Report an unreadable blob once, without its bytes (closes #424)

blobgen.NewReader returns ErrNotAgeStream when age cannot open the
data, in place of age's error, which quotes the data's first bytes. A
failed read of the header is still returned as the read error, and a
wrong key as age.NoIdentityMatchError.

Under --skip-errors, restore reports a blob that could not be
downloaded once, with the number of files that need it. Those files
are counted in the final warning, not listed; each is logged at debug
level.

Model: opus-5-5

internal/blobgen/negative_test.go

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package blobgen_test
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/iotest"
 
 	"filippo.io/age"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -120,6 +122,38 @@ func TestNewReaderTrailingAndGarbage(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestNewReaderGarbageErrorQuotesNoBytes checks that lines of text in
+// place of a blob fail with ErrNotAgeStream, and that the error carries
+// none of their bytes. The lines end in a newline because age's own error
+// quotes the data's first line only when it reads a whole line.
+func TestNewReaderGarbageErrorQuotesNoBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	id, _ := makeIdentity(t)
+	garbage := bytes.Repeat([]byte("garbage-bytes-\n"), 100)
+
+	_, err := blobgen.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(garbage), id)
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, blobgen.ErrNotAgeStream)
+	assert.NotContains(t, err.Error(), "garbage-bytes-")
+}
+
+// errConnectionReset stands for a storage read that fails.
+var errConnectionReset = errors.New("connection reset")
+
+// TestNewReaderReadFailure checks that a failed read of the age header is
+// returned as that read error, not as ErrNotAgeStream.
+func TestNewReaderReadFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	id, _ := makeIdentity(t)
+
+	_, err := blobgen.NewReader(iotest.ErrReader(errConnectionReset), id)
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errConnectionReset)
+	assert.NotErrorIs(t, err, blobgen.ErrNotAgeStream)
+}
+
 // TestNewWriterInvalidLevel covers the rejected end of issue case 9: an
 // out-of-range compression level errors and writes nothing to the destination.
 func TestNewWriterInvalidLevel(t *testing.T) {

internal/blobgen/reader.go

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
 )
 
+// ErrNotAgeStream is returned by NewReader when the data cannot be opened
+// as an age stream, for example because its header is malformed. It
+// replaces age's own error, which can quote the data's first bytes.
+var ErrNotAgeStream = errors.New("not a valid age stream")
+
 // Reader wraps decompression and decryption with SHA256 verification
 type Reader struct {
 	reader       io.Reader
@@ -24,11 +29,25 @@ type Reader struct {
 // NewReader creates a new Reader that decrypts, decompresses, and verifies
 // data. Every supplied identity is offered to age.Decrypt, so a blob
 // encrypted to any one of them can be read.
+//
+// A failure to read r is returned as that error, and a blob encrypted to
+// none of the identities as age.NoIdentityMatchError. Any other failure
+// to open the age stream is ErrNotAgeStream.
 func NewReader(r io.Reader, identities ...age.Identity) (*Reader, error) {
-	// Create decryption reader
+	src := &readErrorRecorder{reader: r}
-	decReader, err := age.Decrypt(r, identities...)
+
+	decReader, err := age.Decrypt(src, identities...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating decryption reader: %w", err)
+		var noMatch *age.NoIdentityMatchError
+
+		switch {
+		case src.err != nil:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading age header: %w", src.err)
+		case errors.As(err, &noMatch):
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating decryption reader: %w", err)
+		default:
+			return nil, ErrNotAgeStream
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Create decompression reader
@@ -52,6 +71,23 @@ func NewReader(r io.Reader, identities ...age.Identity) (*Reader, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// readErrorRecorder passes reads through to reader and keeps the first
+// error other than io.EOF, so NewReader can tell a failed read from bad
+// data.
+type readErrorRecorder struct {
+	reader io.Reader
+	err    error
+}
+
+func (r *readErrorRecorder) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := r.reader.Read(p)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && r.err == nil {
+		r.err = err
+	}
+
+	return n, err
+}
+
 // Read implements io.Reader
 func (r *Reader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	n, err := r.teeReader.Read(p)

internal/cli/database.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/log"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
 )
 
 // NewDatabaseCommand creates the database command group
@@ -90,12 +91,12 @@ Use --force to skip the confirmation prompt.`,
 
 				var confirm string
 
-				_, err = fmt.Scanln(&confirm)
+				// A failure to read the answer means no confirmation.
+				_, err = fmt.Fscanln(cmd.InOrStdin(), &confirm)
 				if err != nil || confirm != "yes" {
 					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(w, "Aborted.")
 
-					//nolint:nilerr // a failed/aborted confirmation is a clean abort
+					return vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed
-					return nil
 				}
 			}
 

internal/cli/database_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package cli //nolint:testpackage // sets the unexported rootFlags directly
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
+)
+
+// TestDatabaseDeleteDeclinedIsError checks that answering anything but
+// "yes" keeps the database and returns ErrNotConfirmed, so the command
+// exits non-zero.
+//
+//nolint:paralleltest // mutates the process-global rootFlags
+func TestDatabaseDeleteDeclinedIsError(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	dbPath, cfgPath := seedDatabaseDeleteConfig(t, dir)
+
+	setRootFlags(t, RootFlags{ConfigPath: cfgPath})
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+
+	cmd := newDatabaseDeleteCommand()
+	cmd.SetOut(&out)
+	cmd.SetErr(io.Discard)
+	cmd.SetIn(strings.NewReader("no\n"))
+	cmd.SetArgs(nil)
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if !errors.Is(err, vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed) {
+		t.Errorf("declined database delete returned %v, want %v",
+			err, vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
+	}
+
+	_, err = os.Stat(dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("declined database delete removed the file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(out.String(), "Aborted.") {
+		t.Errorf("declined database delete printed %q, want Aborted.",
+			out.String())
+	}
+}

internal/vaultik/missing_destination_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
@@ -24,19 +25,28 @@ import (
 // that is not plugged in, cannot be listed. It is not an empty store, so
 // no command may conclude from it that the local snapshots are gone.
 
-// newFileDestinationVaultik returns a Vaultik that backs up the
+// newFileDestinationVaultik writes the fault source tree and returns a
-// snapshot named "first" to a file:// destination at storeDir.
+// Vaultik that backs it up to a file:// destination at storeDir.
 func newFileDestinationVaultik(
 	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, storeDir string,
 ) (*vaultik.Vaultik, *database.Repositories) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	osFs := afero.NewOsFs()
 	tempDir := t.TempDir()
 	dataDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "src")
-	dbPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "index.sqlite")
+	writeFaultSourceTree(t, afero.NewOsFs(), dataDir)
 
-	writeFaultSourceTree(t, osFs, dataDir)
+	return openFileDestinationVaultik(ctx, t, storeDir, dataDir,
+		filepath.Join(tempDir, "index.sqlite"))
+}
+
+// openFileDestinationVaultik returns a Vaultik that backs up dataDir to a
+// file:// destination at storeDir, with its local index at dbPath. The
+// index is closed when the test ends.
+func openFileDestinationVaultik(
+	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, storeDir, dataDir, dbPath string,
+) (*vaultik.Vaultik, *database.Repositories) {
+	t.Helper()
 
 	store, err := storage.NewFileStorer(storeDir)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -48,22 +58,84 @@ func newFileDestinationVaultik(
 	repos := database.NewRepositories(db)
 	cfg := changedFileConfig(dataDir, dbPath)
 
-	return newBackupVaultik(ctx, cfg, store, repos, db, osFs), repos
+	return newBackupVaultik(ctx, cfg, store, repos, db, afero.NewOsFs()), repos
+}
+
+// firstBackup is one backup of the snapshot named "first" to a file://
+// destination. dir holds its source tree in src, its store in store and
+// its closed local index in index/index.sqlite. The first test that
+// needs it makes it, and TestMain removes it. Every test that copies it
+// backs up the same source tree, so no test may change that tree.
+//
+//nolint:gochecknoglobals // made once and shared by the tests that copy it
+var firstBackup struct {
+	once  sync.Once
+	dir   string
+	ready bool
+}
+
+// TestMain removes firstBackup once every test has run.
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	code := m.Run()
+
+	_ = os.RemoveAll(firstBackup.dir)
+
+	os.Exit(code)
+}
+
+// makeFirstBackup writes the fault source tree and backs it up as the
+// snapshot named "first", all in a new directory that it records in
+// firstBackup.
+func makeFirstBackup(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "vaultik-first-backup-")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	firstBackup.dir = dir
+	storeDir := filepath.Join(dir, "store")
+	dataDir := filepath.Join(dir, "src")
+	indexDir := filepath.Join(dir, "index")
+
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(storeDir, 0o750))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(indexDir, 0o750))
+	writeFaultSourceTree(t, afero.NewOsFs(), dataDir)
+
+	v, _ := openFileDestinationVaultik(ctx, t, storeDir, dataDir,
+		filepath.Join(indexDir, "index.sqlite"))
+	require.NoError(t, backUp(v, "first"))
+	require.NoError(t, v.DB.Close())
+
+	firstBackup.ready = true
 }
 
 // backUpToFileDestination creates the directory storeDir, as a user must
-// before the first backup, and backs up the snapshot named "first" to a
+// before the first backup, and returns a Vaultik whose file://
-// file:// destination there. Everything the returned Vaultik prints
+// destination there holds a backup of the snapshot named "first". The
-// after the backup goes to the returned buffer.
+// store and the local index are copies of firstBackup's, which is faster
+// than backing up in every test. The returned Vaultik backs up a source
+// tree shared with every other caller, so no test may change that tree.
+// Everything the returned Vaultik prints after the backup goes to the
+// returned buffer.
 func backUpToFileDestination(
 	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, storeDir string,
 ) (*vaultik.Vaultik, *database.Repositories, *bytes.Buffer) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(storeDir, 0o750))
+	firstBackup.once.Do(func() { makeFirstBackup(ctx, t) })
+	require.True(t, firstBackup.ready, "another test failed to make firstBackup")
 
-	v, repos := newFileDestinationVaultik(ctx, t, storeDir)
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(storeDir, 0o750))
-	require.NoError(t, backUp(v, "first"))
+	require.NoError(t, os.CopyFS(storeDir,
+		os.DirFS(filepath.Join(firstBackup.dir, "store"))))
+
+	indexDir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.CopyFS(indexDir,
+		os.DirFS(filepath.Join(firstBackup.dir, "index"))))
+
+	v, repos := openFileDestinationVaultik(ctx, t, storeDir,
+		filepath.Join(firstBackup.dir, "src"),
+		filepath.Join(indexDir, "index.sqlite"))
 
 	out := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	v.Stdout = out

internal/vaultik/prune.go

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 
 	if !v.confirmPrune(opts, len(unreferencedBlobs), totalSize,
 		dirsWithoutManifest) {
-		return nil
+		return ErrNotConfirmed
 	}
 
 	v.deleteUnreferencedBlobs(unreferencedBlobs, allBlobs, result)

internal/vaultik/prune_metadata_dir_test.go

@@ -176,7 +176,8 @@ func TestPruneDeclinedKeepsMetadataDirWithoutManifest(t *testing.T) {
 
 	env.v.Stdin = strings.NewReader("n\n")
 
-	require.NoError(t, env.v.PruneBlobs(&vaultik.PruneOptions{}))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, env.v.PruneBlobs(&vaultik.PruneOptions{}),
+		vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
 
 	assert.True(t, env.store.hasKey(leftDB),
 		"a declined prune must keep the directory")

internal/vaultik/remove_quiet_test.go

@@ -54,9 +54,10 @@ func TestPurgeSnapshots_QuietPromptListsSnapshots(t *testing.T) {
 	v.UI.SetQuiet(true)
 
 	// Stdin is empty, so the prompt reads no answer and cancels.
-	require.NoError(t, v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
+	err := v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{
 		KeepLatest: true,
-	}))
+	})
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
 
 	assert.Contains(t, out.String(), snapHomeT0)
 	assert.Contains(t, out.String(), "Delete 1 snapshot(s)? [y/N]")
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ func TestPruneBlobs_QuietPromptShowsBlobTotal(t *testing.T) {
 	addBlob(t, env.store.testStorer, testBlobHashA)
 
 	// Stdin is empty, so the prompt reads no answer and cancels.
-	require.NoError(t, env.v.PruneBlobs(&vaultik.PruneOptions{}))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, env.v.PruneBlobs(&vaultik.PruneOptions{}),
+		vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
 
 	assert.Contains(t, env.stdout.String(),
 		"Found 1 unreferenced blob(s) totaling")

internal/vaultik/remove_snapshot_test.go

@@ -337,6 +337,27 @@ func TestRemoveSnapshot_DefaultRemovesMetadataNotBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, out, "vaultik prune")
 }
 
+// TestRemoveSnapshot_DeclinedIsError checks that answering no to the
+// prompt keeps the snapshot and returns ErrNotConfirmed, so the command
+// exits non-zero.
+func TestRemoveSnapshot_DeclinedIsError(t *testing.T) {
+	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	store := newTestStorer()
+	addManifest(t, store, "snapshot-001", nil)
+
+	tv := vaultik.NewForTesting(store)
+	tv.Repositories = newLocalIndex(t, "snapshot-001")
+	tv.Stdin.WriteString("n\n")
+
+	_, err := tv.RemoveSnapshot("snapshot-001", &vaultik.RemoveOptions{})
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
+	assert.True(t, store.hasKey(remoteKeyPath("snapshot-001")))
+	assert.Contains(t, tv.Stdout.String(), "Cancelled")
+}
+
 func TestRemoveSnapshot_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
 	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
 	t.Parallel()

internal/vaultik/restore.go

@@ -106,7 +106,12 @@ type RestoreResult struct {
 	BytesDownloaded int64
 	Duration        time.Duration
 	FilesFailed     int
-	FailedFiles     []string // Paths of files that failed to restore
+	FailedFiles     []string // Paths of files that failed to restore for their own reason
+	// Blobs that could not be downloaded, and the paths of the files
+	// skipped because they need one of them. Those files are counted in
+	// FilesFailed but not listed in the summary.
+	BlobsFailed            int
+	FilesNeedingFailedBlob []string
 	// Verification results (only populated if Verify option is set)
 	FilesVerified     int
 	BytesVerified     int64
@@ -226,6 +231,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) finishRestore(
 	if result.FilesFailed > 0 {
 		v.UI.Warningf("%d file(s) failed to restore:", result.FilesFailed)
 
+		if result.BlobsFailed > 0 {
+			v.UI.Detailf("%d of them need a blob that could not be read (%d blob(s) in all).",
+				len(result.FilesNeedingFailedBlob), result.BlobsFailed)
+		}
+
 		for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
 			v.UI.Detailf("%s", v.UI.Path(path))
 		}
@@ -494,8 +504,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) runRestoreLoop(
 // Returns false when nothing is pending download (the caller stops).
 //
 // A blob that cannot be downloaded is reported through
-// handleRestoreFileError for every pending file that references it, so
+// handleRestoreBlobError, so it aborts the restore unless --skip-errors
-// it aborts the restore unless --skip-errors is set.
+// is set.
 func (s *restoreSession) downloadNextBlobSet(
 	plan *restorePlan, filesByID map[types.FileID]*database.File,
 ) (bool, error) {
@@ -528,12 +538,11 @@ func (s *restoreSession) downloadNextBlobSet(
 				return false, err
 			}
 
-			for _, fileID := range plan.filesReferencingBlob(hash) {
+			blobErr := s.v.handleRestoreBlobError(
-				fileErr := s.v.handleRestoreFileError(
+				plan, s.opts, s.result, filesByID,
-					plan, s.opts, s.result, filesByID[fileID], fileID, err)
+				plan.filesReferencingBlob(hash), err)
-				if fileErr != nil {
+			if blobErr != nil {
-					return false, fileErr
+				return false, blobErr
-				}
 			}
 
 			// next is among the failed files, so the rest of its blob set
@@ -648,6 +657,41 @@ func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreFileError(
 	return nil
 }
 
+// handleRestoreBlobError records a blob that could not be downloaded.
+// fileIDs are the pending files that need it, never empty. Without
+// --skip-errors the first of them fails the restore. With it, the blob is
+// reported once, and its files are counted as failed and dropped from
+// the plan without being reported one by one.
+func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreBlobError(
+	plan *restorePlan, opts *RestoreOptions, result *RestoreResult,
+	filesByID map[types.FileID]*database.File, fileIDs []types.FileID,
+	err error,
+) error {
+	if !opts.SkipErrors {
+		return v.handleRestoreFileError(
+			plan, opts, result, filesByID[fileIDs[0]], fileIDs[0], err)
+	}
+
+	log.Error("Failed to restore files", "files", len(fileIDs), "error", err)
+	v.UI.Errorf("Failed to restore %d file(s): %v. Skipping them (--skip-errors).",
+		len(fileIDs), err)
+
+	result.BlobsFailed++
+
+	for _, fileID := range fileIDs {
+		path := filesByID[fileID].Path.String()
+
+		log.Debug("Skipped file that needs a failed blob", "path", path)
+
+		result.FilesFailed++
+		result.FilesNeedingFailedBlob = append(result.FilesNeedingFailedBlob, path)
+
+		plan.finishFile(fileID)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // printRestoreProgress emits a periodic restore-phase status line via
 // the UI writer, mirroring scanner.printProcessingProgress so the two
 // long-running commands have the same on-screen rhythm.
@@ -719,8 +763,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) handleRestoreVerification(
 ) error {
 	// A file that failed to restore was not written and is already
 	// reported as such, so it is not verified.
-	failedToRestore := make(map[string]bool, len(result.FailedFiles))
+	failedToRestore := make(map[string]bool, result.FilesFailed)
-	for _, path := range result.FailedFiles {
+	for _, path := range slices.Concat(result.FailedFiles, result.FilesNeedingFailedBlob) {
 		failedToRestore[path] = true
 	}
 

internal/vaultik/restore_locality_test.go

@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ import (
 //     slice out a few KB — currently the dominant cost in restore.
 //
 // The test deliberately constructs an adversarial scenario: three
-// blobs A/B/C of ~6 MB each, nine files distributed across them, and
+// blobs A/B/C of five 64 KiB chunks each, nine files distributed across
-// path-ordered names that interleave the blobs (a1, b1, c1, a2, b2,
+// them, and path-ordered names that interleave the blobs (a1, b1, c1,
-// c2, …) so naive path-order processing would touch every blob before
+// a2, b2, c2, …) so naive path-order processing would touch every blob
-// finishing any of them.
+// before finishing any of them.
-// localitySource is one 1 MiB fixture file used by the locality test.
+// localitySource is one 64 KiB fixture file used by the locality test.
 type localitySource struct {
 	path string
 	data []byte
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ type localityCopy struct {
 
 // localitySourceBytes is the size of each source file of the locality
 // fixture.
-const localitySourceBytes = 1024 * 1024
+const localitySourceBytes = 64 * 1024
 
 // buildLocalityFixture writes the adversarial source layout described
-// in TestRestoreLocalityAndReadAt: 15 sources of 1 MiB each (which the
+// in TestRestoreLocalityAndReadAt: 15 sources of 64 KiB each (which the
 // backup packs into 3 blobs of 5 chunks) plus 9 interleaved-name copies
 // (3 per blob group).
 func buildLocalityFixture(

internal/vaultik/restore_skip_errors_test.go

@@ -51,27 +51,72 @@ func TestRestoreSkipErrorsSkipsFilesOfMissingBlob(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(ctx, t, backupThenDeleteOneBlob(ctx, t))
+	backup := backupThenDeleteOneBlob(ctx, t)
+	out := assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(ctx, t, backup)
+
+	assertLostFilesCountedNotListed(t, backup, out)
+}
+
+// TestRestoreSkipErrorsReportsUnreadableBlobOnce restores with SkipErrors
+// after one blob of a two-blob snapshot was overwritten with other bytes
+// of the same size. The blob must be reported once, by its hash, as not a
+// valid age stream, without quoting its bytes, and its files must be
+// counted, not listed.
+func TestRestoreSkipErrorsReportsUnreadableBlobOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	backup, lostBlob := backupThenOverwriteOneBlob(ctx, t)
+	out := assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(ctx, t, backup)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, strings.Count(out, "not a valid age stream"), out)
+	assert.Contains(t, out, lostBlob[:16])
+	assert.NotContains(t, out, overwriteBlobPattern)
+	assertLostFilesCountedNotListed(t, backup, out)
 }
 
 // TestRestoreSkipErrorsSkipsFilesWithChunkInNoBlob restores with
 // SkipErrors a snapshot whose metadata lists chunks that no blob holds, as
-// earlier backup defects left behind.
+// earlier backup defects left behind. Each such file fails for its own
+// reason, so each is listed.
 func TestRestoreSkipErrorsSkipsFilesWithChunkInNoBlob(t *testing.T) {
 	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(ctx, t, backupThenDropOneBlobFromMetadata(ctx, t))
+	backup := backupThenDropOneBlobFromMetadata(ctx, t)
+	out := assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(ctx, t, backup)
+
+	for path := range backup.lost {
+		assert.Containsf(t, out, path, "%s must be reported", path)
+	}
 }
 
-// assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles restores backup with SkipErrors. Every file
+// assertLostFilesCountedNotListed checks that the restore output out
-// stored in the lost blob must be reported as failed and left absent,
+// counts the files of the lost blob and names none of them.
-// every other file must be restored intact, and Restore must still return
+func assertLostFilesCountedNotListed(
-// an error.
+	t *testing.T, backup *missingBlobBackup, out string,
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	assert.Contains(t, out, fmt.Sprintf(
+		"%d of them need a blob that could not be read (1 blob(s) in all)",
+		len(backup.lost)))
+
+	for path := range backup.lost {
+		assert.NotContainsf(t, out, path,
+			"%s needs the lost blob and must be counted, not listed", path)
+	}
+}
+
+// assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles restores backup with SkipErrors and returns
+// what it printed. Every file stored in the lost blob must be left
+// absent, every other file must be restored intact, and Restore must
+// still return an error.
 func assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(
 	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, backup *missingBlobBackup,
-) {
+) string {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	var out bytes.Buffer
@@ -93,8 +138,6 @@ func assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(
 		restored := filepath.Join(backup.restoreDir, path)
 
 		if backup.lost[path] {
-			assert.Containsf(t, out.String(), path,
-				"%s needs the lost blob and must be reported", path)
 			assert.NoFileExists(t, restored)
 
 			continue
@@ -104,6 +147,8 @@ func assertRestoreSkipsLostFiles(
 		require.NoErrorf(t, err, "%s does not need the lost blob", path)
 		assert.Equalf(t, content, got, "%s restored with wrong content", path)
 	}
+
+	return out.String()
 }
 
 // TestRestoreSkipErrorsVerifyChecksOnlyRestoredFiles restores with
@@ -144,9 +189,9 @@ func TestRestoreSkipErrorsVerifyChecksOnlyRestoredFiles(t *testing.T) {
 // TestRestoreSkipErrorsVerifyReportsFailuresApart restores with
 // SkipErrors and Verify after one blob of a two-blob snapshot was
 // deleted, while one file that does restore is written one byte too long.
-// The restore warning must list only the files of the deleted blob, the
+// The restore warning must count the files of the deleted blob without
-// verification summary only the long file, each path once, and Restore
+// listing them, the verification summary must list only the long file,
-// must return an error.
+// once, and Restore must return an error.
 func TestRestoreSkipErrorsVerifyReportsFailuresApart(t *testing.T) {
 	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
 	t.Parallel()
@@ -186,9 +231,9 @@ func TestRestoreSkipErrorsVerifyReportsFailuresApart(t *testing.T) {
 		"Verification failed: 1 files did not match")
 	require.Truef(t, found, "no verification summary in:\n%s", out.String())
 
+	assertLostFilesCountedNotListed(t, backup, warning)
+
 	for path := range backup.lost {
-		assert.Equalf(t, 1, strings.Count(warning, path),
-			"%s must be listed once as failed to restore", path)
 		assert.NotContainsf(t, summary, path,
 			"%s was not restored and must not fail verification", path)
 	}
@@ -292,6 +337,35 @@ func backupThenDeleteOneBlob(
 	return backup
 }
 
+// overwriteBlobPattern repeats, each time followed by a newline, through
+// the bytes that backupThenOverwriteOneBlob writes over a blob. age's own
+// error quotes the data's first line only when it reads a whole line.
+const overwriteBlobPattern = "overwritten-blob-bytes-"
+
+// backupThenOverwriteOneBlob backs up missingBlobFileCount single-chunk
+// files, then overwrites the blob holding the first of them with as many
+// bytes of overwriteBlobPattern lines. It also returns that blob's hash.
+func backupThenOverwriteOneBlob(
+	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T,
+) (*missingBlobBackup, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	backup, db, lostBlob := backupSingleChunkFiles(ctx, t)
+	require.NoError(t, db.Close())
+
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", lostBlob[:2], lostBlob[2:4], lostBlob)
+
+	info, err := backup.storer.Stat(ctx, key)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	line := overwriteBlobPattern + "\n"
+	pattern := bytes.Repeat([]byte(line), int(info.Size)/len(line)+1)
+	require.NoError(t, backup.storer.Put(
+		ctx, key, bytes.NewReader(pattern[:info.Size])))
+
+	return backup, lostBlob
+}
+
 // backupThenDropOneBlobFromMetadata backs up missingBlobFileCount
 // single-chunk files, then removes the blob holding the first of them from
 // the snapshot and exports the snapshot metadata again. The exported

internal/vaultik/restore_sweeper_integration_test.go

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ import (
 // TestRestoreSweeperEvictsBlobs exercises the reference-counted blob
 // disk cache eviction during restore.
 //
-// The scenario: 30 unique 1 MB random files plus 10 duplicates of those
+// The scenario: 30 unique 128 KiB random files plus 10 duplicates of
-// (40 files total, 30 MB of unique content) get backed up with a 10 MB
+// those (40 files total, 3.75 MiB of unique content) get backed up with
-// blob_size_limit. After backup the snapshot's encrypted blobs are
+// a 1 MiB blob_size_limit. After backup the snapshot's encrypted blobs
-// restored through Vaultik.Restore, and per-key Get counts on the
+// are restored through Vaultik.Restore, and per-key Get counts on the
 // storage layer are recorded. Each blob in the snapshot MUST be
 // downloaded exactly once — re-downloads would mean the sweeper either
 // evicted a blob that was still needed (LRU regression) or that the
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import (
 // original AND every duplicate referencing its chunks have been
 // restored.
 // buildSweeperFixture writes the source layout for the sweeper test: 30
-// unique 1 MB random files plus 10 duplicates of a random subset. The
+// unique 128 KiB random files plus 10 duplicates of a random subset. The
 // PRNG seed is fixed so failures are reproducible; the entropy is what
 // matters here — the FastCDC chunker needs realistic-looking data to
 // pick chunk boundaries naturally. Returns the expected content by
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func buildSweeperFixture(
 ) map[string][]byte {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	const fileSize = 1 * 1024 * 1024
+	const fileSize = 128 * 1024
 
 	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42)) //nolint:gosec // G404: fixture data only
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func runSweeperBackup(
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, uniqueFiles+duplicateFiles, scanResult.FilesScanned)
 	require.Greater(t, scanResult.BlobsCreated, 1,
-		"30 MB of unique data at 10 MB blob size should yield multiple blobs")
+		"3.75 MiB of unique data at 1 MiB blob size should yield multiple blobs")
 
 	require.NoError(t, sm.CompleteSnapshot(ctx, snapshotID))
 	require.NoError(t, sm.ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx, dbPath, snapshotID))
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ func TestRestoreSweeperEvictsBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 
 	expected := buildSweeperFixture(t, fs, dataDir, uniqueFiles, duplicateFiles)
 
-	chunkSize := int64(64 * 1024)
+	chunkSize := int64(16 * 1024)
-	maxBlobSize := int64(10 * 1024 * 1024)
+	maxBlobSize := int64(1024 * 1024)
 
 	storer, err := storage.NewFileStorer(storeDir)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

internal/vaultik/snapshot.go

@@ -881,17 +881,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) confirmAndExecutePurge(
 
 		var confirm string
 
+		// A failure to read the answer means no confirmation.
 		_, err := v.scanStdin(&confirm)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err != nil || strings.ToLower(confirm) != "y" {
 			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
 
-			return nil //nolint:nilerr // treat EOF or read error as "no"
+			return ErrNotConfirmed
-		}
-
-		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "y" {
-			v.printlnStdout("Cancelled")
-
-			return nil
 		}
 	} else if !quiet {
 		v.UI.Infof("The following snapshots will be deleted:")
@@ -1490,7 +1485,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RemoveSnapshot(
 	}
 
 	if !v.confirmRemoveSnapshot(snapshotID, opts) {
-		return result, nil
+		return result, ErrNotConfirmed
 	}
 
 	// Checked before the local record is deleted: it may be the last

internal/vaultik/snapshot_list_test.go

@@ -187,6 +187,17 @@ func (e *listEnv) addRemoteRawTimestamp(
 	t.Helper()
 
 	remoteKey := snapshot.RemoteSnapshotKey(snapshotID)
+	e.putRemoteManifest(t, remoteKey,
+		encodeRemoteManifest(t, remoteKey, timestamp))
+
+	return remoteKey
+}
+
+// encodeRemoteManifest returns the encoded manifest of a one-blob
+// snapshot whose remote key is remoteKey.
+func encodeRemoteManifest(t *testing.T, remoteKey, timestamp string) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+
 	manifest := &snapshot.Manifest{
 		// Note: the hashed key, never the human ID. That is precisely
 		// why a remote-only snapshot cannot be named.
@@ -202,11 +213,17 @@ func (e *listEnv) addRemoteRawTimestamp(
 	data, err := snapshot.EncodeManifest(manifest, 3)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	err = e.store.Put(context.Background(),
+	return data
+}
+
+// putRemoteManifest stores an encoded manifest on the destination store
+// under remoteKey.
+func (e *listEnv) putRemoteManifest(t *testing.T, remoteKey string, data []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	err := e.store.Put(context.Background(),
 		"metadata/"+remoteKey+"/manifest.json.zst", bytes.NewReader(data))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	return remoteKey
 }
 
 // Fixtures shared across the listing tests.
@@ -345,8 +362,9 @@ func TestSnapshotListAndPurgePrintSizesLikeRemoteInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	// Without --force and with nothing on stdin the purge lists what it
 	// would delete, reads no confirmation, and deletes nothing.
 	env.stdout.Reset()
-	require.NoError(t, env.v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(
+	require.ErrorIs(t, env.v.PurgeSnapshotsWithOptions(
-		&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{OlderThan: "1d"}))
+		&vaultik.SnapshotPurgeOptions{OlderThan: "1d"}),
+		vaultik.ErrNotConfirmed)
 	assert.Contains(t, findTableRow(t, env.stdout.String(), listLocalID),
 		wantSize, "snapshot purge")
 }
@@ -791,9 +809,17 @@ func TestListSnapshots_JSONReportsTruncation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	timestamp := time.Date(2026, 3, 2, 11, 22, 33, 0, time.UTC)
 
-	// One past the cap, so exactly one snapshot is omitted.
+	// One past the cap, so exactly one snapshot is omitted. The listing
+	// names a snapshot by the key its manifest is stored under, never by
+	// the manifest's own ID. So all of them share one encoded manifest:
+	// encoding 1001 took seconds.
+	data := encodeRemoteManifest(t,
+		snapshot.RemoteSnapshotKey("otherhost_bulk"),
+		timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339))
+
 	for i := range maxRemoteOnlyRowsForTest + 1 {
-		env.addRemote(t, fmt.Sprintf("otherhost_bulk_%04d", i), timestamp)
+		env.putRemoteManifest(t, snapshot.RemoteSnapshotKey(
+			fmt.Sprintf("otherhost_bulk_%04d", i)), data)
 	}
 
 	stderr := captureProcessStderr(t, func() {

internal/vaultik/vaultik.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package vaultik
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
@@ -184,6 +185,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) printlnStdout(args ...any) {
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(v.Stdout, args...)
 }
 
+// ErrNotConfirmed is returned when a confirmation prompt gets any answer
+// but the one it asks for (`y` or `Y`, or `yes` for `database delete`), or
+// stdin ends first. Nothing the prompt asked about is deleted, and the
+// command exits non-zero.
+var ErrNotConfirmed = errors.New("deletion not confirmed")
+
 // scanStdin reads a line of input from stdin.
 func (v *Vaultik) scanStdin(a ...any) (int, error) {
 	return fmt.Fscanln(v.Stdin, a...)