Say how to allow a refused private target address (closes #398)

Adding or editing an http or slack target whose address is private or
reserved was refused with no hint that the refusal is deliberate or
that it can be lifted. The refusal now adds that such addresses are
refused by default and that the server's ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS setting
allows named networks, naming the README section "Allowing egress to
your own network". Metadata refusals do not get it.

The default blocklist's public addresses move to a list of their own,
still checked after the allowlist, and are refused as cloud metadata
addresses. The private-and-reserved error is exported as
ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP so the handler can tell them apart.

Model: opus-5-5

internal/delivery/export_test.go

@@ -40,11 +40,6 @@ const (
 	ExportPendingSweepMinAge = pendingSweepMinAge
 )
 
-// ExportIsBlockedIP exposes isBlockedIP for testing.
-func ExportIsBlockedIP(ip net.IP) bool {
-	return isBlockedIP(ip)
-}
-
 // NewTestGuard builds an SSRF Guard from an explicit egress
 // allowlist, without going through config. Passing no prefixes
 // yields the default guard, which blocks every private/reserved
@@ -70,6 +65,11 @@ func ExportBlockedNetworks() []*net.IPNet {
 	return blockedNetworks
 }
 
+// ExportBlockedPublicNetworks exposes blockedPublicNetworks.
+func ExportBlockedPublicNetworks() []*net.IPNet {
+	return blockedPublicNetworks
+}
+
 // ExportIsForwardableHeader exposes isForwardableHeader.
 func ExportIsForwardableHeader(name string) bool {
 	return isForwardableHeader(name)

internal/delivery/ssrf.go

@@ -25,8 +25,16 @@ var (
 	errNoIPs      = errors.New(
 		"hostname resolved to no IP addresses",
 	)
-	errBlockedIP = errors.New(
-		"blocked private, reserved or cloud metadata address",
+	// ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP reports an address in the
+	// default blocklist's private and reserved ranges,
+	// blockedNetworks.
+	ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP = errors.New(
+		"blocked private or reserved address",
+	)
+	// errBlockedPublicMetadata reports a public address on the
+	// default blocklist, one in blockedPublicNetworks.
+	errBlockedPublicMetadata = errors.New(
+		"blocked cloud metadata address",
 	)
 	errBlockedMetadata = errors.New(
 		"blocked link-local or cloud instance metadata " +
@@ -37,22 +45,32 @@ var (
 	)
 )
 
-// blockedNetworks is the default blocklist: the private and
-// reserved IP ranges, plus the public cloud metadata addresses,
-// that are blocked to prevent SSRF attacks. An operator can
-// permit specific blocks out of this set with
-// ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS; see Guard.
+// blockedNetworks and blockedPublicNetworks together are the
+// default blocklist: the private and reserved IP ranges, plus
+// the public cloud metadata addresses, that are blocked to
+// prevent SSRF attacks. An operator can permit specific blocks
+// out of this set with ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS; see Guard.
 //
-// A public address belongs on the default blocklist only if it
-// hands credentials, user data or bootstrap material to whatever
-// can reach it, without the caller presenting anything. A
-// provider's other public addresses are not refused, since
-// reaching them can be legitimate and no list of them could be
-// complete.
+// blockedNetworks holds the private and reserved IP ranges.
 //
 //nolint:gochecknoglobals // package-level network list is appropriate here
 var blockedNetworks []*net.IPNet
 
+// blockedPublicNetworks holds the default blocklist's public
+// addresses, kept apart from blockedNetworks so that they are
+// refused as cloud metadata addresses, never as private or
+// reserved ones.
+//
+// A public address belongs on the default blocklist only if it
+// hands credentials, user data or bootstrap material to whatever
+// can reach it, without the caller presenting anything; it goes
+// in this list. A provider's other public addresses are not
+// refused, since reaching them can be legitimate and no list of
+// them could be complete.
+//
+//nolint:gochecknoglobals // package-level network list is appropriate here
+var blockedPublicNetworks []*net.IPNet
+
 // alwaysBlockedNetworks are the ranges no configuration can
 // open: the link-local blocks and the cloud instance metadata
 // endpoints that live outside them. Reaching one is credential
@@ -88,8 +106,8 @@ var blockedNetworks []*net.IPNet
 // when it clears both halves. Nothing in this list can be
 // reopened, so putting a public address here leaves the operator
 // no escape hatch at all — the condition ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS
-// exists to remove. Default-block it in blockedNetworks instead,
-// which an allowlist can override.
+// exists to remove. Default-block it in blockedPublicNetworks
+// instead, which an allowlist can override.
 //
 // This is a criterion, not an enumeration of every metadata
 // address in existence.
@@ -130,6 +148,9 @@ func init() {
 		"::1/128",
 		"fc00::/7",
 		"fe80::/10",
+	})
+
+	blockedPublicNetworks = mustParseCIDRs([]string{
 		// Azure WireServer, a public address that serves VM credentials.
 		"168.63.129.16/32",
 	})
@@ -225,13 +246,6 @@ func matchesAny(networks []*net.IPNet, ip net.IP) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// isBlockedIP checks whether an IP address falls within
-// the default blocklist, before any operator allowlist is
-// considered.
-func isBlockedIP(ip net.IP) bool {
-	return matchesAny(blockedNetworks, ip)
-}
-
 // Guard makes every SSRF decision in the process.
 //
 // It holds the operator's ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS allowlist and
@@ -332,7 +346,8 @@ func (g *Guard) allows(ip net.IP) bool {
 //     consulted, so no configured CIDR reaches link-local or a
 //     cloud metadata endpoint at a non-public address.
 //  2. The allowlist is consulted next, so a listed private
-//     network becomes reachable.
+//     network, or a listed public address on the default
+//     blocklist, becomes reachable.
 //  3. Everything else keeps the default blocklist's answer.
 func (g *Guard) checkIP(ip net.IP) error {
 	if matchesAny(alwaysBlockedNetworks, ip) {
@@ -345,9 +360,15 @@ func (g *Guard) checkIP(ip net.IP) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if isBlockedIP(ip) {
+	if matchesAny(blockedNetworks, ip) {
 		return fmt.Errorf(
-			"target IP %s: %w", ip, errBlockedIP,
+			"target IP %s: %w", ip, ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if matchesAny(blockedPublicNetworks, ip) {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"target IP %s: %w", ip, errBlockedPublicMetadata,
 		)
 	}
 

internal/delivery/ssrf_allowlist_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/netip"
 	"net/url"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ const (
 	metadataIP  = "169.254.169.254"
 	metadataURL = "http://" + metadataIP + "/latest/meta-data/"
 
+	// linkLocalIPv4 is the IPv4 link-local block, which holds
+	// metadataIP.
+	linkLocalIPv4 = "169.254.0.0/16"
+
 	// loopbackHookURL is a target on this host: blocked by
 	// default, reachable only once an operator allowlists
 	// loopback.
@@ -237,7 +242,7 @@ func linkLocalRefusedCases() []metadataAlwaysRefusedCase {
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "whole link-local block",
-			allow:  "169.254.0.0/16",
+			allow:  linkLocalIPv4,
 			target: metadataURL,
 		},
 		{
@@ -412,6 +417,9 @@ func TestGuardAllowlist_AzureWireServerReopenable(t *testing.T) {
 		"WireServer must be refused by the default blocklist, "+
 			"which an allowlist can override",
 	)
+	require.NotErrorIs(t, err, delivery.ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP,
+		"WireServer is public, not private or reserved",
+	)
 
 	assertDialRefused(t, defaultGuard, target)
 
@@ -496,7 +504,7 @@ func TestAlwaysBlockedNetworks_PinnedSet(t *testing.T) {
 	want := []string{
 		// IPv4 link-local: the 169.254.169.254 metadata
 		// service on AWS, Azure and others.
-		"169.254.0.0/16",
+		linkLocalIPv4,
 		// IPv6 link-local.
 		"fe80::/10",
 		// AWS IPv6 IMDS, inside the ULA space an operator may
@@ -526,6 +534,76 @@ func TestAlwaysBlockedNetworks_PinnedSet(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, want, got)
 }
 
+// TestDefaultBlocklist_PinnedSet pins the default blocklist, its
+// private and reserved ranges and its public addresses together,
+// and how ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS opens each entry: listing an entry
+// opens it unless the unconditional set also holds it.
+func TestDefaultBlocklist_PinnedSet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		cidr       string
+		reopenable bool
+	}{
+		{"127.0.0.0/8", true},
+		{"10.0.0.0/8", true},
+		{"172.16.0.0/12", true},
+		{"192.168.0.0/16", true},
+		{linkLocalIPv4, false},
+		{"0.0.0.0/8", true},
+		{"100.64.0.0/10", true},
+		{"192.0.0.0/24", true},
+		{"192.0.2.0/24", true},
+		{"198.18.0.0/15", true},
+		{"198.51.100.0/24", true},
+		{"203.0.113.0/24", true},
+		{"224.0.0.0/4", true},
+		{"240.0.0.0/4", true},
+		{"::1/128", true},
+		{"fc00::/7", true},
+		{"fe80::/10", false},
+		{"168.63.129.16/32", true},
+	}
+
+	want := make([]string, 0, len(tests))
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		want = append(want, tt.cidr)
+	}
+
+	nets := slices.Concat(
+		delivery.ExportBlockedNetworks(),
+		delivery.ExportBlockedPublicNetworks(),
+	)
+
+	got := make([]string, 0, len(nets))
+	for _, n := range nets {
+		got = append(got, n.String())
+	}
+
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, want, got)
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.cidr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			prefix := netip.MustParsePrefix(tt.cidr)
+			ip := net.IP(prefix.Addr().AsSlice())
+
+			require.Error(t,
+				delivery.NewTestGuard().ExportCheckIP(ip),
+				"the default guard must refuse %s", ip,
+			)
+
+			err := delivery.NewTestGuard(prefix).ExportCheckIP(ip)
+			if tt.reopenable {
+				assert.NoError(t, err, "listing %s must open it", tt.cidr)
+			} else {
+				assert.Error(t, err, "listing %s must not open it", tt.cidr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // requireLoopback fails the test unless rawURL's host is a
 // loopback address, so the allowlist test cannot silently stop
 // exercising a blocked range.

internal/delivery/ssrf_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/delivery"
 )
 
-func TestIsBlockedIP_PrivateRanges(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGuardCheckIP_PrivateRanges(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -56,12 +56,14 @@ func TestIsBlockedIP_PrivateRanges(t *testing.T) {
 				"failed to parse IP %s", tt.ip,
 			)
 
+			refused := delivery.NewTestGuard().ExportCheckIP(ip) != nil
+
 			assert.Equal(t,
 				tt.blocked,
-				delivery.ExportIsBlockedIP(ip),
-				"isBlockedIP(%s) = %v, want %v",
+				refused,
+				"default guard refuses %s = %v, want %v",
 				tt.ip,
-				delivery.ExportIsBlockedIP(ip),
+				refused,
 				tt.blocked,
 			)
 		})

internal/handlers/source_management.go

@@ -1577,11 +1577,22 @@ func (h *Handlers) validateTargetURL(
 			"url", delivery.MaskURL(targetURL),
 			"error", err,
 		)
-		http.Error(
-			w,
-			"Invalid target URL: "+err.Error(),
-			http.StatusBadRequest,
-		)
+
+		msg := "Invalid target URL: " + err.Error()
+
+		// Only a private or reserved address's refusal says how
+		// to allow it. Metadata refusals never do: link-local and
+		// the other unconditional metadata addresses cannot be
+		// opened, and the default blocklist's public addresses,
+		// which listing does open, hand out credentials.
+		if errors.Is(err, delivery.ErrBlockedPrivateOrReservedIP) {
+			msg += ". Private and reserved addresses are refused " +
+				"by default; the server's ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS " +
+				"setting allows named networks (see \"Allowing " +
+				"egress to your own network\" in the README)."
+		}
+
+		http.Error(w, msg, http.StatusBadRequest)
 
 		return err
 	}

internal/handlers/target_private_refusal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package handlers_test
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/webhooker/internal/database"
+)
+
+// privateRefusalHint is the sentence that tells an operator a private
+// destination is refused on purpose, and how to allow one.
+const privateRefusalHint = "Private and reserved addresses are " +
+	"refused by default; the server's ALLOWED_EGRESS_CIDRS setting " +
+	"allows named networks (see \"Allowing egress to your own " +
+	"network\" in the README)."
+
+// TestTargetRefusal_PrivateDestinationSaysHowToAllowIt covers both
+// target types that take a URL, on add and on edit.
+func TestTargetRefusal_PrivateDestinationSaysHowToAllowIt(
+	t *testing.T,
+) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	env := setupSourceTest(t)
+
+	targetTypes := []database.TargetType{
+		database.TargetTypeHTTP,
+		database.TargetTypeSlack,
+	}
+
+	for _, targetType := range targetTypes {
+		t.Run(string(targetType), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			webhook := seedWebhookWithRetention(t, env.db, 30)
+			targetsPath := "/source/" + webhook.ID + "/targets"
+
+			form := url.Values{}
+			form.Set("name", "private")
+			form.Set("type", string(targetType))
+			form.Set("url", editBlockedURL)
+
+			added := serveTarget(
+				env, http.MethodPost, targetsPath, form,
+			)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, added.Code)
+			assert.Contains(
+				t, added.Body.String(), privateRefusalHint,
+			)
+
+			form.Set("url", editOriginalURL)
+
+			created := serveTarget(
+				env, http.MethodPost, targetsPath, form,
+			)
+			require.Equal(
+				t, http.StatusSeeOther, created.Code,
+				created.Body.String(),
+			)
+
+			targets := targetsForWebhook(t, env.db, webhook.ID)
+			require.Len(t, targets, 1)
+
+			form.Set("url", editBlockedURL)
+
+			edited := submitTargetEdit(
+				env, webhook.ID, targets[0].ID, form,
+			)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, edited.Code)
+			assert.Contains(
+				t, edited.Body.String(), privateRefusalHint,
+			)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetRefusal_MetadataDestinationDoesNotSayHowToAllowIt: no
+// setting opens a link-local address, and Azure's WireServer hands out
+// VM credentials, so neither refusal points at the setting.
+func TestTargetRefusal_MetadataDestinationDoesNotSayHowToAllowIt(
+	t *testing.T,
+) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	env := setupSourceTest(t)
+
+	metadataURLs := map[string]string{
+		"link-local": "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/",
+		"wireserver": "http://168.63.129.16/?comp=versions",
+	}
+
+	for name, metadataURL := range metadataURLs {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			webhook := seedWebhookWithRetention(t, env.db, 30)
+
+			form := url.Values{}
+			form.Set("name", "metadata")
+			form.Set("type", string(database.TargetTypeHTTP))
+			form.Set("url", metadataURL)
+
+			w := serveTarget(
+				env, http.MethodPost,
+				"/source/"+webhook.ID+"/targets", form,
+			)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
+			assert.NotContains(
+				t, w.Body.String(), privateRefusalHint,
+			)
+		})
+	}
+}