Make the CI gate execute the checks it reports on (closes #119)

The check workflow ran `script/cibuild`, a plain `docker build .`. With a
warm layer cache the lint and builder stages replayed instead of running,
so a commit could report "Successful in 4s" without being formatted,
linted, tested, or built. Squash-merging an already-built branch onto
`next` hits exactly that path, so no merge was actually validated.

The workflow now writes `.ci-fingerprint` into the build context: the
hash of the last commit that touched the context. Any commit that
changes code gets a new value, invalidates the `COPY . .` layer of both
check stages, and really runs `make fmt-check`, `make lint`, `make test`
and `make build`. A docs-only commit leaves it unchanged and still
replays from cache in seconds, as `.dockerignore` already intends. The
module download layer sits above `COPY . .` and stays cached either way,
so this is cheaper than a scoped `--no-cache-filter`. `script/cibuild`
is a model script shared across repos and is left untouched.

The second half of the problem was that Gitea cancels the in-flight run
when a newer commit lands on the same branch and records the
cancellation as `failure`, marking commits red that were never tested.
That cancellation is unconditional server-side for push events, so the
superseding run now rewrites the exact `Has been cancelled` status to
`skipped`. Genuine failures are never touched.

Dockerfile

@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ WORKDIR /src
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
 
-# Copy source code
+# Copy source code. In CI the context also carries .ci-fingerprint, whose
+# value changes with every commit that touches the build context (see
+# .gitea/workflows/check.yml). That invalidates this layer, so the checks
+# below cannot report success by replaying a cached pass. Do not add it to
+# .dockerignore.
 COPY . .
 
 # Run formatting check and linter
@@ -36,7 +40,8 @@ WORKDIR /build
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
 
-# Copy source code
+# Copy source code, including the .ci-fingerprint cache barrier described in
+# the lint stage above.
 COPY . .
 
 # Run tests and build