webhooker/internal/middleware/middleware.go

// Package middleware provides HTTP middleware for logging, auth,
// CORS, and metrics.
package middleware

import (
	"log/slog"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf8"

	basicauth "github.com/99designs/basicauth-go"
	"github.com/go-chi/chi"
	"github.com/go-chi/chi/middleware"
	"github.com/go-chi/cors"
	metrics "github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/metrics/prometheus"
	ghmm "github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware"
	"github.com/slok/go-http-metrics/middleware/std"
	"go.uber.org/fx"
	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/config"
	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/globals"
	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/logger"
	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/session"
)

const (
	// corsMaxAge is the maximum time (in seconds) that a
	// preflight response can be cached.
	corsMaxAge = 300

	// unmatchedRoute is logged in the access log's url field when a
	// redirected or rejected request matched no route pattern at
	// all. Every byte of such a path is client-chosen, so none of it
	// is logged.
	unmatchedRoute = "(unmatched)"

	// redactedQuery stands in for the query string on the access log
	// branches that keep the concrete URL. The query is client-chosen
	// on every route, including the ones that answer an
	// unauthenticated 200, so logging it verbatim would let a client
	// pick the size of the line it writes.
	redactedQuery = "?(redacted)"

	// maxLogFieldBytes bounds each access log field whose value the
	// client supplies outright: the URL, the User-Agent and the
	// Referer. The budget is spent in ENCODED bytes (see
	// truncateLogField), so 512 still holds a real browser's User-Agent
	// whole — those are plain ASCII, which encodes one byte for one —
	// while a value built from characters the encoder escapes keeps a
	// shorter prefix. That is the intended trade: 500 quotation marks
	// are not a debugging asset.
	maxLogFieldBytes = 512

	// maxLogRequestIDBytes bounds the request id, which is also
	// client-supplied: chi's RequestID middleware passes an inbound
	// X-Request-Id header through verbatim. Its generated form is an
	// order of magnitude shorter than this.
	maxLogRequestIDBytes = 128

	// maxLogMethodBytes bounds the method. Go accepts any RFC 7230
	// token there, bounded only by the header size limit, so it is
	// client-chosen text like the rest. The longest registered method
	// is half this.
	maxLogMethodBytes = 32

	// truncationMarker is appended to any field the access log cut, so
	// a short value and a truncated one cannot be confused. It is
	// charged on top of the budget, not inside it.
	truncationMarker = "[truncated]"

	// MaxAccessLogLineBytes is the ceiling on one JSON access log line,
	// and the number an operator multiplies by the request rate to size
	// log storage. It is not an observation of a sample: it is the sum
	// of the budgets above, each of which truncateLogField enforces in
	// ENCODED bytes, plus the part of the line no client can influence.
	//
	//	url, useragent, referer   3*(512+11) = 1569
	//	request_id                    128+11 =  139
	//	method                         32+11 =   43
	//	fixed portion                        =  336
	//	                                        ----
	//	                                        2087
	//
	// The fixed portion is the JSON punctuation, the field names, the
	// level and the message, both timestamps at their longest, an IPv6
	// remoteIP with a zone, a three-digit status and a full-width int64
	// latency. Stated at 2560 so the figure carries headroom rather
	// than sitting on the arithmetic.
	//
	// The tty text handler in internal/logger is covered by the same
	// figure. encodedLogFieldBytes charges every rune at least what
	// the wider of the two handlers emits for it — including the ten
	// bytes strconv.Quote spends on a non-printable rune at or above
	// U+10000, which is four more than the JSON handler ever spends —
	// so each budget bounds the encoded field under either handler.
	// The text handler's fixed portion is 286, the smaller of the two,
	// which puts its worst case at 2037.
	MaxAccessLogLineBytes = 2560
)

//nolint:revive // MiddlewareParams is a standard fx naming convention.
type MiddlewareParams struct {
	fx.In

	Logger  *logger.Logger
	Globals *globals.Globals
	Config  *config.Config
	Session *session.Session
}

// Middleware provides HTTP middleware for logging, CORS, auth, and
// metrics.
type Middleware struct {
	log     *slog.Logger
	params  *MiddlewareParams
	session *session.Session

	// loginGuard counts failed credential verifications and bounds
	// concurrent password hashing. It is built on first use so that
	// every construction path gets one; see guard().
	loginGuardOnce sync.Once
	loginGuard     *loginGuard
}

// New creates a Middleware from the provided fx parameters.
//
//nolint:revive // lc parameter is required by fx even if unused.
func New(
	lc fx.Lifecycle,
	params MiddlewareParams,
) (*Middleware, error) {
	s := new(Middleware)
	s.params = &params
	s.log = params.Logger.Get()
	s.session = params.Session

	return s, nil
}

// the following is from
// https://learning-cloud-native-go.github.io/docs/a6.adding_zerolog_logger/

func ipFromHostPort(hp string) string {
	h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(hp)
	if err != nil {
		return ""
	}

	if len(h) > 0 && h[0] == '[' {
		return h[1 : len(h)-1]
	}

	return h
}

type loggingResponseWriter struct {
	http.ResponseWriter

	statusCode int
}

// newLoggingResponseWriter wraps w and records status codes.
func newLoggingResponseWriter(
	w http.ResponseWriter,
) *loggingResponseWriter {
	return &loggingResponseWriter{w, http.StatusOK}
}

func (lrw *loggingResponseWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
	lrw.statusCode = code
	lrw.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
}

// encodedLogFieldBytes is what r costs on the line once the log
// handler has escaped it, taking the worse of the two handlers
// internal/logger configures.
//
// slog's JSON handler escapes quote, backslash, newline, carriage
// return and tab to two bytes each, and every other C0 control plus
// LINE SEPARATOR and PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR to a six-byte \u escape; it
// passes every other rune through as its own UTF-8. Its text handler
// quotes with strconv.Quote, which spells a non-printable rune below
// U+10000 as \uXXXX but one at or above U+10000 as \UXXXXXXXX — ten
// bytes, not six. The text handler is therefore the worse of the two
// for every non-printable rune, and by four bytes apiece for the
// 955,086 unassigned, private-use and format code points on planes 1
// to 16.
//
// Charging ten there is what makes MaxAccessLogLineBytes hold for the
// tty handler as well: U+1000C encodes as F0 90 80 8C, every byte
// >= 0x80, which httpguts.ValidHeaderFieldValue accepts and
// net/textproto does not strip, so a header can be filled with them.
//
// Both handlers pass printable runes through as their own UTF-8, so
// unicode.IsPrint separates the escaped cases from the plain ones for
// either handler.
func encodedLogFieldBytes(r rune) int {
	const (
		// A backslash and the character itself.
		shortEscapeBytes = 2
		// \uXXXX, which is also the width of \u00XX.
		escapedRuneBytes = 6
		// \UXXXXXXXX, strconv.Quote's spelling of a non-printable
		// rune outside the basic multilingual plane.
		escapedAstralRuneBytes = 10
		// The first code point strconv.Quote spells with \U.
		firstAstralRune = 0x10000
	)

	switch {
	case r == '"' || r == '\\' || r == '\n' || r == '\r' || r == '\t':
		return shortEscapeBytes
	case !unicode.IsPrint(r) && r >= firstAstralRune:
		return escapedAstralRuneBytes
	case !unicode.IsPrint(r):
		return escapedRuneBytes
	default:
		return utf8.RuneLen(r)
	}
}

// truncateLogField caps s at maxBytes of ENCODED output, marking the
// value when it cuts.
//
// Budgeting raw bytes would not bound the line. Escaping only ever
// grows a value, so a raw budget spent on characters the encoder
// escapes buys a field several times its nominal size — and the line
// is the thing an operator is told to multiply by their request rate.
// Charging each rune what it will actually cost is what makes
// MaxAccessLogLineBytes true rather than merely larger. The visible
// consequence is that an escape-heavy value keeps a shorter prefix
// than a plain one, which is the correct trade.
//
// The result is always valid UTF-8. A cut on a byte boundary can split
// a multi-byte rune, and a header can carry bytes that were never
// valid UTF-8 to begin with; both are dropped rather than kept, since
// an encoder would otherwise spend six bytes replacing each one.
func truncateLogField(s string, maxBytes int) string {
	// No rune encodes to fewer bytes than it occupies, so nothing past
	// maxBytes raw can fit the budget. Slicing first bounds the scan
	// below to the budget rather than to the size of the header the
	// client sent.
	window, cut := s, false
	if len(window) > maxBytes {
		window, cut = window[:maxBytes], true
	}

	var (
		kept  strings.Builder
		spent int
	)

	for i := 0; i < len(window); {
		r, size := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(window[i:])
		if r == utf8.RuneError && size == 1 {
			i += size

			continue
		}

		cost := encodedLogFieldBytes(r)
		if spent+cost > maxBytes {
			cut = true

			break
		}

		spent += cost

		kept.WriteString(window[i : i+size])

		i += size
	}

	if !cut {
		return kept.String()
	}

	return kept.String() + truncationMarker
}

// concreteLogURL renders the request's own URL for the access log
// branches that keep it, with the query string replaced by a fixed
// marker.
//
// The path on those branches is bounded by the service's routes or by
// the operator's data — a 2xx on the receiver means the UUID named a
// stored entrypoint, a 2xx under /s means the file is in the embedded
// tree. The query is not bounded by anything: /.well-known/healthcheck
// and /s/* take no authentication and sit behind no rate limiter, and
// /pages/login behind only the login limiter, so any of them will
// answer 200 to a URL carrying an arbitrary number of arbitrary bytes
// after the '?'. Keeping the path and dropping the query is what makes
// this branch as bounded as the pattern branches below.
//
// Nothing debuggable is lost. One route in the service reads a query
// parameter at all — `page`, on the authenticated pagination links in
// internal/handlers/source_management.go — and the alternatives that
// would preserve more (a key count, a key allowlist) all require
// parsing an attacker-sized query on every request, which is work an
// unauthenticated client would then be choosing for us.
func concreteLogURL(r *http.Request) string {
	path := r.URL.EscapedPath()

	if r.URL.RawQuery == "" && !r.URL.ForceQuery {
		return path
	}

	return path + redactedQuery
}

// accessLogURL returns the value for the access log's url field.
//
// 2xx and 5xx responses get the concrete path (see concreteLogURL). A
// success resolved against a static route or against the operator's
// own data — on the receiver, a 2xx means the UUID named a stored
// entrypoint — and a server error is our own bug, where the exact URL
// is the primary evidence and which no client can provoke at will.
//
// 3xx and 4xx responses get the chi route pattern instead. Those are
// the outcomes an unauthenticated client drives for free: 404 or 429
// on any invented /webhook/ path, 303 to the login page on any
// invented /user/ path. Logging the concrete URL there lets a flood
// write attacker-chosen text, of attacker-chosen length, into the
// operator's log at one line per request. The pattern comes from the
// router's own table, so it is bounded by the service's routes while
// still naming which class of request was rejected.
//
// The pattern is only populated once routing has run, so this must be
// called after the handler returns, not before.
func accessLogURL(r *http.Request, status int) string {
	if status < http.StatusMultipleChoices ||
		status >= http.StatusInternalServerError {
		return concreteLogURL(r)
	}

	if rc := chi.RouteContext(r.Context()); rc != nil {
		if pattern := rc.RoutePattern(); pattern != "" {
			return pattern
		}
	}

	return unmatchedRoute
}

// Logging returns middleware that logs each HTTP request with
// timing and metadata.
func (s *Middleware) Logging() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return http.HandlerFunc(func(
			w http.ResponseWriter,
			r *http.Request,
		) {
			start := time.Now()
			lrw := newLoggingResponseWriter(w)
			ctx := r.Context()

			defer func() {
				latency := time.Since(start)
				requestID := ""

				if reqID := ctx.Value(
					middleware.RequestIDKey,
				); reqID != nil {
					if id, ok := reqID.(string); ok {
						requestID = id
					}
				}

				// Every field below that a client can influence is
				// truncated to a fixed budget, so the size of this
				// line does not track the size of the request.
				s.log.Info("http request",
					"request_start", start,
					"method", truncateLogField(
						r.Method, maxLogMethodBytes,
					),
					"url", truncateLogField(
						accessLogURL(r, lrw.statusCode),
						maxLogFieldBytes,
					),
					"useragent", truncateLogField(
						r.UserAgent(), maxLogFieldBytes,
					),
					"request_id", truncateLogField(
						requestID, maxLogRequestIDBytes,
					),
					"referer", truncateLogField(
						r.Referer(), maxLogFieldBytes,
					),
					"proto", r.Proto,
					"remoteIP", ipFromHostPort(r.RemoteAddr),
					"status", lrw.statusCode,
					"latency_ms", latency.Milliseconds(),
				)
			}()

			next.ServeHTTP(lrw, r)
		})
	}
}

// CORS returns middleware that sets CORS headers (permissive in
// dev, no-op in prod).
func (s *Middleware) CORS() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	if s.params.Config.IsDev() {
		// In development, allow any origin for local testing.
		return cors.Handler(cors.Options{
			AllowedOrigins: []string{"*"},
			AllowedMethods: []string{
				"GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS",
			},
			AllowedHeaders: []string{
				"Accept", "Authorization",
				"Content-Type", "X-CSRF-Token",
			},
			ExposedHeaders:   []string{"Link"},
			AllowCredentials: false,
			MaxAge:           corsMaxAge,
		})
	}

	// In production, the web UI is server-rendered so
	// cross-origin requests are not expected. Return a no-op
	// middleware.
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return next
	}
}

// RequireAuth returns middleware that checks for a valid session.
// Unauthenticated users are redirected to the login page.
func (s *Middleware) RequireAuth() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return http.HandlerFunc(func(
			w http.ResponseWriter,
			r *http.Request,
		) {
			sess, err := s.session.Get(r)
			if err != nil {
				s.log.Debug(
					"auth middleware: failed to get session",
					"error", err,
				)
				http.Redirect(
					w, r, "/pages/login", http.StatusSeeOther,
				)

				return
			}

			// IsAuthenticated also enforces both session expiry
			// deadlines, so an idle-expired or absolutely-expired
			// session lands here and is sent back to the login
			// page.
			if !s.session.IsAuthenticated(sess) {
				s.log.Debug(
					"auth middleware: unauthenticated request",
					"path", r.URL.Path,
					"method", r.Method,
				)
				http.Redirect(
					w, r, "/pages/login", http.StatusSeeOther,
				)

				return
			}

			// This request authenticated with the session, so it
			// counts as activity: push the idle deadline forward.
			// This is the only place sessions are refreshed, which
			// is what keeps an unauthenticated request from
			// extending someone else's session. Touch advances the
			// idle clock only -- the absolute cap is untouched --
			// and reports false when nothing changed, so most
			// requests do not re-issue the cookie. Save before the
			// handler runs, while the headers are still ours to
			// write.
			if s.session.Touch(sess) {
				saveErr := s.session.Save(r, w, sess)
				if saveErr != nil {
					s.log.Error(
						"auth middleware: failed to refresh session",
						"error", saveErr,
					)
				}
			}

			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		})
	}
}

// Metrics returns middleware that records Prometheus HTTP metrics.
func (s *Middleware) Metrics() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	mdlw := ghmm.New(ghmm.Config{
		Recorder: metrics.NewRecorder(metrics.Config{}),
	})

	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return std.Handler("", mdlw, next)
	}
}

// MetricsAuth returns middleware that protects metrics endpoints
// with basic auth.
func (s *Middleware) MetricsAuth() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return basicauth.New(
		"metrics",
		map[string][]string{
			s.params.Config.MetricsUsername: {
				s.params.Config.MetricsPassword,
			},
		},
	)
}

// SecurityHeaders returns middleware that sets production security
// headers on every response: HSTS, X-Content-Type-Options,
// X-Frame-Options, CSP, Referrer-Policy, and Permissions-Policy.
func (s *Middleware) SecurityHeaders() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return http.HandlerFunc(func(
			w http.ResponseWriter,
			r *http.Request,
		) {
			w.Header().Set(
				"Strict-Transport-Security",
				"max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload",
			)
			w.Header().Set(
				"X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff",
			)
			w.Header().Set("X-Frame-Options", "DENY")
			w.Header().Set(
				"Content-Security-Policy",
				"default-src 'self'; "+
					"script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; "+
					"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'",
			)
			w.Header().Set(
				"Referrer-Policy",
				"strict-origin-when-cross-origin",
			)
			w.Header().Set(
				"Permissions-Policy",
				"camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=()",
			)

			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		})
	}
}

// NoCache returns middleware that instructs browsers and
// intermediary proxies not to cache the response. It sets
// Cache-Control: no-store and Pragma: no-cache (the latter for
// older HTTP/1.0 intermediaries). Apply it to authenticated pages
// so webhook configuration and captured event data are not stored
// by caches.
func (s *Middleware) NoCache() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return http.HandlerFunc(func(
			w http.ResponseWriter,
			r *http.Request,
		) {
			w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-store")
			w.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache")

			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		})
	}
}

// bodyLimitedMethod reports whether the request method carries a
// body that the MaxBodySize middleware should cap.
func bodyLimitedMethod(method string) bool {
	return method == http.MethodPost ||
		method == http.MethodPut ||
		method == http.MethodPatch
}

// MaxBodySize returns middleware that limits the size of
// POST/PUT/PATCH request bodies to maxBytes. It must be registered
// before any middleware that parses the body — notably CSRF, which
// calls r.PostFormValue — so that form parsing happens under this
// cap rather than net/http's 10 MB default.
//
// Two enforcement paths exist, because http.MaxBytesReader alone
// cannot produce a 413: it reports the overflow as an error from
// Read, by which point the body parser downstream has already
// converted that error into its own response.
//
//   - Declared oversize: the request announces a Content-Length
//     greater than maxBytes. The middleware answers 413 Request
//     Entity Too Large immediately and does not call the next
//     handler, so neither CSRF nor the endpoint handler runs.
//   - Undeclared oversize: the request is chunked (Content-Length
//     of -1) or lies about its Content-Length. There is nothing to
//     check up front, so http.MaxBytesReader hard-caps the body at
//     maxBytes and the request fails downstream — the form parse
//     errors out and CSRF rejects it with 403. The response is less
//     precise than a 413, but the body is still never buffered
//     beyond the cap, which is the property that matters.
func (s *Middleware) MaxBodySize(
	maxBytes int64,
) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
		return http.HandlerFunc(func(
			w http.ResponseWriter,
			r *http.Request,
		) {
			if !bodyLimitedMethod(r.Method) {
				next.ServeHTTP(w, r)

				return
			}

			if r.ContentLength > maxBytes {
				s.log.Warn(
					"request body exceeds limit",
					"method", r.Method,
					"path", r.URL.Path,
					"content_length", r.ContentLength,
					"limit", maxBytes,
				)
				http.Error(
					w,
					"Request Entity Too Large",
					http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge,
				)

				return
			}

			r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, maxBytes)

			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		})
	}
}