Migrate to the ECDSAP256SHA256 (13) DNSSEC algorithm

* Stop generating RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 keys on new installs since it is no longer recommended, but preserve the key on existing installs so that we continue to sign zones with existing keys to retain the chain of trust with existing DS records. * Start generating ECDSAP256SHA256 keys during setup, the current best practice (in addition to RSASHA256 which is also ok). See https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sec-alg-numbers/dns-sec-alg-numbers.xhtml#dns-sec-alg-numbers-1 and https://www.cloudflare.com/dns/dnssec/ecdsa-and-dnssec/. * Sign zones using all available keys rather than choosing just one based on the TLD to enable rotation/migration to the new key and to give the user some options since not every registrar/TLD supports every algorithm. * Allow a user to drop a key from signing specific domains using DOMAINS= in our key configuration file. Signing the zones with extraneous keys may increase the size of DNS responses, which isn't ideal, although I don't know if this is a problem in practice. (Although a user can delete the RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 key file, the other keys will be re-generated on upgrade.) * When generating zonefiles, add a hash of all of the DNSSEC signing keys so that when the keys change the zone is definitely regenerated and re-signed. * In status checks, if DNSSEC is not active (or not valid), offer to use all of the keys that have been generated (for RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 on existing installs, RSASHA256, and now ECDSAP256SHA256) with all digest types, since not all registers support everything, but list them in an order that guides users to the best practice. * In status checks, if the deployed DS record doesn't use a ECDSAP256SHA256 key, prompt the user to update their DS record. * In status checks, if multiple DS records are set, only fail if none are valid. If some use ECDSAP256SHA256 and some don't, remind the user to delete the DS records that don't. * Don't fail if the DS record uses the SHA384 digest (by pre-generating a DS record with that digest type) but don't recommend it because it is not in the IANA mandatory list yet (https://www.iana.org/assignments/ds-rr-types/ds-rr-types.xhtml). See #1953
2024-12-22 07:17:05 +00:00 · 2021-04-11 16:07:09 -04:00 · 2021-04-11 16:07:09 -04:00 · 178c587654
commit 178c587654
parent 34569d24a9
4 changed files with 207 additions and 123 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 CHANGELOG
 =========

+In Development
+--------------
+
+* Migrate to the ECDSAP256SHA256 DNSSEC algorithm. If a DS record is set for any of your domain names that have DNS hosted on your box, you will be prompted by status checks to update the DS record.
+
 v0.53 (April 12, 2021)
 ----------------------

--- a/management/dns_update.py
+++ b/management/dns_update.py
@ -429,6 +429,7 @@ def build_sshfp_records():
 	# to the zone file (that trigger bumping the serial number). However,
 	# if SSH has been configured to listen on a nonstandard port, we must
 	# specify that port to sshkeyscan.
+
 	port = 22
 	with open('/etc/ssh/sshd_config', 'r') as f:
 		for line in f:
@ -439,8 +440,11 @@ def build_sshfp_records():
 				except ValueError:
 					pass
 				break
+
 	keys = shell("check_output", ["ssh-keyscan", "-t", "rsa,dsa,ecdsa,ed25519", "-p", str(port), "localhost"])
-	for key in sorted(keys.split("\n")):
+	keys = sorted(keys.split("\n"))
+
+	for key in keys:
 		if key.strip() == "" or key[0] == "#": continue
 		try:
 			host, keytype, pubkey = key.split(" ")
@ -460,13 +464,16 @@ def write_nsd_zone(domain, zonefile, records, env, force):
 	# On the $ORIGIN line, there's typically a ';' comment at the end explaining
 	# what the $ORIGIN line does. Any further data after the domain confuses
 	# ldns-signzone, however. It used to say '; default zone domain'.
-
+	#
 	# The SOA contact address for all of the domains on this system is hostmaster
 	# @ the PRIMARY_HOSTNAME. Hopefully that's legit.
-
+	#
 	# For the refresh through TTL fields, a good reference is:
 	# http://www.peerwisdom.org/2013/05/15/dns-understanding-the-soa-record/
-
+	#
+	# A hash of the available DNSSEC keys are added in a comment so that when
+	# the keys change we force a re-generation of the zone which triggers
+	# re-signing it.

 	zone = """
 $ORIGIN {domain}.
@ -502,6 +509,9 @@ $TTL 86400          ; default time to live
 			value = v2
 		zone += value + "\n"

+	# Append a stable hash of DNSSEC signing keys in a comment.
+	zone += "\n; DNSSEC signing keys hash: {}\n".format(hash_dnssec_keys(domain, env))
+
 	# DNSSEC requires re-signing a zone periodically. That requires
 	# bumping the serial number even if no other records have changed.
 	# We don't see the DNSSEC records yet, so we have to figure out
@ -612,53 +622,77 @@ zone:

 ########################################################################

-def dnssec_choose_algo(domain, env):
-	if '.' in domain and domain.rsplit('.')[-1] in \
-		("email", "guide", "fund", "be", "lv"):
-		# At GoDaddy, RSASHA256 is the only algorithm supported
-		# for .email and .guide.
-		# A variety of algorithms are supported for .fund. This
-		# is preferred.
-		# Gandi tells me that .be does not support RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1
-        # Nic.lv does not support RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 for .lv tld's
-		return "RSASHA256"
+def find_dnssec_signing_keys(domain, env):
+	# For key that we generated (one per algorithm)...
+	d = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec')
+	keyconfs = [f for f in os.listdir(d) if f.endswith(".conf")]
+	for keyconf in keyconfs:
+		# Load the file holding the KSK and ZSK key filenames.
+		keyconf_fn = os.path.join(d, keyconf)
+		keyinfo = load_env_vars_from_file(keyconf_fn)

-	# For any domain we were able to sign before, don't change the algorithm
-	# on existing users. We'll probably want to migrate to SHA256 later.
-	return "RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1"
+		# Skip this key if the conf file has a setting named DOMAINS,
+		# holding a comma-separated list of domain names, and if this
+		# domain is not in the list. This allows easily disabling a
+		# key by setting "DOMAINS=" or "DOMAINS=none", other than
+		# deleting the key's .conf file, which might result in the key
+		# being regenerated next upgrade. Keys should be disabled if
+		# they are not needed to reduce the DNSSEC query response size.
+		if "DOMAINS" in keyinfo and domain not in [dd.strip() for dd in keyinfo["DOMAINS"].split(",")]:
+			continue
+
+		for keytype in ("KSK", "ZSK"):
+			yield keytype, keyinfo[keytype]
+
+def hash_dnssec_keys(domain, env):
+	# Create a stable (by sorting the items) hash of all of the private keys
+	# that will be used to sign this domain.
+	keydata = []
+	for keytype, keyfn in sorted(find_dnssec_signing_keys(domain, env)):
+		oldkeyfn = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec', keyfn + ".private")
+		keydata.append(keytype)
+		keydata.append(keyfn)
+		with open(oldkeyfn, "r") as fr:
+			keydata.append( fr.read() )
+	keydata = "".join(keydata).encode("utf8")
+	return hashlib.sha1(keydata).hexdigest()

 def sign_zone(domain, zonefile, env):
-	algo = dnssec_choose_algo(domain, env)
-	dnssec_keys = load_env_vars_from_file(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/%s.conf' % algo))
+	# Sign the zone with all of the keys that were generated during
+	# setup so that the user can choose which to use in their DS record at
+	# their registrar, and also to support migration to newer algorithms.

-	# In order to use the same keys for all domains, we have to generate
-	# a new .key file with a DNSSEC record for the specific domain. We
-	# can reuse the same key, but it won't validate without a DNSSEC
-	# record specifically for the domain.
+	# In order to use the key files generated at setup which are for
+	# the domain _domain_, we have to re-write the files and place
+	# the actual domain name in it, so that ldns-signzone works.
 	#
-	# Copy the .key and .private files to /tmp to patch them up.
-	#
-	# Use os.umask and open().write() to securely create a copy that only
-	# we (root) can read.
-	files_to_kill = []
-	for key in ("KSK", "ZSK"):
-		if dnssec_keys.get(key, "").strip() == "": raise Exception("DNSSEC is not properly set up.")
-		oldkeyfn = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/' + dnssec_keys[key])
-		newkeyfn = '/tmp/' + dnssec_keys[key].replace("_domain_", domain)
-		dnssec_keys[key] = newkeyfn
+	# Patch each key, storing the patched version in /tmp for now.
+	# Each key has a .key and .private file. Collect a list of filenames
+	# for all of the keys (and separately just the key-signing keys).
+	all_keys = []
+	ksk_keys = []
+	for keytype, keyfn in find_dnssec_signing_keys(domain, env):
+		newkeyfn = '/tmp/' + keyfn.replace("_domain_", domain)
+
 		for ext in (".private", ".key"):
-			if not os.path.exists(oldkeyfn + ext): raise Exception("DNSSEC is not properly set up.")
-			with open(oldkeyfn + ext, "r") as fr:
+			# Copy the .key and .private files to /tmp to patch them up.
+			#
+			# Use os.umask and open().write() to securely create a copy that only
+			# we (root) can read.
+			oldkeyfn = os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec', keyfn + ext)
+			with open(oldkeyfn, "r") as fr:
 				keydata = fr.read()
-			keydata = keydata.replace("_domain_", domain) # trick ldns-signkey into letting our generic key be used by this zone
-			fn = newkeyfn + ext
+			keydata = keydata.replace("_domain_", domain)
 			prev_umask = os.umask(0o77) # ensure written file is not world-readable
 			try:
-				with open(fn, "w") as fw:
+				with open(newkeyfn + ext, "w") as fw:
 					fw.write(keydata)
 			finally:
 				os.umask(prev_umask) # other files we write should be world-readable
-			files_to_kill.append(fn)
+
+		# Put the patched key filename base (without extension) into the list of keys we'll sign with.
+		all_keys.append(newkeyfn)
+		if keytype == "KSK": ksk_keys.append(newkeyfn)

 	# Do the signing.
 	expiry_date = (datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)).strftime("%Y%m%d")
@ -671,32 +705,34 @@ def sign_zone(domain, zonefile, env):

 		# zonefile to sign
 		"/etc/nsd/zones/" + zonefile,
-
+	]
 		# keys to sign with (order doesn't matter -- it'll figure it out)
-		dnssec_keys["KSK"],
-		dnssec_keys["ZSK"],
-	])
+		+ all_keys
+	)

 	# Create a DS record based on the patched-up key files. The DS record is specific to the
 	# zone being signed, so we can't use the .ds files generated when we created the keys.
 	# The DS record points to the KSK only. Write this next to the zone file so we can
 	# get it later to give to the user with instructions on what to do with it.
 	#
-	# We want to be able to validate DS records too, but multiple forms may be valid depending
-	# on the digest type. So we'll write all (both) valid records. Only one DS record should
-	# actually be deployed. Preferebly the first.
+	# Generate a DS record for each key. There are also several possible hash algorithms that may
+	# be used, so we'll pre-generate all for each key. One DS record per line. Only one
+	# needs to actually be deployed at the registrar. We'll select the preferred one
+	# in the status checks.
 	with open("/etc/nsd/zones/" + zonefile + ".ds", "w") as f:
-		for digest_type in ('2', '1'):
-			rr_ds = shell('check_output', ["/usr/bin/ldns-key2ds",
-				"-n", # output to stdout
-				"-" + digest_type, # 1=SHA1, 2=SHA256
-				dnssec_keys["KSK"] + ".key"
-			])
-			f.write(rr_ds)
+		for key in ksk_keys:
+			for digest_type in ('1', '2', '4'):
+				rr_ds = shell('check_output', ["/usr/bin/ldns-key2ds",
+					"-n", # output to stdout
+					"-" + digest_type, # 1=SHA1, 2=SHA256, 4=SHA384
+					key + ".key"
+				])
+				f.write(rr_ds)

-	# Remove our temporary file.
-	for fn in files_to_kill:
-		os.unlink(fn)
+	# Remove the temporary patched key files.
+	for fn in all_keys:
+		os.unlink(fn + ".private")
+		os.unlink(fn + ".key")

 ########################################################################

--- a/management/status_checks.py
+++ b/management/status_checks.py
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def get_services():
 		{ "name": "HTTPS Web (nginx)", "port": 443, "public": True, },
 	]

-def run_checks(rounded_values, env, output, pool):
+def run_checks(rounded_values, env, output, pool, domains_to_check=None):
 	# run systems checks
 	output.add_heading("System")

@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def run_checks(rounded_values, env, output, pool):
 	# perform other checks asynchronously

 	run_network_checks(env, output)
-	run_domain_checks(rounded_values, env, output, pool)
+	run_domain_checks(rounded_values, env, output, pool, domains_to_check=domains_to_check)

 def get_ssh_port():
 	# Returns ssh port
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ def run_network_checks(env, output):
 			which may prevent recipients from receiving your email. See http://www.spamhaus.org/query/ip/%s."""
 			% (env['PUBLIC_IP'], zen, env['PUBLIC_IP']))

-def run_domain_checks(rounded_time, env, output, pool):
+def run_domain_checks(rounded_time, env, output, pool, domains_to_check=None):
 	# Get the list of domains we handle mail for.
 	mail_domains = get_mail_domains(env)

@ -311,7 +311,8 @@ def run_domain_checks(rounded_time, env, output, pool):
 	# Get the list of domains we serve HTTPS for.
 	web_domains = set(get_web_domains(env))

-	domains_to_check = mail_domains | dns_domains | web_domains
+	if domains_to_check is None:
+		domains_to_check = mail_domains | dns_domains | web_domains

 	# Remove "www", "autoconfig", "autodiscover", and "mta-sts" subdomains, which we group with their parent,
 	# if their parent is in the domains to check list.
@ -557,61 +558,103 @@ def check_dns_zone_suggestions(domain, env, output, dns_zonefiles, domains_with_


 def check_dnssec(domain, env, output, dns_zonefiles, is_checking_primary=False):
-	# See if the domain has a DS record set at the registrar. The DS record may have
-	# several forms. We have to be prepared to check for any valid record. We've
-	# pre-generated all of the valid digests --- read them in.
+	# See if the domain has a DS record set at the registrar. The DS record must
+	# match one of the keys that we've used to sign the zone. It may use one of
+	# several hashing algorithms. We've pre-generated all possible valid DS
+	# records, although some will be preferred.
+
+	alg_name_map = { '7': 'RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1', '8': 'RSASHA256', '13': 'ECDSAP256SHA256' }
+	digalg_name_map = { '1': 'SHA-1', '2': 'SHA-256', '4': 'SHA-384' }
+
+	# Read in the pre-generated DS records
+	expected_ds_records = { }
 	ds_file = '/etc/nsd/zones/' + dns_zonefiles[domain] + '.ds'
 	if not os.path.exists(ds_file): return # Domain is in our database but DNS has not yet been updated.
-	ds_correct = open(ds_file).read().strip().split("\n")
-	digests = { }
-	for rr_ds in ds_correct:
-		ds_keytag, ds_alg, ds_digalg, ds_digest = rr_ds.split("\t")[4].split(" ")
-		digests[ds_digalg] = ds_digest
+	with open(ds_file) as f:
+		for rr_ds in f:
+			rr_ds = rr_ds.rstrip()
+			ds_keytag, ds_alg, ds_digalg, ds_digest = rr_ds.split("\t")[4].split(" ")

-	# Some registrars may want the public key so they can compute the digest. The DS
-	# record that we suggest using is for the KSK (and that's how the DS records were generated).
-	alg_name_map = { '7': 'RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1', '8': 'RSASHA256' }
-	dnssec_keys = load_env_vars_from_file(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/%s.conf' % alg_name_map[ds_alg]))
-	dnsssec_pubkey = open(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/' + dnssec_keys['KSK'] + '.key')).read().split("\t")[3].split(" ")[3]
+			# Some registrars may want the public key so they can compute the digest. The DS
+			# record that we suggest using is for the KSK (and that's how the DS records were generated).
+			# We'll also give the nice name for the key algorithm.
+			dnssec_keys = load_env_vars_from_file(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/%s.conf' % alg_name_map[ds_alg]))
+			dnsssec_pubkey = open(os.path.join(env['STORAGE_ROOT'], 'dns/dnssec/' + dnssec_keys['KSK'] + '.key')).read().split("\t")[3].split(" ")[3]
+
+			expected_ds_records[ (ds_keytag, ds_alg, ds_digalg, ds_digest) ] = {
+				"record": rr_ds,
+				"keytag": ds_keytag,
+				"alg": ds_alg,
+				"alg_name": alg_name_map[ds_alg],
+				"digalg": ds_digalg,
+				"digalg_name": digalg_name_map[ds_digalg],
+				"digest": ds_digest,
+				"pubkey": dnsssec_pubkey,
+			}

 	# Query public DNS for the DS record at the registrar.
-	ds = query_dns(domain, "DS", nxdomain=None)
-	ds_looks_valid = ds and len(ds.split(" ")) == 4
-	if ds_looks_valid: ds = ds.split(" ")
-	if ds_looks_valid and ds[0] == ds_keytag and ds[1] == ds_alg and ds[3] == digests.get(ds[2]):
-		if is_checking_primary: return
-		output.print_ok("DNSSEC 'DS' record is set correctly at registrar.")
+	ds = query_dns(domain, "DS", nxdomain=None, as_list=True)
+	if ds is None or isinstance(ds, str): ds = []
+
+	# There may be more that one record, so we get the result as a list.
+	# Filter out records that don't look valid, just in case, and split
+	# each record on spaces.
+	ds = [tuple(str(rr).split(" ")) for rr in ds if len(str(rr).split(" ")) == 4]
+
+	if len(ds) == 0:
+		output.print_warning("""This domain's DNSSEC DS record is not set. The DS record is optional. The DS record activates DNSSEC. See below for instructions.""")
 	else:
-		if ds == None:
-			if is_checking_primary: return
-			output.print_warning("""This domain's DNSSEC DS record is not set. The DS record is optional. The DS record activates DNSSEC.
-				To set a DS record, you must follow the instructions provided by your domain name registrar and provide to them this information:""")
+		matched_ds = set(ds) & set(expected_ds_records)
+		if matched_ds:
+			# At least one DS record matches one that corresponds with one of the ways we signed
+			# the zone, so it is valid.
+			#
+			# But it may not be preferred. Only algorithm 13 is preferred. Warn if any of the
+			# matched zones uses a different algorithm.
+			if set(r[1] for r in matched_ds) == { '13' }: # all are alg 13
+				output.print_ok("DNSSEC 'DS' record is set correctly at registrar.")
+				return
+			elif '13' in set(r[1] for r in matched_ds): # some but not all are alg 13
+				output.print_ok("DNSSEC 'DS' record is set correctly at registrar. (Records using algorithm other than ECDSAP256SHA256 should be removed.)")
+				return
+			else: # no record uses alg 13
+				output.print_warning("DNSSEC 'DS' record set at registrar is valid but should be updated to ECDSAP256SHA256 (see below).")
 		else:
 			if is_checking_primary:
 				output.print_error("""The DNSSEC 'DS' record for %s is incorrect. See further details below.""" % domain)
 				return
 			output.print_error("""This domain's DNSSEC DS record is incorrect. The chain of trust is broken between the public DNS system
 				and this machine's DNS server. It may take several hours for public DNS to update after a change. If you did not recently
-				make a change, you must resolve this immediately by following the instructions provided by your domain name registrar and
-				provide to them this information:""")
+				make a change, you must resolve this immediately (see below).""")
+
+	output.print_line("""Follow the instructions provided by your domain name registrar to set a DS record.
+		Registrars support different sorts of DS records. Use the first option that works:""")
+	preferred_ds_order = [(7, 1), (7, 2), (8, 4), (13, 4), (8, 1), (8, 2), (13, 1), (13, 2)] # low to high
+	def preferred_ds_order_func(ds_suggestion):
+		k = (int(ds_suggestion['alg']), int(ds_suggestion['digalg']))
+		if k in preferred_ds_order:
+			return preferred_ds_order.index(k)
+		return -1 # index before first item
+	output.print_line("")
+	for i, ds_suggestion in enumerate(sorted(expected_ds_records.values(), key=preferred_ds_order_func, reverse=True)):
 		output.print_line("")
-		output.print_line("Key Tag: " + ds_keytag + ("" if not ds_looks_valid or ds[0] == ds_keytag else " (Got '%s')" % ds[0]))
+		output.print_line("Option " + str(i+1) + ":")
+		output.print_line("----------")
+		output.print_line("Key Tag: " + ds_suggestion['keytag'])
 		output.print_line("Key Flags: KSK")
-		output.print_line(
-			  ("Algorithm: %s / %s" % (ds_alg, alg_name_map[ds_alg]))
-			+ ("" if not ds_looks_valid or ds[1] == ds_alg else " (Got '%s')" % ds[1]))
-			# see http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sec-alg-numbers/dns-sec-alg-numbers.xhtml
-		output.print_line("Digest Type: 2 / SHA-256")
-			# http://www.ietf.org/assignments/ds-rr-types/ds-rr-types.xml
-		output.print_line("Digest: " + digests['2'])
-		if ds_looks_valid and ds[3] != digests.get(ds[2]):
-			output.print_line("(Got digest type %s and digest %s which do not match.)" % (ds[2], ds[3]))
+		output.print_line("Algorithm: %s / %s" % (ds_suggestion['alg'], ds_suggestion['alg_name']))
+		output.print_line("Digest Type: %s / %s" % (ds_suggestion['digalg'], ds_suggestion['digalg_name']))
+		output.print_line("Digest: " + ds_suggestion['digest'])
 		output.print_line("Public Key: ")
-		output.print_line(dnsssec_pubkey, monospace=True)
+		output.print_line(ds_suggestion['pubkey'], monospace=True)
 		output.print_line("")
 		output.print_line("Bulk/Record Format:")
-		output.print_line("" + ds_correct[0])
+		output.print_line(ds_suggestion['record'], monospace=True)
+	if len(ds) > 0:
 		output.print_line("")
+		output.print_line("The DS record is currently set to:")
+		for rr in ds:
+			output.print_line("Key Tag: {0}, Algorithm: {1}, Digest Type: {2}, Digest: {3}".format(*rr))

 def check_mail_domain(domain, env, output):
 	# Check the MX record.
@ -713,7 +756,7 @@ def check_web_domain(domain, rounded_time, ssl_certificates, env, output):
 	# website for also needs a signed certificate.
 	check_ssl_cert(domain, rounded_time, ssl_certificates, env, output)

-def query_dns(qname, rtype, nxdomain='[Not Set]', at=None):
+def query_dns(qname, rtype, nxdomain='[Not Set]', at=None, as_list=False):
 	# Make the qname absolute by appending a period. Without this, dns.resolver.query
 	# will fall back a failed lookup to a second query with this machine's hostname
 	# appended. This has been causing some false-positive Spamhaus reports. The
@ -750,6 +793,9 @@ def query_dns(qname, rtype, nxdomain='[Not Set]', at=None):
 	if rtype in ("A", "AAAA"):
 		response = [normalize_ip(str(r)) for r in response]

+	if as_list:
+		return response
+
 	# There may be multiple answers; concatenate the response. Remove trailing
 	# periods from responses since that's how qnames are encoded in DNS but is
 	# confusing for us. The order of the answers doesn't matter, so sort so we
@ -1050,3 +1096,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":

 	elif sys.argv[1] == "--version":
 		print(what_version_is_this(env))
+
+	elif sys.argv[1] == "--only":
+		with multiprocessing.pool.Pool(processes=10) as pool:
+			run_checks(False, env, ConsoleOutput(), pool, domains_to_check=sys.argv[2:])
--- a/setup/dns.sh
+++ b/setup/dns.sh
@ -68,27 +68,15 @@ echo "include: /etc/nsd/zones.conf" >> /etc/nsd/nsd.conf;

 mkdir -p "$STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec";

-# TLDs don't all support the same algorithms, so we'll generate keys using a few
-# different algorithms. RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 was possibly the first widely used
-# algorithm that supported NSEC3, which is a security best practice. However TLDs
-# will probably be moving away from it to a a SHA256-based algorithm.
-#
-# Supports `RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1` (didn't test with `RSASHA256`):
-#
-#  * .info
-#  * .me
-#
-# Requires `RSASHA256`
-#
-#  * .email
-#  * .guide
-#
-# Supports `RSASHA256` (and defaulting to this)
-#
-#  * .fund
-
+# TLDs, registrars, and validating nameservers don't all support the same algorithms,
+# so we'll generate keys using a few different algorithms so that dns_update.py can
+# choose which algorithm to use when generating the zonefiles. See #1953 for recent
+# discussion. File for previously used algorithms (i.e. RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1) may still
+# be in the output directory, and we'll continue to support signing zones with them
+# so that trust isn't broken with deployed DS records, but we won't generate those
+# keys on new systems.
 FIRST=1 #NODOC
-for algo in RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 RSASHA256; do
+for algo in RSASHA256 ECDSAP256SHA256; do
 if [ ! -f "$STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec/$algo.conf" ]; then
 	if [ $FIRST == 1 ]; then
 		echo "Generating DNSSEC signing keys..."
@ -97,7 +85,7 @@ if [ ! -f "$STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec/$algo.conf" ]; then

 	# Create the Key-Signing Key (KSK) (with `-k`) which is the so-called
 	# Secure Entry Point. The domain name we provide ("_domain_") doesn't
-	#  matter -- we'll use the same keys for all our domains.
+	# matter -- we'll use the same keys for all our domains.
 	#
 	# `ldns-keygen` outputs the new key's filename to stdout, which
 	# we're capturing into the `KSK` variable.
@ -105,17 +93,22 @@ if [ ! -f "$STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec/$algo.conf" ]; then
 	# ldns-keygen uses /dev/random for generating random numbers by default.
 	# This is slow and unecessary if we ensure /dev/urandom is seeded properly,
 	# so we use /dev/urandom. See system.sh for an explanation. See #596, #115.
-	KSK=$(umask 077; cd $STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec; ldns-keygen -r /dev/urandom -a $algo -b 2048 -k _domain_);
+	# (This previously used -b 2048 but it's unclear if this setting makes sense
+	# for non-RSA keys, so it's removed. The RSA-based keys are not recommended
+	# anymore anyway.)
+	KSK=$(umask 077; cd $STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec; ldns-keygen -r /dev/urandom -a $algo -k _domain_);

 	# Now create a Zone-Signing Key (ZSK) which is expected to be
 	# rotated more often than a KSK, although we have no plans to
 	# rotate it (and doing so would be difficult to do without
-	# disturbing DNS availability.) Omit `-k` and use a shorter key length.
-	ZSK=$(umask 077; cd $STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec; ldns-keygen -r /dev/urandom -a $algo -b 1024 _domain_);
+	# disturbing DNS availability.) Omit `-k`.
+	# (This previously used -b 1024 but it's unclear if this setting makes sense
+	# for non-RSA keys, so it's removed.)
+	ZSK=$(umask 077; cd $STORAGE_ROOT/dns/dnssec; ldns-keygen -r /dev/urandom -a $algo _domain_);

 	# These generate two sets of files like:
 	#
-	# * `K_domain_.+007+08882.ds`: DS record normally provided to domain name registrar (but it's actually invalid with `_domain_`)
+	# * `K_domain_.+007+08882.ds`: DS record normally provided to domain name registrar (but it's actually invalid with `_domain_` so we don't use this file)
 	# * `K_domain_.+007+08882.key`: public key
 	# * `K_domain_.+007+08882.private`: private key (secret!)