its peer count, and the check whether a prefix
+-- still has a live route; and a prefix's newest route for the prefix-length
+-- pages, in one search whatever the number of peers.
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_prefix_last_updated ON live_routes_v4(prefix, last_updated);
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_mask_length ON live_routes_v4(mask_length);
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_origin_asn ON live_routes_v4(origin_asn);
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_last_updated ON live_routes_v4(last_updated);
--- Index to optimize prefix distribution queries
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_mask_prefix ON live_routes_v4(mask_length, prefix);
-
--- Indexes for live_routes_v6 table
--- Finds a prefix's newest route in one search, whatever the number of peers.
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_prefix_last_updated ON live_routes_v6(prefix, last_updated);
+-- mask_length: the prefix-length pages' random sample, the row id range of a
+-- mask length and the first route of it at or after a row id.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_mask_length ON live_routes_v4(mask_length);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_mask_length ON live_routes_v6(mask_length);
+-- mask_length, prefix: the prefix-length pages' list of a mask length's
+-- prefixes in text order, and the prefix distribution read at startup.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_mask_prefix ON live_routes_v4(mask_length, prefix);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_mask_prefix ON live_routes_v6(mask_length, prefix);
+-- origin_asn: the prefixes an AS originates, for the AS page and its API answer.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_origin_asn ON live_routes_v4(origin_asn);
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_origin_asn ON live_routes_v6(origin_asn);
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_last_updated ON live_routes_v6(last_updated);
--- Index to optimize prefix distribution queries
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_mask_prefix ON live_routes_v6(mask_length, prefix);
+-- last_updated: the oldest and newest route times in /api/v1/stats and
+-- /status.json.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v4_last_updated ON live_routes_v4(last_updated);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_live_routes_v6_last_updated ON live_routes_v6(last_updated);

internal/routewatch/app_integration_internal_test.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/server"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
 // mockStore is a mock implementation of database.Store for testing
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ func (m *mockStore) UpdatePrefixesBatch(prefixes map[string]time.Time) error {
 			}
 
 			m.Prefixes[prefix] = &database.Prefix{
-				ID:        uuid.New(),
 				Prefix:    prefix,
 				IPVersion: ipVersion,
 				FirstSeen: timestamp,
@@ -133,7 +131,6 @@ func (m *mockStore) GetOrCreatePrefix(
 	}
 
 	p := &database.Prefix{
-		ID:        uuid.New(),
 		Prefix:    prefix,
 		IPVersion: ipVersion,
 		FirstSeen: timestamp,
@@ -370,7 +367,6 @@ func (m *mockStore) UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes []*database.LiveRoute) error {
 		// Track prefix
 		if _, exists := m.Prefixes[route.Prefix]; !exists {
 			m.Prefixes[route.Prefix] = &database.Prefix{
-				ID:        uuid.New(),
 				Prefix:    route.Prefix,
 				IPVersion: route.IPVersion,
 				FirstSeen: route.LastUpdated,

internal/routewatch/prefixhandler.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -461,7 +460,6 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) createLiveRoute(update prefixUpdate) *database.LiveRoute
 
 	// Create live route record
 	liveRoute := &database.LiveRoute{
-		ID:          uuid.New(),
 		Prefix:      update.prefix,
 		MaskLength:  maskLength,
 		IPVersion:   ipVersion,

internal/server/handlers_internal_test.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
 // The prefix and peer addresses the prefix page tests store routes for.
@@ -114,12 +113,12 @@ func TestStatsHandlersAnswerFromMemory(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*database.LiveRoute{
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: "198.51.100.0/24", MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+			Prefix: "198.51.100.0/24", MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
 			OriginASN: 64500, PeerIP: "192.0.2.1", ASPath: []int{64500},
 			NextHop: "192.0.2.1", LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: "2001:db8::/32", MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
+			Prefix: "2001:db8::/32", MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
 			OriginASN: 64501, PeerIP: testPeerV6, ASPath: []int{64501},
 			NextHop: testPeerV6, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
@@ -204,12 +203,12 @@ func TestPrefixDetailHandlersParsePrefix(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*database.LiveRoute{
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+			Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
 			OriginASN: 64500, PeerIP: testPeerV4, ASPath: []int{64500},
 			NextHop: testPeerV4, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: "2001:db8::/32", MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
+			Prefix: "2001:db8::/32", MaskLength: 32, IPVersion: 6,
 			OriginASN: 64501, PeerIP: testPeerV6, ASPath: []int{64501},
 			NextHop: testPeerV6, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
@@ -287,12 +286,12 @@ func TestPrefixDetailShowsOriginNames(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*database.LiveRoute{
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+			Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
 			OriginASN: origins[0], PeerIP: testPeerV4,
 			ASPath: []int{origins[0]}, NextHop: testPeerV4, LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
 		{
-			ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+			Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
 			OriginASN: origins[1], PeerIP: "198.51.100.2",
 			ASPath: []int{origins[1]}, NextHop: "198.51.100.2", LastUpdated: ts,
 		},
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ func TestPagesSayOriginZeroIsNoKnownOrigin(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
 
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*database.LiveRoute{{
-		ID: uuid.New(), Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
+		Prefix: testPrefixV4, MaskLength: 24, IPVersion: 4,
 		OriginASN: 0, PeerIP: testPeerV4, ASPath: []int{64500, 64501, 64502},
 		NextHop: testPeerV4, LastUpdated: time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC),
 	}})