An album whose folder cannot be made no longer stops the backup (closes #197)

Each album's folder, links and JSON are written inside one try. A failure
prints `FAILED album <name>: <reason>`, lists the album's ID in the new
`failedAlbums` of the result and of `--json`, and makes `quak backup` exit 1;
the other albums and `failures.json` are still written.

An album whose folder would have another album's JSON name, ignoring case,
gets its ID. A name over 255 bytes (250 for a folder, which leaves room for
`.json`) gets the ID and is cut short between two characters by
`shortenToBytes` in `src/filename.ts`. A link's ID goes right before its
extension.

Apart from its call to `uniqueNames`, the album loop is only indented into
the try.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ encrypting and uploading them back to the server.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
+The commands below need git, node 22 or later, and yarn. `make install`, which
+builds the single binary that "Running the backup from cron" uses, also needs
+[nix](https://nixos.org/download).
+
 ```bash
 git clone https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak.git
 cd quak
@@ -86,9 +90,12 @@ enumeration/download calls) is exported too and documented under Design below.
 ## Running the backup from cron
 
 `quak backup` never prompts, so cron can run it. `make install` builds quak as a
-single binary and copies it to `~/bin/quak`. Log in once with it, as the user
-the cron job will run as; the session is saved in that user's data directory
-(see "Session handling"):
+single binary and copies it to `~/bin/quak`. Besides what Getting Started needs,
+it needs [nix](https://nixos.org/download), even where bun is already installed:
+`make install` runs `make build-bin`, which bundles the built `dist/` with bun
+run through `nix-shell -p bun`. Log in once with `~/bin/quak`, as the user the
+cron job will run as; the session is saved in that user's data directory (see
+"Session handling"):
 
 ```bash
 ~/bin/quak login
@@ -127,19 +134,35 @@ matters.
 
 ### Exit codes
 
-| Code | Meaning                                                                                                                                                     |
-| ---- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `0`  | The backup is complete: every original is at its save path, and no file failed.                                                                             |
-| `1`  | The run finished with files in `failures.json`, or it stopped on another error, printed as one line `quak: <message>`. The next run tries again.            |
-| `2`  | Another backup of the same directory is running. This run sent no request and changed nothing.                                                              |
-| `3`  | There is no usable session: none is saved, the saved one is corrupt, or the server no longer accepts it. Run `quak login` as the user the cron job runs as. |
+| Code | Meaning                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
+| ---- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `0`  | The backup is complete: every original is at its save path, and no file failed.                                                                                                                                |
+| `1`  | The run finished with files in `failures.json` or albums it could not decrypt or write (see "Backup layout"), or it stopped on another error, printed as one line `quak: <message>`. The next run tries again. |
+| `2`  | Another backup of the same directory is running. This run sent no request and changed nothing.                                                                                                                 |
+| `3`  | There is no usable session: none is saved, the saved one is corrupt, or the server no longer accepts it. Run `quak login` as the user the cron job runs as.                                                    |
+
+`<message>` is the error's message, followed by the message of each error that
+caused it. Under Node, as `yarn quak` runs quak, `fetch` reports every failure
+below HTTP as just `fetch failed` and gives the reason as its cause, so a run
+that could not reach the server prints, for example,
+`quak: fetch failed: connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443`. When the server has
+several addresses and none of them could be reached, the line gives the reason
+for each, separated by `, `. A file whose download failed that way is in
+`failures.json` with that error, as a transient failure. So is each file with no
+ML data cached when the ML data fetch failed that way, its error starting
+`ML data: `. The `~/bin/quak` that `make install` builds runs under bun, and
+prints bun's own wording for such a failure, with no reason after it, such as
+`quak: Unable to connect. Is the computer able to access the url?` for a refused
+connection. It records such a failure in `failures.json` as transient too.
 
 After a `1`, the next run fetches each missing original again, fetches the ML
-data that is not cached, and rebuilds the album links. An original that a
-`--verify` run could not read, or put back with bytes that still do not match,
-stays at its save path. Only a later `--verify` run checks it again: a run
-without `--verify` leaves it as it is and takes the file out of `failures.json`,
-so that run can exit 0.
+data that is not cached, and rebuilds the album links. An album quak could not
+decrypt, or a file in `failures.json` because quak could not decrypt it, keeps
+the exit code at `1` until the server sends a copy that decrypts, or deletes it
+(see "Backup layout"). An original that a `--verify` run could not read, or put
+back with bytes that still do not match, stays at its save path. Only a later
+`--verify` run checks it again: a run without `--verify` leaves it as it is and
+takes the file out of `failures.json`, so that run can exit 0.
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -345,7 +368,8 @@ quak/
         exif.ts         EXIF read from an image's bytes with exifreader
         mldata-fetch.ts fetch + decrypt per-file ML data
         filename.ts     safe file names from server metadata
-        errors.ts       error types shared across layers
+        errors.ts       error types shared across layers, and how an error
+                        is described
         retry.ts        retry classifier + exponential backoff with jitter
         thumbnails.ts   detect + regenerate missing thumbnails
         client.ts       high-level Client class assembled from the above
@@ -472,6 +496,17 @@ request is repeated only when repeating it could produce a different answer:
   declining to retry a transient one costs a single file that the next run picks
   up.
 
+The `~/bin/quak` that `make install` builds runs under bun, whose `fetch`
+rejects with a plain `Error` that has no `cause` and carries a code of bun's
+own. quak retries a refused connection, a name that does not resolve, a reset
+connection and a deadline under bun as it does under Node. Bun reports a refused
+connection, and a TLS handshake that failed, as `ConnectionRefused`. For a name
+that does not resolve it gives `ConnectionRefused` on some requests and
+`FailedToOpenSocket` on others. A connection reset or closed before the response
+ended is `ECONNRESET`, as under Node, and a deadline is the same `TimeoutError`.
+A certificate bun rejects, reported with a code such as
+`DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT`, is not retried.
+
 Backoff is exponential with full jitter: the delay before retry _n_ is
 `random() * min(maxDelayMs, baseDelayMs * 2 ** (n - 1))`. The exponential term
 is the ceiling and the wait is drawn below it, so a client that lost many
@@ -527,9 +562,13 @@ routing errnos `EHOSTUNREACH`, `ENETUNREACH` and `ENETDOWN` are excluded for the
 same reason, despite looking like connect-time failures: on Linux an ICMP
 unreachable arriving mid-flight, or a local interface going down after the
 request was written, delivers them on an already-established socket. They stay
-retryable for the idempotent calls. `putFile` is exempt: a presigned PUT stores
-one whole object at one key in one request, so replaying it has no partial state
-to damage.
+retryable for the idempotent calls. So do bun's `ConnectionRefused` and
+`FailedToOpenSocket`, on which a `POST` or `PUT` is not replayed either. When a
+connection bun kept open from an earlier request closes before any answer, bun
+sends the request again on a new connection, and if that one fails it gives one
+of these codes although the server may already have the request. `putFile` is
+exempt: a presigned PUT stores one whole object at one key in one request, so
+replaying it has no partial state to damage.
 
 A download is retried as a whole — request, stream consumption, and decryption —
 because a socket reset after the response headers have arrived surfaces in the
@@ -623,8 +662,17 @@ library. The read commands — `collections`, `files`, `get`, `get-thumb`,
 answer, so they report current account state rather than whatever the cache last
 held. If that round-trip fails, the command prints the error on one line and
 exits 1, or 3 when the server no longer accepts the saved session (see "Session
-handling"). `--cache-dir` overrides where the cache lives; without it each
-account gets its own directory under the per-user cache path.
+handling"). An album or file quak cannot decrypt does not fail it; the command
+answers from what did decrypt (see "Default reads vs. fresh reads").
+`--cache-dir` overrides where the cache lives; without it each account gets its
+own directory under the per-user cache path.
+
+An ID given to `files --collection`, `get`, `get-thumb` or
+`helper fix-missing-thumbnails --file` is written in decimal digits, no larger
+than 9007199254740991. Anything else, such as `0x10`, `1e3` or `-1`, is refused
+before any request with one line, `Invalid file ID: <arg>` or
+`Invalid collection ID: <arg>`, and exit status 1. One bad `--file` ID refuses
+the whole command, so nothing is fixed.
 
 `get` and `get-thumb` resolve the file by ID directly, so `--collection` is
 accepted for backward compatibility but ignored. For a live photo, `get` writes
@@ -734,12 +782,25 @@ succeeds, or once it is no longer in the library or in the backup's scope. The
 library's `lib.backup({ includeThumbnails: true })` also writes
 `thumbnails/<fileID>.jpg` beside `collections/`; `quak backup` does not.
 
+A file in the backup's scope that the library could not decrypt (see "Default
+reads vs. fresh reads") goes into `failures.json` with an error that starts
+`could not be decrypted:` and gives the reason. If a copy of it in another album
+decrypted, it does not: its original is stored from that copy, and the album
+where it does not decrypt neither links nor lists it. An album the library could
+not decrypt has no name quak can read and no files it can list. A run without
+`--json` prints one line for it,
+`FAILED album <id>: could not be decrypted: <reason>`, and `--json` and the
+`BackupResult` list its ID in `undecryptableAlbums`. Such a file in
+`failures.json`, or such an album, keeps the exit code at 1, run after run,
+until the server sends a copy that decrypts or deletes it; the next run then
+drops it.
+
 `backup.lock` keeps two backups of the same directory from running at once, such
 as a cron run that starts while the previous one is still going. A backup
 creates `<dir>` if it is missing and takes the lock before its refresh, and
-removes the lock when it ends, whether it succeeds or fails; `quak backup` takes
-it before it opens its library, so a refused run sends no request. The lock is a
-directory that
+removes the lock when it ends, whether it succeeds or fails, unless it lost the
+lock (see below); `quak backup` takes it before it opens its library, so a
+refused run sends no request. The lock is a directory that
 [proper-lockfile](https://github.com/moxystudio/node-proper-lockfile) creates
 and keeps touching while the backup runs. A second backup of the directory, from
 another process or the same one, fails at once: `quak backup` prints
@@ -751,13 +812,38 @@ over, so nobody has to remove it. The lock is outside the date folders and
 `collections/`, so it is never taken for an original, and the removal of old
 album directories never touches it.
 
+A running backup loses its lock when someone removes `backup.lock`, or when
+another backup takes it over because the running one left it untouched for 10
+seconds, as a stopped or stalled process does. The backup finds this out the
+next time it goes to touch the lock, which it does every 5 seconds, and then
+stops before it starts another file. The originals it is downloading at that
+moment are still stored. It leaves `failures.json` and `backup.lock` as they
+are, since another backup may be using them. `quak backup` prints
+`quak: lost the lock on <dir>: <reason>` as one line and exits 1, and
+`lib.backup()` rejects with `lost the lock on <dir>: <reason>`.
+
 A collection's directory and JSON are named after the collection, and a symlink
 after the file's title, both with unsafe characters replaced. When two
 collections would get the same name, or two symlinks in one collection the same
 name (ignoring case in both), each of them gets its ID added: two albums named
 `Trip` become `Trip (10)/` and `Trip (11)/`, and two files titled `IMG_0001.JPG`
-become `IMG_0001 (12345).JPG` and `IMG_0001 (12346).JPG`. IDs never change, so a
-name stays the same from run to run until such a clash appears or goes away.
+become `IMG_0001 (12345).JPG` and `IMG_0001 (12346).JPG`. A collection whose
+directory would have the name of another collection's JSON, again ignoring case,
+gets its ID added as well: beside an album `x`, whose JSON is `x.json`, an album
+named `x.json` gets the directory `x.json (12)/`. A name too long for a file
+name, which most file systems limit to 255 bytes, gets its ID added too. A name
+with its ID added is cut short between two characters in the part before the ID,
+just far enough that it fits. When a symlink's extension alone leaves no room
+for the ID, the extension is cut short and the part before the ID keeps only the
+bytes that cut leaves over. A collection's directory name also leaves room for
+the `.json` its JSON adds. IDs never change, so a name stays the same from run
+to run until such a clash appears or goes away.
+
+A collection whose directory or JSON cannot be written, such as one whose
+directory name is taken by a file you put in `collections/`, does not stop the
+run. A run without `--json` prints `FAILED album <name>: <reason>` for it,
+`--json` and the `BackupResult` list its ID in `failedAlbums`, and the exit code
+is 1. The other collections and `failures.json` are still written.
 
 A live photo, which Ente stores as one ZIP of its image and its video, is stored
 as those two files, which a photo viewer can open: each is
@@ -770,9 +856,12 @@ both, each named after the title with that file's extension (`IMG_0001.heic` and
 
 Each run removes the symlinks into the date folders that no longer belong in
 their collection's directory, and the directories (and JSON) of collections that
-were deleted or renamed. Nothing else in `collections/` is touched: a file or a
-symlink you put there stays, and a directory that still holds one after its
-symlinks are removed stays too, with its JSON.
+were deleted or renamed. An album quak can no longer decrypt loses its directory
+and JSON the same way, and a file whose copy in an album quak can no longer
+decrypt loses its symlink there and its entry in that album's JSON; the
+originals stay at their save paths. Nothing else in `collections/` is touched: a
+file or a symlink you put there stays, and a directory that still holds one
+after its symlinks are removed stays too, with its JSON.
 
 Each file is downloaded exactly once regardless of how many collections it
 appears in, and written once: straight to its save path, with no copy left in
@@ -781,7 +870,8 @@ subsequent runs, existing originals are skipped. If a download fails, the error
 is logged and the backup continues with the next file. The exit code is non-zero
 if any files failed. `quak backup` opens its library with the thumbnail and
 originals precache off, so the only file content it fetches is the originals the
-backup stores.
+backup stores. It also opens it with no background timer, so it asks the server
+for changes only as it starts, not again while it downloads.
 
 With `--verify`, or `lib.backup({ verify: true })`, a run also hashes each
 original already at its save path the way a download is checked (see "On-disk
@@ -843,7 +933,8 @@ The library's primary surface is the cache-backed `Library`; the lower-level
 `Client` sits underneath it and is covered by the Design sections above. The
 test suite is the canonical, executable documentation — `test/library/` and
 `test/client/usage.test.ts` walk most operations, `test/cli/backup.test.ts`
-walks `lib.backup()`, and `yarn test` verifies them.
+walks `lib.backup()`, `test/cli/backup-end-to-end.test.ts` runs `quak backup`
+against a fake of the Ente HTTP API, and `yarn test` verifies them.
 
 ### Opening a library
 
@@ -861,7 +952,7 @@ background, so an unreachable server does not block opening.
 | `client`                 | required                                           | the account client (a `Client`, or any `LibraryClient`)              |
 | `cacheDirectory`         | `quak/<userID>` under the per-user cache directory | where `metadata.json` and the content cache live                     |
 | `downloadDirectory`      | `photos` in the working directory                  | root of the save paths; an original stored there counts as cached    |
-| `refreshIntervalSeconds` | `3`                                                | background refresh cadence                                           |
+| `refreshIntervalSeconds` | `3`                                                | background refresh cadence; `Infinity` for no background timer       |
 | `precacheThumbnails`     | `true`                                             | prefetch every thumbnail, newest first                               |
 | `precacheOriginals`      | `true`                                             | prefetch the favorites album and the latest-window originals         |
 | `precacheOriginalsDays`  | `7`                                                | length in days of that latest window                                 |
@@ -906,6 +997,16 @@ rejects the caller (default reads stay silent and keep serving the last good
 copy). The CLI's read commands use fresh reads (issue
 https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/75).
 
+An album or file in the server's answer that quak cannot decrypt, or whose
+metadata is not JSON, does not fail the refresh. The refresh leaves it out, an
+album with all its files, and drops any older copy the cache held, so reads
+answer from what did decrypt. The library keeps a list of what it left out, with
+the reason, in `metadata.json`: the next refresh asks the server only for what
+changed, so it would not see the record again. A record stays on that list until
+a later refresh gets a copy that decrypts or learns that the server deleted it.
+`lib.backup()` reports each such album, and each such file in its scope that has
+no copy that decrypted (see "Backup layout").
+
 ### Read surface
 
 - `lib.albums.list()` → `Album[]`, newest-updated first.
@@ -1021,21 +1122,25 @@ photos newest first). `lib.subscribe({ onChange })` delivers a `LibraryChange`
   directory, and fails at once with an error whose `code` is `ELOCKED` while
   another backup of it runs. A caller can instead take the lock itself, before
   it opens its library, as `quak backup` does: `await lockBackupDirectory(dir)`
-  takes it, failing the same way, and returns the function that releases it, and
-  the caller passes `lockHeld: true` to the backup. It waits for a refresh as
-  `fresh()` does, puts every in-scope original not already at its save path
-  there as `photo.download()` does (and, with `includeThumbnails`, fetches
-  thumbnails) through the content cache, waits for an ML data fetch, and
-  rebuilds the on-disk backup tree with a durable failure ledger. Each file's
-  JSON holds its ML data and, for an image (for a live photo, its image), its
-  original's EXIF and XMP, with its dimensions for a JPEG only; a video's JSON
-  holds none of these three. A fetched original is written straight to its save
-  path and not into the cache, which then counts it as present; one the cache
-  already held is copied from there. `BackupOptions`: `downloadDirectory` (falls
-  back to the library's), `includeOriginals` (default `true`),
-  `includeThumbnails` (default `false`), `onlyAlbumNames`, `verify` (default
-  `false`), `onProgress`, and `lockHeld` (default `false`). See Backup layout
-  above for the tree it writes.
+  takes it, failing the same way, and returns a `BackupLock`, whose `release()`
+  removes the lock unless it was lost and whose `lost` holds why it was lost.
+  The caller passes it to the backup as `lock`, and releases it once the backup
+  ends. It waits for a refresh as `fresh()` does, puts every in-scope original
+  not already at its save path there as `photo.download()` does (and, with
+  `includeThumbnails`, fetches thumbnails) through the content cache, waits for
+  an ML data fetch, and rebuilds the on-disk backup tree with a durable failure
+  ledger. Each file's JSON holds its ML data and, for an image (for a live
+  photo, its image), its original's EXIF and XMP, with its dimensions for a JPEG
+  only; a video's JSON holds none of these three. A fetched original is written
+  straight to its save path and not into the cache, which then counts it as
+  present; one the cache already held is copied from there. `BackupOptions`:
+  `downloadDirectory` (falls back to the library's), `includeOriginals` (default
+  `true`), `includeThumbnails` (default `false`), `onlyAlbumNames`, `verify`
+  (default `false`), `onProgress`, and `lock`. See Backup layout above for the
+  tree it writes, and for the albums `BackupResult` lists in
+  `undecryptableAlbums` and `failedAlbums`. Whether the backup took the lock or
+  its caller did, once the lock is lost the backup rejects with
+  `lost the lock on <dir>: <reason>` before it starts another file.
 
 ### Request pools
 
@@ -1044,6 +1149,11 @@ photos newest first). `lib.subscribe({ onChange })` delivers a `LibraryChange`
 Each pool orders on-demand work ahead of background/precache work and dedups
 in-flight fetches by key, and an idle pool never lends its slots to a busy one.
 
+`lib.backup()`, and so `quak backup`, works on up to the content pool's limit of
+originals at once, 5 unless the library was opened with other `pools`. The limit
+covers everything it does for one original, hashing it for `verify` included, so
+however large the account is, no more originals than that are open at once.
+
 ### On-disk cache layout
 
 Under `cacheDirectory`:
@@ -1095,7 +1205,7 @@ from a very old client, is stored unchecked.
 - `src/library/mlsearch.ts`: `MLDataAPI`, `SimilarResult`
 - `src/exif.ts`: `ExifTags`, `PhotoExif`
 - `src/library/pools.ts`: `RequestPools`, `RequestPoolsOptions`, `BoundedPool`
-- `src/backup.ts`: `BackupOptions`, `BackupResult`, `BackupError`
+- `src/backup.ts`: `BackupLock`, `BackupOptions`, `BackupResult`, `BackupError`
 - `src/client.ts`: `Client`, `LoginOptions`, `ClientSnapshot`
 - `src/api/client.ts`: `ApiClient`, `ApiClientOptions`, `StreamOptions`
 - `src/errors.ts`: `ApiError`, `TruncatedStreamError`

TODO.md

@@ -17,14 +17,120 @@ pre-1.0
 
 # Next Step
 
-None: no implementation work is open. The cache design,
-https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/36, waits on sneak's review.
+Three bugs are open: https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/198,
+https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/199 and
+https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/205. The check of quak against a live Ente
+account, https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/187, needs an account only sneak
+has, so it waits on him.
 
 Tagging and releases are decided by sneak alone, and happen only when he
 declares one.
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-16: The `~/bin/quak` that `make install` builds retries a refused
+  connection and a name that does not resolve, and the backup records either as
+  transient (issue 206). Bun's `fetch` reports them with codes of its own,
+  `ConnectionRefused` and `FailedToOpenSocket`, which `src/retry.ts` now counts
+  as transport failures. A `POST` or `PUT` is not replayed on them, because bun
+  also gives them when it resends a request on a new connection after a
+  connection it kept open closed, and the server may already have the request.
+  Bun already gave `ECONNRESET` for a reset and a `TimeoutError` for a deadline.
+  `classify` in `src/backup.ts` now records any `TimeoutError` as transient, so
+  a stalled download, whose error says only that it stalled, is no longer
+  `unknown`. The shapes were found by running the binary against local
+  listeners.
+
+- 2026-10-15: An album whose folder or JSON `quak backup` cannot write no longer
+  ends the run before the other albums and `failures.json` are written (issue
+  197). The run prints `FAILED album <name>: <reason>`, lists the album's ID in
+  `failedAlbums` in the result and in `--json`, goes on, and exits 1. An album
+  whose folder would have the name of another album's JSON, as `x.json` beside
+  `x` would, gets its ID added. A folder or link name over 255 bytes is cut
+  short between two characters, by `shortenToBytes` in `src/filename.ts`, and
+  gets the ID.
+
+- 2026-10-15: A network failure is printed and recorded with its reason, not as
+  just `fetch failed` (issue 196). `describeError` in `src/errors.ts` gives an
+  error's message followed by the message of each error on its `cause` chain,
+  such as `fetch failed: connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443`, and each address's
+  reason when a host has several and none could be reached. `run` prints that,
+  and the backup logs it and records it in `failures.json`, where `classify` now
+  calls the failure transient when the chain holds an errno that
+  `hasTransportCode` in `src/retry.ts` recognises, for a failed ML data fetch
+  too. The walk along the chain moved from `src/retry.ts` to `src/errors.ts`,
+  which both use. Tests refuse every connection of a backup, then only one
+  file's download, and fail the ML data fetch.
+
+- 2026-10-15: The README says that `make install` needs nix (issue 200), in
+  Getting Started and in "Running the backup from cron": `make build-bin` runs
+  bun through `nix-shell -p bun`. The `Makefile` is unchanged.
+
+- 2026-10-14: `lib.backup()`, and so `quak backup`, works on up to the content
+  pool's limit of originals at once, 5 by default, instead of one at a time
+  (issue 182). That many workers take files from one shared list, each doing all
+  the work for one original, its `--verify` hashing included, so no more
+  originals than that are open at once. `BackupLibrary` says the limit as
+  `contentConcurrency`. A test holds each download at the fake Ente server to
+  count those in flight. Once a worker has thrown, as one does when `onProgress`
+  throws, or the lock is lost, no worker takes another file; the backup fails
+  once the originals under way are in place, and a lost lock stops it before it
+  fetches ML data.
+
+- 2026-10-14: Next Step said the cache design, issue 36, waits on sneak's
+  review, though that issue closed on 2026-10-03 (issue 194). It now names the
+  issues open on the tracker.
+
+- 2026-10-14: A backup whose lock is lost no longer dies with a stack trace
+  (issue 184). `lockBackupDirectory` gives proper-lockfile an `onCompromised`
+  that records why the lock was lost instead of throwing from its timer, and
+  returns the lock, which `quak backup` passes to `lib.backup()` as `lock`. The
+  backup then stops before it starts another file with
+  `lost the lock on DIR: REASON`, which `quak backup` prints as one line before
+  it exits 1. Releasing a lost lock leaves `backup.lock` alone. Tests in
+  `test/cli/backup-end-to-end.test.ts` remove the lock, or put another backup's
+  in its place, while a download is held open.
+
+- 2026-10-14: An album or file quak cannot decrypt, or whose metadata is not
+  JSON, no longer fails the refresh, so one bad record no longer stops
+  `quak backup` from storing anything (issue 181). The refresh leaves it out, an
+  album with its files, and the library keeps it with the reason in
+  `metadata.json` until the server sends a copy that decrypts or deletes it.
+  `quak backup` stores every other file, records each such file in
+  `failures.json` with an error starting `could not be decrypted:`, names each
+  such album's ID in a printed line, or with `--json` in `undecryptableAlbums`,
+  and exits 1 while any remain. A file whose copy in another album decrypts is
+  not recorded: its original is stored from that copy, and the album where it
+  does not decrypt neither links nor lists it. The read commands answer from
+  what decrypted.
+
+- 2026-10-14: `quak backup` no longer asks the server for changes every 3
+  seconds while it runs (issue 183). It opens its library with
+  `refreshIntervalSeconds: Infinity`, which the library now takes as no
+  background timer, so the backup refreshes only as it starts and no timed
+  refresh starts another ML data pass during the run. A test holds a backup's
+  download open while two hours pass and counts its `/collections/v2` requests.
+
+- 2026-10-14: `test/cli/backup-end-to-end.test.ts` runs `quak backup` as cron
+  does (issue 186): `backupCommand` and `run`, the real `loadSession` reading a
+  session saved after logging in, and every request answered by a fake of the
+  Ente HTTP API serving data encrypted with libsodium. It covers the backup tree
+  of an account with two albums of its own and one shared with it, a second run
+  that downloads nothing, a download that succeeds after two 503s, a 404 that
+  lands in `failures.json` with exit 1, a refresh answered 401 with exit 3, and
+  `--verify` putting back an original changed on disk. The fake server and the
+  account it logs in moved from the backup-metadata test into
+  `test/ente-server.ts`, unchanged.
+
+- 2026-10-14: `files --collection`, `get`, `get-thumb` and
+  `helper fix-missing-thumbnails --file` take an ID only when it is written in
+  decimal digits and is a safe integer (issue 185). Before, `Number()` read
+  `0x10` as 16, `1e3` as 1000 and an empty string as 0, and `--file` dropped an
+  ID it could not read without a word. Anything else now prints
+  `Invalid file ID: <arg>` or `Invalid collection ID: <arg>` and exits 1 before
+  any request; one bad `--file` ID fails the whole command. `parseID` in
+  `src/cli-commands.ts` does the check for all four.
+
 - 2026-10-06: The README says how to run `quak backup` from cron (issue 170):
   log in once as the job's user, a crontab with a backup every night and
   `--verify` on Sundays appending to a log file, and the `HOME` and

src/backup.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 // The backup command, rebuilt on the library API (issue #51).
 //
 // `lib.backup()` takes the lock in `downloadDirectory` (unless its caller
-// already holds it), and fails at once when another backup of it holds the
-// lock. It waits for a completed refresh of the library (a failed one fails the
+// passes one in), and fails at once when another backup of it holds the
+// lock; when the lock is lost while it runs, it fails before it starts another
+// file. It waits for a completed refresh of the library (a failed one fails the
 // backup before any file is touched), then, for every file in scope, puts its
 // original at its save path under `downloadDirectory`, as `Photo.download()`
-// does, waits for an ML data fetch, and rebuilds the derived views (per-file
-// sidecars, per-collection symlink trees, per-collection JSON) from the model.
-// The on-disk layout:
+// does, up to the content pool's limit of them at once, waits for an ML data
+// fetch, and rebuilds the derived views (per-file sidecars, per-collection
+// symlink trees, per-collection JSON) from the model. The on-disk layout:
 //
 //     <downloadDirectory>/
 //         YYYY/YYYY-MM/YYYY-MM-DD/
@@ -47,6 +48,11 @@
 // download, a failed symlink, or ML data missing because the ML data fetch
 // failed is caught, recorded in `failures.json` with a classification, a
 // running attempt count, and the last-tried time, and the run continues.
+// A file the library could not decrypt is recorded there too, unless a copy of
+// it in another album decrypted; an album it could not decrypt is logged by ID
+// and listed in `result.undecryptableAlbums`, as its name is not known. An
+// album whose folder or JSON cannot be written is logged by name and
+// listed in `result.failedAlbums`, and the run goes on to the next album.
 // `result.failed` — and thus the CLI's exit code — stays non-zero while any
 // failure remains unresolved and clears once every one succeeds. Each run
 // reconciles the ledger against the files it attempted, so an entry for a file
@@ -78,7 +84,13 @@ import {
     init,
 } from "./crypto/index.js";
 import { removeLeftoverTempFiles } from "./download/index.js";
-import { sanitizeFileName, withExtension } from "./filename.js";
+import { describeError } from "./errors.js";
+import {
+    MAX_NAME_BYTES,
+    sanitizeFileName,
+    shortenToBytes,
+    withExtension,
+} from "./filename.js";
 import {
     copyAtomic,
     placeOriginal,
@@ -86,12 +98,22 @@ import {
     storedAtSavePath,
 } from "./library/content.js";
 import { representative } from "./library/records.js";
+import type { Undecryptable } from "./library/store.js";
 import { extractImageMetadata } from "./metadata-backup.js";
 import type { MLData } from "./mldata-fetch.js";
 import type { Collection, EnteFile, FileMetadata } from "./model/types.js";
+import { hasTransportCode } from "./retry.js";
 
 export type ProgressCallback = (message: string) => void;
 
+// The lock in a backup directory, as `lockBackupDirectory` returns it.
+export interface BackupLock {
+    // Removes `backup.lock`, unless the lock was lost.
+    release(): Promise<void>;
+    // Why the lock was lost, once it is.
+    lost?: Error;
+}
+
 export interface BackupOptions {
     // Where the backup tree lives. `lib.backup()` defaults it to the library's
     // download directory; `runBackup` with none throws before any network
@@ -108,10 +130,11 @@ export interface BackupOptions {
     // bytes do not match the content hash its metadata records. Default false.
     verify?: boolean;
     onProgress?: ProgressCallback;
-    // The caller already holds the lock in `downloadDirectory`, taken with
-    // `lockBackupDirectory`, and releases it itself, so the backup does not
-    // take it. `quak backup` takes it before it opens its library.
-    lockHeld?: boolean;
+    // The lock in `downloadDirectory`, when the caller took it with
+    // `lockBackupDirectory` and releases it itself. The backup then does not
+    // take the lock, and fails once this one is lost. `quak backup` takes it
+    // before it opens its library.
+    lock?: BackupLock;
 }
 
 export interface BackupError {
@@ -141,6 +164,12 @@ export interface BackupResult {
     failed: number;
     // This run's per-file errors, in encounter order.
     errors: BackupError[];
+    // The IDs of the albums the library could not decrypt, whose files it
+    // could not list; the CLI exits non-zero while there are any.
+    undecryptableAlbums: number[];
+    // The IDs of the albums whose folder or JSON this run could not write;
+    // the CLI exits non-zero while there are any.
+    failedAlbums: number[];
 }
 
 // The slice of the library that backup drives. `Library` implements it; a test
@@ -151,6 +180,9 @@ export interface BackupLibrary {
     refresh(): Promise<void>;
     listCollections(): Collection[];
     listFiles(collectionID: number): EnteFile[];
+    // The albums, and files in albums, that the library could not decrypt,
+    // which `listCollections` and `listFiles` leave out.
+    undecryptable(): Undecryptable[];
     // Get an original's bytes onto disk through the content cache/pools,
     // returning where they landed: `destination` when they were fetched now,
     // otherwise wherever they already were (the cache, or the library's save
@@ -161,6 +193,9 @@ export interface BackupLibrary {
         destination: string,
     ): Promise<{ path: string; videoPath?: string }>;
     thumbnail(fileID: number): Promise<{ path: string }>;
+    // How many originals the backup works on at once: the limit of the
+    // library's content pool.
+    contentConcurrency: number;
     // Wait for an ML data fetch to complete, joining one already running or
     // starting one. Rejects with the reason when it fails; resolves at once
     // when the library cannot fetch ML data.
@@ -196,11 +231,16 @@ const isPresent = (path: string): boolean => {
 
 // Best-effort classification for the ledger. Retryable server/network problems
 // are transient; refusals and local filesystem/decrypt errors are permanent;
-// anything else is unknown. Both the error code and message are inspected.
+// anything else is unknown. The error code and the error as `describeError`
+// gives it are inspected, and so is each errno on the error's cause chain,
+// where Node's `fetch` puts it. An error named `TimeoutError` is transient
+// whatever its message says, as `isRetryable` retries it: each of quak's
+// deadlines aborts with one, and the download's says only that it stalled.
 const classify = (err: unknown): FailureClass => {
+    if (hasTransportCode(err)) return "transient";
     const e = err as NodeJS.ErrnoException;
-    const text =
-        `${e?.code ?? ""} ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`.toLowerCase();
+    if (e?.name === "TimeoutError") return "transient";
+    const text = `${e?.code ?? ""} ${describeError(err)}`.toLowerCase();
     if (
         /timeout|timed out|econnreset|econnrefused|econnaborted|network|socket|eai_again|throttl|temporarily|429|500|502|503|504/.test(
             text,
@@ -218,9 +258,6 @@ const classify = (err: unknown): FailureClass => {
     return "unknown";
 };
 
-const errorMessage = (err: unknown): string =>
-    err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-
 // Ensure `linkPath` is a symlink to `target`, rebuilding a missing, wrong, or
 // non-symlink entry. Throws on failure (a directory in the way, no permission)
 // so the caller records it and moves on rather than aborting the run.
@@ -240,31 +277,47 @@ const rebuildSymlink = (linkPath: string, target: string): void => {
 // The on-disk names for the entries of one directory, in entry order. Each
 // name is used as is unless another entry would get the same name, ignoring
 // case (two names that differ only in case are one entry on a case-insensitive
-// file system); then every entry sharing it gets ` (<id>)`, before the
-// extension when `beforeExtension` is set. A name with an ID added can match
-// another entry's own name (`IMG (6).JPG`), so this repeats until no name is
-// shared. IDs are stable, so the names are too.
+// file system), or it is too long for a file name; then it gets ` (<id>)`,
+// right before the extension when `beforeExtension` is set. To fit, the part
+// before the ID is cut short as far as it must be. When the extension alone
+// leaves no room for the ID, the extension is cut short and the part before
+// the ID keeps only the bytes that cut leaves over. With `withJSON`, each
+// entry also has the JSON file `<name>.json` beside it, as an album does: a
+// name then leaves room for `.json`, and one that is another entry's JSON name
+// gets its ID added too.
+// Two names with different IDs added never match, but one can match another
+// entry's own name (`IMG (6).JPG`), so this repeats until no name is shared.
+// IDs are stable, so the names are too.
 const uniqueNames = (
     entries: { id: number; name: string }[],
-    beforeExtension: boolean,
+    opts: { beforeExtension?: boolean; withJSON?: boolean },
 ): string[] => {
+    const maxBytes = MAX_NAME_BYTES - (opts.withJSON ? ".json".length : 0);
     const withID = (id: number, name: string): string => {
-        const ext = beforeExtension ? extname(name) : "";
-        const stem = name.slice(0, name.length - ext.length);
-        return `${stem} (${id})${ext}`;
+        const tag = ` (${id})`;
+        const fullExt = opts.beforeExtension ? extname(name) : "";
+        const stem = name.slice(0, name.length - fullExt.length);
+        const ext = shortenToBytes(fullExt, maxBytes - Buffer.byteLength(tag));
+        const room = maxBytes - Buffer.byteLength(tag + ext);
+        return shortenToBytes(stem, room) + tag + ext;
     };
     const names = entries.map((e) => e.name);
     const suffixed = new Set<number>();
     for (;;) {
         const counts = new Map<string, number>();
-        for (const name of names) {
+        const count = (name: string): void => {
             const key = name.toLowerCase();
             counts.set(key, (counts.get(key) ?? 0) + 1);
+        };
+        for (const name of names) {
+            count(name);
+            if (opts.withJSON) count(`${name}.json`);
         }
         let changed = false;
         for (const [i, { id, name }] of entries.entries()) {
             if (suffixed.has(i)) continue;
-            if (counts.get(name.toLowerCase()) === 1) continue;
+            const fits = Buffer.byteLength(name) <= maxBytes;
+            if (fits && counts.get(name.toLowerCase()) === 1) continue;
             names[i] = withID(id, name);
             suffixed.add(i);
             changed = true;
@@ -447,7 +500,7 @@ const imageMetadataFor = async (
         const bytes = await readFile(originalPath);
         return { imageMetadata: extractImageMetadata(bytes) ?? {} };
     } catch (err) {
-        return { imageMetadataError: errorMessage(err) };
+        return { imageMetadataError: describeError(err) };
     }
 };
 
@@ -500,11 +553,14 @@ const writeAlbumJSON = (
     writeFileSync(path, JSON.stringify(album, null, 2));
 };
 
-// The backup itself, which `runBackup` below runs while the lock is held.
+// The backup itself, which `runBackup` below runs while `lock` is held. Once
+// the lock is lost, another backup may be writing to `downloadDirectory`, so
+// this one fails before it starts another file.
 const runLockedBackup = async (
     lib: BackupLibrary,
     opts: BackupOptions,
     downloadDirectory: string,
+    lock: BackupLock,
 ): Promise<BackupResult> => {
     const includeOriginals = opts.includeOriginals ?? true;
     const includeThumbnails = opts.includeThumbnails ?? false;
@@ -514,6 +570,7 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
 
     log("Refreshing library...");
     await lib.refresh();
+    if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
 
     const collectionsDir = join(downloadDirectory, "collections");
     const thumbnailsDir = join(downloadDirectory, "thumbnails");
@@ -574,118 +631,169 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
     let unchecked = 0;
 
     const recordFailure = (
-        file: EnteFile,
+        fileID: number,
+        title: string,
         collection: string,
         err: unknown,
     ): void => {
         // Count at most one attempt per file per run: a file whose original
         // and thumbnail both fail this run must not double its attempt count
         // or appear twice in errors.
-        if (failedThisRun.has(file.id)) return;
-        const error = errorMessage(err);
-        errors.push({
-            fileID: file.id,
-            title: file.metadata.title,
-            collection,
-            error,
-        });
-        const prior = ledger.get(file.id);
-        ledger.set(file.id, {
-            fileID: file.id,
-            title: file.metadata.title,
+        if (failedThisRun.has(fileID)) return;
+        const error = describeError(err);
+        errors.push({ fileID, title, collection, error });
+        const prior = ledger.get(fileID);
+        ledger.set(fileID, {
+            fileID,
+            title,
             classification: classify(err),
             attempts: (prior?.attempts ?? 0) + 1,
             lastTriedAt: now,
             error,
         });
-        failedThisRun.add(file.id);
+        failedThisRun.add(fileID);
     };
 
+    // What the library could not decrypt. An album is logged by its ID, as
+    // its name is not known, so a run limited to some albums logs it too. A
+    // file in an album in scope is backed up from a copy of it in another
+    // album that decrypted, even an album out of scope. With no such copy it
+    // is recorded as failed, with an empty title as its metadata is not known.
+    const scope = new Set(collections.map((c) => c.id));
+    const undecryptableAlbums: number[] = [];
+    for (const record of lib.undecryptable()) {
+        const error = `could not be decrypted: ${record.error}`;
+        if (record.fileID === undefined) {
+            log(`FAILED album ${record.collectionID}: ${error}`);
+            undecryptableAlbums.push(record.collectionID);
+        } else if (scope.has(record.collectionID)) {
+            const copies = memberships.get(record.fileID);
+            if (copies) {
+                distinct.set(record.fileID, representative(copies));
+            } else {
+                recordFailure(
+                    record.fileID,
+                    "",
+                    collectionName.get(record.collectionID) ?? "",
+                    new Error(error),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // Phase 1: get the bytes. Put each pending original at its save path
     // through the content cache/pools, as `Photo.download()` does, and fetch
     // the optional thumbnails; a present file is left as is. With `verify`, a
     // present original is hashed first, and one that does not match the hash
     // its metadata records is removed and fetched like a missing one. One
     // that cannot be read is recorded as failed and left where it is.
-    if (includeOriginals) {
-        for (const [fileID, file] of distinct) {
-            let stored = storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, file);
-            let mismatch = false;
-            if (stored !== undefined && verify) {
-                try {
-                    if (file.metadata.hash === undefined) {
-                        unchecked++;
-                    } else if (
-                        (await storedHash(stored)) === file.metadata.hash
-                    ) {
-                        verified++;
-                    } else {
-                        log(
-                            `MISMATCH original ${file.metadata.title} (${fileID}): its bytes do not match its content hash`,
-                        );
-                        mismatched++;
-                        mismatch = true;
-                        rmSync(stored.path);
-                        if (stored.videoPath !== undefined) {
-                            rmSync(stored.videoPath);
-                        }
-                        stored = undefined;
-                    }
-                } catch (err) {
-                    log(
-                        `FAILED verifying original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
-                    );
-                    recordFailure(
-                        file,
-                        collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
-                        err,
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            if (stored !== undefined) {
-                skipped++;
-                continue;
-            }
+    // `storeOriginal` does this for one original, and records its failure.
+    const storeOriginal = async (file: EnteFile): Promise<void> => {
+        let stored = storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, file);
+        let mismatch = false;
+        if (stored !== undefined && verify) {
             try {
-                log(`Fetching original ${file.metadata.title} (${fileID})...`);
-                // A fetched original is written straight to its save path (a
-                // live photo beside it); only one that was already cached
-                // elsewhere is copied.
-                const placed = await placeOriginal(
-                    downloadDirectory,
-                    file,
-                    (dest) => lib.original(fileID, dest),
-                );
-                storedThisRun.add(fileID);
-                // A copy from the cache is not checked as a download is and can
-                // hold the same bad bytes, so what is put back after a
-                // mismatch is hashed too. A bad copy stays where it is and the
-                // file fails.
-                if (
-                    mismatch &&
-                    (await storedHash(placed)) !== file.metadata.hash
-                ) {
-                    throw new Error(
-                        "the original put back does not match its content hash either",
+                if (file.metadata.hash === undefined) {
+                    unchecked++;
+                } else if ((await storedHash(stored)) === file.metadata.hash) {
+                    verified++;
+                } else {
+                    log(
+                        `MISMATCH original ${file.metadata.title} (${file.id}): its bytes do not match its content hash`,
                     );
+                    mismatched++;
+                    mismatch = true;
+                    rmSync(stored.path);
+                    if (stored.videoPath !== undefined) {
+                        rmSync(stored.videoPath);
+                    }
+                    stored = undefined;
                 }
-                downloaded++;
             } catch (err) {
                 log(
-                    `FAILED original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
+                    `FAILED verifying original ${file.metadata.title}: ${describeError(err)}`,
                 );
                 recordFailure(
-                    file,
+                    file.id,
+                    file.metadata.title,
                     collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
                     err,
                 );
+                return;
             }
         }
+        if (stored !== undefined) {
+            skipped++;
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            log(`Fetching original ${file.metadata.title} (${file.id})...`);
+            // A fetched original is written straight to its save path (a
+            // live photo beside it); only one that was already cached
+            // elsewhere is copied.
+            const placed = await placeOriginal(
+                downloadDirectory,
+                file,
+                (dest) => lib.original(file.id, dest),
+            );
+            storedThisRun.add(file.id);
+            // A copy from the cache is not checked as a download is and can
+            // hold the same bad bytes, so what is put back after a mismatch
+            // is hashed too. A bad copy stays where it is and the file fails.
+            if (mismatch && (await storedHash(placed)) !== file.metadata.hash) {
+                throw new Error(
+                    "the original put back does not match its content hash either",
+                );
+            }
+            downloaded++;
+        } catch (err) {
+            log(
+                `FAILED original ${file.metadata.title}: ${describeError(err)}`,
+            );
+            recordFailure(
+                file.id,
+                file.metadata.title,
+                collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
+                err,
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Up to the content pool's limit of originals are worked on at once,
+    // their `verify` hashing included, so however large the account is, no
+    // more than that many are open. Each worker takes the next file from the
+    // iterator they all share until none is left. Once a worker has thrown,
+    // as one does when `onProgress` throws, or the lock is lost, no worker
+    // takes another file. The backup fails only once every worker has
+    // stopped, so none writes into the backup after it has ended. It checks
+    // the lock then too, so it does not go on to the thumbnails or the ML
+    // data fetch without it.
+    if (includeOriginals) {
+        const pending = distinct.values();
+        let workerThrew = false;
+        const worker = async (): Promise<void> => {
+            for (const file of pending) {
+                if (workerThrew || lock.lost) return;
+                try {
+                    await storeOriginal(file);
+                } catch (err) {
+                    workerThrew = true;
+                    throw err;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        const workers = await Promise.allSettled(
+            Array.from({ length: lib.contentConcurrency }, worker),
+        );
+        for (const w of workers) {
+            if (w.status === "rejected") throw w.reason;
+        }
+        if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
     }
 
     if (includeThumbnails) {
         for (const [fileID, file] of distinct) {
+            if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
             const dest = join(thumbnailsDir, `${fileID}.jpg`);
             if (isPresent(dest)) continue;
             try {
@@ -693,7 +801,8 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
                 await copyAtomic(path, dest);
             } catch (err) {
                 recordFailure(
-                    file,
+                    file.id,
+                    file.metadata.title,
                     collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
                     err,
                 );
@@ -708,15 +817,18 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
     // instead and is recorded as failed. The next run fetches its ML data
     // again because none is cached.
     if (includeOriginals) {
+        let mlDataFailure: unknown;
         let mlDataError: string | undefined;
         try {
             log("Fetching ML data...");
             await lib.fetchMLData();
         } catch (err) {
-            mlDataError = errorMessage(err);
+            mlDataFailure = err;
+            mlDataError = describeError(err);
             log(`FAILED ML data: ${mlDataError}`);
         }
         for (const file of distinct.values()) {
+            if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
             const stored = storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, file);
             if (stored === undefined) continue;
             const path = withExtension(
@@ -733,9 +845,10 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
             if (mlData === undefined && mlDataError !== undefined) {
                 writeSidecar(path, file, { mlDataError }, image);
                 recordFailure(
-                    file,
+                    file.id,
+                    file.metadata.title,
                     collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
-                    new Error(`ML data: ${mlDataError}`),
+                    new Error("ML data", { cause: mlDataFailure }),
                 );
             } else {
                 writeSidecar(path, file, { mlData }, image);
@@ -754,11 +867,12 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
             id: c.id,
             name: sanitizeFileName(c.name, `collection-${c.id}`),
         })),
-        false,
+        { withJSON: true },
     );
     const albumDirNames = new Map(
         allCollections.map((c, i) => [c.id, dirNames[i]!]),
     );
+    if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
     try {
         removeStaleAlbumDirs(
             collectionsDir,
@@ -766,55 +880,72 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
             downloadDirectory,
         );
     } catch (err) {
-        log(`FAILED removing old album directories: ${errorMessage(err)}`);
+        log(`FAILED removing old album directories: ${describeError(err)}`);
     }
 
+    // An album whose folder or JSON cannot be written, such as one whose
+    // folder name is taken by a file the user put there, is logged and listed
+    // in the result, and the run goes on to the next album.
+    const failedAlbums: number[] = [];
     for (const c of collections) {
-        const colDirName = albumDirNames.get(c.id)!;
-        const colDir = join(collectionsDir, colDirName);
-        mkdirSync(colDir, { recursive: true });
-
-        // Every album links the one original, saved from the file's entry in
-        // `distinct`.
-        const files = filesByCollection.get(c.id) ?? [];
-        const links = files.flatMap((f) =>
-            linksFor(
-                f,
-                storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, distinct.get(f.id)!),
-            ),
-        );
-        const linkNames = uniqueNames(links, true);
+        if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
         try {
-            removeStaleLinks(colDir, new Set(linkNames), downloadDirectory);
-        } catch (err) {
-            log(`FAILED removing old links in ${c.name}: ${errorMessage(err)}`);
-        }
+            const colDirName = albumDirNames.get(c.id)!;
+            const colDir = join(collectionsDir, colDirName);
+            mkdirSync(colDir, { recursive: true });
 
-        const metaFiles = files.map((f) => ({
-            id: f.id,
-            metadata: f.metadata,
-        }));
-        for (const [i, link] of links.entries()) {
-            if (!includeOriginals || link.target === undefined) continue;
-            const linkName = linkNames[i]!;
+            // Every album links the one original, saved from the file's entry
+            // in `distinct`.
+            const files = filesByCollection.get(c.id) ?? [];
+            const links = files.flatMap((f) =>
+                linksFor(
+                    f,
+                    storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, distinct.get(f.id)!),
+                ),
+            );
+            const linkNames = uniqueNames(links, { beforeExtension: true });
             try {
-                rebuildSymlink(
-                    join(colDir, linkName),
-                    relative(colDir, link.target),
-                );
+                removeStaleLinks(colDir, new Set(linkNames), downloadDirectory);
             } catch (err) {
                 log(
-                    `FAILED symlink ${c.name}/${linkName}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
+                    `FAILED removing old links in ${c.name}: ${describeError(err)}`,
                 );
-                recordFailure(link.file, c.name, err);
             }
-        }
 
-        writeAlbumJSON(
-            join(collectionsDir, `${colDirName}.json`),
-            c,
-            metaFiles,
-        );
+            const metaFiles = files.map((f) => ({
+                id: f.id,
+                metadata: f.metadata,
+            }));
+            for (const [i, link] of links.entries()) {
+                if (!includeOriginals || link.target === undefined) continue;
+                const linkName = linkNames[i]!;
+                try {
+                    rebuildSymlink(
+                        join(colDir, linkName),
+                        relative(colDir, link.target),
+                    );
+                } catch (err) {
+                    log(
+                        `FAILED symlink ${c.name}/${linkName}: ${describeError(err)}`,
+                    );
+                    recordFailure(
+                        link.file.id,
+                        link.file.metadata.title,
+                        c.name,
+                        err,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            writeAlbumJSON(
+                join(collectionsDir, `${colDirName}.json`),
+                c,
+                metaFiles,
+            );
+        } catch (err) {
+            log(`FAILED album ${c.name}: ${describeError(err)}`);
+            failedAlbums.push(c.id);
+        }
     }
 
     // Reconcile the ledger against what this run actually attempted: an entry
@@ -822,7 +953,9 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
     // its failure resolved; a file gone from the library (deleted) or outside
     // this run's scope is not something this run can resolve, so keeping its
     // stale entry would keep the exit code non-zero forever — a single
-    // since-deleted photo would fail every future scheduled backup.
+    // since-deleted photo would fail every future scheduled backup. A backup
+    // whose lock was lost leaves the ledger as it is.
+    if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
     for (const fileID of [...ledger.keys()]) {
         if (!failedThisRun.has(fileID)) ledger.delete(fileID);
     }
@@ -837,23 +970,43 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
         unchecked,
         failed: ledger.size,
         errors,
+        undecryptableAlbums,
+        failedAlbums,
     };
 };
 
 // Only one backup of a directory runs at a time, in this process or another.
 // Creates `downloadDirectory` if it is missing, takes the lock in it and
-// returns the function that releases it; while another backup holds the lock,
-// fails at once with an error whose `code` is `ELOCKED`. The lock is the
-// directory `backup.lock`, whose modification time proper-lockfile keeps
-// current while it is held. One it has not touched for 10 seconds was left by
-// a run that could not remove it, and is taken over.
+// returns it; while another backup holds the lock, fails at once with an error
+// whose `code` is `ELOCKED`. The lock is the directory `backup.lock`, whose
+// modification time proper-lockfile keeps current while it is held. One it has
+// not touched for 10 seconds was left by a run that could not remove it, and
+// is taken over.
+//
+// proper-lockfile finds the lock lost when `backup.lock` is gone or is another
+// backup's, and calls `onCompromised` from a timer, where throwing would end
+// the process. The `onCompromised` given here sets the lock's `lost` instead,
+// and the backup holding the lock stops before it starts another file (see
+// `runLockedBackup`). Releasing a lost lock leaves `backup.lock` alone, since
+// it may be another backup's.
 export const lockBackupDirectory = async (
     downloadDirectory: string,
-): Promise<() => Promise<void>> => {
+): Promise<BackupLock> => {
     mkdirSync(downloadDirectory, { recursive: true });
+    let release: () => Promise<void>;
+    const lock: BackupLock = {
+        release: async () => {
+            if (lock.lost === undefined) await release();
+        },
+    };
     try {
-        return await lockfile.lock(downloadDirectory, {
+        release = await lockfile.lock(downloadDirectory, {
             lockfilePath: join(downloadDirectory, "backup.lock"),
+            onCompromised: (err) => {
+                lock.lost = new Error(
+                    `lost the lock on ${downloadDirectory}: ${err.message}`,
+                );
+            },
         });
     } catch (err) {
         if ((err as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code !== "ELOCKED") throw err;
@@ -862,10 +1015,11 @@ export const lockBackupDirectory = async (
             { code: "ELOCKED" },
         );
     }
+    return lock;
 };
 
 // Runs the backup holding the lock, which it takes and releases itself unless
-// the caller already holds it (`opts.lockHeld`).
+// the caller passes the lock it took (`opts.lock`).
 export const runBackup = async (
     lib: BackupLibrary,
     opts: BackupOptions,
@@ -877,13 +1031,21 @@ export const runBackup = async (
                 "open the library with one)",
         );
     }
-    if (opts.lockHeld) {
-        return runLockedBackup(lib, opts, downloadDirectory);
+    // As `BoundedPool` does. A limit below 1, or one that is not a number,
+    // would back up no original and end with no error.
+    const { contentConcurrency } = lib;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(contentConcurrency) || contentConcurrency < 1) {
+        throw new RangeError(
+            `contentConcurrency must be a positive integer, got ${contentConcurrency}`,
+        );
     }
-    const release = await lockBackupDirectory(downloadDirectory);
+    if (opts.lock) {
+        return runLockedBackup(lib, opts, downloadDirectory, opts.lock);
+    }
+    const lock = await lockBackupDirectory(downloadDirectory);
     try {
-        return await runLockedBackup(lib, opts, downloadDirectory);
+        return await runLockedBackup(lib, opts, downloadDirectory, lock);
     } finally {
-        await release();
+        await lock.release();
     }
 };

src/cli-commands.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import {
     type ClientSnapshot,
     type LoginOptions,
 } from "./client.js";
-import { lockBackupDirectory } from "./backup.js";
+import { lockBackupDirectory, type BackupLock } from "./backup.js";
 import { init } from "./crypto/index.js";
 import {
     defaultCacheDirectory,
@@ -97,6 +97,20 @@ const requireSession = (ctx: CliContext): Client | undefined => {
     return client;
 };
 
+// `text` as an ID, or undefined after telling the user it is not one. An ID is
+// written in decimal digits and is a safe integer; `Number()` alone would read
+// `0x10` as 16, `1e3` as 1000 and "" as 0.
+const parseID = (
+    ctx: CliContext,
+    kind: "file" | "collection",
+    text: string,
+): number | undefined => {
+    const id = Number(text);
+    if (/^[0-9]+$/.test(text) && Number.isSafeInteger(id)) return id;
+    ctx.stderr.write(`Invalid ${kind} ID: ${text}\n`);
+    return undefined;
+};
+
 // A library client that omits `fetchMLData`, so the point commands below do not
 // kick the library's background ML backfill: they read metadata, or fetch one
 // file's content, and exit. `backup` and `backup-metadata` handle ML on their
@@ -247,11 +261,8 @@ export const filesCommand = async (
     await init();
     const client = requireSession(ctx);
     if (!client) return 3;
-    const collectionID = Number(opts.collection);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(collectionID)) {
-        ctx.stderr.write("Invalid collection ID\n");
-        return 1;
-    }
+    const collectionID = parseID(ctx, "collection", opts.collection);
+    if (collectionID === undefined) return 1;
 
     const lib = await openReadLibrary(ctx, client);
     try {
@@ -289,11 +300,8 @@ export const getCommand = async (
     await init();
     const client = requireSession(ctx);
     if (!client) return 3;
-    const fileID = Number(fileIDStr);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(fileID)) {
-        ctx.stderr.write("Invalid file ID\n");
-        return 1;
-    }
+    const fileID = parseID(ctx, "file", fileIDStr);
+    if (fileID === undefined) return 1;
 
     const lib = await openReadLibrary(ctx, client);
     try {
@@ -347,11 +355,8 @@ export const getThumbCommand = async (
     await init();
     const client = requireSession(ctx);
     if (!client) return 3;
-    const fileID = Number(fileIDStr);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(fileID)) {
-        ctx.stderr.write("Invalid file ID\n");
-        return 1;
-    }
+    const fileID = parseID(ctx, "file", fileIDStr);
+    if (fileID === undefined) return 1;
 
     const lib = await openReadLibrary(ctx, client);
     try {
@@ -411,9 +416,9 @@ export const backupCommand = async (
     ctx.stderr.write("Starting backup...\n");
     // The lock is taken before the library opens and starts its refresh, so a
     // run refused while another backup of `dir` runs sends no request.
-    let release: () => Promise<void>;
+    let lock: BackupLock;
     try {
-        release = await lockBackupDirectory(dir);
+        lock = await lockBackupDirectory(dir);
     } catch (err) {
         if ((err as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code !== "ELOCKED") throw err;
         ctx.stderr.write(`quak: ${(err as Error).message}\n`);
@@ -422,17 +427,20 @@ export const backupCommand = async (
     try {
         // The precache is off: the backup fetches what it needs, and must not
         // also fill the cache with every thumbnail and the recent originals.
+        // No refresh starts on a timer: the backup lists its files once, from
+        // the refresh it waits for, and can run for hours.
         const lib = await Library.open({
             client,
             downloadDirectory: dir,
             cacheDirectory: ctx.cacheDir,
+            refreshIntervalSeconds: Infinity,
             precacheThumbnails: false,
             precacheOriginals: false,
         });
         try {
             const result = await lib.backup({
                 downloadDirectory: dir,
-                lockHeld: true,
+                lock,
                 verify: opts.verify,
                 onProgress: (msg) => {
                     if (!opts.json) ctx.stderr.write(msg + "\n");
@@ -462,12 +470,16 @@ export const backupCommand = async (
                 }
             }
 
-            return result.failed > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+            return result.failed > 0 ||
+                result.undecryptableAlbums.length > 0 ||
+                result.failedAlbums.length > 0
+                ? 1
+                : 0;
         } finally {
             await lib.close();
         }
     } finally {
-        await release();
+        await lock.release();
     }
 };
 
@@ -516,15 +528,19 @@ export const fixMissingThumbnailsCommand = async (
     await init();
     const client = requireSession(ctx);
     if (!client) return 3;
+    // One bad --file ID fails the whole command, before anything is fetched.
+    let fileIDs: number[] = [];
+    for (const text of opts.file ?? []) {
+        const fileID = parseID(ctx, "file", text);
+        if (fileID === undefined) return 1;
+        fileIDs.push(fileID);
+    }
     const lib = await openReadLibrary(ctx, client);
     try {
         // Refresh first so files added since the cache was written are found;
         // a failed refresh throws.
         await lib.fresh();
-        let fileIDs: number[];
-        if (opts.file && opts.file.length > 0) {
-            fileIDs = opts.file.map(Number).filter(Number.isFinite);
-        } else {
+        if (fileIDs.length === 0) {
             ctx.stderr.write("Scanning for missing thumbnails...\n");
             const missing = await listMissingThumbnails(lib, client, (msg) => {
                 if (!opts.json) ctx.stderr.write(msg + "\n");

src/cli-run.ts

@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@
 
 import type { Writable } from "node:stream";
 import { ApiError } from "./api/client.js";
+import { describeError } from "./errors.js";
 
 // Run a command and exit with its code once stdout/stderr have drained.
 // Exiting before the drain can truncate piped output, and the library can keep
 // the event loop alive after a command returns, so a plain return could hang.
 // An error the command throws is printed as one `quak: MESSAGE` line, without
-// the stack trace, and exits 1. A 401 from the server means it no longer
-// accepts the saved session: that prints one line saying to log in again and
-// exits 3, as a missing or corrupt session file does.
+// the stack trace, and exits 1. MESSAGE is the error as `describeError` gives
+// it, so it carries the reason Node's `fetch` puts on `cause`. A 401 from the
+// server means it no longer accepts the saved session: that prints one line
+// saying to log in again and exits 3, as a missing or corrupt session file
+// does.
 export const run = async (
     command: Promise<number>,
     stdout: Writable,
@@ -26,9 +29,7 @@ export const run = async (
             );
             code = 3;
         } else {
-            stderr.write(
-                `quak: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}\n`,
-            );
+            stderr.write(`quak: ${describeError(err)}\n`);
             code = 1;
         }
     }

src/client.ts

@@ -44,20 +44,28 @@ export interface ClientSnapshot {
 
 // The result of a resumable enumeration. Live decrypted records and deleted
 // ids are kept apart on purpose: a tombstone carries no key or metadata to
-// decrypt, so it is a bare id rather than a hollowed-out record. `cursor` is
-// the max `updationTime` seen, to pass back into the next call.
+// decrypt, so it is a bare id rather than a hollowed-out record. A live row
+// that cannot be decrypted, or whose metadata cannot be parsed, is in
+// `undecryptable` with the reason instead, so one bad row does not fail the
+// call; absent means there was none. `cursor` is the max `updationTime` seen,
+// those rows included, to pass back into the next call.
 export interface CollectionsPage {
     collections: Collection[];
     deleted: number[];
+    undecryptable?: { id: number; error: string }[];
     cursor: number;
 }
 
 export interface FilesPage {
     files: EnteFile[];
     deleted: number[];
+    undecryptable?: { id: number; error: string }[];
     cursor: number;
 }
 
+const errorMessage = (err: unknown): string =>
+    err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
 export class Client {
     private readonly api: ApiClient;
     private readonly email: string;
@@ -237,11 +245,12 @@ export class Client {
     }
 
     // Enumerate collections changed since `sinceTime`. Live collections are
-    // decrypted; tombstoned ones (isDeleted) are surfaced as bare ids. The
-    // returned cursor is the max `updationTime` seen — including tombstones, so
-    // the next sync resumes past them — falling back to `sinceTime` when the
-    // response is empty. `/collections/v2` returns the whole changed set in one
-    // response, so there is no pagination here.
+    // decrypted; tombstoned ones (isDeleted) are surfaced as bare ids, and
+    // ones that do not decrypt as ids with the reason. The returned cursor is
+    // the max `updationTime` seen — including tombstones, so the next sync
+    // resumes past them — falling back to `sinceTime` when the response is
+    // empty. `/collections/v2` returns the whole changed set in one response,
+    // so there is no pagination here.
     async collectionsSince(args: {
         sinceTime: number;
     }): Promise<CollectionsPage> {
@@ -254,31 +263,40 @@ export class Client {
 
         const collections: Collection[] = [];
         const deleted: number[] = [];
+        const undecryptable: { id: number; error: string }[] = [];
         let cursor = args.sinceTime;
         for (const raw of raws) {
             if (raw.isDeleted) {
                 deleted.push(raw.id);
             } else {
-                collections.push(
-                    decryptCollection(
-                        raw,
-                        {
-                            masterKey: this.masterKey,
-                            publicKey: this.publicKey,
-                            secretKey: this.secretKey,
-                        },
-                        this.userID,
-                    ),
-                );
+                try {
+                    collections.push(
+                        decryptCollection(
+                            raw,
+                            {
+                                masterKey: this.masterKey,
+                                publicKey: this.publicKey,
+                                secretKey: this.secretKey,
+                            },
+                            this.userID,
+                        ),
+                    );
+                } catch (err) {
+                    undecryptable.push({
+                        id: raw.id,
+                        error: errorMessage(err),
+                    });
+                }
             }
             if (raw.updationTime > cursor) cursor = raw.updationTime;
         }
-        return { collections, deleted, cursor };
+        return { collections, deleted, undecryptable, cursor };
     }
 
     // Enumerate a collection's files changed since `sinceTime`, paginating the
     // diff from that cursor. Live rows are decrypted; tombstoned ones are
-    // surfaced as bare ids. Returns the final cursor to resume from.
+    // surfaced as bare ids, and ones that do not decrypt or parse as ids with
+    // the reason. Returns the final cursor to resume from.
     async filesSince(args: {
         collectionID: number;
         collectionKey: Uint8Array;
@@ -288,6 +306,7 @@ export class Client {
         const { collectionID, collectionKey } = args;
         const files: EnteFile[] = [];
         const deleted: number[] = [];
+        const undecryptable: { id: number; error: string }[] = [];
         let cursor = args.sinceTime;
         for (;;) {
             const { diff, hasMore } = await this.api.getJSON<{
@@ -300,7 +319,14 @@ export class Client {
                 if (raw.isDeleted) {
                     deleted.push(raw.id);
                 } else {
-                    files.push(decryptFile(raw, collectionKey));
+                    try {
+                        files.push(decryptFile(raw, collectionKey));
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        undecryptable.push({
+                            id: raw.id,
+                            error: errorMessage(err),
+                        });
+                    }
                 }
                 if (raw.updationTime > pageMax) pageMax = raw.updationTime;
             }
@@ -321,18 +347,19 @@ export class Client {
             }
             cursor = pageMax;
         }
-        return { files, deleted, cursor };
+        return { files, deleted, undecryptable, cursor };
     }
 
-    // Whole-account listing: every live collection, deletions hidden. A thin
-    // wrapper over `collectionsSince` from the beginning of time.
+    // Whole-account listing: every live collection that decrypts, deletions
+    // hidden. A thin wrapper over `collectionsSince` from the beginning of
+    // time.
     async listCollections(): Promise<Collection[]> {
         const { collections } = await this.collectionsSince({ sinceTime: 0 });
         return collections;
     }
 
-    // Every live file in a collection, deletions hidden. A thin wrapper over
-    // `filesSince` from the beginning of time.
+    // Every live file in a collection that decrypts, deletions hidden. A thin
+    // wrapper over `filesSince` from the beginning of time.
     async listFiles(
         collectionID: number,
         collectionKey: Uint8Array,

src/download/index.ts

@@ -135,15 +135,17 @@ const streamDecrypt = async (
                     // cannot tell a partial chunk from a corrupt one, so this
                     // is reported as the truncation it almost always is, with
                     // the authentication failure kept as the error's cause.
-                    // Only the pull is guarded: a sink failure on a chunk
-                    // that did authenticate is a disk error, not a
+                    // The message leaves that failure to the cause, which
+                    // `describeError` appends to what `quak backup` prints and
+                    // records. Only the pull is guarded: a sink failure on a
+                    // chunk that did authenticate is a disk error, not a
                     // truncation.
                     let pulled;
                     try {
                         pulled = pullStreamChunk(state, buffer);
                     } catch (err) {
                         throw new TruncatedStreamError(
-                            `download: stream truncated: response body ended with ${buffer.length} trailing bytes that did not authenticate as a final chunk (transfer stopped mid-chunk, or the data is corrupt)`,
+                            `download: stream truncated: response body ended with ${buffer.length} trailing bytes (transfer stopped mid-chunk, or the data is corrupt)`,
                             { cause: err },
                         );
                     }

src/errors.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-// Error types that more than one layer of quak needs to recognise.
+// Error types that more than one layer of quak needs to recognise, and how an
+// error is described in what quak prints and in `failures.json`.
 //
-// They live here rather than beside the code that throws them so that the
+// The types live here rather than beside the code that throws them so that the
 // retry classifier can identify them without importing the HTTP client or the
 // download layer — both of which import the classifier. `ApiError` is
 // re-exported from `src/api/client.ts`, which is where callers have always
-// imported it from and where it still belongs conceptually.
+// imported it from and where it still belongs conceptually. The walk along an
+// error's `cause` chain is here too, because the retry classifier reads the
+// chain for errnos and `describeError` for messages.
 
 export class ApiError extends Error {
     readonly status: number;
@@ -43,3 +46,68 @@ export class TruncatedStreamError extends Error {
         this.name = "TruncatedStreamError";
     }
 }
+
+// `cause` is an arbitrary user-settable property and nothing prevents it from
+// forming a cycle, so the walk is bounded. Hanging the process would be worse
+// than misclassifying an error or describing only part of it.
+const MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH = 8;
+
+// The error and each error on its `cause` chain, top first, at most
+// `MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH` of them. `complete` is false when the walk stopped at the
+// depth limit with more of the chain still below it.
+export const causeChain = (
+    err: unknown,
+): { chain: object[]; complete: boolean } => {
+    const chain: object[] = [];
+    let current: unknown = err;
+    for (let depth = 0; depth < MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH; depth++) {
+        if (current === null || typeof current !== "object") {
+            return { chain, complete: true };
+        }
+        chain.push(current);
+        const { cause } = current as { cause?: unknown };
+        if (cause === current) return { chain, complete: true };
+        current = cause;
+    }
+    return { chain, complete: current === null || typeof current !== "object" };
+};
+
+// An error as quak prints it and records it in `failures.json`: its message,
+// then the message of each error on its `cause` chain, joined with ": ". Node's
+// `fetch` rejects with just "fetch failed" and puts the reason on `cause`, so
+// this gives "fetch failed: connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443". When the host
+// has several addresses and every one fails, the cause is an `AggregateError`
+// with an empty message and one error per address in `errors`, so an
+// `AggregateError` is given as the messages of its errors, joined with ", ".
+// A cause that is not an object, such as a thrown string, is given as
+// `String(cause)`. Each message is trimmed of the white space around it, as
+// OpenSSL ends its own with a newline. A message the text already holds is
+// left out.
+export const describeError = (err: unknown): string => {
+    if (!(err instanceof Error)) return String(err);
+    const { chain } = causeChain(err);
+    const messages = chain
+        .slice(1)
+        .map((cause) =>
+            cause instanceof AggregateError
+                ? cause.errors
+                      .map((e: unknown) =>
+                          (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)).trim(),
+                      )
+                      .join(", ")
+                : (cause as { message?: unknown }).message,
+        );
+    // `causeChain` stops at a cause that is not an object, so that one is read
+    // from the last error on the chain.
+    const last = chain[chain.length - 1] as { cause?: unknown };
+    if (last.cause !== undefined && typeof last.cause !== "object") {
+        messages.push(String(last.cause));
+    }
+    let text = err.message.trim();
+    for (const message of messages) {
+        if (typeof message !== "string") continue;
+        const trimmed = message.trim();
+        if (!text.includes(trimmed)) text += `: ${trimmed}`;
+    }
+    return text;
+};

src/filename.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 // hands us, and quak does not trust the server. Any name taken from them and
 // used on disk goes through here, so it can only ever name one file inside the
 // directory the caller chose: never a path, never `..`, never hidden, never a
-// Windows device name.
+// Windows device name. Such a name can still be too long for a file name, and
+// `shortenToBytes` cuts one short.
 //
 // A path the user typed (`--out`, `outPath`) is not passed through here: the
 // caller is trusted, the server is not.
@@ -39,3 +40,20 @@ export const safeExtension = (title: string): string => {
 // `name` with its extension, if it has one, replaced by `ext` (".mov").
 export const withExtension = (name: string, ext: string): string =>
     name.slice(0, name.length - extname(name).length) + ext;
+
+// The longest file name, in bytes, that ext4 and most other file systems allow.
+export const MAX_NAME_BYTES = 255;
+
+// `name` cut short to at most `maxBytes` bytes of UTF-8, the encoding a file
+// name is written to disk in, between two characters, never inside one. A name
+// that fits comes back unchanged.
+export const shortenToBytes = (name: string, maxBytes: number): string => {
+    let bytes = 0;
+    let end = 0;
+    for (const character of name) {
+        bytes += Buffer.byteLength(character);
+        if (bytes > maxBytes) break;
+        end += character.length;
+    }
+    return name.slice(0, end);
+};

src/index.ts

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ export {
     type EnsureEvent,
     lockBackupDirectory,
     runBackup,
+    type BackupLock,
     type BackupOptions,
     type BackupResult,
     type BackupError,

src/library/index.ts

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ import { runBackup, type BackupOptions, type BackupResult } from "../backup.js";
 export {
     lockBackupDirectory,
     runBackup,
+    type BackupLock,
     type BackupOptions,
     type BackupResult,
     type BackupError,
@@ -179,6 +180,9 @@ export interface LibraryOptions {
     // directory at open. The content cache treats an original already stored
     // at its save path as present.
     downloadDirectory?: string;
+    // How long after one refresh ends the background timer starts the next.
+    // `Infinity` starts none: the library then refreshes only as it opens and
+    // when `fresh()` or `backup()` asks.
     refreshIntervalSeconds?: number;
     onProgress?: RefreshProgressCallback;
     // The bounded request pools (issue #45), shared by the ML-data fetch (the
@@ -567,9 +571,10 @@ export class Library {
 
     // Back up every in-scope file to `opts.downloadDirectory`, or else the
     // library's, each original at its save path, with a durable failure
-    // ledger (issue #51). Takes the lock in that directory first, unless
-    // `opts.lockHeld` says the caller holds it, failing at once while another
-    // backup of it runs (see `runBackup`). Waits for a
+    // ledger (issue #51). Takes the lock in that directory first, unless the
+    // caller passes the lock it took as `opts.lock`, failing at once while
+    // another backup of it runs, and before it starts another file once the
+    // lock is lost (see `lockBackupDirectory`). Waits for a
     // completed refresh, as `fresh()` does, joining one already running, and
     // rejects before touching any file but the lock when it fails. Then puts
     // pending originals at their save paths as `Photo.download()` does (and
@@ -598,9 +603,11 @@ export class Library {
                 refresh: () => this.refreshNow(),
                 listCollections: () => this.store.listCollections(),
                 listFiles: (id) => this.store.listFiles(id),
+                undecryptable: () => this.store.listUndecryptable(),
                 original: (fileID, destination) =>
                     cache!.backupOriginal(fileID, destination),
                 thumbnail: (fileID) => cache!.thumbnail(fileID),
+                contentConcurrency: this.pools.content.concurrency,
                 fetchMLData: () => this.fetchMLDataNow(),
                 mlData: (fileID) => this.mldata.forFile({ fileID }),
             },
@@ -627,7 +634,8 @@ export class Library {
     }
 
     private scheduleNext(): void {
-        if (this.closed) return;
+        // `setTimeout` would turn an infinite delay into 1 ms.
+        if (this.closed || this.intervalMs === Infinity) return;
         this.timer = setTimeout(() => {
             void this.runRefresh().then(() => this.scheduleNext());
         }, this.intervalMs);
@@ -699,7 +707,10 @@ export class Library {
 
     // Fetch every change since the stored cursor, then commit. All network
     // reads happen before any store mutation, so a fetch that throws leaves the
-    // store untouched and the previous snapshot intact.
+    // store untouched and the previous snapshot intact. A collection or file
+    // that does not decrypt is left out instead, as if deleted, with the reason
+    // kept in the store: the cursor moves past it, so no later refresh sees it
+    // again until the server's copy changes.
     private async refreshOnce(): Promise<void> {
         const page = await this.client.collectionsSince({
             sinceTime: this.store.collectionsSinceTime,
@@ -736,9 +747,17 @@ export class Library {
                 this.store.deleteCollection(id);
                 changed = true;
             }
+            if (this.store.deleteUndecryptable(id)) changed = true;
+        }
+        // A collection left out takes its files with it.
+        for (const { id, error } of page.undecryptable ?? []) {
+            this.store.deleteCollection(id);
+            this.store.putUndecryptable({ collectionID: id, error });
+            changed = true;
         }
         for (const collection of page.collections) {
             this.store.putCollection(collection);
+            this.store.deleteUndecryptable(collection.id);
             changed = true;
         }
 
@@ -748,9 +767,22 @@ export class Library {
                     this.store.deleteFile(collectionID, id);
                     changed = true;
                 }
+                if (this.store.deleteUndecryptable(collectionID, id)) {
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+            }
+            for (const { id, error } of filePage.undecryptable ?? []) {
+                this.store.deleteFile(collectionID, id);
+                this.store.putUndecryptable({
+                    collectionID,
+                    fileID: id,
+                    error,
+                });
+                changed = true;
             }
             for (const f of filePage.files) {
                 this.store.putFile(f);
+                this.store.deleteUndecryptable(collectionID, f.id);
                 changed = true;
             }
         }

src/library/store.ts

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 //
 // The store keeps one `metadata.json` file holding the account's server
 // state: the user id, a schema version, the cursor for the incremental
-// collections listing, and the decrypted collection and file records. The
-// whole file is read into RAM on load and rewritten as a whole on save; there
-// is no partial update and no lock file. A separate refresh unit populates the
-// store from the server — this module only stores what it is given.
+// collections listing, the decrypted collection and file records, and the
+// collections and files the refresh could not decrypt. The whole file is read
+// into RAM on load and rewritten as a whole on save; there is no partial
+// update and no lock file. A separate refresh unit populates the store from
+// the server — this module only stores what it is given.
 //
 // The file is a cache, so it is never trusted to exist or to be intact: a
 // missing or unreadable file loads as an empty store rather than an error, and
@@ -33,12 +34,22 @@ const FILE_MODE = 0o600;
 type StoredCollection = Omit<Collection, "key"> & { key: string };
 type StoredFile = Omit<EnteFile, "key"> & { key: string };
 
+// A collection, or with `fileID` a file in it, that the last refresh to fetch
+// it could not decrypt or parse, and why. It is kept until a later refresh
+// fetches it again, because a refresh fetches only what changed.
+export interface Undecryptable {
+    collectionID: number;
+    fileID?: number;
+    error: string;
+}
+
 interface StoredMetadata {
     schemaVersion: number;
     userID: number;
     collectionsSinceTime: Microseconds;
     collections: StoredCollection[];
     files: StoredFile[];
+    undecryptable: Undecryptable[];
 }
 
 const encodeKey = (key: Uint8Array): string =>
@@ -67,6 +78,7 @@ export class MetadataStore {
 
     private readonly collections = new Map<number, Collection>();
     private readonly files = new Map<string, EnteFile>();
+    private undecryptable: Undecryptable[] = [];
 
     private constructor(path: string) {
         this.path = path;
@@ -107,6 +119,12 @@ export class MetadataStore {
                 };
                 store.files.set(fileKey(file.collectionID, file.id), file);
             }
+            for (const record of parsed.undecryptable) {
+                if (typeof record.collectionID !== "number") {
+                    throw new Error("damaged record of what did not decrypt");
+                }
+                store.undecryptable.push(record);
+            }
         } catch {
             // Any corruption discards the partial result: a half-read cache is
             // worse than an empty one, since the refresh unit will rebuild it.
@@ -134,6 +152,7 @@ export class MetadataStore {
                 ...f,
                 key: encodeKey(f.key),
             })),
+            undecryptable: this.undecryptable,
         };
 
         const dir = dirname(this.path);
@@ -165,7 +184,8 @@ export class MetadataStore {
         this.collections.set(collection.id, collection);
     }
 
-    // Removing a collection also drops its file memberships: a file record is
+    // Removing a collection also drops its file memberships, and any record
+    // that it or one of its files could not be decrypted: a file record is
     // only meaningful as part of a collection the cache still knows about.
     deleteCollection(id: number): void {
         this.collections.delete(id);
@@ -174,6 +194,9 @@ export class MetadataStore {
                 this.files.delete(key);
             }
         }
+        this.undecryptable = this.undecryptable.filter(
+            (record) => record.collectionID !== id,
+        );
     }
 
     getFile(collectionID: number, fileID: number): EnteFile | undefined {
@@ -205,4 +228,26 @@ export class MetadataStore {
     deleteFile(collectionID: number, fileID: number): void {
         this.files.delete(fileKey(collectionID, fileID));
     }
+
+    listUndecryptable(): Undecryptable[] {
+        return [...this.undecryptable];
+    }
+
+    // Replaces any earlier record of the same collection or file.
+    putUndecryptable(record: Undecryptable): void {
+        this.deleteUndecryptable(record.collectionID, record.fileID);
+        this.undecryptable.push(record);
+    }
+
+    // Forgets the record of the collection, or with `fileID` of that file in
+    // it. Returns whether there was one.
+    deleteUndecryptable(collectionID: number, fileID?: number): boolean {
+        const before = this.undecryptable.length;
+        this.undecryptable = this.undecryptable.filter(
+            (record) =>
+                record.collectionID !== collectionID ||
+                record.fileID !== fileID,
+        );
+        return this.undecryptable.length < before;
+    }
 }

src/retry.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 // declining to retry a transient one costs a single file that the next run
 // picks up anyway. When the evidence is ambiguous, fail fast.
 
-import { ApiError, TruncatedStreamError } from "./errors.js";
+import { ApiError, causeChain, TruncatedStreamError } from "./errors.js";
 
 export interface RetryOptions {
     // Total calls, not retries: `attempts: 1` disables retrying.
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ export const resolveRetryOptions = (
 });
 
 // Transport failures: the request did not complete, for reasons below HTTP.
+//
+// The errnos are Node's. The binary `make install` builds runs under bun,
+// whose `fetch` rejects with a plain `Error` that has no `cause` and a `code`
+// of bun's own. Bun gives `ConnectionRefused` for a refused connection and for
+// a TLS handshake that failed, and `ConnectionRefused` or `FailedToOpenSocket`
+// for a name that does not resolve. For a connection reset or closed before
+// the response ended, it gives Node's `ECONNRESET`. These were found by
+// running that binary, built with bun 1.3.13, against listeners on 127.0.0.1.
 const TRANSPORT_CODES = new Set([
     "ECONNRESET",
     "ECONNABORTED",
@@ -70,6 +78,9 @@ const TRANSPORT_CODES = new Set([
     "ENETUNREACH",
     "ENETRESET",
     "ENETDOWN",
+    // Bun's.
+    "ConnectionRefused",
+    "FailedToOpenSocket",
 ]);
 
 // The subset of the above that can only be reported before a TCP connection
@@ -87,13 +98,14 @@ const TRANSPORT_CODES = new Set([
 // ambiguity this set exists to exclude. They stay in `TRANSPORT_CODES`, so
 // they remain retryable for idempotent calls; only replay eligibility is
 // narrowed. See `isSafeToReplay`.
+//
+// Bun's `ConnectionRefused` and `FailedToOpenSocket` are absent too, so a
+// `POST` or `PUT` is not replayed on them. When a connection bun kept open from
+// an earlier request closes before any answer, bun sends the request again on
+// a new connection, and if that one fails it gives one of these codes although
+// the server may already have the request.
 const CONNECT_CODES = new Set(["ENOTFOUND", "EAI_AGAIN", "ECONNREFUSED"]);
 
-// `cause` is an arbitrary user-settable property and nothing prevents it from
-// forming a cycle, so the walk is bounded. Hanging the process would be a
-// worse outcome than any misclassification.
-const MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH = 8;
-
 // Collect every `code` in an error's cause chain. undici does not put the
 // errno on the error it throws — it hangs the underlying socket error off
 // `cause`, sometimes more than one level down — so a classifier that only read
@@ -101,20 +113,21 @@ const MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH = 8;
 // connection permanent. `complete` is false when the walk stopped at the
 // depth limit with more of the chain still below it.
 const causeCodes = (err: unknown): { codes: string[]; complete: boolean } => {
+    const { chain, complete } = causeChain(err);
     const codes: string[] = [];
-    let current: unknown = err;
-    for (let depth = 0; depth < MAX_CAUSE_DEPTH; depth++) {
-        if (current === null || typeof current !== "object") {
-            return { codes, complete: true };
-        }
-        const { code, cause } = current as { code?: unknown; cause?: unknown };
+    for (const link of chain) {
+        const { code } = link as { code?: unknown };
         if (typeof code === "string") codes.push(code);
-        if (cause === current) return { codes, complete: true };
-        current = cause;
     }
-    return { codes, complete: current === null || typeof current !== "object" };
+    return { codes, complete };
 };
 
+// Does the error's cause chain hold the code of a transport failure, one of
+// `TRANSPORT_CODES`? `isRetryable` retries such an error, and `classify` in
+// `src/backup.ts` calls it transient.
+export const hasTransportCode = (err: unknown): boolean =>
+    causeCodes(err).codes.some((code) => TRANSPORT_CODES.has(code));
+
 const isAbort = (err: unknown): boolean => {
     if (err === null || typeof err !== "object") return false;
     const { name } = err as { name?: unknown };
@@ -156,9 +169,10 @@ export const isRetryable = (err: unknown): boolean => {
     // deliberately literal. Demanding a recognised `cause` instead would
     // classify real network failures as permanent and fail backups that should
     // have succeeded; the cost of the imprecision is bounded by the attempt
-    // count.
+    // count. Bun's fetch rejects with a plain `Error` instead, which is
+    // recognised by its code (see `TRANSPORT_CODES`).
     if (err instanceof TypeError) return true;
-    return causeCodes(err).codes.some((code) => TRANSPORT_CODES.has(code));
+    return hasTransportCode(err);
 };
 
 // Could the first attempt already have taken effect on the server?
@@ -174,11 +188,13 @@ export const isRetryable = (err: unknown): boolean => {
 //
 // Everything else is ambiguous. A 5xx proves the server did process the
 // request. A reset or a broken pipe can arrive after it was fully sent and
-// acted on. A routing errno can be delivered on an established socket. A
-// deadline says nothing at all about the server's state. So every errno in the
-// cause chain must be a connect errno: one other errno anywhere in the chain
-// is doubt, and doubt is not replayed. A chain longer than the walk is doubt
-// too: the links below the limit were never read.
+// acted on. A routing errno can be delivered on an established socket. Bun's
+// `ConnectionRefused` and `FailedToOpenSocket` can come from a new connection
+// bun opened to resend a request that already went out on a connection it kept
+// open. A deadline says nothing at all about the server's state. So every code in the
+// cause chain must be one of `CONNECT_CODES`: one other code anywhere in the
+// chain is doubt, and doubt is not replayed. A chain longer than the walk is
+// doubt too: the links below the limit were never read.
 export const isSafeToReplay = (err: unknown): boolean => {
     const { codes, complete } = causeCodes(err);
     return (

test/cli/backup-concurrency.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+/**
+ * How many originals `lib.backup()` works on at once.
+ *
+ * The backup puts up to the content pool's limit of originals at their save
+ * paths at the same time: 5 for a library opened with the default
+ * `RequestPools`, as `quak backup` opens it, or the `contentConcurrency` of the
+ * pools a library was opened with. Everything the backup does for one original
+ * counts against that limit, hashing it for `verify` included, so however large
+ * the account is, the backup has no more than that many originals open at once.
+ *
+ * As in `backup-end-to-end.test.ts`, the real `Client` and `Library` run
+ * against `buildMetaFetch` from `test/ente-server.ts`, a fake of the Ente HTTP
+ * API serving data this file encrypts with libsodium. Here a test can also hold
+ * each original's download until it lets it go, to see how many the backup has
+ * in flight at once.
+ *
+ * The account, user 42, has one album of its own, Holiday, of eight photos,
+ * all taken at noon on 1 March 2024, each with an original of its own.
+ */
+
+import {
+    existsSync,
+    lstatSync,
+    mkdtempSync,
+    readdirSync,
+    readFileSync,
+    readlinkSync,
+    rmSync,
+    writeFileSync,
+} from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+import type { BackupOptions } from "../../src/backup.js";
+import { Client, type ClientSnapshot } from "../../src/client.js";
+import { init, toBase64 } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
+import { Library } from "../../src/library/index.js";
+import { RequestPools } from "../../src/library/pools.js";
+import {
+    buildAccount,
+    buildMetaFetch,
+    encryptSecretbox,
+    encryptStreamBlob,
+} from "../ente-server.js";
+import { blake2b } from "../live-photo.js";
+
+const EMAIL = "backup@example.com";
+const PASSWORD = "backup-password";
+// The fake server logs every account in as user 42.
+const USER_ID = 42;
+
+// Noon on 1 March 2024 in the time zone of the machine running the test, in
+// microseconds, as Ente records times.
+const TAKEN = new Date(2024, 2, 1, 12).getTime() * 1000;
+
+// The eight photos' IDs. Photo `id` is titled `photo-<id>.jpg`, and its
+// original is a few bytes naming it.
+const PHOTO_IDS = [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108];
+const originalOf = (id: number): Uint8Array =>
+    new TextEncoder().encode(`the photo ${id}`);
+
+// Where a backup to `dir` saves photo `id`'s original.
+const savedAt = (dir: string, id: number): string =>
+    join(dir, "2024/2024-03/2024-03-01", `2024-03-01.${id}.jpg`);
+
+// The fake server, the session it logs the account in with, and the
+// directory every backup below is made in.
+let server: typeof globalThis.fetch;
+let session: ClientSnapshot;
+let root: string;
+
+// The fake server, holding the account encrypted as Ente's clients upload it.
+const buildServer = async () => {
+    const account = await buildAccount(PASSWORD);
+
+    // The album as `/collections/v2` lists it: its key encrypted with the
+    // account's master key, its name with its own key.
+    const albumKey = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+    const encryptedAlbumKey = encryptSecretbox(albumKey, account.masterKey);
+    const encryptedName = encryptSecretbox(
+        new TextEncoder().encode("Holiday"),
+        albumKey,
+    );
+    const album = {
+        id: 10,
+        owner: { id: USER_ID },
+        encryptedKey: toBase64(encryptedAlbumKey.ciphertext),
+        keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedAlbumKey.nonce),
+        encryptedName: toBase64(encryptedName.ciphertext),
+        nameDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedName.nonce),
+        type: "album",
+        updationTime: TAKEN,
+    };
+
+    // Each photo as the album's `/collections/v2/diff` lists it: its key
+    // encrypted with the album's key, and its metadata, holding the hash of
+    // its original, encrypted with its own key. Its original, encrypted with
+    // its own key too, is what the files CDN serves for it.
+    const ciphertexts: Record<number, Uint8Array> = {};
+    const photos = PHOTO_IDS.map((id) => {
+        const key = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_keygen();
+        const original = encryptStreamBlob(originalOf(id), key);
+        ciphertexts[id] = original.ciphertext;
+        const encryptedKey = encryptSecretbox(key, albumKey);
+        const metadata = encryptStreamBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode(
+                JSON.stringify({
+                    title: `photo-${id}.jpg`,
+                    fileType: 0,
+                    hash: blake2b(originalOf(id)),
+                    creationTime: TAKEN,
+                    modificationTime: TAKEN,
+                }),
+            ),
+            key,
+        );
+        return {
+            id,
+            collectionID: 10,
+            ownerID: USER_ID,
+            encryptedKey: toBase64(encryptedKey.ciphertext),
+            keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedKey.nonce),
+            metadata: {
+                encryptedData: toBase64(metadata.ciphertext),
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(metadata.header),
+            },
+            file: { decryptionHeader: toBase64(original.header) },
+            thumbnail: {
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(sodium.randombytes_buf(24)),
+            },
+            updationTime: TAKEN,
+        };
+    });
+
+    return buildMetaFetch({
+        verifier: account.verifier,
+        srpAttributes: account.srpAttributes,
+        keyAttributes: account.keyAttributes,
+        encryptedToken: account.encryptedToken,
+        collections: [album],
+        filesByCollection: { 10: photos },
+        encryptedMLData: {},
+        fileCiphertexts: ciphertexts,
+    });
+};
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    await init();
+    await sodium.ready;
+    root = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "quak-backup-concurrency-"));
+    server = await buildServer();
+    const client = await Client.login({
+        email: EMAIL,
+        password: PASSWORD,
+        apiOptions: { fetch: server },
+    });
+    session = client.toJSON();
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+    rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+// The ID of the photo whose original a request downloads, or undefined for any
+// other request. quak downloads an original from
+// `https://files.ente.io/?fileID=<id>`.
+const downloadOf = (input: RequestInfo | URL): number | undefined => {
+    const url = new URL(String(input));
+    return url.hostname === "files.ente.io"
+        ? Number(url.searchParams.get("fileID"))
+        : undefined;
+};
+
+// The fake server, except that it answers 404 to every download of photo
+// `failing`'s original.
+const failingFor =
+    (failing: number): typeof globalThis.fetch =>
+    async (input, init) =>
+        downloadOf(input) === failing
+            ? new Response("not found", { status: 404 })
+            : server(input, init);
+
+// The fake server, holding each download of an original until the test lets
+// it go. `held` lists the downloads waiting, the first to arrive first;
+// `most()` is the largest number that ever waited at once. A held download of
+// photo `failing`'s original is answered 404 once it is let go.
+const holdingServer = (failing?: number) => {
+    const held: { id: number; release: () => void }[] = [];
+    let most = 0;
+    const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+        const id = downloadOf(input);
+        if (id !== undefined) {
+            await new Promise<void>((release) => {
+                held.push({ id, release });
+                most = Math.max(most, held.length);
+            });
+            if (id === failing) {
+                return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+            }
+        }
+        return server(input, init);
+    };
+    return { fetch, held, most: () => most };
+};
+
+// Let the held downloads go one at a time, the first to arrive first, each
+// once `limit` of them wait, or all the downloads still to come when there
+// are fewer. Each of the eight photos is downloaded once. With a backup that
+// downloads fewer than `limit` at once, this fails waiting for them. Each wait
+// allows five seconds, for a loaded machine's disk to sync the files written.
+const releaseOneAtATime = async (
+    held: { release: () => void }[],
+    limit: number,
+): Promise<void> => {
+    for (let left = PHOTO_IDS.length; left > 0; left--) {
+        await vi.waitFor(
+            () => expect(held).toHaveLength(Math.min(limit, left)),
+            { interval: 5, timeout: 5000 },
+        );
+        held.shift()!.release();
+    }
+};
+
+// A library of the account opened as `quak backup` opens one, with no
+// precache and no background refresh, sending its requests through `fetch`.
+// It backs up to `dir` and keeps its cache beside it. Its request pools are
+// `pools`, or by default the library's own.
+const openLibrary = (
+    dir: string,
+    fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch,
+    pools?: RequestPools,
+): Promise<Library> =>
+    Library.open({
+        client: Client.fromJSON(session, { fetch }),
+        downloadDirectory: dir,
+        cacheDirectory: `${dir}-cache`,
+        refreshIntervalSeconds: Infinity,
+        precacheThumbnails: false,
+        precacheOriginals: false,
+        pools,
+    });
+
+// Every entry under `dir`, relative to it, sorted, a symlink as
+// `name -> target`.
+const listTree = (dir: string): string[] =>
+    readdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+        .sort()
+        .map((name) => {
+            const path = join(dir, name);
+            return lstatSync(path).isSymbolicLink()
+                ? `${name} -> ${readlinkSync(path)}`
+                : name;
+        });
+
+const expectStored = (dir: string, ids: number[]): void => {
+    for (const id of ids) {
+        expect(readFileSync(savedAt(dir, id))).toEqual(
+            Buffer.from(originalOf(id)),
+        );
+    }
+};
+
+describe("lib.backup()", () => {
+    // A library opened with the default pools, as `quak backup` opens one,
+    // downloads up to five originals at once. As soon as one finishes, the
+    // backup starts on the next photo, so five stay in flight until fewer
+    // than five are left.
+    it("downloads five originals at once, and never more, with the default pools", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(5);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                totalFiles: 8,
+                downloaded: 8,
+                failed: 0,
+            });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // The limit is the content pool's, so a library opened with pools of
+    // another `contentConcurrency` backs up that many at once.
+    it("downloads as many originals at once as the content pool of the pools it was opened with allows", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(
+            dir,
+            holding.fetch,
+            new RequestPools({ contentConcurrency: 2 }),
+        );
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 2);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(2);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({ downloaded: 8, failed: 0 });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // With `verify`, hashing an original already stored is part of the work
+    // on it, and counts against the limit too: a large backup never has more
+    // than five originals open for hashing. Here every stored original has
+    // changed on disk, so each is hashed, found not to match, and downloaded
+    // again. While five downloads wait, the backup has hashed only those five
+    // photos' originals; it opens the next one once a download finishes.
+    it("with verify, hashes no more originals ahead of their downloads than the limit", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const first = await openLibrary(dir, server);
+        try {
+            await first.backup();
+        } finally {
+            await first.close();
+        }
+        for (const id of PHOTO_IDS) {
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, id), "not the photo any more");
+        }
+
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        const lines: string[] = [];
+        const mismatches = () =>
+            lines.filter((line) => line.startsWith("MISMATCH"));
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup({
+                verify: true,
+                onProgress: (line) => lines.push(line),
+            });
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(holding.held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            expect(mismatches()).toHaveLength(5);
+
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(5);
+            expect(mismatches()).toHaveLength(8);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                downloaded: 8,
+                verified: 0,
+                mismatched: 8,
+                failed: 0,
+            });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // The server answers 404 for photo 103's original. A 404 is not retried,
+    // so that download fails at once, while other downloads are still in
+    // flight. The backup records the failure and goes on: the downloads
+    // beside it finish, the photos after it are downloaded, and only photo
+    // 103 is missing from the backup and in failures.json.
+    it("goes on with the other originals when one fails", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer(103);
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                totalFiles: 8,
+                downloaded: 7,
+                failed: 1,
+            });
+            expect(result.errors.map((e) => e.fileID)).toEqual([103]);
+            expectStored(
+                dir,
+                PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) => id !== 103),
+            );
+            expect(existsSync(savedAt(dir, 103))).toBe(false);
+            const failures = JSON.parse(
+                readFileSync(join(dir, "failures.json"), "utf-8"),
+            );
+            expect(Object.keys(failures.files)).toEqual(["103"]);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // A throw from `onProgress` fails the backup: `lib.backup()` rejects with
+    // it. From then on the backup starts no further original. It finishes the
+    // ones it is working on, and rejects only once they are in place, so
+    // nothing is written into the backup after it has ended and removed its
+    // lock. Here the first five downloads wait. Photo 103's is let go first
+    // and answered 404, and the line reporting that failure throws while the
+    // other four wait. Only those five downloads are held: a backup that went
+    // on would store the other three photos.
+    it("when onProgress throws, starts no further original, and rejects once the originals it was working on are in place", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const downloads: number[] = [];
+        const held: { id: number; release: () => void }[] = [];
+        const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+            const id = downloadOf(input);
+            if (id !== undefined) {
+                downloads.push(id);
+                if (downloads.length <= 5) {
+                    await new Promise<void>((release) =>
+                        held.push({ id, release }),
+                    );
+                }
+                if (id === 103) {
+                    return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+                }
+            }
+            return server(input, init);
+        };
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, fetch);
+        const lines: string[] = [];
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup({
+                onProgress: (line) => {
+                    lines.push(line);
+                    if (line.startsWith("FAILED")) {
+                        throw new Error("the progress output is closed");
+                    }
+                },
+            });
+            // The photos whose originals are in place, and whether the lock
+            // is there, at the moment `lib.backup()` rejects.
+            let storedWhenRejected: number[] = [];
+            let lockedWhenRejected = true;
+            const rejection = backup.catch((err: unknown) => {
+                storedWhenRejected = PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) =>
+                    existsSync(savedAt(dir, id)),
+                );
+                lockedWhenRejected = existsSync(join(dir, "backup.lock"));
+                return err;
+            });
+
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            const at103 = held.findIndex((h) => h.id === 103);
+            held.splice(at103, 1)[0]!.release();
+            await vi.waitFor(
+                () =>
+                    expect(
+                        lines.some((line) => line.startsWith("FAILED")),
+                    ).toBe(true),
+                { interval: 5, timeout: 5000 },
+            );
+            for (const download of held) download.release();
+
+            expect(await rejection).toEqual(
+                new Error("the progress output is closed"),
+            );
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+            expect(storedWhenRejected).toEqual([101, 102, 104, 105]);
+            expect(lockedWhenRejected).toBe(false);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Once the backup's lock is lost, another backup may be writing to the
+    // directory, so the backup starts no further original. It finishes the
+    // ones it is working on, and `lib.backup()` rejects once they are all in
+    // place. Here `backup.lock` is removed while the first five downloads
+    // wait, and proper-lockfile's timer finds it gone. As in
+    // `backup-end-to-end.test.ts`, only `setTimeout` and `clearTimeout` are
+    // faked, so the test can fire that timer without waiting 5 seconds. Only
+    // the first five downloads are held: a backup that went on would store
+    // the other three photos.
+    it("when its lock is lost, starts no further original, and rejects once the originals it was working on are in place", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const lockPath = join(dir, "backup.lock");
+        const downloads: number[] = [];
+        const held: (() => void)[] = [];
+        const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+            const id = downloadOf(input);
+            if (id !== undefined) {
+                downloads.push(id);
+                if (downloads.length <= 5) {
+                    await new Promise<void>((release) => held.push(release));
+                }
+            }
+            return server(input, init);
+        };
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, fetch);
+        vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ["setTimeout", "clearTimeout"] });
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            // The photos whose originals are in place at the moment
+            // `lib.backup()` rejects.
+            let storedWhenRejected: number[] = [];
+            const rejection = backup.catch((err: unknown) => {
+                storedWhenRejected = PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) =>
+                    existsSync(savedAt(dir, id)),
+                );
+                return err;
+            });
+
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            rmSync(lockPath, { recursive: true });
+            // Fire proper-lockfile's timer, and wait for the look at the lock
+            // on disk that it starts to finish: Node lists a file system call
+            // in progress as an `FSReqCallback`.
+            vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000);
+            while (process.getActiveResourcesInfo().includes("FSReqCallback")) {
+                await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+            }
+            for (const release of held) release();
+
+            expect(await rejection).toEqual(
+                new Error(
+                    `lost the lock on ${dir}: ENOENT: no such file or directory, stat '${lockPath}'`,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+            expect(storedWhenRejected).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+        } finally {
+            vi.useRealTimers();
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Working on several originals at once changes only how long a backup
+    // takes. The same two runs, with a content pool of one, which backs up
+    // one original at a time, and with the default pools, end the same way:
+    // the same result, the same progress lines (in another order), the same
+    // failures.json, and the same tree. The first run stores every photo but
+    // 103, whose download is answered 404. Then two stored originals change
+    // on disk, and a run with `verify` puts them back and tries 103 again.
+    it("ends as a backup of one original at a time does", async () => {
+        const twoRuns = async (pools: RequestPools) => {
+            const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+            const lines: string[] = [];
+            const backup = async (opts: BackupOptions) => {
+                const lib = await openLibrary(dir, failingFor(103), pools);
+                try {
+                    return await lib.backup({
+                        ...opts,
+                        onProgress: (line) => lines.push(line),
+                    });
+                } finally {
+                    await lib.close();
+                }
+            };
+            const first = await backup({});
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, 101), "not the photo any more");
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, 105), "not the photo any more");
+            const second = await backup({ verify: true });
+
+            // Each entry of failures.json without the time it was last
+            // tried, which differs from run to run.
+            const { files } = JSON.parse(
+                readFileSync(join(dir, "failures.json"), "utf-8"),
+            ) as { files: Record<string, { lastTriedAt?: number }> };
+            for (const entry of Object.values(files)) delete entry.lastTriedAt;
+
+            return {
+                first,
+                second,
+                lines: lines.sort(),
+                failures: files,
+                tree: listTree(dir),
+            };
+        };
+
+        const oneAtATime = await twoRuns(
+            new RequestPools({ contentConcurrency: 1 }),
+        );
+        const fiveAtATime = await twoRuns(new RequestPools());
+
+        expect(oneAtATime.first).toMatchObject({
+            totalFiles: 8,
+            downloaded: 7,
+            skipped: 0,
+            failed: 1,
+        });
+        expect(oneAtATime.second).toMatchObject({
+            totalFiles: 8,
+            downloaded: 2,
+            skipped: 5,
+            verified: 5,
+            mismatched: 2,
+            unchecked: 0,
+            failed: 1,
+        });
+        expect(oneAtATime.failures).toEqual({
+            "103": expect.objectContaining({ fileID: 103, attempts: 2 }),
+        });
+        expect(fiveAtATime).toEqual(oneAtATime);
+    });
+});

test/cli/backup-undecryptable.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+/**
+ * `quak backup` over an account holding an album or a file quak cannot decrypt
+ * (issue 181).
+ *
+ * The server sends every album and file encrypted, and a refresh decrypts each
+ * one it fetches. A record whose key no key of the account opens, or whose
+ * metadata is not JSON, must not fail the refresh: a refresh that fails commits
+ * nothing, so `quak backup` would store nothing, on every run, until the
+ * server's copy changed. Instead the refresh leaves that record out, and the
+ * library keeps a list of what it left out in its cache. It has to: the next
+ * refresh asks the server only for what changed since the last one, so it will
+ * not see the record again.
+ *
+ * The backup stores every other file. It records each file it could not
+ * decrypt in `failures.json`, prints one line for each album it could not
+ * decrypt, and exits 1 while any remain. Once the server sends a copy that
+ * decrypts, or deletes the record, the next run drops it and can exit 0. The
+ * read commands answer from what did decrypt.
+ *
+ * These tests run the commands with a real saved session over a stand-in Ente
+ * server, which serves albums, files and originals encrypted with libsodium as
+ * the real server does. A record is broken the way a corrupt one arrives: its
+ * key replaced by bytes no key opens, or its metadata text that is not JSON.
+ */
+
+import {
+    existsSync,
+    mkdtempSync,
+    readdirSync,
+    readFileSync,
+    rmSync,
+} from "node:fs";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+
+import {
+    backupCommand,
+    collectionsCommand,
+    filesCommand,
+    saveSession,
+    type CliContext,
+} from "../../src/cli-commands.js";
+import { loadSession } from "../../src/cli-session.js";
+import { Client, type ClientSnapshot } from "../../src/client.js";
+import { encryptBlob, init, toBase64 } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
+import { Library } from "../../src/library/index.js";
+
+const USER_ID = 42;
+
+// Every file is taken at noon local time on 2026-03-01, in microseconds as Ente
+// stores times, so its original is saved in the folder `DAY` whatever the time
+// zone of the machine running the tests.
+const TAKEN = new Date(2026, 2, 1, 12).getTime() * 1000;
+const DAY = join("2026", "2026-03", "2026-03-01");
+
+type Row = { id: number; updationTime: number } & Record<string, unknown>;
+
+// `plaintext` sealed under `key` with a fresh nonce, both base64, as Ente
+// sends a key or an album name.
+const secretbox = (
+    plaintext: Uint8Array,
+    key: Uint8Array,
+): { ciphertext: string; nonce: string } => {
+    const nonce = sodium.randombytes_buf(sodium.crypto_secretbox_NONCEBYTES);
+    return {
+        ciphertext: toBase64(
+            sodium.crypto_secretbox_easy(plaintext, nonce, key),
+        ),
+        nonce: toBase64(nonce),
+    };
+};
+
+// What a corrupt row carries in place of its sealed key: random bytes of the
+// same length, which no key opens.
+const corruptKey = (): string =>
+    toBase64(
+        sodium.randombytes_buf(
+            sodium.crypto_secretbox_KEYBYTES + sodium.crypto_secretbox_MACBYTES,
+        ),
+    );
+
+const json = (body: unknown): Response =>
+    new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+        status: 200,
+        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+    });
+
+// A stand-in Ente server for one account. It holds each album, and each file in
+// an album, as the row `/collections/v2` and `/collections/v2/diff` serve, and
+// answers a request with the rows whose `updationTime` is past the request's
+// `sinceTime`, as the real server does. A change to a file also moves its
+// album's `updationTime`, which is what tells a client to list the album's
+// files again. Originals are served by file ID, as the files CDN serves them.
+class FakeEnte {
+    private readonly masterKey = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+    private readonly keyPair = sodium.crypto_box_keypair();
+    private readonly albums = new Map<number, Row>();
+    private readonly albumKeys = new Map<number, Uint8Array>();
+    // Each album's file rows, by album ID and then file ID.
+    private readonly files = new Map<number, Map<number, Row>>();
+    // Each file's key and its original as served, by file ID. A file in two
+    // albums is one original under one key, sealed under each album's key.
+    private readonly originals = new Map<
+        number,
+        { key: Uint8Array; header: string; body: Uint8Array }
+    >();
+
+    // The session `quak login` would have saved for the account.
+    snapshot(): ClientSnapshot {
+        return {
+            email: "user@example.com",
+            userID: USER_ID,
+            token: "token",
+            masterKey: toBase64(this.masterKey),
+            secretKey: toBase64(this.keyPair.privateKey),
+            publicKey: toBase64(this.keyPair.publicKey),
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Album `id`, named `name`, as of time `t`. With `corrupt`, its key cannot
+    // be decrypted. An album keeps its key from one call to the next, so its
+    // files' rows still decrypt once it is put back without `corrupt`.
+    putAlbum(id: number, name: string, t: number, corrupt = false): void {
+        const key = this.albumKeys.get(id) ?? sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+        this.albumKeys.set(id, key);
+        const sealedKey = secretbox(key, this.masterKey);
+        const sealedName = secretbox(new TextEncoder().encode(name), key);
+        this.albums.set(id, {
+            id,
+            owner: { id: USER_ID },
+            encryptedKey: corrupt ? corruptKey() : sealedKey.ciphertext,
+            keyDecryptionNonce: sealedKey.nonce,
+            encryptedName: sealedName.ciphertext,
+            nameDecryptionNonce: sealedName.nonce,
+            type: "album",
+            updationTime: t,
+        });
+        if (!this.files.has(id)) this.files.set(id, new Map());
+    }
+
+    // File `id`, titled `photo-<id>.jpg`, in album `albumID` as of time `t`.
+    // With `corruptKey`, its key cannot be decrypted. With `metadata`, its
+    // metadata decrypts to that text instead of the JSON a client uploads.
+    putFile(
+        albumID: number,
+        id: number,
+        t: number,
+        opts: { corruptKey?: boolean; metadata?: string } = {},
+    ): void {
+        const original = this.originalOf(id);
+        const sealedKey = secretbox(original.key, this.albumKeys.get(albumID)!);
+        const metadata =
+            opts.metadata ??
+            JSON.stringify({
+                title: `photo-${id}.jpg`,
+                fileType: 0,
+                creationTime: TAKEN,
+                modificationTime: TAKEN,
+            });
+        const sealedMetadata = encryptBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode(metadata),
+            original.key,
+        );
+        this.files.get(albumID)!.set(id, {
+            id,
+            collectionID: albumID,
+            ownerID: USER_ID,
+            encryptedKey: opts.corruptKey ? corruptKey() : sealedKey.ciphertext,
+            keyDecryptionNonce: sealedKey.nonce,
+            metadata: {
+                encryptedData: toBase64(sealedMetadata.ciphertext),
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(sealedMetadata.header),
+            },
+            file: { decryptionHeader: original.header },
+            thumbnail: { decryptionHeader: original.header },
+            updationTime: t,
+        });
+        this.moveAlbum(albumID, t);
+    }
+
+    // A deleted record stays on the server as a tombstone holding only its
+    // ID, its time and `isDeleted`.
+    deleteFile(albumID: number, id: number, t: number): void {
+        this.files
+            .get(albumID)!
+            .set(id, { id, updationTime: t, isDeleted: true });
+        this.moveAlbum(albumID, t);
+    }
+
+    deleteAlbum(id: number, t: number): void {
+        this.albums.set(id, { id, updationTime: t, isDeleted: true });
+    }
+
+    // The `fetch` the saved session's client is given.
+    readonly fetch = (async (input: string | URL | Request) => {
+        const url = new URL(input instanceof Request ? input.url : input);
+        const since = Number(url.searchParams.get("sinceTime"));
+        const changed = (rows: Iterable<Row>): Row[] =>
+            [...rows].filter((row) => row.updationTime > since);
+        switch (url.pathname) {
+            case "/collections/v2":
+                return json({ collections: changed(this.albums.values()) });
+            case "/collections/v2/diff": {
+                const albumID = Number(url.searchParams.get("collectionID"));
+                const rows = this.files.get(albumID)?.values() ?? [];
+                return json({ diff: changed(rows), hasMore: false });
+            }
+            case "/files/data/fetch":
+                // No file has ML data.
+                return json({ data: [] });
+            default: {
+                const fileID = Number(url.searchParams.get("fileID"));
+                const original = this.originals.get(fileID);
+                return original
+                    ? new Response(original.body)
+                    : new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+            }
+        }
+    }) as typeof globalThis.fetch;
+
+    private originalOf(id: number): {
+        key: Uint8Array;
+        header: string;
+        body: Uint8Array;
+    } {
+        const known = this.originals.get(id);
+        if (known) return known;
+        const key = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+        const { header, ciphertext } = encryptBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode(`original of ${id}`),
+            key,
+        );
+        const original = { key, header: toBase64(header), body: ciphertext };
+        this.originals.set(id, original);
+        return original;
+    }
+
+    private moveAlbum(albumID: number, t: number): void {
+        this.albums.set(albumID, {
+            ...this.albums.get(albumID)!,
+            updationTime: t,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// Album 1, "Trip", holds file 10, which decrypts, file 11, whose key does not,
+// and file 12, whose metadata is not JSON. Album 2, "Family", holds file 20,
+// but the album's own key does not decrypt. All of it as of time 1.
+const brokenAccount = (): FakeEnte => {
+    const ente = new FakeEnte();
+    ente.putAlbum(1, "Trip", 1);
+    ente.putFile(1, 10, 1);
+    ente.putFile(1, 11, 1, { corruptKey: true });
+    ente.putFile(1, 12, 1, { metadata: "not json" });
+    ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 1, true);
+    ente.putFile(2, 20, 1);
+    return ente;
+};
+
+// Album 1, "Trip", holds file 10, and album 2, "Family", holds file 20. Both
+// files decrypt, but album 2's own key does not, so the album is the only
+// record left out. All of it as of time 1.
+const brokenAlbumAccount = (): FakeEnte => {
+    const ente = new FakeEnte();
+    ente.putAlbum(1, "Trip", 1);
+    ente.putFile(1, 10, 1);
+    ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 1, true);
+    ente.putFile(2, 20, 1);
+    return ente;
+};
+
+// Collects everything written to it.
+class Output {
+    text = "";
+    write(text: string): void {
+        this.text += text;
+    }
+}
+
+let root: string;
+let stdout: Output;
+let stderr: Output;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    await init();
+    await sodium.ready;
+});
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+    root = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "quak-undecryptable-"));
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+    rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+// A context for one command, with fresh output, whose saved session talks to
+// `ente`. Every run shares one cache directory, as runs of `quak` do.
+const context = (ente: FakeEnte): CliContext => {
+    stdout = new Output();
+    stderr = new Output();
+    saveSession(join(root, "session"), ente.snapshot());
+    return {
+        stdout,
+        stderr,
+        sessionDir: join(root, "session"),
+        cacheDir: join(root, "cache"),
+        loadSession: (path) =>
+            loadSession(path, { fetch: ente.fetch, retry: { attempts: 1 } }),
+        login: async () => {
+            throw new Error("login not expected");
+        },
+        prompt: async () => {
+            throw new Error("prompt not expected");
+        },
+        promptSecret: async () => {
+            throw new Error("prompt not expected");
+        },
+    };
+};
+
+const backupDir = (): string => join(root, "backup");
+
+// Runs `quak backup` into the backup directory and returns its exit code.
+const backup = (ente: FakeEnte, opts: { json?: boolean } = {}) =>
+    backupCommand(context(ente), backupDir(), opts);
+
+// The backup's `failures.json` entries by file ID, or {} when it has none.
+const failures = (): Record<string, { error: string; attempts: number }> => {
+    const path = join(backupDir(), "failures.json");
+    return existsSync(path)
+        ? JSON.parse(readFileSync(path, "utf-8")).files
+        : {};
+};
+
+// Whether file `id`'s original is at its save path in the backup.
+const stored = (id: number): boolean =>
+    existsSync(join(backupDir(), DAY, `2026-03-01.${id}.jpg`));
+
+// The IDs of the files that album `name`'s JSON lists.
+const albumFiles = (name: string): number[] =>
+    JSON.parse(
+        readFileSync(join(backupDir(), "collections", `${name}.json`), "utf-8"),
+    ).files.map((f: { id: number }) => f.id);
+
+describe("quak backup with records it cannot decrypt", () => {
+    it("backs up every other file, records each file it cannot decrypt in failures.json, names each such album, and exits 1", async () => {
+        expect(await backup(brokenAccount())).toBe(1);
+
+        expect(stored(10)).toBe(true);
+        // Without its album's key, file 20 cannot even be listed.
+        expect(stored(20)).toBe(false);
+        expect(failures()).toEqual({
+            "11": expect.objectContaining({
+                fileID: 11,
+                error: expect.stringMatching(
+                    /^could not be decrypted: .*wrong secret key/,
+                ),
+            }),
+            "12": expect.objectContaining({
+                fileID: 12,
+                error: expect.stringMatching(/^could not be decrypted: .*JSON/),
+            }),
+        });
+        expect(stderr.text).toMatch(
+            /^FAILED album 2: could not be decrypted: .*wrong secret key/m,
+        );
+        expect(stderr.text).toContain("  Failed:      2\n");
+    });
+
+    it("names each album it cannot decrypt in the --json result", async () => {
+        expect(await backup(brokenAccount(), { json: true })).toBe(1);
+
+        expect(JSON.parse(stdout.text)).toMatchObject({
+            downloaded: 1,
+            failed: 2,
+            undecryptableAlbums: [2],
+        });
+    });
+
+    it("still reports them on the next run, though the server does not send them again", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAccount();
+        await backup(ente);
+
+        // Nothing changed on the server, so this run's refresh gets no rows at
+        // all. What it reports, it remembered from the first run.
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(1);
+
+        expect(Object.keys(failures())).toEqual(["11", "12"]);
+        expect(failures()["11"]!.attempts).toBe(2);
+        expect(stderr.text).toMatch(/^FAILED album 2: could not be decrypted/m);
+    });
+
+    it("drops each once the server sends a copy that decrypts, and then exits 0", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAccount();
+        await backup(ente);
+
+        // At time 2 files 11 and 12 and album 2 change on the server, and now
+        // each decrypts. Album 2 brings file 20 with it.
+        ente.putFile(1, 11, 2);
+        ente.putFile(1, 12, 2);
+        ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 2);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+
+        expect([11, 12, 20].map(stored)).toEqual([true, true, true]);
+        expect(existsSync(join(backupDir(), "failures.json"))).toBe(false);
+        expect(stderr.text).not.toContain("FAILED");
+    });
+
+    it("drops each once the server deletes it, and then exits 0", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAccount();
+        await backup(ente);
+
+        ente.deleteFile(1, 11, 2);
+        ente.deleteFile(1, 12, 2);
+        ente.deleteAlbum(2, 2);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+
+        expect(existsSync(join(backupDir(), "failures.json"))).toBe(false);
+        expect(stderr.text).not.toContain("FAILED");
+    });
+
+    it("exits 1 when the only record it cannot decrypt is an album, and 0 once the album decrypts", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAlbumAccount();
+
+        // No file is in `failures.json`: the album alone keeps the exit code
+        // at 1.
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(1);
+        expect(failures()).toEqual({});
+
+        ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 2);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+        expect(stored(20)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("exits 1 when the only record it cannot decrypt is an album, and 0 once the album is deleted", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAlbumAccount();
+
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(1);
+        expect(failures()).toEqual({});
+
+        ente.deleteAlbum(2, 2);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("removes what an earlier run linked for an album or a file that no longer decrypts, and keeps the originals", async () => {
+        // At time 1 everything decrypts: the first run links files 10 and 11
+        // in Trip and file 20 in Family.
+        const ente = new FakeEnte();
+        ente.putAlbum(1, "Trip", 1);
+        ente.putFile(1, 10, 1);
+        ente.putFile(1, 11, 1);
+        ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 1);
+        ente.putFile(2, 20, 1);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+        const collections = join(backupDir(), "collections");
+        expect(readdirSync(join(collections, "Trip")).sort()).toEqual([
+            "photo-10.jpg",
+            "photo-11.jpg",
+        ]);
+        expect(readdirSync(join(collections, "Family"))).toEqual([
+            "photo-20.jpg",
+        ]);
+
+        // At time 2 the server's copy of file 11 in Trip, and album 2 itself,
+        // no longer decrypt. A run builds the album folders, their JSON and
+        // their links from what the library holds, so it removes them as if
+        // the album and the file had been deleted: Family's folder and JSON
+        // go, and Trip neither links nor lists file 11. The originals stay at
+        // their save paths, and the run exits 1.
+        ente.putFile(1, 11, 2, { corruptKey: true });
+        ente.putAlbum(2, "Family", 2, true);
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(1);
+
+        expect(readdirSync(collections).sort()).toEqual(["Trip", "Trip.json"]);
+        expect(readdirSync(join(collections, "Trip"))).toEqual([
+            "photo-10.jpg",
+        ]);
+        expect(albumFiles("Trip")).toEqual([10]);
+        expect([10, 11, 20].map(stored)).toEqual([true, true, true]);
+        expect(Object.keys(failures())).toEqual(["11"]);
+    });
+
+    it("backs up a file that does not decrypt in one album but does in another, and does not report it", async () => {
+        // File 30 is in albums 1 and 3, each holding its key sealed under the
+        // album's own key. In album 1 that is corrupt; in album 3 it is not,
+        // and one copy that decrypts is all the backup needs.
+        const ente = new FakeEnte();
+        ente.putAlbum(1, "Trip", 1);
+        ente.putFile(1, 30, 1, { corruptKey: true });
+        ente.putAlbum(3, "Favorites", 1);
+        ente.putFile(3, 30, 1);
+
+        expect(await backup(ente)).toBe(0);
+
+        expect(stored(30)).toBe(true);
+        expect(failures()).toEqual({});
+        // Album 1 has no copy of file 30 that decrypts, so it neither links
+        // the original nor lists the file; album 3 lists it.
+        expect(readdirSync(join(backupDir(), "collections", "Trip"))).toEqual(
+            [],
+        );
+        expect(albumFiles("Trip")).toEqual([]);
+        expect(albumFiles("Favorites")).toEqual([30]);
+    });
+
+    it("backs up that file in a run limited to the album where it does not decrypt", async () => {
+        // The same account, backed up by `lib.backup()` limited to album 1,
+        // "Trip", as `quak backup` cannot be. File 30 is in Trip, so the run
+        // must store it, from its copy in album 3 that the run otherwise
+        // skips.
+        const ente = new FakeEnte();
+        ente.putAlbum(1, "Trip", 1);
+        ente.putFile(1, 30, 1, { corruptKey: true });
+        ente.putAlbum(3, "Favorites", 1);
+        ente.putFile(3, 30, 1);
+        const lib = await Library.open({
+            client: Client.fromJSON(ente.snapshot(), {
+                fetch: ente.fetch,
+                retry: { attempts: 1 },
+            }),
+            downloadDirectory: backupDir(),
+            cacheDirectory: join(root, "cache"),
+            precacheThumbnails: false,
+            precacheOriginals: false,
+        });
+        try {
+            const result = await lib.backup({
+                downloadDirectory: backupDir(),
+                onlyAlbumNames: ["Trip"],
+            });
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({ downloaded: 1, failed: 0 });
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+
+        expect(stored(30)).toBe(true);
+        expect(failures()).toEqual({});
+    });
+});
+
+describe("the read commands with records quak cannot decrypt", () => {
+    it("quak collections and quak files answer from what decrypts", async () => {
+        const ente = brokenAccount();
+
+        expect(await collectionsCommand(context(ente), {})).toBe(0);
+        expect(stdout.text).toBe("1\talbum\tTrip\n");
+
+        expect(await filesCommand(context(ente), { collection: "1" })).toBe(0);
+        expect(stdout.text).toBe("10\timage\tphoto-10.jpg\n");
+    });
+});

test/cli/backup.test.ts

@@ -909,6 +909,27 @@ describe("the backup lock", () => {
         expect(existsSync(lockPath(outDir))).toBe(false);
         await lib.close();
     });
+
+    // `runBackup` takes a library object from its caller. With a
+    // `contentConcurrency` below 1, or one that is not a number, it would
+    // back up no original and report no error. It rejects any that is not a
+    // positive integer, as `BoundedPool` does, before it takes the lock,
+    // which would create the download directory, and before it asks the
+    // library for anything: the object here has nothing else.
+    it("rejects a library whose contentConcurrency is not a positive integer, before taking the lock", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        for (const contentConcurrency of [undefined, 0, -1, 1.5, NaN]) {
+            const lib = { contentConcurrency } as unknown as BackupLibrary;
+
+            await expect(
+                runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir }),
+            ).rejects.toThrow(
+                `contentConcurrency must be a positive integer, got ${contentConcurrency}`,
+            );
+
+            expect(existsSync(outDir)).toBe(false);
+        }
+    });
 });
 
 // Also serves ML data: file 100 has `ML_PAYLOAD`, the other two have none.
@@ -1477,12 +1498,15 @@ describe("backup album folders", () => {
         files: EnteFile[];
     }
 
-    const libraryOf = (albums: Album[]): BackupLibrary => ({
+    // The original of the file `notFound`, if given, always fails to download.
+    const libraryOf = (albums: Album[], notFound?: number): BackupLibrary => ({
         refresh: async () => {},
         listCollections: () => albums.map((a) => a.collection),
         listFiles: (id) =>
             albums.find((a) => a.collection.id === id)?.files ?? [],
+        undecryptable: () => [],
         original: async (fileID) => {
+            if (fileID === notFound) throw new Error("HTTP 404");
             const path = join(root, `source-${fileID}`);
             writeFileSync(path, `original ${fileID}`);
             return { path };
@@ -1490,6 +1514,7 @@ describe("backup album folders", () => {
         thumbnail: async () => {
             throw new Error("no thumbnails in this stand-in");
         },
+        contentConcurrency: 5,
         fetchMLData: async () => {},
         mlData: async () => undefined,
         whoami: () => ({ email: "backup@example.com", userID: USER_ID }),
@@ -1577,6 +1602,252 @@ describe("backup album folders", () => {
         expect(albumID(outDir, "Trip (11) (12).json")).toBe(12);
     });
 
+    // The next three tests end with the album "ok" (14), whose one file
+    // always fails to download, so each run has a failure to record in
+    // failures.json after the album folders are written.
+    const ok: Album = {
+        collection: collection(14, "ok"),
+        files: [file(5, 14, "e.jpg")],
+    };
+
+    // The folder of an album named "x.json" would be the JSON file of the
+    // album "x", and once ended every run there. Two runs, as on two nights,
+    // write the same tree, and the failed file's attempt count goes up.
+    it("adds the ID to an album whose folder would have another album's JSON name", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const lib = libraryOf(
+            [
+                {
+                    collection: collection(10, "x"),
+                    files: [file(1, 10, "a.jpg")],
+                },
+                {
+                    collection: collection(11, "x.json"),
+                    files: [file(2, 11, "b.jpg")],
+                },
+                {
+                    collection: collection(12, "Trip"),
+                    files: [file(3, 12, "c.jpg")],
+                },
+                {
+                    collection: collection(13, "TRIP.json"),
+                    files: [file(4, 13, "d.jpg")],
+                },
+                ok,
+            ],
+            5,
+        );
+
+        await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+
+        expect(result.failedAlbums).toEqual([]);
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual([
+            "TRIP.json (13)/",
+            `TRIP.json (13)/d.jpg -> ${linkTo("4.jpg")}`,
+            "TRIP.json (13).json",
+            "Trip/",
+            `Trip/c.jpg -> ${linkTo("3.jpg")}`,
+            "Trip.json",
+            "ok/",
+            "ok.json",
+            "x/",
+            `x/a.jpg -> ${linkTo("1.jpg")}`,
+            "x.json",
+            "x.json (11)/",
+            `x.json (11)/b.jpg -> ${linkTo("2.jpg")}`,
+            "x.json (11).json",
+        ]);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "x.json")).toBe(10);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "x.json (11).json")).toBe(11);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "TRIP.json (13).json")).toBe(13);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "ok.json")).toBe(14);
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(1);
+        expect(readLedger(outDir).files["5"]).toMatchObject({ attempts: 2 });
+    });
+
+    // A name over 255 bytes is refused as a file name, and an album folder's
+    // name leaves room for `.json` in its JSON's. "é" takes two bytes, and a
+    // name is cut between two characters.
+    it("cuts an album name and a title too long for a file name short and adds the ID", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const lib = libraryOf(
+            [
+                {
+                    collection: collection(10, "L".repeat(300)),
+                    files: [file(1, 10, `${"é".repeat(150)}.jpg`)],
+                },
+                ok,
+            ],
+            5,
+        );
+
+        await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+
+        const folder = `${"L".repeat(245)} (10)`;
+        const link = `${"é".repeat(123)} (1).jpg`;
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(`${folder}.json`)).toBe(255);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(link)).toBe(254);
+        expect(result.failedAlbums).toEqual([]);
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual([
+            `${folder}/`,
+            `${folder}/${link} -> ${linkTo("1.jpg")}`,
+            `${folder}.json`,
+            "ok/",
+            "ok.json",
+        ]);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, `${folder}.json`)).toBe(10);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "ok.json")).toBe(14);
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(1);
+        expect(readLedger(outDir).files["5"]).toMatchObject({ attempts: 2 });
+    });
+
+    // The user has put a file in collections/ with the name of the album
+    // Trip's folder, so the folder cannot be made.
+    it("goes on to the next album when an album's folder cannot be made, and lists it as failed", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const lib = libraryOf(
+            [
+                {
+                    collection: collection(10, "Trip"),
+                    files: [file(1, 10, "a.jpg")],
+                },
+                ok,
+            ],
+            5,
+        );
+        mkdirSync(join(outDir, "collections"), { recursive: true });
+        writeFileSync(join(outDir, "collections", "Trip"), "mine");
+        const logged: string[] = [];
+
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, {
+            downloadDirectory: outDir,
+            onProgress: (message) => logged.push(message),
+        });
+
+        expect(result.failedAlbums).toEqual([10]);
+        expect(logged).toContainEqual(
+            expect.stringMatching(/^FAILED album Trip: EEXIST: /),
+        );
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual(["Trip", "ok/", "ok.json"]);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, "ok.json")).toBe(14);
+        expect(existsSync(saved(outDir, "1.jpg"))).toBe(true);
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(1);
+        expect(readLedger(outDir).files["5"]).toMatchObject({ attempts: 1 });
+    });
+
+    // The extensions of these titles leave no room for the ID, so each is cut
+    // short and the name before the ID keeps only the bytes that cut leaves
+    // over. File 1's extension is 303 bytes and is cut to 251, which leaves
+    // none. File 2's is 271 bytes and is cut to 250, since "€" takes three
+    // bytes, which leaves one, for the "a". Neither extension is only letters
+    // and digits, so both originals are saved with `.bin`, a name that fits.
+    it("cuts the extension of a title short when it leaves no room for the ID", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const lib = libraryOf([
+            {
+                collection: collection(10, "Trip"),
+                files: [
+                    file(1, 10, `a.${"L".repeat(300)}-x`),
+                    file(2, 10, `a.${"€".repeat(90)}`),
+                ],
+            },
+        ]);
+
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+
+        const link = ` (1).${"L".repeat(250)}`;
+        const link2 = `a (2).${"€".repeat(83)}`;
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(link)).toBe(255);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(link2)).toBe(255);
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(0);
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual([
+            "Trip/",
+            `Trip/${link} -> ${linkTo("1.bin")}`,
+            `Trip/${link2} -> ${linkTo("2.bin")}`,
+            "Trip.json",
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    // Files 1 and 3 share a title, so each gets its ID before the
+    // extension. File 2's title is too long, and its extension leaves no
+    // room for the ID. Were the ID put at the end of file 2's title cut
+    // short, its link would have file 1's name, and the link made second
+    // would replace the first.
+    it("keeps names unique when a title's extension leaves no room for the ID", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const shared = `x.${"Q".repeat(245)} (2)`;
+        const lib = libraryOf([
+            {
+                collection: collection(10, "Trip"),
+                files: [
+                    file(1, 10, shared),
+                    file(2, 10, `x (1).${"Q".repeat(250)}-`),
+                    file(3, 10, shared),
+                ],
+            },
+        ]);
+
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(0);
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual([
+            "Trip/",
+            `Trip/ (2).${"Q".repeat(250)} -> ${linkTo("2.bin")}`,
+            `Trip/x (1).${"Q".repeat(245)} (2) -> ${linkTo("1.bin")}`,
+            `Trip/x (3).${"Q".repeat(245)} (2) -> ${linkTo("3.bin")}`,
+            "Trip.json",
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    // A title of 255 bytes is the longest file name allowed, and an album
+    // name of 250 bytes the longest whose JSON name fits; both are kept as
+    // they are. A name one byte longer gets the ID and is cut short. "é"
+    // takes two bytes, and in both names the room left ends inside one, so
+    // the cut falls before it, one byte short of the room.
+    it("keeps a name at the byte limit and adds the ID to one a byte over it", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        const album = "A".repeat(250);
+        const title = `${"t".repeat(251)}.jpg`;
+        const longAlbum = `${"é".repeat(125)}B`;
+        const longTitle = `${"é".repeat(126)}.jpg`;
+        const lib = libraryOf([
+            {
+                collection: collection(10, album),
+                files: [file(1, 10, title), file(2, 10, longTitle)],
+            },
+            {
+                collection: collection(11, longAlbum),
+                files: [file(3, 11, "c.jpg")],
+            },
+        ]);
+
+        const result = await runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir });
+
+        const folder = `${"é".repeat(122)} (11)`;
+        const link = `${"é".repeat(123)} (2).jpg`;
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(`${album}.json`)).toBe(255);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(title)).toBe(255);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(longAlbum)).toBe(251);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(longTitle)).toBe(256);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(`${folder}.json`)).toBe(254);
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(link)).toBe(254);
+        expect(result.failed).toBe(0);
+        expect(result.failedAlbums).toEqual([]);
+        expect(tree(outDir)).toEqual([
+            `${album}/`,
+            `${album}/${title} -> ${linkTo("1.jpg")}`,
+            `${album}/${link} -> ${linkTo("2.jpg")}`,
+            `${album}.json`,
+            `${folder}/`,
+            `${folder}/c.jpg -> ${linkTo("3.jpg")}`,
+            `${folder}.json`,
+        ]);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, `${album}.json`)).toBe(10);
+        expect(albumID(outDir, `${folder}.json`)).toBe(11);
+    });
+
     it("changes nothing on a second run over an unchanged account", async () => {
         const outDir = join(root, "backup");
         const lib = libraryOf([

test/cli/commands.test.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import { join } from "node:path";
 import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
 import { PassThrough } from "node:stream";
 import * as jpegJs from "jpeg-js";
+import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
 import {
     describe,
     it,
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ import { loadSession } from "../../src/cli-session.js";
 import type { Client, ClientSnapshot, LoginOptions } from "../../src/client.js";
 import { savePath, type ContentSource } from "../../src/library/content.js";
 import type { Collection, EnteFile } from "../../src/model/types.js";
-import { init, toBase64 } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
+import { encryptBlob, init, toBase64 } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
 import { defaultCacheDirectory } from "../../src/library/index.js";
 import { HEIC_WITH_EXIF } from "../exif-heic.js";
 import {
@@ -511,11 +512,6 @@ describe("files", () => {
         expect(await filesCommand(context(), { collection: "9" })).toBe(1);
         expect(stderr.text).toBe("Collection 9 not found\n");
     });
-
-    it("exits 1 for a collection ID that is not a number", async () => {
-        expect(await filesCommand(context(), { collection: "abc" })).toBe(1);
-        expect(stderr.text).toBe("Invalid collection ID\n");
-    });
 });
 
 describe("get and get-thumb", () => {
@@ -546,12 +542,6 @@ describe("get and get-thumb", () => {
         expect(stderr.text).toBe("File 999 not found\n");
         expect(existsSync(out)).toBe(false);
     });
-
-    it("both exit 1 for a file ID that is not a number", async () => {
-        expect(await getCommand(context(), "abc", {})).toBe(1);
-        expect(await getThumbCommand(context(), "abc", {})).toBe(1);
-        expect(stderr.text).toBe("Invalid file ID\nInvalid file ID\n");
-    });
 });
 
 // A live photo, which Ente stores as one ZIP, is written as its image and its
@@ -914,6 +904,146 @@ describe("backup", () => {
         // Opening the library would have made its cache directory.
         expect(existsSync(join(root, "cache"))).toBe(false);
     });
+
+    // A backup runs for as long as its downloads take, hours on a large
+    // account. It lists its files from the refresh it waits for as it starts,
+    // so it must not ask the server for changes again on a timer while it
+    // runs: each refresh is a request, and each also starts a pass that asks
+    // again for the ML data of every file Ente holds none for.
+    //
+    // A saved session is read back by `loadSession`, its `fetch` a fake of the
+    // Ente HTTP API serving one album with one photo, encrypted as the server
+    // serves them. The fake holds the photo's download open while the clock
+    // moves on by two hours, then serves it. Only `setTimeout` and
+    // `clearTimeout` are faked: the library's refresh timer runs on them.
+    it("asks the server for changes only as it starts, however long it runs", async () => {
+        const masterKey = new Uint8Array(32).fill(1);
+        const albumKey = new Uint8Array(32).fill(2);
+        const photoKey = new Uint8Array(32).fill(3);
+        saveSession(join(root, "session"), {
+            email: "cli@example.com",
+            userID: USER_ID,
+            token: "token",
+            masterKey: toBase64(masterKey),
+            secretKey: toBase64(new Uint8Array(32)),
+            publicKey: toBase64(new Uint8Array(32)),
+        });
+        // A secretbox as the server sends one: ciphertext and nonce, base64.
+        const box = (plaintext: Uint8Array, key: Uint8Array) => {
+            const nonce = sodium.randombytes_buf(
+                sodium.crypto_secretbox_NONCEBYTES,
+            );
+            return {
+                ciphertext: toBase64(
+                    sodium.crypto_secretbox_easy(plaintext, nonce, key),
+                ),
+                nonce: toBase64(nonce),
+            };
+        };
+        const albumKeyBox = box(albumKey, masterKey);
+        const albumName = box(new TextEncoder().encode("Vacation"), albumKey);
+        const photoKeyBox = box(photoKey, albumKey);
+        const metadata = encryptBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode(
+                JSON.stringify({
+                    title: "beach.jpg",
+                    fileType: 0,
+                    creationTime: 1_700_000_000_000_000,
+                    modificationTime: 1_700_000_000_000_000,
+                }),
+            ),
+            photoKey,
+        );
+        const content = encryptBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode("the photo's bytes"),
+            photoKey,
+        );
+        const album = {
+            id: 1,
+            owner: { id: USER_ID },
+            encryptedKey: albumKeyBox.ciphertext,
+            keyDecryptionNonce: albumKeyBox.nonce,
+            encryptedName: albumName.ciphertext,
+            nameDecryptionNonce: albumName.nonce,
+            type: "album",
+            updationTime: 1,
+        };
+        const photo = {
+            id: 100,
+            collectionID: 1,
+            ownerID: USER_ID,
+            encryptedKey: photoKeyBox.ciphertext,
+            keyDecryptionNonce: photoKeyBox.nonce,
+            metadata: {
+                encryptedData: toBase64(metadata.ciphertext),
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(metadata.header),
+            },
+            file: { decryptionHeader: toBase64(content.header) },
+            // The backup fetches no thumbnail.
+            thumbnail: { decryptionHeader: "" },
+            updationTime: 1,
+        };
+
+        // Each refresh starts with `collectionsSince`, which sends one
+        // `/collections/v2` request.
+        let refreshes = 0;
+        let downloadRequested!: () => void;
+        const requested = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+            downloadRequested = resolve;
+        });
+        let releaseDownload!: () => void;
+        const released = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+            releaseDownload = resolve;
+        });
+        const json = (body: unknown): Response =>
+            new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+                headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+            });
+        const fetch = async (url: string | URL): Promise<Response> => {
+            const { hostname, pathname } = new URL(String(url));
+            if (hostname === "files.ente.io") {
+                downloadRequested();
+                await released;
+                return new Response(content.ciphertext);
+            }
+            if (pathname === "/collections/v2") {
+                refreshes++;
+                return json({ collections: [album] });
+            }
+            if (pathname === "/collections/v2/diff") {
+                return json({ diff: [photo], hasMore: false });
+            }
+            // Ente holds no ML data for the photo.
+            if (pathname === "/files/data/fetch") return json({ data: [] });
+            return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+        };
+        const ctx = {
+            ...context(),
+            // The download's idle deadline is set past the two hours, or quak
+            // would give up the held download as stalled.
+            loadSession: (path: string) =>
+                loadSession(path, {
+                    fetch: fetch as typeof globalThis.fetch,
+                    downloadTimeoutMs: 3 * 3_600_000,
+                }),
+        };
+
+        vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ["setTimeout", "clearTimeout"] });
+        try {
+            const backup = backupCommand(ctx, join(root, "backup"), {});
+            await requested;
+            vi.advanceTimersByTime(2 * 3_600_000);
+            releaseDownload();
+            expect(await backup).toBe(0);
+        } finally {
+            vi.useRealTimers();
+        }
+
+        // Two refreshes, both before the download: the library opens onto the
+        // empty cache with one, and the backup waits for the other before it
+        // lists its files.
+        expect(refreshes).toBe(2);
+    });
 });
 
 describe("helper list-missing-thumbnails", () => {
@@ -1035,3 +1165,130 @@ describe("backup-metadata and the thumbnail helpers refresh first", () => {
         expect(stdout.text).toBe("");
     });
 });
+
+// `files --collection`, `get`, `get-thumb` and `helper fix-missing-thumbnails
+// --file` take an ID only when it is written in decimal digits and is a safe
+// integer. `Number()` alone reads `0x10` as 16, `1e3` as 1000 and an empty
+// string as 0, so the command would act on a file the user never named.
+// Anything else is refused with one line naming it, and exit 1, before any
+// request.
+//
+// These run on a real client, read back from a saved session, over a fake Ente
+// server holding an empty account, which records each request it receives. With
+// a good ID the command goes on to ask the server, and finds nothing there.
+describe("an ID given on the command line", () => {
+    const NOT_IDS = [
+        "0x10",
+        "1e3",
+        "1.5",
+        "-1",
+        "",
+        "abc",
+        // One past Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER: from here on a number cannot
+        // hold every integer, so two IDs could read as one.
+        "9007199254740992",
+    ];
+
+    const requests: Request[] = [];
+
+    const emptyAccount = (): CliContext => {
+        const ctx = context();
+        const key = toBase64(new Uint8Array(32));
+        saveSession(ctx.sessionDir, {
+            email: "cli@example.com",
+            userID: USER_ID,
+            token: "token",
+            masterKey: key,
+            secretKey: key,
+            publicKey: key,
+        });
+        return {
+            ...ctx,
+            loadSession: (path) =>
+                loadSession(path, {
+                    fetch: async (url, init) => {
+                        requests.push(new Request(url, init));
+                        return new Response(
+                            JSON.stringify({ collections: [] }),
+                            { headers: { "content-type": "application/json" } },
+                        );
+                    },
+                }),
+        };
+    };
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        requests.length = 0;
+    });
+
+    it("files looks up a decimal collection ID", async () => {
+        const ctx = emptyAccount();
+        expect(await filesCommand(ctx, { collection: "1" })).toBe(1);
+        expect(stderr.text).toBe("Collection 1 not found\n");
+        expect(requests).not.toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it.each(NOT_IDS)(
+        "files refuses --collection %j before any request",
+        async (arg) => {
+            const ctx = emptyAccount();
+            expect(await filesCommand(ctx, { collection: arg })).toBe(1);
+            expect(stderr.text).toBe(`Invalid collection ID: ${arg}\n`);
+            expect(stdout.text).toBe("");
+            expect(requests).toHaveLength(0);
+        },
+    );
+
+    it("get looks up a decimal file ID", async () => {
+        expect(await getCommand(emptyAccount(), "100", {})).toBe(1);
+        expect(stderr.text).toBe("File 100 not found\n");
+        expect(requests).not.toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it.each(NOT_IDS)("get refuses %j before any request", async (arg) => {
+        expect(await getCommand(emptyAccount(), arg, {})).toBe(1);
+        expect(stderr.text).toBe(`Invalid file ID: ${arg}\n`);
+        expect(stdout.text).toBe("");
+        expect(requests).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it("get-thumb looks up a decimal file ID", async () => {
+        expect(await getThumbCommand(emptyAccount(), "100", {})).toBe(1);
+        expect(stderr.text).toBe("File 100 not found\n");
+        expect(requests).not.toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it.each(NOT_IDS)("get-thumb refuses %j before any request", async (arg) => {
+        expect(await getThumbCommand(emptyAccount(), arg, {})).toBe(1);
+        expect(stderr.text).toBe(`Invalid file ID: ${arg}\n`);
+        expect(stdout.text).toBe("");
+        expect(requests).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    // The fixer reports each file it was given; on this account neither is
+    // found, which is a failure, so it exits 1.
+    it("fix-missing-thumbnails looks up each decimal --file ID", async () => {
+        const ctx = emptyAccount();
+        const opts = { file: ["100", "200"], json: true };
+        expect(await fixMissingThumbnailsCommand(ctx, opts)).toBe(1);
+        expect(JSON.parse(stdout.text)).toMatchObject([
+            { fileID: 100, reason: "file not found in any collection" },
+            { fileID: 200, reason: "file not found in any collection" },
+        ]);
+        expect(requests).not.toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    // One bad ID fails the whole command, so the good one before it is not
+    // fixed either.
+    it.each(NOT_IDS)(
+        "fix-missing-thumbnails refuses --file 100 %j before any request",
+        async (arg) => {
+            const ctx = emptyAccount();
+            const opts = { file: ["100", arg] };
+            expect(await fixMissingThumbnailsCommand(ctx, opts)).toBe(1);
+            expect(stderr.text).toBe(`Invalid file ID: ${arg}\n`);
+            expect(stdout.text).toBe("");
+            expect(requests).toHaveLength(0);
+        },
+    );
+});

test/cli/metadata-backup.test.ts

@@ -37,15 +37,8 @@ import {
 import { join } from "node:path";
 import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
 import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
-import { SRP, SrpServer } from "fast-srp-hap";
 import { beforeAll, afterAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
-import {
-    init,
-    toBase64,
-    deriveKEK,
-    deriveLoginSubkey,
-    encryptBlob,
-} from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
+import { init, toBase64, encryptBlob } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
 import * as jpegJs from "jpeg-js";
 import { Client } from "../../src/client.js";
 import { Library } from "../../src/library/index.js";
@@ -54,7 +47,13 @@ import {
     type MetadataBackupOptions,
 } from "../../src/metadata-backup.js";
 import { backupMetadataCommand } from "../../src/cli-commands.js";
-import type { KeyAttributes } from "../../src/auth/types.js";
+import {
+    buildAccount,
+    buildMetaFetch,
+    encryptSecretbox,
+    encryptStreamBlob,
+    type MetaMockState,
+} from "../ente-server.js";
 
 // One file per ML data request, so the two files of the mock account are
 // fetched in two requests and one of them can fail on its own.
@@ -65,80 +64,13 @@ vi.mock("../../src/mldata-fetch.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
 
 const TEST_EMAIL = "metabackup@example.com";
 const TEST_PASSWORD = "metapass";
-const TEST_OPS = 2;
-const TEST_MEM = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
-
-interface MetaMockState {
-    verifier: Buffer;
-    srpAttributes: Record<string, unknown>;
-    keyAttributes: KeyAttributes;
-    encryptedToken: string;
-    collections: Record<string, unknown>[];
-    filesByCollection: Record<number, Record<string, unknown>[]>;
-    // For ML data and EXIF tests
-    encryptedMLData: Record<
-        number,
-        { encryptedData: string; decryptionHeader: string }
-    >;
-    fileCiphertexts: Record<number, Uint8Array>;
-}
 
 let mock: MetaMockState;
 let testDir: string;
 
-const encryptSecretbox = (plaintext: Uint8Array, key: Uint8Array) => {
-    const nonce = sodium.randombytes_buf(sodium.crypto_secretbox_NONCEBYTES);
-    const ciphertext = sodium.crypto_secretbox_easy(plaintext, nonce, key);
-    return { ciphertext, nonce };
-};
-
-const encryptStreamBlob = (plaintext: Uint8Array, key: Uint8Array) => {
-    const push = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_init_push(key);
-    const ciphertext = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_push(
-        push.state,
-        plaintext,
-        null,
-        sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_TAG_FINAL,
-    );
-    return { ciphertext, header: push.header };
-};
-
 const buildMetaMock = async (): Promise<MetaMockState> => {
-    const kekSalt = sodium.randombytes_buf(sodium.crypto_pwhash_SALTBYTES);
-    const kek = await deriveKEK(TEST_PASSWORD, kekSalt, TEST_OPS, TEST_MEM);
-    const loginSubKeyBytes = deriveLoginSubkey(kek);
-    const srpUserID = "meta-srp";
-    const srpSalt = sodium.randombytes_buf(16);
-    const verifier = SRP.computeVerifier(
-        SRP.params["4096"],
-        Buffer.from(srpSalt),
-        Buffer.from(srpUserID),
-        Buffer.from(loginSubKeyBytes),
-    );
-
-    const masterKey = sodium.randombytes_buf(32);
-    const { ciphertext: encMK, nonce: mkNonce } = encryptSecretbox(
-        masterKey,
-        kek,
-    );
-    const kp = sodium.crypto_box_keypair();
-    const { ciphertext: encSK, nonce: skNonce } = encryptSecretbox(
-        kp.privateKey,
-        masterKey,
-    );
-    const tokenBytes = sodium.randombytes_buf(32);
-    const encToken = sodium.crypto_box_seal(tokenBytes, kp.publicKey);
-
-    const keyAttributes: KeyAttributes = {
-        kekSalt: toBase64(kekSalt),
-        encryptedKey: toBase64(encMK),
-        keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(mkNonce),
-        publicKey: toBase64(kp.publicKey),
-        encryptedSecretKey: toBase64(encSK),
-        secretKeyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(skNonce),
-        memLimit: TEST_MEM,
-        opsLimit: TEST_OPS,
-    };
+    const account = await buildAccount(TEST_PASSWORD);
+    const masterKey = account.masterKey;
 
     // Collection 1: "Vacation" with collection-level pubMagicMetadata
     const ck1 = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
@@ -332,17 +264,10 @@ const buildMetaMock = async (): Promise<MetaMockState> => {
     rawFile1.file.decryptionHeader = toBase64(filePush1.header);
 
     return {
-        verifier,
-        srpAttributes: {
-            srpUserID,
-            srpSalt: toBase64(srpSalt),
-            memLimit: TEST_MEM,
-            opsLimit: TEST_OPS,
-            kekSalt: toBase64(kekSalt),
-            isEmailMFAEnabled: false,
-        },
-        keyAttributes,
-        encryptedToken: toBase64(encToken),
+        verifier: account.verifier,
+        srpAttributes: account.srpAttributes,
+        keyAttributes: account.keyAttributes,
+        encryptedToken: account.encryptedToken,
         collections: [rawColl1, rawColl2],
         filesByCollection: { 10: [rawFile1], 20: [rawFile2] },
         encryptedMLData: {
@@ -355,90 +280,6 @@ const buildMetaMock = async (): Promise<MetaMockState> => {
     };
 };
 
-// `failMLDataFor`: answer 500 to every ML data request that asks for this file.
-const buildMetaFetch = (m: MetaMockState, failMLDataFor?: number) => {
-    let srpServer: SrpServer;
-    return (async (
-        input: RequestInfo | URL,
-        init?: RequestInit,
-    ): Promise<Response> => {
-        const url =
-            typeof input === "string"
-                ? input
-                : input instanceof URL
-                  ? input.href
-                  : input.url;
-        const path = new URL(url).pathname;
-        const json = (body: unknown) =>
-            new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
-                status: 200,
-                headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
-            });
-
-        if (path === "/users/srp/attributes")
-            return json({ attributes: m.srpAttributes });
-        if (path === "/users/srp/create-session") {
-            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
-            const serverKey = await SRP.genKey();
-            srpServer = new SrpServer(
-                SRP.params["4096"],
-                m.verifier,
-                serverKey,
-            );
-            const B = srpServer.computeB();
-            srpServer.setA(Buffer.from(body.srpA, "base64"));
-            return json({ sessionID: "s1", srpB: B.toString("base64") });
-        }
-        if (path === "/users/srp/verify-session") {
-            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
-            srpServer.checkM1(Buffer.from(body.srpM1, "base64"));
-            return json({
-                srpM2: srpServer.computeM2().toString("base64"),
-                id: 42,
-                keyAttributes: m.keyAttributes,
-                encryptedToken: m.encryptedToken,
-            });
-        }
-        if (path === "/collections/v2")
-            return json({ collections: m.collections });
-        if (path === "/collections/v2/diff") {
-            const collID = Number(
-                new URL(url).searchParams.get("collectionID"),
-            );
-            return json({
-                diff: m.filesByCollection[collID] ?? [],
-                hasMore: false,
-            });
-        }
-        if (path === "/files/data/fetch") {
-            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
-            if ((body.fileIDs as number[]).includes(failMLDataFor!))
-                return new Response("server error", { status: 500 });
-            const data = (body.fileIDs as number[])
-                .filter((id: number) => m.encryptedMLData[id])
-                .map((id: number) => ({
-                    fileID: id,
-                    ...m.encryptedMLData[id],
-                    updatedAt: 1700000000000000,
-                }));
-            return json({ data });
-        }
-        if (
-            url.includes("files.ente.io") ||
-            path.startsWith("/files/download/")
-        ) {
-            const parsed = new URL(url);
-            const fileID = Number(
-                parsed.searchParams.get("fileID") ?? path.split("/").pop(),
-            );
-            const ct = m.fileCiphertexts[fileID];
-            if (ct) return new Response(ct, { status: 200 });
-            return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
-        }
-        return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
-    }) as typeof globalThis.fetch;
-};
-
 beforeAll(async () => {
     await init();
     await sodium.ready;

test/cli/run.test.ts

@@ -48,6 +48,78 @@ describe("run", () => {
         );
     });
 
+    // Node's `fetch` rejects every failure below HTTP with a TypeError that
+    // says only "fetch failed", and hangs the reason, with its errno, off
+    // `cause`. The printed line carries the reason, so a cron log tells a
+    // refused connection from a name that did not resolve.
+    it("prints the reason a fetch failed, from the error's cause", async () => {
+        const refused = new TypeError("fetch failed", {
+            cause: Object.assign(
+                new Error("connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443"),
+                { code: "ECONNREFUSED" },
+            ),
+        });
+        const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject(refused));
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            code: 1,
+            stdout: "",
+            stderr: "quak: fetch failed: connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443\n",
+        });
+    });
+
+    // When the host has several addresses and every one refuses, Node's
+    // `fetch` gives as the cause an AggregateError with an empty message and
+    // one error per address. The printed line gives each address's reason.
+    it("prints the reason for each address a fetch could not reach", async () => {
+        const refusedAt = (address: string): Error =>
+            Object.assign(new Error(`connect ECONNREFUSED ${address}`), {
+                code: "ECONNREFUSED",
+            });
+        const refused = new TypeError("fetch failed", {
+            cause: Object.assign(
+                new AggregateError([
+                    refusedAt("2001:db8::1:443"),
+                    refusedAt("1.2.3.4:443"),
+                ]),
+                { code: "ECONNREFUSED" },
+            ),
+        });
+        const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject(refused));
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            code: 1,
+            stdout: "",
+            stderr: "quak: fetch failed: connect ECONNREFUSED 2001:db8::1:443, connect ECONNREFUSED 1.2.3.4:443\n",
+        });
+    });
+
+    // An error that already quotes its cause's message is printed as it is.
+    it("does not print a cause's message twice", async () => {
+        const reset = new Error("read ECONNRESET");
+        const wrapped = new Error(`download: file 7: ${reset.message}`, {
+            cause: reset,
+        });
+        const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject(wrapped));
+        expect(result.stderr).toBe("quak: download: file 7: read ECONNRESET\n");
+    });
+
+    // OpenSSL ends its message for a failed TLS connection, such as one to a
+    // server that answers in plain HTTP, with a newline. The printed line is
+    // still one line.
+    it("prints a cause's message without the white space around it", async () => {
+        const wrongVersion = new TypeError("fetch failed", {
+            cause: Object.assign(
+                new Error(
+                    "C0B73A55A47F0000:error:0A00010B:SSL routines:ssl3_get_record:wrong version number:../deps/openssl/openssl/ssl/record/ssl3_record.c:354:\n",
+                ),
+                { code: "ERR_SSL_WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER" },
+            ),
+        });
+        const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject(wrongVersion));
+        expect(result.stderr).toBe(
+            "quak: fetch failed: C0B73A55A47F0000:error:0A00010B:SSL routines:ssl3_get_record:wrong version number:../deps/openssl/openssl/ssl/record/ssl3_record.c:354:\n",
+        );
+    });
+
     it("prints a thrown value that is not an Error", async () => {
         const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject("offline"));
         expect(result).toEqual({
@@ -57,6 +129,14 @@ describe("run", () => {
         });
     });
 
+    // A cause that is not an Error, such as a thrown string, is printed as a
+    // thrown value that is not an Error is.
+    it("prints a cause that is not an Error", async () => {
+        const wrapped = new Error("ML data", { cause: "offline" });
+        const result = await runToExit(Promise.reject(wrapped));
+        expect(result.stderr).toBe("quak: ML data: offline\n");
+    });
+
     it("on a 401 from the server says to run quak login, on one line, and exits 3", async () => {
         const result = await runToExit(
             Promise.reject(new ApiError("unauthorized", 401)),

test/client/enumeration.test.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
  * The return shape keeps live records and tombstones apart — `collections` /
  * `files` are decrypted live records, `deleted` is a plain list of the ids the
  * server tombstoned. A tombstone carries no decryptable key or metadata, so it
- * is a bare id rather than a hollowed-out `Collection` / `EnteFile`.
+ * is a bare id rather than a hollowed-out `Collection` / `EnteFile`. A live row
+ * that does not decrypt, or whose metadata is not JSON, is listed under
+ * `undecryptable` with the reason, so one bad row does not fail the call.
  *
  * All tests inject a fake `fetch` and drive a real `Client` (built with
  * `Client.fromJSON`) so the decryption path runs for real. Live rows are built
@@ -91,27 +93,38 @@ const ownedCollectionRow = (
     };
 };
 
-/** A live file row inside a collection, keyed under that collection's key. */
+/**
+ * A live file row inside a collection, keyed under that collection's key. Its
+ * metadata decrypts to `metadata` when given, otherwise to the JSON a client
+ * uploads for `title`.
+ */
 const fileRow = (
     collectionKey: Uint8Array,
-    opts: { id: number; title: string; updationTime: number },
+    opts: {
+        id: number;
+        title: string;
+        updationTime: number;
+        metadata?: string;
+    },
 ): Record<string, unknown> => {
     const fileKey = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
     const { ciphertext: encFileKey, nonce: fileKeyNonce } = secretboxEncrypt(
         fileKey,
         collectionKey,
     );
-    const metadata = {
-        title: opts.title,
-        fileType: 0,
-        creationTime: opts.updationTime,
-        modificationTime: opts.updationTime,
-    };
+    const metadata =
+        opts.metadata ??
+        JSON.stringify({
+            title: opts.title,
+            fileType: 0,
+            creationTime: opts.updationTime,
+            modificationTime: opts.updationTime,
+        });
     const push =
         sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_init_push(fileKey);
     const encMeta = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_push(
         push.state,
-        new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(metadata)),
+        new TextEncoder().encode(metadata),
         null,
         sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_TAG_FINAL,
     );
@@ -131,6 +144,21 @@ const fileRow = (
     };
 };
 
+/**
+ * `row` with its sealed key replaced by random bytes of the same length, as a
+ * corrupt row arrives: no key opens it, so the row cannot be decrypted.
+ */
+const withCorruptKey = (
+    row: Record<string, unknown>,
+): Record<string, unknown> => ({
+    ...row,
+    encryptedKey: toBase64(
+        sodium.randombytes_buf(
+            sodium.crypto_secretbox_KEYBYTES + sodium.crypto_secretbox_MACBYTES,
+        ),
+    ),
+});
+
 /** A tombstone row. Never decrypted, so only these fields are ever read. */
 const tombstoneRow = (
     id: number,
@@ -278,6 +306,58 @@ describe("Client.filesSince", () => {
         // It gave up after the first page rather than looping.
         expect(sinceTimes).toEqual(["50"]);
     });
+
+    it("leaves out each file it cannot decrypt or parse, with the reason, and decrypts the rest", async () => {
+        const keys = buildKeys();
+        const collectionKey = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+
+        // File 1002's key is sealed under no key quak holds, and file 1003's
+        // metadata decrypts to text that is not JSON. Neither may cost the
+        // caller file 1001: each is left out of `files` and reported under
+        // `undecryptable` with the reason instead of failing the call.
+        const { fetch } = recordingFetch(
+            jsonResponse({
+                diff: [
+                    fileRow(collectionKey, {
+                        id: 1001,
+                        title: "fine.jpg",
+                        updationTime: 100,
+                    }),
+                    withCorruptKey(
+                        fileRow(collectionKey, {
+                            id: 1002,
+                            title: "bad-key.jpg",
+                            updationTime: 200,
+                        }),
+                    ),
+                    fileRow(collectionKey, {
+                        id: 1003,
+                        title: "bad-metadata.jpg",
+                        updationTime: 300,
+                        metadata: "not json",
+                    }),
+                ],
+                hasMore: false,
+            }),
+        );
+        const client = Client.fromJSON(snapshotFor(keys), { fetch });
+
+        const { files, undecryptable, cursor } = await client.filesSince({
+            collectionID: 1,
+            collectionKey,
+            sinceTime: 0,
+        });
+
+        expect(files.map((f) => f.id)).toEqual([1001]);
+        expect(undecryptable).toEqual([
+            { id: 1002, error: expect.stringContaining("wrong secret key") },
+            { id: 1003, error: expect.stringContaining("JSON") },
+        ]);
+        // The cursor moves past the two left out, as past any other row, so
+        // the server does not send them again until its copy changes. The
+        // caller has to keep what it was told here.
+        expect(cursor).toBe(300);
+    });
 });
 
 describe("Client.collectionsSince", () => {
@@ -331,6 +411,42 @@ describe("Client.collectionsSince", () => {
         expect(result.cursor).toBe(150);
         expect(sinceTimes).toEqual(["150"]);
     });
+
+    it("leaves out an album it cannot decrypt, with the reason, and decrypts the rest", async () => {
+        const keys = buildKeys();
+
+        // Album 2's key is sealed under no key quak holds. Without its key
+        // neither its name nor its files can be read, so it is left out and
+        // reported under `undecryptable`; album 1 is unaffected.
+        const { fetch } = recordingFetch(
+            jsonResponse({
+                collections: [
+                    ownedCollectionRow(keys.masterKey, {
+                        id: 1,
+                        name: "Vacation",
+                        updationTime: 100,
+                    }),
+                    withCorruptKey(
+                        ownedCollectionRow(keys.masterKey, {
+                            id: 2,
+                            name: "Broken",
+                            updationTime: 200,
+                        }),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            }),
+        );
+        const client = Client.fromJSON(snapshotFor(keys), { fetch });
+
+        const { collections, undecryptable, cursor } =
+            await client.collectionsSince({ sinceTime: 0 });
+
+        expect(collections.map((c) => c.name)).toEqual(["Vacation"]);
+        expect(undecryptable).toEqual([
+            { id: 2, error: expect.stringContaining("wrong secret key") },
+        ]);
+        expect(cursor).toBe(200);
+    });
 });
 
 describe("Client list wrappers still hide deletions", () => {

test/download/download.test.ts

@@ -74,7 +74,11 @@ import {
 } from "vitest";
 import { init, toBase64, STREAM_CHUNK_SIZE } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
 import { ApiClient } from "../../src/api/client.js";
-import { ApiError, TruncatedStreamError } from "../../src/errors.js";
+import {
+    ApiError,
+    describeError,
+    TruncatedStreamError,
+} from "../../src/errors.js";
 import type { RetryOptions } from "../../src/retry.js";
 import {
     downloadFile,
@@ -834,6 +838,11 @@ describe.each(entryPoints)(
             expect(((err as Error).cause as Error).message).toMatch(
                 /authentication failed/i,
             );
+            // As quak prints it and records it in `failures.json`, the error
+            // states the authentication failure once, from its cause.
+            expect(describeError(err)).toMatch(
+                /^download: stream truncated: response body ended with \d+ trailing bytes \(transfer stopped mid-chunk, or the data is corrupt\): secretstream chunk authentication failed$/,
+            );
 
             // And, as with every other failure, the destination is untouched
             // and no staged temp file survives.

test/ente-server.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/**
+ * A fake of the Ente HTTP API, for tests that run quak's real `Client` against
+ * a server.
+ *
+ * `buildMetaFetch` is a `fetch` that answers the requests quak makes, from a
+ * `MetaMockState` the test builds: the SRP login, `/collections/v2`, each
+ * collection's `/collections/v2/diff`, the ML data of `/files/data/fetch`, and
+ * each file's content from the files CDN, a 404 for a file it holds none for.
+ * The test encrypts everything in that state with libsodium, as Ente's clients
+ * do, so quak decrypts it with its own code. Nothing hits the network.
+ *
+ * `buildAccount` builds what the server holds to log an account in, and the
+ * keys a test encrypts that account's collections with. Call `init()` from
+ * `src/crypto` and await `sodium.ready` before using either.
+ */
+
+import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
+import { SRP, SrpServer } from "fast-srp-hap";
+import { toBase64, deriveKEK, deriveLoginSubkey } from "../src/crypto/index.js";
+import type { KeyAttributes } from "../src/auth/types.js";
+
+const TEST_OPS = 2;
+const TEST_MEM = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+export interface MetaMockState {
+    verifier: Buffer;
+    srpAttributes: Record<string, unknown>;
+    keyAttributes: KeyAttributes;
+    encryptedToken: string;
+    collections: Record<string, unknown>[];
+    filesByCollection: Record<number, Record<string, unknown>[]>;
+    // For ML data and EXIF tests
+    encryptedMLData: Record<
+        number,
+        { encryptedData: string; decryptionHeader: string }
+    >;
+    fileCiphertexts: Record<number, Uint8Array>;
+}
+
+export const encryptSecretbox = (plaintext: Uint8Array, key: Uint8Array) => {
+    const nonce = sodium.randombytes_buf(sodium.crypto_secretbox_NONCEBYTES);
+    const ciphertext = sodium.crypto_secretbox_easy(plaintext, nonce, key);
+    return { ciphertext, nonce };
+};
+
+export const encryptStreamBlob = (plaintext: Uint8Array, key: Uint8Array) => {
+    const push = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_init_push(key);
+    const ciphertext = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_push(
+        push.state,
+        plaintext,
+        null,
+        sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_TAG_FINAL,
+    );
+    return { ciphertext, header: push.header };
+};
+
+// An account whose password is `password`. The first four fields are those of
+// `MetaMockState`; with the master key the test encrypts the keys of the
+// account's own collections, and to the public key it seals the keys of the
+// collections other accounts share with it.
+export const buildAccount = async (password: string) => {
+    const kekSalt = sodium.randombytes_buf(sodium.crypto_pwhash_SALTBYTES);
+    const kek = await deriveKEK(password, kekSalt, TEST_OPS, TEST_MEM);
+    const loginSubKeyBytes = deriveLoginSubkey(kek);
+    const srpUserID = "meta-srp";
+    const srpSalt = sodium.randombytes_buf(16);
+    const verifier = SRP.computeVerifier(
+        SRP.params["4096"],
+        Buffer.from(srpSalt),
+        Buffer.from(srpUserID),
+        Buffer.from(loginSubKeyBytes),
+    );
+
+    const masterKey = sodium.randombytes_buf(32);
+    const { ciphertext: encMK, nonce: mkNonce } = encryptSecretbox(
+        masterKey,
+        kek,
+    );
+    const kp = sodium.crypto_box_keypair();
+    const { ciphertext: encSK, nonce: skNonce } = encryptSecretbox(
+        kp.privateKey,
+        masterKey,
+    );
+    const tokenBytes = sodium.randombytes_buf(32);
+    const encToken = sodium.crypto_box_seal(tokenBytes, kp.publicKey);
+
+    const keyAttributes: KeyAttributes = {
+        kekSalt: toBase64(kekSalt),
+        encryptedKey: toBase64(encMK),
+        keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(mkNonce),
+        publicKey: toBase64(kp.publicKey),
+        encryptedSecretKey: toBase64(encSK),
+        secretKeyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(skNonce),
+        memLimit: TEST_MEM,
+        opsLimit: TEST_OPS,
+    };
+
+    return {
+        verifier,
+        srpAttributes: {
+            srpUserID,
+            srpSalt: toBase64(srpSalt),
+            memLimit: TEST_MEM,
+            opsLimit: TEST_OPS,
+            kekSalt: toBase64(kekSalt),
+            isEmailMFAEnabled: false,
+        },
+        keyAttributes,
+        encryptedToken: toBase64(encToken),
+        masterKey,
+        publicKey: kp.publicKey,
+    };
+};
+
+// `failMLDataFor`: answer 500 to every ML data request that asks for this file.
+export const buildMetaFetch = (m: MetaMockState, failMLDataFor?: number) => {
+    let srpServer: SrpServer;
+    return (async (
+        input: RequestInfo | URL,
+        init?: RequestInit,
+    ): Promise<Response> => {
+        const url =
+            typeof input === "string"
+                ? input
+                : input instanceof URL
+                  ? input.href
+                  : input.url;
+        const path = new URL(url).pathname;
+        const json = (body: unknown) =>
+            new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+                status: 200,
+                headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+            });
+
+        if (path === "/users/srp/attributes")
+            return json({ attributes: m.srpAttributes });
+        if (path === "/users/srp/create-session") {
+            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
+            const serverKey = await SRP.genKey();
+            srpServer = new SrpServer(
+                SRP.params["4096"],
+                m.verifier,
+                serverKey,
+            );
+            const B = srpServer.computeB();
+            srpServer.setA(Buffer.from(body.srpA, "base64"));
+            return json({ sessionID: "s1", srpB: B.toString("base64") });
+        }
+        if (path === "/users/srp/verify-session") {
+            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
+            srpServer.checkM1(Buffer.from(body.srpM1, "base64"));
+            return json({
+                srpM2: srpServer.computeM2().toString("base64"),
+                id: 42,
+                keyAttributes: m.keyAttributes,
+                encryptedToken: m.encryptedToken,
+            });
+        }
+        if (path === "/collections/v2")
+            return json({ collections: m.collections });
+        if (path === "/collections/v2/diff") {
+            const collID = Number(
+                new URL(url).searchParams.get("collectionID"),
+            );
+            return json({
+                diff: m.filesByCollection[collID] ?? [],
+                hasMore: false,
+            });
+        }
+        if (path === "/files/data/fetch") {
+            const body = JSON.parse(init?.body as string);
+            if ((body.fileIDs as number[]).includes(failMLDataFor!))
+                return new Response("server error", { status: 500 });
+            const data = (body.fileIDs as number[])
+                .filter((id: number) => m.encryptedMLData[id])
+                .map((id: number) => ({
+                    fileID: id,
+                    ...m.encryptedMLData[id],
+                    updatedAt: 1700000000000000,
+                }));
+            return json({ data });
+        }
+        if (
+            url.includes("files.ente.io") ||
+            path.startsWith("/files/download/")
+        ) {
+            const parsed = new URL(url);
+            const fileID = Number(
+                parsed.searchParams.get("fileID") ?? path.split("/").pop(),
+            );
+            const ct = m.fileCiphertexts[fileID];
+            if (ct) return new Response(ct, { status: 200 });
+            return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+        }
+        return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+    }) as typeof globalThis.fetch;
+};

test/filename/filename.test.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@
 
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 
-import { safeExtension, sanitizeFileName } from "../../src/filename.js";
+import {
+    safeExtension,
+    sanitizeFileName,
+    shortenToBytes,
+} from "../../src/filename.js";
 
 const FALLBACK = "file-42";
 
@@ -91,3 +95,26 @@ describe("safeExtension", () => {
         expect(safeExtension("x.jpg\0")).toBe(".bin");
     });
 });
+
+describe("shortenToBytes", () => {
+    it("returns a name that fits unchanged", () => {
+        expect(shortenToBytes("beach", 5)).toBe("beach");
+        expect(shortenToBytes("café", 5)).toBe("café");
+        expect(shortenToBytes("", 0)).toBe("");
+    });
+
+    it("cuts a name to the number of bytes given", () => {
+        expect(shortenToBytes("L".repeat(300), 255)).toBe("L".repeat(255));
+    });
+
+    // In UTF-8 "é" takes two bytes and an emoji four, which a JavaScript
+    // string holds as two halves.
+    it("cuts between two characters, never inside one", () => {
+        expect(shortenToBytes("ééé", 5)).toBe("éé");
+        expect(shortenToBytes("a\u{1F600}b", 4)).toBe("a");
+        expect(shortenToBytes("a\u{1F600}b", 5)).toBe("a\u{1F600}");
+        expect(Buffer.byteLength(shortenToBytes("é".repeat(200), 255))).toBe(
+            254,
+        );
+    });
+});

test/library/store.test.ts

@@ -172,6 +172,29 @@ describe("MetadataStore", () => {
         expect(store.listCollections()).toEqual([]);
     });
 
+    it("loads an empty store when the list of what the refresh could not decrypt is damaged", async () => {
+        // A backup reads that list on every run, so a damaged one that loaded
+        // would fail every backup until the cache was deleted. A string is
+        // damaged too, though JavaScript can loop over its characters.
+        mkdirSync(join(dir, "cache"), { recursive: true });
+        for (const undecryptable of [{}, "not a list", [1]]) {
+            writeFileSync(
+                path,
+                JSON.stringify({
+                    schemaVersion: METADATA_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+                    userID: 42,
+                    collectionsSinceTime: 0,
+                    collections: [],
+                    files: [],
+                    undecryptable,
+                }),
+            );
+            const store = await MetadataStore.load(path);
+            expect(store.userID).toBe(0);
+            expect(store.listUndecryptable()).toEqual([]);
+        }
+    });
+
     it("creates the directory 0700 and the file 0600", async () => {
         const store = await MetadataStore.load(path);
         store.putCollection(sampleCollection());

test/retry/retry.test.ts

@@ -77,6 +77,14 @@ const recordingSleep = (): {
 const errnoError = (code: string, message = code): Error =>
     Object.assign(new Error(message), { code });
 
+/**
+ * An error shaped like what bun's `fetch` rejects with for a failure below
+ * HTTP: a plain `Error` with bun's own message, a `code`, an `errno` of 0, and
+ * no `cause`.
+ */
+const bunError = (code: string, message: string): Error =>
+    Object.assign(new Error(message), { code, errno: 0 });
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Classification
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -244,6 +252,82 @@ describe("isRetryable: transport failures", () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe("isRetryable and isSafeToReplay: bun's fetch errors", () => {
+    // The binary `make install` builds runs quak under bun, whose `fetch`
+    // does not reject as Node's does. Each shape here was found by running
+    // that binary, built with bun 1.3.13, against listeners on 127.0.0.1 and
+    // a name under `.invalid`.
+
+    it("retries a refused connection, and does not replay it", () => {
+        // Bun gives the same error when the TLS handshake fails, and when a
+        // new connection it opened to resend a request is refused. That
+        // request may already have reached the server on a connection bun
+        // kept open from an earlier request.
+        const refused = bunError(
+            "ConnectionRefused",
+            "Unable to connect. Is the computer able to access the url?",
+        );
+        expect(isRetryable(refused)).toBe(true);
+        expect(isSafeToReplay(refused)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("retries a name that does not resolve, with either code bun gives, and does not replay it", () => {
+        // For the same name bun gave `ConnectionRefused` on some requests and
+        // `FailedToOpenSocket` on others. Either can also come from a new
+        // connection bun opened to resend a request, as above.
+        for (const unresolved of [
+            bunError(
+                "ConnectionRefused",
+                "Unable to connect. Is the computer able to access the url?",
+            ),
+            bunError(
+                "FailedToOpenSocket",
+                "Was there a typo in the url or port?",
+            ),
+        ]) {
+            expect(isRetryable(unresolved)).toBe(true);
+            expect(isSafeToReplay(unresolved)).toBe(false);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it("retries a connection closed before the response ended, and does not replay it", () => {
+        // Bun gives Node's errno, `ECONNRESET`, for a reset and for a close,
+        // before the response or part-way through the body. The request may
+        // already have reached the server.
+        const reset = bunError(
+            "ECONNRESET",
+            "The socket connection was closed unexpectedly. For more information, pass `verbose: true` in the second argument to fetch()",
+        );
+        expect(isRetryable(reset)).toBe(true);
+        expect(isSafeToReplay(reset)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("retries a request that ran out of time, and does not replay it", () => {
+        // What bun's fetch rejects with when `AbortSignal.timeout()`, which
+        // bounds each JSON request, fires.
+        const timedOut = new DOMException(
+            "The operation timed out.",
+            "TimeoutError",
+        );
+        expect(isRetryable(timedOut)).toBe(true);
+        expect(isSafeToReplay(timedOut)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("does not retry a certificate bun rejects", () => {
+        // A certificate that fails verification fails the same way however
+        // often it is asked. Under Node it is retried only because every
+        // `TypeError` is.
+        expect(
+            isRetryable(
+                bunError(
+                    "DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT",
+                    "self signed certificate",
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).toBe(false);
+    });
+});
+
 describe("isRetryable: stream truncation versus corruption", () => {
     it("retries a truncated stream", () => {
         // Truncation is a transfer that stopped early. The bytes that did