Derive the image's version from the .git in the build context (closes #366)

upaas uploads its clone as a tar context, which .dockerignore does not
filter, so its builds already carried .git; the binary said "unknown"
because the VERSION build arg defaulted to "unknown". The old .git/
exclusion kept .git out of a directory-context build only. .dockerignore
now lets .git through without its config, which can carry a credential,
and leaves out no tracked file (an excluded one would read as deleted and
mark the version -dirty). The VERSION build arg loses its "unknown"
default, so script/version derives the version inside the build; a given
VERSION still takes precedence.

The builder stage installs git, trusts the copied checkout whoever owns
its files, and fails when its context carries .git and the version still
comes out "unknown". The CI fingerprint is now the commit being checked.

Model: opus-5-5

script/docker

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 # script/docker: build the Docker image tagged with the project name.
 # The tag comes from script/projectname.
 #
-# .dockerignore excludes .git/, so the builder stage cannot derive the
-# version itself. It is resolved here, where the checkout is, and passed
-# in as a build arg; without it the image would stamp itself "unknown".
+# The version script/version resolves here goes in as the VERSION build
+# arg, which takes precedence over what the build would derive from the
+# .git in its context.
 set -eu
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"

script/version

@@ -7,18 +7,16 @@
 #
 # Order of precedence:
 #
-#   1. $VERSION, if set and non-empty. This is how the value reaches a
-#      build that cannot derive it: .dockerignore excludes .git/, so the
-#      builder stage has no git metadata and the Dockerfile takes the
-#      value as a build arg instead.
+#   1. $VERSION, if set and non-empty: an explicit value, such as the
+#      Dockerfile's VERSION build arg.
 #   2. `git describe --tags --always --dirty` against this checkout. At
 #      a clean tagged commit that is exactly the tag; otherwise it
 #      carries the short SHA, the commit distance when a tag is
 #      reachable, and a -dirty suffix for uncommitted changes.
 #   3. "unknown", for a tree with no git metadata and no $VERSION -- a
-#      source tarball, or `docker build .` with no --build-arg. That
-#      case must not fail the build and must not name a tag the tree may
-#      not be at, so it names nothing.
+#      source tarball, or a `docker build` with no .git in its context
+#      and no VERSION build arg. That case must not fail the build and
+#      must not name a tag the tree may not be at, so it names nothing.
 #
 # The git step insists the enclosing repository is this checkout, not
 # merely some repository above it: an unpacked tarball sitting inside an