bsdaily/README.md

# bsdaily

[bsdaily](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily) is a command-line utility
written in [Go](https://golang.org) that carves a single day (or a range of
days) of [Bluesky](https://bsky.app) firehose data out of a large,
continuously-growing SQLite database and writes it out as a self-contained,
[zstd](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/)-compressed SQL dump. The dumps are
named by date (e.g. `2026-06-27.sql.zst`), organized into per-month
directories, and are designed to be published, archived, mirrored, and later
re-merged back into a single database.

The source database is read from a read-only [ZFS](https://openzfs.org)
snapshot, so extraction never contends with the live firehose ingester that
is writing to the original database. The tool is operationally
conservative: it checks free disk space before starting, copies the snapshot
to fast scratch storage, processes one day at a time to avoid SQLite lock
contention, verifies every compressed output before publishing it, and
writes output atomically via a temp-file-and-rename so a partial run never
leaves a corrupt `.sql.zst` behind.

This project was written by [@sneak](https://sneak.berlin) to produce a
daily, mergeable, publicly-mirrorable archive of the Bluesky firehose. It is
currently a one-person effort. The current version is pre-1.0 and there has
not yet been a versioned release; [SemVer](https://semver.org) will be used
for releases.

# Build Status

CI runs the standard `make check` (formatting, linting, tests). The `main`
branch must always be green.

# Participation

Primary development happens on a privately-run Gitea instance at
[https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily) and
issues are [tracked
there](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily/issues).

Changes must always be formatted with `make fmt` (`go fmt` for Go,
prettier for Markdown), syntactically
valid, and must pass the linting defined in the repository (presently the
`golangci-lint` defaults), which can be run with a `make lint`. The `main`
branch is protected and all changes must be made via [pull
requests](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily/pulls) and pass CI to be merged.

See [`REPO_POLICIES.md`](REPO_POLICIES.md) for detailed coding standards,
tooling requirements, and workflow conventions.

# Entrypoints

This repository adheres to the
[Scripts to Rule Them All](https://github.com/github/scripts-to-rule-them-all)
standard: normalized scripts in `script/` are the entrypoints for the
development workflow, and the Makefile targets are thin shims that call
them. We provide:

- `script/bootstrap` — install all development dependencies (go, Go
  module download, a pinned node and yarn, and the prettier pinned in
  `package.json` and `yarn.lock`); the linter is not installed on the host
- `script/setup` — make a fresh clone ready for development: runs
  `script/bootstrap`, then `script/install-precommit`
- `script/projectname` — print the project name (used for the Docker
  image tags)
- `script/test` — build the Dockerfile's `test` phase, which runs the
  test suite with `-race` (verbose rerun on failure)
- `script/lint` — build the Dockerfile's `lint` phase, which runs
  `golangci-lint run ./...`
- `script/fmt` — format the Go code with `go fmt` and every Markdown
  file with prettier (writes)
- `script/fmt-check` — check the Go formatting with `gofmt` and the
  Markdown formatting with prettier (read-only)
- `script/check` — run `script/test`, `script/lint`, and
  `script/fmt-check`
- `script/docker` — build the Docker image tagged via
  `script/projectname`; the build runs the `lint` and `test` phases
  first
- `script/cibuild` — CI entrypoint: runs `script/bootstrap` and
  `script/check`, then builds the Docker image tagged via
  `script/projectname`
- `script/precommit` — pre-commit gate: `go mod tidy` (must not change
  `go.mod` or `go.sum`) and `go fmt`, then `script/check`
- `script/install-precommit` — install the git pre-commit hook that
  runs `script/precommit`

Every Docker build in `script/` is uncached, so the `lint` and `test`
phases always run rather than being served from the build cache.

# Problem Statement

A Bluesky firehose ingester writes every observed post (and associated
users, hashtags, URLs, and media references) into a single ever-growing
SQLite database, `firehose.db`. This database has several properties that
make it awkward to publish or archive directly:

- It is **large and always growing**, so re-publishing the whole thing every
  day is wasteful.
- It is **continuously written**, so reading from it directly risks lock
  contention with the live ingester and inconsistent reads.
- It is **monolithic**, so there is no natural unit at which to mirror,
  share, or distribute "just yesterday's posts".

What is wanted instead is a stable, immutable, per-day artifact: a small
file containing exactly one calendar day of firehose data, cheap to publish,
cheap to mirror, and trivially re-mergeable into a full database by anyone
who collects a set of them.

# Proposed Solution

A tool, `bsdaily`, that:

- locates the most recent read-only **ZFS daily snapshot** of the firehose
  filesystem, so it reads from a consistent point-in-time copy that the live
  ingester cannot be writing to;
- copies the snapshot's database files to fast scratch storage;
- **extracts** a single day's `posts` (and all rows reachable from them) into
  a fresh, minimal per-day SQLite database;
- **dumps** that per-day database to SQL and pipes it through multithreaded
  zstd compression;
- **verifies** the compressed output (zstd integrity check plus a sanity
  check that the decompressed stream actually looks like SQL);
- **publishes** the result atomically as
  `DailiesBase/YYYY-MM/YYYY-MM-DD.sql.zst`.

Each daily dump is emitted with `INSERT` statements over the full schema
(including the deduplicated `users`, `hashtags`, and `urls` lookup tables),
so any collection of daily dumps can be merged into a single database by
rewriting `INSERT INTO` to `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO` and replaying them in
sequence. Two helper scripts ([`merge_daily_dumps.sh`](merge_daily_dumps.sh)
and [`regenerate_auxiliary_tables.sql`](regenerate_auxiliary_tables.sql)) are
included to do exactly this and to rebuild the aggregate statistics
(`use_count`, `first_seen`, user `resolved_at`/`updated_at`) afterward.

# Design Goals

- **Never disturb the live ingester.** All reads come from a ZFS snapshot,
  never the live database.
- **Crash-safe, idempotent runs.** Output is written to a temp file and
  atomically renamed; a day whose final output already exists is skipped, so
  re-running a range is safe and resumable.
- **Mergeable output.** Daily dumps re-combine losslessly into a full
  database via `INSERT OR IGNORE`.
- **Operationally cautious.** Free-space preflight checks on both scratch and
  output filesystems; explicit verification of every artifact before it is
  published.
- **Fast where it's free.** Large snapshot copies use a 256MiB buffer,
  pre-allocate the destination, and (on Linux) issue `posix_fadvise`
  sequential/willneed hints; extraction uses aggressive,
  crash-unsafe-by-design SQLite pragmas because the working data lives only
  in disposable scratch space.

# Non-Goals

- **Real-time export.** `bsdaily` operates on daily snapshots; the freshest
  day it can produce is the snapshot date minus one.
- **Schema ownership.** The schema is defined by the upstream firehose
  ingester; [`schema.sql`](schema.sql) is included for reference only.
  `bsdaily` copies whatever table and index DDL it finds in the source.
- **Cross-platform deployment.** It is built and run on Linux (the
  free-space check and fadvise hints use `golang.org/x/sys/unix`; a non-Linux
  build compiles but is a no-op for the fadvise hints). The hard-coded paths
  assume the production host's ZFS layout.

# How It Works

A single run proceeds as follows:

1. **Find the snapshot.** Scan `SnapshotBase` for directories matching
   `zfs-auto-snap_daily-YYYY-MM-DD-NNNN`, pick the most recent, and confirm
   it contains `firehose.db`.
2. **Determine target days.** Default to the snapshot date minus one day;
   or use `--date`, or every day in the inclusive `--from`/`--to` range.
3. **Preflight disk space.** Require at least 500GiB free on the scratch
   filesystem and 20GiB free on the output filesystem.
4. **Copy the database to scratch.** Copy `firehose.db`, its `-wal`, and (if
   present) its `-shm` from the snapshot into a fresh temp directory under
   `TmpBase`.
5. **Per day**, processed strictly one at a time to avoid SQLite contention:
   - skip the day if its final output file already exists;
   - `ATTACH` the copied source DB to a new empty per-day DB, recreate the
     table DDL, and `INSERT ... SELECT` the target day's `posts` plus all
     rows reachable from them (`posts_hashtags`, `posts_urls`, `hashtags`,
     `urls`, `users`, and `media` if that table exists);
   - abort the day cleanly if there are zero posts (`ErrNoPosts`), rather
     than emitting an empty dump;
   - recreate indexes, detach the source, and verify the inserted row count;
   - `sqlite3 .dump | zstdmt` into a hidden temp file;
   - run a zstd integrity check and confirm the decompressed head looks like
     SQL;
   - atomically rename into place and delete the per-day scratch DB.
6. **Clean up** the temp directory and log a processed/skipped/total summary.

# Usage

```
bsdaily                          # extract the snapshot date minus one day
bsdaily --date 2026-06-27        # extract a single specific day
bsdaily --from 2026-06-01 --to 2026-06-27   # extract an inclusive range
```

Flags:

- `-d`, `--date YYYY-MM-DD` — extract a single day. Mutually exclusive with
  `--from`/`--to`.
- `--from YYYY-MM-DD` — start of an inclusive range (requires `--to`).
- `--to YYYY-MM-DD` — end of an inclusive range (requires `--from`).

With no flags, the tool extracts the day before the latest snapshot. All
progress is logged as structured `slog` text to stderr.

## Merging dumps back into a database

```
# Using the helper script:
./merge_daily_dumps.sh merged.db daily_dumps/*.sql.zst

# Or by hand:
zstdcat *.sql.zst | sed 's/INSERT INTO/INSERT OR IGNORE INTO/g' | sqlite3 merged.db
sqlite3 merged.db < regenerate_auxiliary_tables.sql
```

# Requirements

- **Go** (see [`go.mod`](go.mod) for the toolchain version) to build.
- **Linux** for production use (ZFS snapshots, `statfs` free-space checks,
  `posix_fadvise` hints).
- The **`sqlite3`** and **`zstdmt`** (multithreaded zstd) binaries on
  `PATH`; `zstdcat` is used for verification. SQLite reads/writes during
  extraction use the pure-Go [`modernc.org/sqlite`](https://pkg.go.dev/modernc.org/sqlite)
  driver, so no cgo is required for that part.

# Configuration

Operational parameters are compile-time constants in
[`internal/bsdaily/config.go`](internal/bsdaily/config.go):

- `SnapshotBase` — `/srv/berlin.sneak.fs.blueskyarchive/.zfs/snapshot`
- `TmpBase` — `/srv/storage/tmp` (fast scratch space for copies + per-day DBs)
- `DailiesBase` — `/srv/berlin.sneak.fs.bluesky-dailies` (output root)
- `MinTmpFreeGB` / `MinDailiesFreeGB` — `500` / `20`
- `zstdCompressionLevel` — `15`
- `sqliteCacheSizeKB` — `200000` (≈200MB)

These are tuned for one specific production host; adjust and rebuild to run
elsewhere.

# Data Model

The firehose schema (reference copy in [`schema.sql`](schema.sql)) centers
on a `posts` table, with `users` keyed by DID and many-to-many junction
tables linking posts to deduplicated `hashtags` and `urls`. An optional
`media` table tracks downloaded blobs by content hash. `bsdaily` does not
own this schema; it reflects whatever DDL exists in the source snapshot and
selects forward from `posts` along the foreign-key relationships to produce a
referentially-complete per-day slice.

# Use Cases

## Daily public archive

Publish one small, immutable file per day to static HTTP (or IPFS, or a
mirror network) so that anyone can fetch exactly the day(s) they want and
re-merge them locally.

## Backfilling a range

Run `--from`/`--to` over a span of dates to (re)generate any missing daily
dumps; already-published days are skipped, so the operation is resumable and
safe to re-run.

## Reconstituting a full database

Collect any set of daily dumps and merge them with `INSERT OR IGNORE` to
rebuild a complete, queryable SQLite database, then regenerate the aggregate
statistics tables.

# See Also

## Links

- Repo: [https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily)
- Issues: [https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily/issues](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/bsdaily/issues)
- Bluesky: [https://bsky.app](https://bsky.app)
- zstd: [https://facebook.github.io/zstd/](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/)

# Authors

- [@sneak &lt;sneak@sneak.berlin&gt;](mailto:sneak@sneak.berlin)

# License

- [WTFPL](https://wtfpl.net)