fix: add web-builder Docker stage for JSX compilation

The previous rework removed web/dist/ from git tracking (correct) but did not add a web-builder stage to the Dockerfile. This caused //go:embed dist/* in web/embed.go to fail with 'no matching files found'. Add the 4-stage Dockerfile layout: 1. web-builder: compile Preact JSX SPA via esbuild 2. lint: format checking and linting with placeholder dist files 3. builder: compile Go binaries with real web assets from web-builder 4. runtime: minimal Alpine image with neoircd binary Also update README to document the 4-stage build.
fix: move hashcash PoW from build artifact to JSX source
2026-03-10 03:09:12 -07:00 · 2026-03-10 03:09:12 -07:00 · 2026-03-10 03:09:12 -07:00
15 changed files with 654 additions and 589 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -36,3 +36,4 @@ data.db
 debug.log
 /neoirc-cli
 web/node_modules/
+web/dist/
--- a/14
+++ b/14
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+# Web build stage — compile SPA from source
+# node:22-alpine, 2026-03-09
+FROM node@sha256:8094c002d08262dba12645a3b4a15cd6cd627d30bc782f53229a2ec13ee22a00 AS web-builder
+WORKDIR /web
+COPY web/package.json web/package-lock.json ./
+RUN npm ci
+COPY web/src/ src/
+COPY web/build.sh build.sh
+RUN sh build.sh
+
 # Lint stage — fast feedback on formatting and lint issues
 # golangci/golangci-lint:v2.1.6, 2026-03-02
 FROM golangci/golangci-lint@sha256:568ee1c1c53493575fa9494e280e579ac9ca865787bafe4df3023ae59ecf299b AS lint
@@ -5,6 +15,9 @@ WORKDIR /src
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
 COPY . .
+# Create placeholder files so //go:embed dist/* in web/embed.go resolves
+# without depending on the web-builder stage (lint should fail fast)
+RUN mkdir -p web/dist && touch web/dist/index.html web/dist/style.css web/dist/app.js
 RUN make fmt-check
 RUN make lint

@@ -21,6 +34,7 @@ COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download

 COPY . .
+COPY --from=web-builder /web/dist/ web/dist/

 RUN make test

--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -987,7 +987,18 @@ the format:

 Create a new user session. This is the entry point for all clients.

-**Request:**
+If the server requires hashcash proof-of-work (see
+[Hashcash Proof-of-Work](#hashcash-proof-of-work)), the client must include a
+valid stamp in the `X-Hashcash` request header. The required difficulty is
+advertised via `GET /api/v1/server` in the `hashcash_bits` field.
+
+**Request Headers:**
+
+| Header       | Required | Description |
+|--------------|----------|-------------|
+| `X-Hashcash` | Conditional | Hashcash stamp (required when server has `hashcash_bits` > 0) |
+
+**Request Body:**
 ```json
 {"nick": "alice"}
 ```
@@ -1016,12 +1027,15 @@ Create a new user session. This is the entry point for all clients.
 | Status | Error | When |
 |--------|-------|------|
 | 400    | `nick must be 1-32 characters` | Empty or too-long nick |
+| 402    | `hashcash proof-of-work required` | Missing `X-Hashcash` header when hashcash is enabled |
+| 402    | `invalid hashcash stamp: ...` | Stamp fails validation (wrong bits, expired, reused, etc.) |
 | 409    | `nick already taken` | Another active session holds this nick |

 **curl example:**
 ```bash
 TOKEN=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8080/api/v1/session \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -H 'X-Hashcash: 1:20:260310:neoirc::3a2f1' \
  -d '{"nick":"alice"}' | jq -r .token)
 echo $TOKEN
 ```
@@ -1364,16 +1378,18 @@ Return server metadata. No authentication required.
  "name": "My NeoIRC Server",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "motd": "Welcome! Be nice.",
-  "users": 42
+  "users": 42,
+  "hashcash_bits": 20
 }
 ```

-| Field     | Type    | Description |
-|-----------|---------|-------------|
-| `name`    | string  | Server display name |
-| `version` | string  | Server version |
-| `motd`    | string  | Message of the day |
-| `users`   | integer | Number of currently active user sessions |
+| Field           | Type    | Description |
+|-----------------|---------|-------------|
+| `name`          | string  | Server display name |
+| `version`       | string  | Server version |
+| `motd`          | string  | Message of the day |
+| `users`         | integer | Number of currently active user sessions |
+| `hashcash_bits` | integer | Required proof-of-work difficulty (leading zero bits). Only present when > 0. See [Hashcash Proof-of-Work](#hashcash-proof-of-work). |

 ### GET /.well-known/healthcheck.json — Health Check

@@ -1807,6 +1823,7 @@ directory is also loaded automatically via
 | `SENTRY_DSN`       | string  | `""`                                 | Sentry error tracking DSN (optional) |
 | `METRICS_USERNAME` | string  | `""`                                 | Basic auth username for `/metrics` endpoint. If empty, metrics endpoint is disabled. |
 | `METRICS_PASSWORD` | string  | `""`                                 | Basic auth password for `/metrics` endpoint |
+| `NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS` | int | `20`                               | Required hashcash proof-of-work difficulty (leading zero bits in SHA-256) for session creation. Set to `0` to disable. |
 | `MAINTENANCE_MODE` | bool    | `false`                              | Maintenance mode flag (reserved) |

 ### Example `.env` file
@@ -1818,6 +1835,7 @@ MOTD=Welcome! Be excellent to each other.
 DEBUG=false
 DBURL=file:///var/lib/neoirc/state.db?_journal_mode=WAL
 SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT=24h
+NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS=20
 ```

 ---
@@ -1840,26 +1858,16 @@ docker run -p 8080:8080 \
  neoirc
 ```

-The Dockerfile is a multi-stage build:
-1. **Build stage**: Compiles `neoircd` and `neoirc-cli` (CLI built to verify
-   compilation, not included in final image)
-2. **Final stage**: Alpine Linux + `neoircd` binary only
+The Dockerfile is a 4-stage build:
+1. **Web builder stage** (`web-builder`): Compiles the Preact JSX SPA into
+   static assets (`web/dist/`) using esbuild
+2. **Lint stage** (`lint`): Runs formatting checks and linting via golangci-lint
+3. **Build stage** (`builder`): Compiles `neoircd` and `neoirc-cli`, runs tests
+   (CLI built to verify compilation, not included in final image)
+4. **Runtime stage**: Alpine Linux + `neoircd` binary only

-```dockerfile
-FROM golang:1.24-alpine AS builder
-WORKDIR /src
-RUN apk add --no-cache make
-COPY go.mod go.sum ./
-RUN go mod download
-COPY . .
-RUN go build -o /neoircd ./cmd/neoircd/
-RUN go build -o /neoirc-cli ./cmd/neoirc-cli/
-
-FROM alpine:latest
-COPY --from=builder /neoircd /usr/local/bin/neoircd
-EXPOSE 8080
-CMD ["neoircd"]
-```
+`web/dist/` is not committed to git — it is built from `web/src/` by the
+web-builder stage during `docker build`.

 ### Binary

@@ -2100,62 +2108,102 @@ Clients should handle these message commands from the queue:

 ## Rate Limiting & Abuse Prevention

-Session creation (`POST /api/v1/session`) will require a
+### Hashcash Proof-of-Work
+
+Session creation (`POST /api/v1/session`) requires a
 [hashcash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash)-style proof-of-work token.
 This is the primary defense against resource exhaustion — no CAPTCHAs, no
 account registration, no IP-based rate limits that punish shared networks.

 ### How It Works

-1. Client requests a challenge: `GET /api/v1/challenge`
-   ```json
-   → {"nonce": "random-hex-string", "difficulty": 20, "expires": "2026-02-10T20:01:00Z"}
-   ```
-2. Server returns a nonce and a required difficulty (number of leading zero
-   bits in the SHA-256 hash)
-3. Client finds a counter value such that `SHA-256(nonce || ":" || counter)`
-   has the required number of leading zero bits:
-   ```
-   SHA-256("a1b2c3:0")     = 0xf3a1...  (0 leading zeros — no good)
-   SHA-256("a1b2c3:1")     = 0x8c72...  (0 leading zeros — no good)
-   ...
-   SHA-256("a1b2c3:94217") = 0x00003a... (20 leading zero bits — success!)
-   ```
-4. Client submits the proof with the session request:
-   ```json
-   POST /api/v1/session
-   {"nick": "alice", "proof": {"nonce": "a1b2c3", "counter": 94217}}
-   ```
-5. Server verifies:
-   - Nonce was issued by this server and hasn't expired
-   - Nonce hasn't been used before (prevent replay)
-   - `SHA-256(nonce || ":" || counter)` has the required leading zeros
-   - If valid, create the session normally
+1. Client fetches server info: `GET /api/v1/server` returns a `hashcash_bits`
+   field (e.g., `20`) indicating the required difficulty.
+2. Client computes a hashcash stamp: find a counter value such that the
+   SHA-256 hash of the stamp string has the required number of leading zero
+   bits.
+3. Client includes the stamp in the `X-Hashcash` request header when creating
+   a session: `POST /api/v1/session`.
+4. Server validates the stamp:
+   - Version is `1`
+   - Claimed bits ≥ required bits
+   - Resource matches the server name
+   - Date is within 48 hours (not expired, not too far in the future)
+   - SHA-256 hash has the required leading zero bits
+   - Stamp has not been used before (replay prevention)

-### Adaptive Difficulty
+### Stamp Format

-The required difficulty scales with server load. Under normal conditions, the
-cost is negligible (a few milliseconds of CPU). As concurrent sessions or
-session creation rate increases, difficulty rises — making bulk session creation
-exponentially more expensive for attackers while remaining cheap for legitimate
-single-user connections.
+Standard hashcash format:

-| Server Load        | Difficulty (bits) | Approx. Client CPU |
-|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------|
-| Normal (< 100/min) | 16                | ~1ms               |
-| Elevated           | 20                | ~15ms              |
-| High               | 24                | ~250ms             |
-| Under attack       | 28+               | ~4s+               |
+```
+1:bits:date:resource::counter
+```

-Each additional bit of difficulty doubles the expected work. An attacker
-creating 1000 sessions at difficulty 28 needs ~4000 CPU-seconds; a legitimate
-user creating one session needs ~4 seconds once and never again for the
-duration of their session.
+| Field      | Description |
+|------------|-------------|
+| `1`        | Version (always `1`) |
+| `bits`     | Claimed difficulty (must be ≥ server's `hashcash_bits`) |
+| `date`     | Date stamp in `YYMMDD` or `YYMMDDHHMMSS` format (UTC) |
+| `resource` | The server name (from `GET /api/v1/server`; defaults to `neoirc`) |
+| (empty)    | Extension field (unused) |
+| `counter`  | Hex counter value found by the client to satisfy the PoW |
+
+**Example stamp:** `1:20:260310:neoirc::3a2f1b`
+
+The SHA-256 hash of this entire string must have at least 20 leading zero bits.
+
+### Computing a Stamp
+
+```bash
+# Pseudocode
+bits = 20
+resource = "neoirc"
+date = "260310"         # YYMMDD in UTC
+counter = 0
+
+loop:
+    stamp = "1:{bits}:{date}:{resource}::{hex(counter)}"
+    hash = SHA-256(stamp)
+    if leading_zero_bits(hash) >= bits:
+        return stamp
+    counter++
+```
+
+At difficulty 20, this requires approximately 2^20 (~1M) hash attempts on
+average, taking roughly 0.5–2 seconds on modern hardware.
+
+### Client Integration
+
+Both the embedded web SPA and the CLI client automatically handle hashcash:
+
+1. Fetch `GET /api/v1/server` to read `hashcash_bits`
+2. If `hashcash_bits > 0`, compute a valid stamp
+3. Include the stamp in the `X-Hashcash` header on `POST /api/v1/session`
+
+The web SPA uses the Web Crypto API (`crypto.subtle.digest`) for SHA-256
+computation with batched parallelism. The CLI client uses Go's `crypto/sha256`.
+
+### Configuration
+
+Set `NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS` to control difficulty:
+
+| Value | Effect | Approx. Client CPU |
+|-------|--------|---------------------|
+| `0`   | Disabled (no proof-of-work required) | — |
+| `16`  | Light protection | ~1ms |
+| `20`  | Default — good balance | ~0.5–2s |
+| `24`  | Strong protection | ~10–30s |
+| `28`  | Very strong (may frustrate users) | ~2–10min |
+
+Each additional bit doubles the expected work. An attacker creating 1000
+sessions at difficulty 20 needs ~1000–2000 CPU-seconds; a legitimate user
+creating one session pays once and keeps their session.

 ### Why Hashcash and Not Rate Limits?

 - **No state to track**: No IP tables, no token buckets, no sliding windows.
-  The server only needs to verify a hash.
+  The server only needs to verify a single hash.
 - **Works through NATs and proxies**: Doesn't punish shared IPs (university
  campuses, corporate networks, Tor exits). Every client computes their own
  proof independently.
@@ -2163,36 +2211,9 @@ duration of their session.
  (one SHA-256 hash) regardless of difficulty. Only the client does more work.
 - **Fits the "no accounts" philosophy**: Proof-of-work is the cost of entry.
  No registration, no email, no phone number, no CAPTCHA. Just compute.
- **Trivial for legitimate clients**: A single-user client pays ~1ms of CPU
-  once. A botnet trying to create thousands of sessions pays exponentially more.
 - **Language-agnostic**: SHA-256 is available in every programming language.
  The proof computation is trivially implementable in any client.

-### Challenge Endpoint (Planned)
-
-```
-GET /api/v1/challenge
-```
-
-**Response:** `200 OK`
-```json
-{
-  "nonce": "a1b2c3d4e5f6...",
-  "difficulty": 20,
-  "algorithm": "sha256",
-  "expires": "2026-02-10T20:01:00Z"
-}
-```
-
-| Field        | Type    | Description |
-|--------------|---------|-------------|
-| `nonce`      | string  | Server-generated random hex string (32+ chars) |
-| `difficulty` | integer | Required number of leading zero bits in the hash |
-| `algorithm`  | string  | Hash algorithm (always `sha256` for now) |
-| `expires`    | string  | ISO 8601 expiry time for this challenge |
-
-**Status:** Not yet implemented. Tracked for post-MVP.
-
 ---

 ## Roadmap
@@ -2221,7 +2242,7 @@ GET /api/v1/challenge

 ### Post-MVP (Planned)

- [ ] **Hashcash proof-of-work** for session creation (abuse prevention)
+- [x] **Hashcash proof-of-work** for session creation (abuse prevention)
 - [ ] **Queue pruning** — delete old queue entries per `QUEUE_MAX_AGE`
 - [ ] **Message rotation** — enforce `MAX_HISTORY` per channel
 - [ ] **Channel modes** — enforce `+i`, `+m`, `+s`, `+t`, `+n`
@@ -2308,7 +2329,13 @@ neoirc/
 │       └── http.go         # HTTP timeouts
 ├── web/
 │   ├── embed.go            # go:embed directive for SPA
-│   └── dist/               # Built SPA (vanilla JS, no build step)
+│   ├── build.sh            # esbuild script: JSX → dist/
+│   ├── package.json        # Node dependencies (esbuild, preact)
+│   ├── src/                # SPA source (Preact JSX)
+│   │   ├── app.jsx
+│   │   ├── index.html
+│   │   └── style.css
+│   └── dist/               # Built SPA (generated by web-builder Docker stage)
 │       ├── index.html
 │       ├── style.css
 │       └── app.js
--- a/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/client.go
+++ b/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/client.go
@@ -43,13 +43,34 @@ func NewClient(baseURL string) *Client {
 }

 // CreateSession creates a new session on the server.
+// If the server requires hashcash proof-of-work, it
+// automatically fetches the difficulty and computes a
+// valid stamp.
 func (client *Client) CreateSession(
 	nick string,
 ) (*SessionResponse, error) {
-	data, err := client.do(
+	// Fetch server info to check for hashcash requirement.
+	info, err := client.GetServerInfo()
+
+	var headers map[string]string
+
+	if err == nil && info.HashcashBits > 0 {
+		resource := info.Name
+		if resource == "" {
+			resource = "neoirc"
+		}
+
+		stamp := MintHashcash(info.HashcashBits, resource)
+		headers = map[string]string{
+			"X-Hashcash": stamp,
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := client.doWithHeaders(
 		http.MethodPost,
 		"/api/v1/session",
 		&SessionRequest{Nick: nick},
+		headers,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -261,6 +282,16 @@ func (client *Client) GetServerInfo() (
 func (client *Client) do(
 	method, path string,
 	body any,
+) ([]byte, error) {
+	return client.doWithHeaders(
+		method, path, body, nil,
+	)
+}
+
+func (client *Client) doWithHeaders(
+	method, path string,
+	body any,
+	extraHeaders map[string]string,
 ) ([]byte, error) {
 	var bodyReader io.Reader

@@ -293,6 +324,10 @@ func (client *Client) do(
 		)
 	}

+	for key, val := range extraHeaders {
+		request.Header.Set(key, val)
+	}
+
 	resp, err := client.HTTPClient.Do(request)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("http: %w", err)
--- a/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/hashcash.go
+++ b/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/hashcash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package neoircapi
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// bitsPerByte is the number of bits in a byte.
+	bitsPerByte = 8
+	// fullByteMask is 0xFF, a mask for all bits in a byte.
+	fullByteMask = 0xFF
+	// counterSpace is the range for random counter seeds.
+	counterSpace = 1 << 48
+)
+
+// MintHashcash computes a hashcash stamp with the given
+// difficulty (leading zero bits) and resource string.
+func MintHashcash(bits int, resource string) string {
+	date := time.Now().UTC().Format("060102")
+	prefix := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"1:%d:%s:%s::", bits, date, resource,
+	)
+
+	for {
+		counter := randomCounter()
+		stamp := prefix + counter
+		hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(stamp))
+
+		if hasLeadingZeroBits(hash[:], bits) {
+			return stamp
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// hasLeadingZeroBits checks if hash has at least numBits
+// leading zero bits.
+func hasLeadingZeroBits(
+	hash []byte,
+	numBits int,
+) bool {
+	fullBytes := numBits / bitsPerByte
+	remainBits := numBits % bitsPerByte
+
+	for idx := range fullBytes {
+		if hash[idx] != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	if remainBits > 0 && fullBytes < len(hash) {
+		mask := byte(
+			fullByteMask << (bitsPerByte - remainBits),
+		)
+
+		if hash[fullBytes]&mask != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// randomCounter generates a random hex counter string.
+func randomCounter() string {
+	counterVal, err := rand.Int(
+		rand.Reader, big.NewInt(counterSpace),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Fallback to timestamp-based counter on error.
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%x", time.Now().UnixNano())
+	}
+
+	return hex.EncodeToString(counterVal.Bytes())
+}
--- a/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/types.go
+++ b/cmd/neoirc-cli/api/types.go
@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ type Channel struct {

 // ServerInfo is the response from GET /api/v1/server.
 type ServerInfo struct {
-	Name    string `json:"name"`
-	MOTD    string `json:"motd"`
-	Version string `json:"version"`
+	Name         string `json:"name"`
+	MOTD         string `json:"motd"`
+	Version      string `json:"version"`
+	HashcashBits int    `json:"hashcash_bits"` //nolint:tagliatelle
 }

 // MessagesResponse wraps polling results.
--- a/internal/config/config.go
+++ b/internal/config/config.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	ServerName         string
 	FederationKey      string
 	SessionIdleTimeout string
+	HashcashBits       int
 	params             *Params
 	log                *slog.Logger
 }
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ func New(
 	viper.SetDefault("SERVER_NAME", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("FEDERATION_KEY", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT", "24h")
+	viper.SetDefault("NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS", "20")

 	err := viper.ReadInConfig()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ func New(
 		ServerName:         viper.GetString("SERVER_NAME"),
 		FederationKey:      viper.GetString("FEDERATION_KEY"),
 		SessionIdleTimeout: viper.GetString("SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT"),
+		HashcashBits:       viper.GetInt("NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS"),
 		log:                log,
 		params:             &params,
 	}
--- a/internal/handlers/api.go
+++ b/internal/handlers/api.go
@@ -144,6 +144,33 @@ func (hdlr *Handlers) handleCreateSession(
 	writer http.ResponseWriter,
 	request *http.Request,
 ) {
+	// Validate hashcash proof-of-work if configured.
+	if hdlr.params.Config.HashcashBits > 0 {
+		stamp := request.Header.Get("X-Hashcash")
+		if stamp == "" {
+			hdlr.respondError(
+				writer, request,
+				"hashcash proof-of-work required",
+				http.StatusPaymentRequired,
+			)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		err := hdlr.hashcashVal.Validate(
+			stamp, hdlr.params.Config.HashcashBits,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			hdlr.respondError(
+				writer, request,
+				"invalid hashcash stamp: "+err.Error(),
+				http.StatusPaymentRequired,
+			)
+
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	type createRequest struct {
 		Nick string `json:"nick"`
 	}
@@ -2335,11 +2362,19 @@ func (hdlr *Handlers) HandleServerInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}

-		hdlr.respondJSON(writer, request, map[string]any{
+		resp := map[string]any{
 			"name":    hdlr.params.Config.ServerName,
 			"version": hdlr.params.Globals.Version,
 			"motd":    hdlr.params.Config.MOTD,
 			"users":   users,
-		}, http.StatusOK)
+		}
+
+		if hdlr.params.Config.HashcashBits > 0 {
+			resp["hashcash_bits"] = hdlr.params.Config.HashcashBits
+		}
+
+		hdlr.respondJSON(
+			writer, request, resp, http.StatusOK,
+		)
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/handlers/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/handlers/api_test.go
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ func newTestServer(

 				cfg.DBURL = dbURL
 				cfg.Port = 0
+				cfg.HashcashBits = 0

 				return cfg, nil
 			},
--- a/internal/handlers/handlers.go
+++ b/internal/handlers/handlers.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/db"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/globals"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/hashcash"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/healthcheck"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/neoirc/internal/logger"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ type Handlers struct {
 	log           *slog.Logger
 	hc            *healthcheck.Healthcheck
 	broker        *broker.Broker
+	hashcashVal   *hashcash.Validator
 	cancelCleanup context.CancelFunc
 }

@@ -47,11 +49,17 @@ func New(
 	lifecycle fx.Lifecycle,
 	params Params,
 ) (*Handlers, error) {
+	resource := params.Config.ServerName
+	if resource == "" {
+		resource = "neoirc"
+	}
+
 	hdlr := &Handlers{ //nolint:exhaustruct // cancelCleanup set in startCleanup
-		params: &params,
-		log:    params.Logger.Get(),
-		hc:     params.Healthcheck,
-		broker: broker.New(),
+		params:      &params,
+		log:         params.Logger.Get(),
+		hc:          params.Healthcheck,
+		broker:      broker.New(),
+		hashcashVal: hashcash.NewValidator(resource),
 	}

 	lifecycle.Append(fx.Hook{
--- a/internal/hashcash/hashcash.go
+++ b/internal/hashcash/hashcash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// Package hashcash implements SHA-256-based hashcash
+// proof-of-work validation for abuse prevention.
+//
+// Stamp format: 1:bits:YYMMDD:resource::counter.
+//
+// The SHA-256 hash of the entire stamp string must have
+// at least `bits` leading zero bits.
+package hashcash
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// stampVersion is the only supported hashcash version.
+	stampVersion = "1"
+	// stampFields is the number of fields in a stamp.
+	stampFields = 6
+	// maxStampAge is how old a stamp can be before
+	// rejection.
+	maxStampAge = 48 * time.Hour
+	// maxFutureSkew allows stamps slightly in the future.
+	maxFutureSkew = 1 * time.Hour
+	// pruneInterval controls how often expired stamps are
+	// removed from the spent set.
+	pruneInterval = 10 * time.Minute
+	// dateFormatShort is the YYMMDD date layout.
+	dateFormatShort = "060102"
+	// dateFormatLong is the YYMMDDHHMMSS date layout.
+	dateFormatLong = "060102150405"
+	// dateShortLen is the length of YYMMDD.
+	dateShortLen = 6
+	// dateLongLen is the length of YYMMDDHHMMSS.
+	dateLongLen = 12
+	// bitsPerByte is the number of bits in a byte.
+	bitsPerByte = 8
+	// fullByteMask is 0xFF, a mask for all bits in a byte.
+	fullByteMask = 0xFF
+)
+
+var (
+	errInvalidFields    = errors.New("invalid stamp field count")
+	errBadVersion       = errors.New("unsupported stamp version")
+	errInsufficientBits = errors.New("insufficient difficulty")
+	errWrongResource    = errors.New("wrong resource")
+	errStampExpired     = errors.New("stamp expired")
+	errStampFuture      = errors.New("stamp date in future")
+	errProofFailed      = errors.New("proof-of-work failed")
+	errStampReused      = errors.New("stamp already used")
+	errBadDateFormat    = errors.New("unrecognized date format")
+)
+
+// Validator checks hashcash stamps for validity and
+// prevents replay attacks via an in-memory spent set.
+type Validator struct {
+	resource string
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	spent    map[string]time.Time
+}
+
+// NewValidator creates a Validator for the given resource.
+func NewValidator(resource string) *Validator {
+	validator := &Validator{
+		resource: resource,
+		mu:       sync.Mutex{},
+		spent:    make(map[string]time.Time),
+	}
+
+	go validator.pruneLoop()
+
+	return validator
+}
+
+// Validate checks a hashcash stamp. It returns nil if the
+// stamp is valid and has not been seen before.
+func (v *Validator) Validate(
+	stamp string,
+	requiredBits int,
+) error {
+	if requiredBits <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.Split(stamp, ":")
+	if len(parts) != stampFields {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: expected %d, got %d",
+			errInvalidFields, stampFields, len(parts),
+		)
+	}
+
+	version := parts[0]
+	bitsStr := parts[1]
+	dateStr := parts[2]
+	resource := parts[3]
+
+	if err := v.validateHeader(
+		version, bitsStr, resource, requiredBits,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	stampTime, err := parseStampDate(dateStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := validateTime(stampTime); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := validateProof(
+		stamp, requiredBits,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return v.checkAndRecordStamp(stamp, stampTime)
+}
+
+func (v *Validator) validateHeader(
+	version, bitsStr, resource string,
+	requiredBits int,
+) error {
+	if version != stampVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: %s", errBadVersion, version,
+		)
+	}
+
+	claimedBits, err := strconv.Atoi(bitsStr)
+	if err != nil || claimedBits < requiredBits {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: need %d bits",
+			errInsufficientBits, requiredBits,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if resource != v.resource {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: got %q, want %q",
+			errWrongResource, resource, v.resource,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func validateTime(stampTime time.Time) error {
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	if now.Sub(stampTime) > maxStampAge {
+		return errStampExpired
+	}
+
+	if stampTime.Sub(now) > maxFutureSkew {
+		return errStampFuture
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func validateProof(stamp string, requiredBits int) error {
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(stamp))
+	if !hasLeadingZeroBits(hash[:], requiredBits) {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: need %d leading zero bits",
+			errProofFailed, requiredBits,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (v *Validator) checkAndRecordStamp(
+	stamp string,
+	stampTime time.Time,
+) error {
+	v.mu.Lock()
+	defer v.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := v.spent[stamp]; ok {
+		return errStampReused
+	}
+
+	v.spent[stamp] = stampTime
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// hasLeadingZeroBits checks if the hash has at least n
+// leading zero bits.
+func hasLeadingZeroBits(hash []byte, numBits int) bool {
+	fullBytes := numBits / bitsPerByte
+	remainBits := numBits % bitsPerByte
+
+	for idx := range fullBytes {
+		if hash[idx] != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	if remainBits > 0 && fullBytes < len(hash) {
+		mask := byte(
+			fullByteMask << (bitsPerByte - remainBits),
+		)
+
+		if hash[fullBytes]&mask != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// parseStampDate parses a hashcash date stamp.
+// Supports YYMMDD and YYMMDDHHMMSS formats.
+func parseStampDate(dateStr string) (time.Time, error) {
+	switch len(dateStr) {
+	case dateShortLen:
+		parsed, err := time.Parse(
+			dateFormatShort, dateStr,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(
+				"parse date: %w", err,
+			)
+		}
+
+		return parsed, nil
+	case dateLongLen:
+		parsed, err := time.Parse(
+			dateFormatLong, dateStr,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(
+				"parse date: %w", err,
+			)
+		}
+
+		return parsed, nil
+	default:
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: %q", errBadDateFormat, dateStr,
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// pruneLoop periodically removes expired stamps from the
+// spent set.
+func (v *Validator) pruneLoop() {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(pruneInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for range ticker.C {
+		v.prune()
+	}
+}
+
+func (v *Validator) prune() {
+	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-maxStampAge)
+
+	v.mu.Lock()
+	defer v.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for stamp, stampTime := range v.spent {
+		if stampTime.Before(cutoff) {
+			delete(v.spent, stamp)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/web/dist/app.js
+++ b/web/dist/app.js
--- a/web/dist/index.html
+++ b/web/dist/index.html
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-  <title>NeoIRC</title>
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
-</head>
-<body>
-  <div id="root"></div>
-  <script type="module" src="/app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
--- a/web/dist/style.css
+++ b/web/dist/style.css
@@ -1,466 +0,0 @@
-* {
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 0;
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-:root {
-  --bg: #0a0e14;
-  --bg-panel: #0d1117;
-  --bg-input: #0d1117;
-  --bg-tab: #161b22;
-  --bg-tab-active: #0d1117;
-  --bg-topic: #0d1117;
-  --text: #c9d1d9;
-  --text-dim: #6e7681;
-  --text-bright: #e6edf3;
-  --accent: #58a6ff;
-  --accent-dim: #1f6feb;
-  --border: #21262d;
-  --system: #7d8590;
-  --action: #d2a8ff;
-  --warn: #d29922;
-  --error: #f85149;
-  --unread: #f0883e;
-  --nick-brackets: #6e7681;
-  --timestamp: #484f58;
-  --input-bg: #161b22;
-  --prompt: #3fb950;
-  --tab-indicator: #58a6ff;
-  --user-list-bg: #0d1117;
-  --user-list-header: #484f58;
-}
-
-html,
-body,
-#root {
-  height: 100%;
-  font-family: "JetBrains Mono", "Cascadia Code", "Fira Code", "SF Mono",
-    "Consolas", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  background: var(--bg);
-  color: var(--text);
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Login Screen
-   ============================================ */
-
-.login-screen {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-  height: 100%;
-  background: var(--bg);
-}
-
-.login-box {
-  text-align: center;
-  max-width: 360px;
-  width: 100%;
-  padding: 32px;
-}
-
-.login-box h1 {
-  color: var(--accent);
-  font-size: 1.8em;
-  margin-bottom: 16px;
-  font-weight: 400;
-}
-
-.login-box .motd {
-  color: var(--accent);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  margin-bottom: 20px;
-  text-align: left;
-  white-space: pre;
-  font-family: inherit;
-  line-height: 1.2;
-  overflow-x: auto;
-}
-
-.login-box form {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 8px;
-  align-items: stretch;
-}
-
-.login-box label {
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-  text-align: left;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-.login-box input {
-  padding: 8px 12px;
-  font-family: inherit;
-  font-size: 14px;
-  background: var(--input-bg);
-  border: 1px solid var(--border);
-  color: var(--text-bright);
-  border-radius: 3px;
-  outline: none;
-}
-
-.login-box input:focus {
-  border-color: var(--accent-dim);
-}
-
-.login-box button {
-  padding: 8px 16px;
-  font-family: inherit;
-  font-size: 14px;
-  background: var(--accent-dim);
-  border: none;
-  color: var(--text-bright);
-  border-radius: 3px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  margin-top: 4px;
-}
-
-.login-box button:hover {
-  background: var(--accent);
-}
-
-.login-box .error {
-  color: var(--error);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  margin-top: 8px;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   IRC App Layout
-   ============================================ */
-
-.irc-app {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  height: 100%;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Tab Bar
-   ============================================ */
-
-.tab-bar {
-  display: flex;
-  background: var(--bg-tab);
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  height: 32px;
-  align-items: stretch;
-}
-
-.tabs {
-  display: flex;
-  overflow-x: auto;
-  flex: 1;
-  scrollbar-width: none;
-}
-
-.tabs::-webkit-scrollbar {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-.tab {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  padding: 0 12px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  user-select: none;
-  border-right: 1px solid var(--border);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  gap: 4px;
-  position: relative;
-}
-
-.tab:hover {
-  color: var(--text);
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.03);
-}
-
-.tab.active {
-  color: var(--text-bright);
-  background: var(--bg-tab-active);
-  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--tab-indicator);
-  margin-bottom: -1px;
-}
-
-.tab.has-unread .tab-label {
-  color: var(--unread);
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.tab .unread-count {
-  color: var(--unread);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.tab-close {
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-  font-size: 14px;
-  line-height: 1;
-  margin-left: 2px;
-}
-
-.tab-close:hover {
-  color: var(--error);
-}
-
-.status-area {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 10px;
-  padding: 0 12px;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-.status-nick {
-  color: var(--accent);
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.status-warn {
-  color: var(--warn);
-  animation: blink 1.5s ease-in-out infinite;
-}
-
-@keyframes blink {
-  0%,
-  100% {
-    opacity: 1;
-  }
-  50% {
-    opacity: 0.4;
-  }
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Topic Bar
-   ============================================ */
-
-.topic-bar {
-  padding: 4px 12px;
-  background: var(--bg-topic);
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  line-height: 1.5;
-}
-
-.topic-label {
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-}
-
-.topic-text {
-  color: var(--text);
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Main Content Area
-   ============================================ */
-
-.main-area {
-  display: flex;
-  flex: 1;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  min-height: 0;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Messages Panel
-   ============================================ */
-
-.messages-panel {
-  flex: 1;
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-
-.messages-scroll {
-  flex: 1;
-  overflow-y: auto;
-  padding: 4px 8px;
-  scrollbar-width: thin;
-  scrollbar-color: var(--border) transparent;
-}
-
-.messages-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar {
-  width: 8px;
-}
-
-.messages-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
-  background: transparent;
-}
-
-.messages-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
-  background: var(--border);
-  border-radius: 4px;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Message Lines
-   ============================================ */
-
-.message {
-  padding: 1px 0;
-  line-height: 1.4;
-  white-space: pre-wrap;
-  word-wrap: break-word;
-  font-size: 13px;
-}
-
-.message .timestamp {
-  color: var(--timestamp);
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-.message .nick {
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.message .content {
-  color: var(--text);
-}
-
-/* System messages (joins, parts, quits, etc.) */
-.system-message {
-  color: var(--system);
-}
-
-.system-message .system-text {
-  color: var(--system);
-}
-
-/* /me action messages */
-.action-message .action-text {
-  color: var(--action);
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   User List (Right Panel)
-   ============================================ */
-
-.user-list {
-  width: 160px;
-  background: var(--user-list-bg);
-  border-left: 1px solid var(--border);
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-.user-list-header {
-  padding: 6px 10px;
-  color: var(--user-list-header);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-
-.user-list-entries {
-  overflow-y: auto;
-  padding: 4px 0;
-  flex: 1;
-  scrollbar-width: thin;
-  scrollbar-color: var(--border) transparent;
-}
-
-.nick-entry {
-  padding: 2px 10px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  line-height: 1.5;
-}
-
-.nick-entry:hover {
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
-}
-
-.nick-prefix {
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-  display: inline-block;
-  width: 1ch;
-  text-align: right;
-  margin-right: 1px;
-}
-
-.nick-name {
-  font-weight: normal;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Input Line (Bottom)
-   ============================================ */
-
-.input-line {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  background: var(--input-bg);
-  border-top: 1px solid var(--border);
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  height: 36px;
-  padding: 0 8px;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-.input-prompt {
-  color: var(--prompt);
-  font-size: 13px;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.input-line input {
-  flex: 1;
-  padding: 4px 0;
-  font-family: inherit;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  background: transparent;
-  border: none;
-  color: var(--text-bright);
-  outline: none;
-  caret-color: var(--accent);
-}
-
-.input-line input::placeholder {
-  color: var(--text-dim);
-  font-style: italic;
-}
-
-/* ============================================
-   Responsive
-   ============================================ */
-
-@media (max-width: 600px) {
-  .user-list {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  .tab {
-    padding: 0 8px;
-    font-size: 11px;
-  }
-
-  .input-prompt {
-    font-size: 12px;
-  }
-}
--- a/web/src/app.jsx
+++ b/web/src/app.jsx
@@ -8,6 +8,56 @@ const MEMBER_REFRESH_INTERVAL = 10000;
 const ACTION_PREFIX = "\x01ACTION ";
 const ACTION_SUFFIX = "\x01";

+// Hashcash proof-of-work helpers using Web Crypto API.
+
+function checkLeadingZeros(hashBytes, bits) {
+  let count = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < hashBytes.length; i++) {
+    if (hashBytes[i] === 0) {
+      count += 8;
+      continue;
+    }
+    let b = hashBytes[i];
+    while ((b & 0x80) === 0) {
+      count++;
+      b <<= 1;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  return count >= bits;
+}
+
+async function mintHashcash(bits, resource) {
+  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
+  const now = new Date();
+  const date =
+    String(now.getUTCFullYear()).slice(2) +
+    String(now.getUTCMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0") +
+    String(now.getUTCDate()).padStart(2, "0");
+  const prefix = `1:${bits}:${date}:${resource}::`;
+  let nonce = Math.floor(Math.random() * 0x100000);
+  const batchSize = 1024;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const stamps = [];
+    const hashPromises = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < batchSize; i++) {
+      const stamp = prefix + (nonce + i).toString(16);
+      stamps.push(stamp);
+      hashPromises.push(
+        crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", encoder.encode(stamp)),
+      );
+    }
+    const hashes = await Promise.all(hashPromises);
+    for (let i = 0; i < hashes.length; i++) {
+      if (checkLeadingZeros(new Uint8Array(hashes[i]), bits)) {
+        return stamps[i];
+      }
+    }
+    nonce += batchSize;
+  }
+}
+
 function api(path, opts = {}) {
  const token = localStorage.getItem("neoirc_token");
  const headers = {
@@ -60,12 +110,16 @@ function LoginScreen({ onLogin }) {
  const [motd, setMotd] = useState("");
  const [serverName, setServerName] = useState("NeoIRC");
  const inputRef = useRef();
+  const hashcashBitsRef = useRef(0);
+  const hashcashResourceRef = useRef("neoirc");

  useEffect(() => {
    api("/server")
      .then((s) => {
        if (s.name) setServerName(s.name);
        if (s.motd) setMotd(s.motd);
+        hashcashBitsRef.current = s.hashcash_bits || 0;
+        if (s.name) hashcashResourceRef.current = s.name;
      })
      .catch(() => {});
    const saved = localStorage.getItem("neoirc_token");
@@ -81,9 +135,20 @@ function LoginScreen({ onLogin }) {
    e.preventDefault();
    setError("");
    try {
+      const extraHeaders = {};
+      if (hashcashBitsRef.current > 0) {
+        setError("Computing proof-of-work...");
+        const stamp = await mintHashcash(
+          hashcashBitsRef.current,
+          hashcashResourceRef.current,
+        );
+        extraHeaders["X-Hashcash"] = stamp;
+        setError("");
+      }
      const res = await api("/session", {
        method: "POST",
        body: JSON.stringify({ nick: nick.trim() }),
+        headers: extraHeaders,
      });
      localStorage.setItem("neoirc_token", res.token);
      onLogin(res.nick);