mailinabox/management/dns_update.py

#!/usr/bin/python3

# Creates DNS zone files for all of the domains of all of the mail users
# and mail aliases and restarts nsd.
########################################################################

import sys, os, os.path, urllib.parse, datetime, re, hashlib, base64
import ipaddress
import rtyaml
import dns.resolver

from mailconfig import get_mail_domains
from utils import shell, load_env_vars_from_file, safe_domain_name, sort_domains

def get_dns_domains(env):
	# Add all domain names in use by email users and mail aliases and ensure
	# PRIMARY_HOSTNAME is in the list.
	domains = set()
	domains |= get_mail_domains(env)
	domains.add(env['PRIMARY_HOSTNAME'])
	return domains

def get_dns_zones(env):
	# What domains should we create DNS zones for? Never create a zone for
	# a domain & a subdomain of that domain.
	domains = get_dns_domains(env)

	# Exclude domains that are subdomains of other domains we know. Proceed
	# by looking at shorter domains first.
	zone_domains = set()
	for domain in sorted(domains, key=lambda d : len(d)):
		for d in zone_domains:
			if domain.endswith("." + d):
				# We found a parent domain already in the list.
				break
		else:
			# 'break' did not occur: there is no parent domain.
			zone_domains.add(domain)

	# Make a nice and safe filename for each domain.
	zonefiles = []
	for domain in zone_domains:
		zonefiles.append([domain, safe_domain_name(domain) + ".txt"])

	# Sort the list so that the order is nice and so that nsd.conf has a
	# stable order so we don't rewrite the file & restart the service
	# meaninglessly.
	zone_order = sort_domains([ zone[0] for zone in zonefiles ], env)
	zonefiles.sort(key = lambda zone : zone_order.index(zone[0]) )

	return zonefiles

def do_dns_update(env, force=False):
	# What domains (and their zone filenames) should we build?
	domains = get_dns_domains(env)
	zonefiles = get_dns_zones(env)

	# Custom records to add to zones.
	additional_records = list(get_custom_dns_config(env))
	from web_update import get_default_www_redirects
	www_redirect_domains = get_default_www_redirects(env)

	# Write zone files.
	os.makedirs('/etc/nsd/zones', exist_ok=True)
	updated_domains = []
	for i, (domain, zonefile) in enumerate(zonefiles):
		# Build the records to put in the zone.
		records = build_zone(domain, domains, additional_records, www_redirect_domains, env)

		# See if the zone has changed, and if so update the serial number
		# and write the zone file.
		if not write_nsd_zone(domain, "/etc/nsd/zones/" + zonefile, records, env, force):
			# Zone was not updated. There were no changes.
			continue

		# If this is a .justtesting.email domain, then post the update.
		try:
			justtestingdotemail(domain, records)
		except:
			# Hmm. Might be a network issue. If we stop now, will we end
			# up in an inconsistent state? Let's just continue.
			pass

		# Mark that we just updated this domain.
		updated_domains.append(domain)

		# Sign the zone.
		#
		# Every time we sign the zone we get a new result, which means
		# we can't sign a zone without bumping the zone's serial number.
		# Thus we only sign a zone if write_nsd_zone returned True
		# indicating the zone changed, and thus it got a new serial number.
		# write_nsd_zone is smart enough to check if a zone's signature
		# is nearing expiration and if so it'll bump the serial number
		# and return True so we get a chance to re-sign it.
		sign_zone(domain, zonefile, env)

	# Now that all zones are signed (some might not have changed and so didn't
	# just get signed now, but were before) update the zone filename so nsd.conf
	# uses the signed file.
	for i in range(len(zonefiles)):
		zonefiles[i][1] += ".signed"

	# Write the main nsd.conf file.
	if write_nsd_conf(zonefiles, additional_records, env):
		# Make sure updated_domains contains *something* if we wrote an updated
		# nsd.conf so that we know to restart nsd.
		if len(updated_domains) == 0:
			updated_domains.append("DNS configuration")

	# Kick nsd if anything changed.
	if len(updated_domains) > 0:
		shell('check_call', ["/usr/sbin/service", "nsd", "restart"])

	# Write the OpenDKIM configuration tables.
	if write_opendkim_tables(domains, env):
		# Settings changed. Kick opendkim.
		shell('check_call', ["/usr/sbin/service", "opendkim", "restart"])
		if len(updated_domains) == 0:
			# If this is the only thing that changed?
			updated_domains.append("OpenDKIM configuration")

	# Clear bind9's DNS cache so our own DNS resolver is up to date.
	# (ignore errors with trap=True)
	shell('check_call', ["/usr/sbin/rndc", "flush"], trap=True)

	if len(updated_domains) == 0:
		# if nothing was updated (except maybe OpenDKIM's files), don't show any output
		return ""
	else:
		return "updated DNS: " + ",".join(updated_domains) + "\n"

########################################################################

def build_zone(domain, all_domains, additional_records, www_redirect_domains, env, is_zone=True):
	records = []

	# For top-level zones, define the authoritative name servers.
	#
	# Normally we are our own nameservers. Some TLDs require two distinct IP addresses,
	# so we allow the user to override the second nameserver definition so that
	# secondary DNS can be set up elsewhere.
	#
	# 'False' in the tuple indicates these records would not be used if the zone
	# is managed outside of the box.
	if is_zone:
		# Obligatory definition of ns1.PRIMARY_HOSTNAME.
		records.append((None,  "NS",  "ns1.%s." % env["PRIMARY_HOSTNAME"], False))

		# Define ns2.PRIMARY_HOSTNAME or whatever the user overrides.
		# User may provide one or more additional nameservers
		secondary_ns_list = get_secondary_dns(additional_records, mode="NS") \
			or ["ns2." + env["PRIMARY_HOSTNAME"]] 
		for secondary_ns in secondary_ns_list:
			records.append((None,  "NS", secondary_ns+'.', False))


	# In PRIMARY_HOSTNAME...
	if domain == env["PRIMARY_HOSTNAME"]:
		# Define ns1 and ns2.
		# 'False' in the tuple indicates these records would not be used if the zone
		# is managed outside of the box.
		records.append(("ns1", "A", env["PUBLIC_IP"], False))
		records.append(("ns2", "A", env["PUBLIC_IP"], False))
		if env.get('PUBLIC_IPV6'):
			records.append(("ns1", "AAAA", env["PUBLIC_IPV6"], False))
			records.append(("ns2", "AAAA", env["PUBLIC_IPV6"], False))

		# Set the A/AAAA records. Do this early for the PRIMARY_HOSTNAME so that the user cannot override them
		# and we can provide different explanatory text.
		records.append((None, "A", env["PUBLIC_IP"], "Required. Sets the IP address of the box."))
		if env.get("PUBLIC_IPV6"): records.append((None, "AAAA", env["PUBLIC_IPV6"], "Required. Sets the IPv6 address of the box."))

		# Add a DANE TLSA record for SMTP.
		records.append(("_25._tcp", "TLSA", build_tlsa_record(env), "Recommended when DNSSEC is enabled. Advertises to mail servers connecting to the box that mandatory encryption should be used."))

		# Add a DANE TLSA record for HTTPS, which some browser extensions might make use of.
		records.append(("_443._tcp", "TLSA", build_tlsa_record(env), "Optional. When DNSSEC is enabled, provides out-of-band HTTPS certificate validation for a few web clients that support it."))

		# Add a SSHFP records to help SSH key validation. One per available SSH key on this system.
		for value in build_sshfp_records():
			records.append((None, "SSHFP", value, "Optional. Provides an out-of-band method for verifying an SSH key before connecting. Use 'VerifyHostKeyDNS yes' (or 'VerifyHostKeyDNS ask') when connecting with ssh."))

	# The MX record says where email for the domain should be delivered: Here!
	records.append((None,  "MX",  "10 %s." % env["PRIMARY_HOSTNAME"], "Required. Specifies the hostname (and priority) of the machine that handles @%s mail." % domain))

	# Add DNS records for any subdomains of this domain. We should not have a zone for
	# both a domain and one of its subdomains.
	subdomains = [d for d in all_domains if d.endswith("." + domain)]
	for subdomain in subdomains:
		subdomain_qname = subdomain[0:-len("." + domain)]
		subzone = build_zone(subdomain, [], additional_records, www_redirect_domains, env, is_zone=False)
		for child_qname, child_rtype, child_value, child_explanation in subzone:
			if child_qname == None:
				child_qname = subdomain_qname
			else:
				child_qname += "." + subdomain_qname
			records.append((child_qname, child_rtype, child_value, child_explanation))

	has_rec_base = list(records) # clone current state
	def has_rec(qname, rtype, prefix=None):
		for rec in has_rec_base:
			if rec[0] == qname and rec[1] == rtype and (prefix is None or rec[2].startswith(prefix)):
				return True
		return False

	# The user may set other records that don't conflict with our settings.
	# Don't put any TXT records above this line, or it'll prevent any custom TXT records.
	for qname, rtype, value in filter_custom_records(domain, additional_records):
		# Don't allow custom records for record types that override anything above.
		# But allow multiple custom records for the same rtype --- see how has_rec_base is used.
		if has_rec(qname, rtype): continue

		# The "local" keyword on A/AAAA records are short-hand for our own IP.
		# This also flags for web configuration that the user wants a website here.
		if rtype == "A" and value == "local":
			value = env["PUBLIC_IP"]
		if rtype == "AAAA" and value == "local":
			if "PUBLIC_IPV6" in env:
				value = env["PUBLIC_IPV6"]
			else:
				continue
		records.append((qname, rtype, value, "(Set by user.)"))

	# Add defaults if not overridden by the user's custom settings (and not otherwise configured).
	# Any CNAME or A record on the qname overrides A and AAAA. But when we set the default A record,
	# we should not cause the default AAAA record to be skipped because it thinks a custom A record
	# was set. So set has_rec_base to a clone of the current set of DNS settings, and don't update
	# during this process.
	has_rec_base = list(records)
	defaults = [
		(None,  "A",    env["PUBLIC_IP"],       "Required. May have a different value. Sets the IP address that %s resolves to for web hosting and other services besides mail. The A record must be present but its value does not affect mail delivery." % domain),
		(None,  "AAAA", env.get('PUBLIC_IPV6'), "Optional. Sets the IPv6 address that %s resolves to, e.g. for web hosting. (It is not necessary for receiving mail on this domain.)" % domain),
	]
	if "www." + domain in www_redirect_domains:
		defaults += [
			("www", "A",    env["PUBLIC_IP"],       "Optional. Sets the IP address that www.%s resolves to so that the box can provide a redirect to the parent domain." % domain),
			("www", "AAAA", env.get('PUBLIC_IPV6'), "Optional. Sets the IPv6 address that www.%s resolves to so that the box can provide a redirect to the parent domain." % domain),
		]
	for qname, rtype, value, explanation in defaults:
		if value is None or value.strip() == "": continue # skip IPV6 if not set
		if not is_zone and qname == "www": continue # don't create any default 'www' subdomains on what are themselves subdomains
		# Set the default record, but not if:
		# (1) there is not a user-set record of the same type already
		# (2) there is not a CNAME record already, since you can't set both and who knows what takes precedence
		# (2) there is not an A record already (if this is an A record this is a dup of (1), and if this is an AAAA record then don't set a default AAAA record if the user sets a custom A record, since the default wouldn't make sense and it should not resolve if the user doesn't provide a new AAAA record)
		if not has_rec(qname, rtype) and not has_rec(qname, "CNAME") and not has_rec(qname, "A"):
			records.append((qname, rtype, value, explanation))

	# Don't pin the list of records that has_rec checks against anymore.
	has_rec_base = records

	# SPF record: Permit the box ('mx', see above) to send mail on behalf of
	# the domain, and no one else.
	# Skip if the user has set a custom SPF record.
	if not has_rec(None, "TXT", prefix="v=spf1 "):
		records.append((None,  "TXT", 'v=spf1 mx -all', "Recommended. Specifies that only the box is permitted to send @%s mail." % domain))

	# Append the DKIM TXT record to the zone as generated by OpenDKIM.
	# Skip if the user has set a DKIM record already.
	opendkim_record_file = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'mail/dkim/mail.txt')
	with open(opendkim_record_file) as orf:
		m = re.match(r'(\S+)\s+IN\s+TXT\s+\( ((?:"[^"]+"\s+)+)\)', orf.read(), re.S)
		val = "".join(re.findall(r'"([^"]+)"', m.group(2)))
		if not has_rec(m.group(1), "TXT", prefix="v=DKIM1; "):
			records.append((m.group(1), "TXT", val, "Recommended. Provides a way for recipients to verify that this machine sent @%s mail." % domain))

	# Append a DMARC record.
	# Skip if the user has set a DMARC record already.
	if not has_rec("_dmarc", "TXT", prefix="v=DMARC1; "):
		records.append(("_dmarc", "TXT", 'v=DMARC1; p=quarantine', "Recommended. Specifies that mail that does not originate from the box but claims to be from @%s or which does not have a valid DKIM signature is suspect and should be quarantined by the recipient's mail system." % domain))

	# For any subdomain with an A record but no SPF or DMARC record, add strict policy records.
	all_resolvable_qnames = set(r[0] for r in records if r[1] in ("A", "AAAA"))
	for qname in all_resolvable_qnames:
		if not has_rec(qname, "TXT", prefix="v=spf1 "):
			records.append((qname,  "TXT", 'v=spf1 -all', "Recommended. Prevents use of this domain name for outbound mail by specifying that no servers are valid sources for mail from @%s. If you do send email from this domain name you should either override this record such that the SPF rule does allow the originating server, or, take the recommended approach and have the box handle mail for this domain (simply add any receiving alias at this domain name to make this machine treat the domain name as one of its mail domains)." % (qname + "." + domain)))
		dmarc_qname = "_dmarc" + ("" if qname is None else "." + qname)
		if not has_rec(dmarc_qname, "TXT", prefix="v=DMARC1; "):
			records.append((dmarc_qname, "TXT", 'v=DMARC1; p=reject', "Recommended. Prevents use of this domain name for outbound mail by specifying that the SPF rule should be honoured for mail from @%s." % (qname + "." + domain)))


	# Sort the records. The None records *must* go first in the nsd zone file. Otherwise it doesn't matter.
	records.sort(key = lambda rec : list(reversed(rec[0].split(".")) if rec[0] is not None else ""))

	return records

########################################################################

def build_tlsa_record(env):
	# A DANE TLSA record in DNS specifies that connections on a port
	# must use TLS and the certificate must match a particular certificate.
	#
	# Thanks to http://blog.huque.com/2012/10/dnssec-and-certificates.html
	# for explaining all of this!

	# Get the hex SHA256 of the DER-encoded server certificate:
	certder = shell("check_output", [
		"/usr/bin/openssl",
		"x509",
		"-in", os.path.join(env["STORAGE_ROOT"], "ssl", "ssl_certificate.pem"),
		"-outform", "DER"
		],
		return_bytes=True)
	certhash = hashlib.sha256(certder).hexdigest()

	# Specify the TLSA parameters:
	# 3: This is the certificate that the client should trust. No CA is needed.
	# 0: The whole certificate is matched.
	# 1: The certificate is SHA256'd here.
	return "3 0 1 " + certhash

def build_sshfp_records():
	# The SSHFP record is a way for us to embed this server's SSH public
	# key fingerprint into the DNS so that remote hosts have an out-of-band
	# method to confirm the fingerprint. See RFC 4255 and RFC 6594. This
	# depends on DNSSEC.
	#
	# On the client side, set SSH's VerifyHostKeyDNS option to 'ask' to
	# include this info in the key verification prompt or 'yes' to trust
	# the SSHFP record.
	#
	# See https://github.com/xelerance/sshfp for inspiriation.

	algorithm_number = {
		"ssh-rsa": 1,
		"ssh-dss": 2,
		"ecdsa-sha2-nistp256": 3,
	}

	# Get our local fingerprints by running ssh-keyscan. The output looks
	# like the known_hosts file: hostname, keytype, fingerprint. The order
	# of the output is arbitrary, so sort it to prevent spurrious updates
	# to the zone file (that trigger bumping the serial number).
	keys = shell("check_output", ["ssh-keyscan", "localhost"])
	for key in sorted(keys.split("\n")):
		if key.strip() == "" or key[0] == "#": continue
		try:
			host, keytype, pubkey = key.split(" ")
			yield "%d %d ( %s )" % (
				algorithm_number[keytype],
				2, # specifies we are using SHA-256 on next line
				hashlib.sha256(base64.b64decode(pubkey)).hexdigest().upper(),
				)
		except:
			# Lots of things can go wrong. Don't let it disturb the DNS
			# zone.
			pass

########################################################################

def write_nsd_zone(domain, zonefile, records, env, force):
	# On the $ORIGIN line, there's typically a ';' comment at the end explaining
	# what the $ORIGIN line does. Any further data after the domain confuses
	# ldns-signzone, however. It used to say '; default zone domain'.

	# The SOA contact address for all of the domains on this system is hostmaster
	# @ the PRIMARY_HOSTNAME. Hopefully that's legit.

	# For the refresh through TTL fields, a good reference is:
	# http://www.peerwisdom.org/2013/05/15/dns-understanding-the-soa-record/


	zone = """
$ORIGIN {domain}.
$TTL 1800           ; default time to live

@ IN SOA ns1.{primary_domain}. hostmaster.{primary_domain}. (
           __SERIAL__     ; serial number
           7200     ; Refresh (secondary nameserver update interval)
           1800     ; Retry (when refresh fails, how often to try again)
           1209600  ; Expire (when refresh fails, how long secondary nameserver will keep records around anyway)
           1800     ; Negative TTL (how long negative responses are cached)
           )
"""

	# Replace replacement strings.
	zone = zone.format(domain=domain, primary_domain=env["PRIMARY_HOSTNAME"])

	# Add records.
	for subdomain, querytype, value, explanation in records:
		if subdomain:
			zone += subdomain
		zone += "\tIN\t" + querytype + "\t"
		if querytype == "TXT":
			# Divide into 255-byte max substrings.
			v2 = ""
			while len(value) > 0:
				s = value[0:255]
				value = value[255:]
				s = s.replace('\\', '\\\\') # escape backslashes
				s = s.replace('"', '\\"') # escape quotes
				s = '"' + s + '"' # wrap in quotes
				v2 += s + " "
			value = v2
		zone += value + "\n"

	# DNSSEC requires re-signing a zone periodically. That requires
	# bumping the serial number even if no other records have changed.
	# We don't see the DNSSEC records yet, so we have to figure out
	# if a re-signing is necessary so we can prematurely bump the
	# serial number.
	force_bump = False
	if not os.path.exists(zonefile + ".signed"):
		# No signed file yet. Shouldn't normally happen unless a box
		# is going from not using DNSSEC to using DNSSEC.
		force_bump = True
	else:
		# We've signed the domain. Check if we are close to the expiration
		# time of the signature. If so, we'll force a bump of the serial
		# number so we can re-sign it.
		with open(zonefile + ".signed") as f:
			signed_zone = f.read()
		expiration_times = re.findall(r"\sRRSIG\s+SOA\s+\d+\s+\d+\s\d+\s+(\d{14})", signed_zone)
		if len(expiration_times) == 0:
			# weird
			force_bump = True
		else:
			# All of the times should be the same, but if not choose the soonest.
			expiration_time = min(expiration_times)
			expiration_time = datetime.datetime.strptime(expiration_time, "%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
			if expiration_time - datetime.datetime.now() < datetime.timedelta(days=3):
				# We're within three days of the expiration, so bump serial & resign.
				force_bump = True

	# Set the serial number.
	serial = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d00")
	if os.path.exists(zonefile):
		# If the zone already exists, is different, and has a later serial number,
		# increment the number.
		with open(zonefile) as f:
			existing_zone = f.read()
			m = re.search(r"(\d+)\s*;\s*serial number", existing_zone)
			if m:
				# Clear out the serial number in the existing zone file for the
				# purposes of seeing if anything *else* in the zone has changed.
				existing_serial = m.group(1)
				existing_zone = existing_zone.replace(m.group(0), "__SERIAL__     ; serial number")

				# If the existing zone is the same as the new zone (modulo the serial number),
				# there is no need to update the file. Unless we're forcing a bump.
				if zone == existing_zone and not force_bump and not force:
					return False

				# If the existing serial is not less than a serial number
				# based on the current date plus 00, increment it. Otherwise,
				# the serial number is less than our desired new serial number
				# so we'll use the desired new number.
				if existing_serial >= serial:
					serial = str(int(existing_serial) + 1)

	zone = zone.replace("__SERIAL__", serial)

	# Write the zone file.
	with open(zonefile, "w") as f:
		f.write(zone)

	return True # file is updated

########################################################################

def write_nsd_conf(zonefiles, additional_records, env):
	# Write the list of zones to a configuration file.
	nsd_conf_file = "/etc/nsd/zones.conf"
	nsdconf = ""

	# Append the zones.
	for domain, zonefile in zonefiles:
		nsdconf += """
zone:
	name: %s
	zonefile: %s
""" % (domain, zonefile)

		# If custom secondary nameservers have been set, allow zone transfers
		# and notifies to them.
		for ipaddr in get_secondary_dns(additional_records, mode="xfr"):
			nsdconf += "\n\tnotify: %s NOKEY\n\tprovide-xfr: %s NOKEY\n" % (ipaddr, ipaddr)

	# Check if the file is changing. If it isn't changing,
	# return False to flag that no change was made.
	if os.path.exists(nsd_conf_file):
		with open(nsd_conf_file) as f:
			if f.read() == nsdconf:
				return False

	# Write out new contents and return True to signal that
	# configuration changed.
	with open(nsd_conf_file, "w") as f:
		f.write(nsdconf)
	return True

########################################################################

def dnssec_choose_algo(domain, env):
	if '.' in domain and domain.rsplit('.')[-1] in \
		("email", "guide", "fund"):
		# At GoDaddy, RSASHA256 is the only algorithm supported
		# for .email and .guide.
		# A variety of algorithms are supported for .fund. This
		# is preferred.
		return "RSASHA256"

	# For any domain we were able to sign before, don't change the algorithm
	# on existing users. We'll probably want to migrate to SHA256 later.
	return "RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1"

def sign_zone(domain, zonefile, env):
	algo = dnssec_choose_algo(domain, env)
	dnssec_keys = load_env_vars_from_file(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/%s.conf' % algo))

	# In order to use the same keys for all domains, we have to generate
	# a new .key file with a DNSSEC record for the specific domain. We
	# can reuse the same key, but it won't validate without a DNSSEC
	# record specifically for the domain.
	#
	# Copy the .key and .private files to /tmp to patch them up.
	#
	# Use os.umask and open().write() to securely create a copy that only
	# we (root) can read.
	files_to_kill = []
	for key in ("KSK", "ZSK"):
		if dnssec_keys.get(key, "").strip() == "": raise Exception("DNSSEC is not properly set up.")
		oldkeyfn = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/' + dnssec_keys[key])
		newkeyfn = '/tmp/' + dnssec_keys[key].replace("_domain_", domain)
		dnssec_keys[key] = newkeyfn
		for ext in (".private", ".key"):
			if not os.path.exists(oldkeyfn + ext): raise Exception("DNSSEC is not properly set up.")
			with open(oldkeyfn + ext, "r") as fr:
				keydata = fr.read()
			keydata = keydata.replace("_domain_", domain) # trick ldns-signkey into letting our generic key be used by this zone
			fn = newkeyfn + ext
			prev_umask = os.umask(0o77) # ensure written file is not world-readable
			try:
				with open(fn, "w") as fw:
					fw.write(keydata)
			finally:
				os.umask(prev_umask) # other files we write should be world-readable
			files_to_kill.append(fn)

	# Do the signing.
	expiry_date = (datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)).strftime("%Y%m%d")
	shell('check_call', ["/usr/bin/ldns-signzone",
		# expire the zone after 30 days
		"-e", expiry_date,

		# use NSEC3
		"-n",

		# zonefile to sign
		"/etc/nsd/zones/" + zonefile,

		# keys to sign with (order doesn't matter -- it'll figure it out)
		dnssec_keys["KSK"],
		dnssec_keys["ZSK"],
	])

	# Create a DS record based on the patched-up key files. The DS record is specific to the
	# zone being signed, so we can't use the .ds files generated when we created the keys.
	# The DS record points to the KSK only. Write this next to the zone file so we can
	# get it later to give to the user with instructions on what to do with it.
	#
	# We want to be able to validate DS records too, but multiple forms may be valid depending
	# on the digest type. So we'll write all (both) valid records. Only one DS record should
	# actually be deployed. Preferebly the first.
	with open("/etc/nsd/zones/" + zonefile + ".ds", "w") as f:
		for digest_type in ('2', '1'):
			rr_ds = shell('check_output', ["/usr/bin/ldns-key2ds",
				"-n", # output to stdout
				"-" + digest_type, # 1=SHA1, 2=SHA256
				dnssec_keys["KSK"] + ".key"
			])
			f.write(rr_ds)

	# Remove our temporary file.
	for fn in files_to_kill:
		os.unlink(fn)

########################################################################

def write_opendkim_tables(domains, env):
	# Append a record to OpenDKIM's KeyTable and SigningTable for each domain
	# that we send mail from (zones and all subdomains).

	opendkim_key_file = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'mail/dkim/mail.private')

	if not os.path.exists(opendkim_key_file):
		# Looks like OpenDKIM is not installed.
		return False

	config = {
		# The SigningTable maps email addresses to a key in the KeyTable that
		# specifies signing information for matching email addresses. Here we
		# map each domain to a same-named key.
		#
		# Elsewhere we set the DMARC policy for each domain such that mail claiming
		# to be From: the domain must be signed with a DKIM key on the same domain.
		# So we must have a separate KeyTable entry for each domain.
		"SigningTable":
			"".join(
				"*@{domain} {domain}\n".format(domain=domain)
				for domain in domains
			),

		# The KeyTable specifies the signing domain, the DKIM selector, and the
		# path to the private key to use for signing some mail. Per DMARC, the
		# signing domain must match the sender's From: domain.
		"KeyTable":
			"".join(
				"{domain} {domain}:mail:{key_file}\n".format(domain=domain, key_file=opendkim_key_file)
				for domain in domains
			),
	}

	did_update = False
	for filename, content in config.items():
		# Don't write the file if it doesn't need an update.
		if os.path.exists("/etc/opendkim/" + filename):
			with open("/etc/opendkim/" + filename) as f:
				if f.read() == content:
					continue

		# The contents needs to change.
		with open("/etc/opendkim/" + filename, "w") as f:
			f.write(content)
		did_update = True

	# Return whether the files changed. If they didn't change, there's
	# no need to kick the opendkim process.
	return did_update

########################################################################

def get_custom_dns_config(env):
	try:
		custom_dns = rtyaml.load(open(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/custom.yaml')))
		if not isinstance(custom_dns, dict): raise ValueError() # caught below
	except:
		return [ ]

	for qname, value in custom_dns.items():
		# Short form. Mapping a domain name to a string is short-hand
		# for creating A records.
		if isinstance(value, str):
			values = [("A", value)]

		# A mapping creates multiple records.
		elif isinstance(value, dict):
			values = value.items()

		# No other type of data is allowed.
		else:
			raise ValueError()

		for rtype, value2 in values:
			if isinstance(value2, str):
				yield (qname, rtype, value2)
			elif isinstance(value2, list):
				for value3 in value2:
					yield (qname, rtype, value3)
			# No other type of data is allowed.
			else:
				raise ValueError()

def filter_custom_records(domain, custom_dns_iter):
	for qname, rtype, value in custom_dns_iter:
		# We don't count the secondary nameserver config (if present) as a record - that would just be
		# confusing to users. Instead it is accessed/manipulated directly via (get/set)_custom_dns_config.
		if qname == "_secondary_nameserver": continue

		# Is this record for the domain or one of its subdomains?
		# If `domain` is None, return records for all domains.
		if domain is not None and qname != domain and not qname.endswith("." + domain): continue

		# Turn the fully qualified domain name in the YAML file into
		# our short form (None => domain, or a relative QNAME) if
		# domain is not None.
		if domain is not None:
			if qname == domain:
				qname = None
			else:
				qname = qname[0:len(qname)-len("." + domain)]

		yield (qname, rtype, value)

def write_custom_dns_config(config, env):
	# We get a list of (qname, rtype, value) triples. Convert this into a
	# nice dictionary format for storage on disk.
	from collections import OrderedDict
	config = list(config)
	dns = OrderedDict()
	seen_qnames = set()

	# Process the qnames in the order we see them.
	for qname in [rec[0] for rec in config]:
		if qname in seen_qnames: continue
		seen_qnames.add(qname)

		records = [(rec[1], rec[2]) for rec in config if rec[0] == qname]
		if len(records) == 1 and records[0][0] == "A":
			dns[qname] = records[0][1]
		else:
			dns[qname] = OrderedDict()
			seen_rtypes = set()

			# Process the rtypes in the order we see them.
			for rtype in [rec[0] for rec in records]:
				if rtype in seen_rtypes: continue
				seen_rtypes.add(rtype)

				values = [rec[1] for rec in records if rec[0] == rtype]
				if len(values) == 1:
					values = values[0]
				dns[qname][rtype] = values

	# Write.
	config_yaml = rtyaml.dump(dns)
	with open(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/custom.yaml'), "w") as f:
		f.write(config_yaml)

def set_custom_dns_record(qname, rtype, value, action, env):
	# validate qname
	for zone, fn in get_dns_zones(env):
		# It must match a zone apex or be a subdomain of a zone
		# that we are otherwise hosting.
		if qname == zone or qname.endswith("."+zone):
			break
	else:
		# No match.
		if qname != "_secondary_nameserver":
			raise ValueError("%s is not a domain name or a subdomain of a domain name managed by this box." % qname)

	# validate rtype
	rtype = rtype.upper()
	if value is not None and qname != "_secondary_nameserver":
		if rtype in ("A", "AAAA"):
			if value != "local": # "local" is a special flag for us
				v = ipaddress.ip_address(value) # raises a ValueError if there's a problem
				if rtype == "A" and not isinstance(v, ipaddress.IPv4Address): raise ValueError("That's an IPv6 address.")
				if rtype == "AAAA" and not isinstance(v, ipaddress.IPv6Address): raise ValueError("That's an IPv4 address.")
		elif rtype in ("CNAME", "TXT", "SRV", "MX"):
			# anything goes
			pass
		else:
			raise ValueError("Unknown record type '%s'." % rtype)

	# load existing config
	config = list(get_custom_dns_config(env))

	# update
	newconfig = []
	made_change = False
	needs_add = True
	for _qname, _rtype, _value in config:
		if action == "add":
			if (_qname, _rtype, _value) == (qname, rtype, value):
				# Record already exists. Bail.
				return False
		elif action == "set":
			if (_qname, _rtype) == (qname, rtype):
				if _value == value:
					# Flag that the record already exists, don't
					# need to add it.
					needs_add = False
				else:
					# Drop any other values for this (qname, rtype).
					made_change = True
					continue
		elif action == "remove":
			if (_qname, _rtype, _value) == (qname, rtype, value):
				# Drop this record.
				made_change = True
				continue
			if value == None and (_qname, _rtype) == (qname, rtype):
				# Drop all qname-rtype records.
				made_change = True
				continue
		else:
			raise ValueError("Invalid action: " + action)

		# Preserve this record.
		newconfig.append((_qname, _rtype, _value))

	if action in ("add", "set") and needs_add and value is not None:
		newconfig.append((qname, rtype, value))
		made_change = True

	if made_change:
		# serialize & save
		write_custom_dns_config(newconfig, env)
	return made_change

########################################################################

def get_secondary_dns(custom_dns, mode=None):
	resolver = dns.resolver.get_default_resolver()

	values = []
	for qname, rtype, value in custom_dns:
		if qname != '_secondary_nameserver': continue
		for hostname in value.split(" "):
			hostname = hostname.strip()
			if mode == None:
				# Just return the setting.
				values.append(hostname)
				continue

			# This is a hostname. Before including in zone xfr lines,
			# resolve to an IP address. Otherwise just return the hostname.
			if not hostname.startswith("xfr:"):
				if mode == "xfr":
					response = dns.resolver.query(hostname+'.', "A")
					hostname = str(response[0])
				values.append(hostname)

			# This is a zone-xfer-only IP address. Do not return if
			# we're querying for NS record hostnames. Only return if
			# we're querying for zone xfer IP addresses - return the
			# IP address.
			elif mode == "xfr":
				values.append(hostname[4:])

	return values

def set_secondary_dns(hostnames, env):
	if len(hostnames) > 0:
		# Validate that all hostnames are valid and that all zone-xfer IP addresses are valid.
		resolver = dns.resolver.get_default_resolver()
		for item in hostnames:
			if not item.startswith("xfr:"):
				# Resolve hostname.
				try:
					response = dns.resolver.query(item, "A")
				except (dns.resolver.NoNameservers, dns.resolver.NXDOMAIN, dns.resolver.NoAnswer):
					raise ValueError("Could not resolve the IP address of %s." % item)
			else:
				# Validate IP address.
				try:
					v = ipaddress.ip_address(item[4:]) # raises a ValueError if there's a problem
					if not isinstance(v, ipaddress.IPv4Address): raise ValueError("That's an IPv6 address.")
				except ValueError:
					raise ValueError("'%s' is not an IPv4 address." % item[4:])

		# Set.
		set_custom_dns_record("_secondary_nameserver", "A", " ".join(hostnames), "set", env)
	else:
		# Clear.
		set_custom_dns_record("_secondary_nameserver", "A", None, "set", env)

	# Apply.
	return do_dns_update(env)


########################################################################

def justtestingdotemail(domain, records):
	# If the domain is a subdomain of justtesting.email, which we own,
	# automatically populate the zone where it is set up on dns4e.com.
	# Ideally if dns4e.com supported NS records we would just have it
	# delegate DNS to us, but instead we will populate the whole zone.

	import subprocess, json, urllib.parse

	if not domain.endswith(".justtesting.email"):
		return

	for subdomain, querytype, value, explanation in records:
		if querytype in ("NS",): continue
		if subdomain in ("www", "ns1", "ns2"): continue # don't do unnecessary things

		if subdomain == None:
			subdomain = domain
		else:
			subdomain = subdomain + "." + domain

		if querytype == "TXT":
			# nsd requires parentheses around txt records with multiple parts,
			# but DNS4E requires there be no parentheses; also it goes into
			# nsd with a newline and a tab, which we replace with a space here
			value = re.sub("^\s*\(\s*([\w\W]*)\)", r"\1", value)
			value = re.sub("\s+", " ", value)
		else:
			continue

		print("Updating DNS for %s/%s..." % (subdomain, querytype))
		resp = json.loads(subprocess.check_output([
			"curl",
			"-s",
			"https://api.dns4e.com/v7/%s/%s" % (urllib.parse.quote(subdomain), querytype.lower()),
			"--user", "2ddbd8e88ed1495fa0ec:A97TDJV26CVUJS6hqAs0CKnhj4HvjTM7MwAAg8xb",
			"--data", "record=%s" % urllib.parse.quote(value),
			]).decode("utf8"))
		print("\t...", resp.get("message", "?"))

########################################################################

def build_recommended_dns(env):
	ret = []
	domains = get_dns_domains(env)
	zonefiles = get_dns_zones(env)
	additional_records = list(get_custom_dns_config(env))
	from web_update import get_default_www_redirects
	www_redirect_domains = get_default_www_redirects(env)
	for domain, zonefile in zonefiles:
		records = build_zone(domain, domains, additional_records, www_redirect_domains, env)

		# remove records that we don't dislay
		records = [r for r in records if r[3] is not False]

		# put Required at the top, then Recommended, then everythiing else
		records.sort(key = lambda r : 0 if r[3].startswith("Required.") else (1 if r[3].startswith("Recommended.") else 2))

		# expand qnames
		for i in range(len(records)):
			if records[i][0] == None:
				qname = domain
			else:
				qname = records[i][0] + "." + domain

			records[i] = {
				"qname": qname,
				"rtype": records[i][1],
				"value": records[i][2],
				"explanation": records[i][3],
			}

		# return
		ret.append((domain, records))
	return ret

if __name__ == "__main__":
	from utils import load_environment
	env = load_environment()
	if sys.argv[-1] == "--lint":
		write_custom_dns_config(get_custom_dns_config(env), env)
	else:
		for zone, records in build_recommended_dns(env):
			for record in records:
				print("; " + record['explanation'])
				print(record['qname'], record['rtype'], record['value'], sep="\t")
				print()