Add exclude patterns, snapshot prune, and other improvements

- Implement exclude patterns with anchored pattern support: - Patterns starting with / only match from root of source dir - Unanchored patterns match anywhere in path - Support for glob patterns (*.log, .*, **/*.pack) - Directory patterns skip entire subtrees - Add gobwas/glob dependency for pattern matching - Add 16 comprehensive tests for exclude functionality - Add snapshot prune command to clean orphaned data: - Removes incomplete snapshots from database - Cleans orphaned files, chunks, and blobs - Runs automatically at backup start for consistency - Add snapshot remove command for deleting snapshots - Add VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable support - Fix duplicate fx module provider in restore command - Change snapshot ID format to hostname_YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ
Batch transactions per blob for improved performance
2026-01-01 05:42:56 -08:00 · 2025-12-23 19:07:26 +07:00 · 2025-12-23 18:50:21 +07:00 · 2025-12-23 09:16:01 +07:00 · 2025-12-19 19:48:48 +07:00 · 2025-12-19 12:56:04 +07:00
41 changed files with 4105 additions and 670 deletions
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ Read the rules in AGENTS.md and follow them.
  corporate advertising for Anthropic and is therefore completely
  unacceptable in commit messages.

+* NEVER use `git add -A`.  Always add only the files you intentionally
+  changed.
+
 * Tests should always be run before committing code.  No commits should be
  made that do not pass tests.

@ -33,6 +36,9 @@ Read the rules in AGENTS.md and follow them.
 * When testing on a 2.5Gbit/s ethernet to an s3 server backed by 2000MB/sec SSD, 
  estimate about 4 seconds per gigabyte of backup time.

-* When running tests, don't run individual tests, or grep the output.  run the entire test suite every time and read the full output.
+* When running tests, don't run individual tests, or grep the output.  run
+  the entire test suite every time and read the full output.

-* When running tests, don't run individual tests, or try to grep the output. never run "go test".  only ever run "make test" to run the full test suite, and examine the full output.
+* When running tests, don't run individual tests, or try to grep the output.
+  never run "go test".  only ever run "make test" to run the full test
+  suite, and examine the full output.
--- a/6
+++ b/6
@ -59,4 +59,8 @@ test-coverage:

 # Run integration tests
 test-integration:
-	go test -v -tags=integration ./...
+	go test -v -tags=integration ./...
+
+local:
+	VAULTIK_CONFIG=$(HOME)/etc/vaultik/config.yml ./vaultik snapshot --debug list 2>&1
+	VAULTIK_CONFIG=$(HOME)/etc/vaultik/config.yml ./vaultik snapshot --debug create 2>&1
--- a/PROCESS.md
+++ b/PROCESS.md
@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+# Vaultik Snapshot Creation Process
+
+This document describes the lifecycle of objects during snapshot creation, with a focus on database transactions and foreign key constraints.
+
+## Database Schema Overview
+
+### Tables and Foreign Key Dependencies
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                          FOREIGN KEY GRAPH                               │
+│                                                                          │
+│  snapshots ◄────── snapshot_files ────────► files                       │
+│      │                                         │                         │
+│      └───────── snapshot_blobs ────────► blobs │                         │
+│                                           │    │                         │
+│                                           │    ├──► file_chunks ◄── chunks│
+│                                           │    │                    ▲    │
+│                                           │    └──► chunk_files ────┘    │
+│                                           │                              │
+│                                           └──► blob_chunks ─────────────┘│
+│                                                                          │
+│  uploads ───────► blobs.blob_hash                                        │
+│      └──────────► snapshots.id                                           │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Critical Constraint: `chunks` Must Exist First
+
+These tables reference `chunks.chunk_hash` **without CASCADE**:
+- `file_chunks.chunk_hash` → `chunks.chunk_hash`
+- `chunk_files.chunk_hash` → `chunks.chunk_hash`
+- `blob_chunks.chunk_hash` → `chunks.chunk_hash`
+
+**Implication**: A chunk record MUST be committed to the database BEFORE any of these referencing records can be created.
+
+### Order of Operations Required by Schema
+
+```
+1. snapshots      (created first, before scan)
+2. blobs          (created when packer starts new blob)
+3. chunks         (created during file processing)
+4. blob_chunks    (created immediately after chunk added to packer)
+5. files          (created after file fully chunked)
+6. file_chunks    (created with file record)
+7. chunk_files    (created with file record)
+8. snapshot_files (created with file record)
+9. snapshot_blobs (created after blob uploaded)
+10. uploads       (created after blob uploaded)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Snapshot Creation Phases
+
+### Phase 0: Initialization
+
+**Actions:**
+1. Snapshot record created in database (Transaction T0)
+2. Known files loaded into memory from `files` table
+3. Known chunks loaded into memory from `chunks` table
+
+**Transactions:**
+```
+T0: INSERT INTO snapshots (id, hostname, ...) VALUES (...)
+    COMMIT
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 1: Scan Directory
+
+**Actions:**
+1. Walk filesystem directory tree
+2. For each file, compare against in-memory `knownFiles` map
+3. Classify files as: unchanged, new, or modified
+4. Collect unchanged file IDs for later association
+5. Collect new/modified files for processing
+
+**Transactions:**
+```
+(None during scan - all in-memory)
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 1b: Associate Unchanged Files
+
+**Actions:**
+1. For unchanged files, add entries to `snapshot_files` table
+2. Done in batches of 1000
+
+**Transactions:**
+```
+For each batch of 1000 file IDs:
+    T: BEGIN
+       INSERT INTO snapshot_files (snapshot_id, file_id) VALUES (?, ?)
+       ... (up to 1000 inserts)
+       COMMIT
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 2: Process Files
+
+For each file that needs processing:
+
+#### Step 2a: Open and Chunk File
+
+**Location:** `processFileStreaming()`
+
+For each chunk produced by content-defined chunking:
+
+##### Step 2a-1: Check Chunk Existence
+```go
+chunkExists := s.chunkExists(chunk.Hash)  // In-memory lookup
+```
+
+##### Step 2a-2: Create Chunk Record (if new)
+```go
+// TRANSACTION: Create chunk in database
+err := s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+    dbChunk := &database.Chunk{ChunkHash: chunk.Hash, Size: chunk.Size}
+    return s.repos.Chunks.Create(txCtx, tx, dbChunk)
+})
+// COMMIT immediately after WithTx returns
+
+// Update in-memory cache
+s.addKnownChunk(chunk.Hash)
+```
+
+**Transaction:**
+```
+T_chunk: BEGIN
+         INSERT INTO chunks (chunk_hash, size) VALUES (?, ?)
+         COMMIT
+```
+
+##### Step 2a-3: Add Chunk to Packer
+
+```go
+s.packer.AddChunk(&blob.ChunkRef{Hash: chunk.Hash, Data: chunk.Data})
+```
+
+**Inside packer.AddChunk → addChunkToCurrentBlob():**
+
+```go
+// TRANSACTION: Create blob_chunks record IMMEDIATELY
+if p.repos != nil {
+    blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
+        BlobID:    p.currentBlob.id,
+        ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
+        Offset:    offset,
+        Length:    chunkSize,
+    }
+    err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+        return p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk)
+    })
+    // COMMIT immediately
+}
+```
+
+**Transaction:**
+```
+T_blob_chunk: BEGIN
+              INSERT INTO blob_chunks (blob_id, chunk_hash, offset, length) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+              COMMIT
+```
+
+**⚠️ CRITICAL DEPENDENCY**: This transaction requires `chunks.chunk_hash` to exist (FK constraint).
+The chunk MUST be committed in Step 2a-2 BEFORE this can succeed.
+
+---
+
+#### Step 2b: Blob Size Limit Handling
+
+If adding a chunk would exceed blob size limit:
+
+```go
+if err == blob.ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded {
+    if err := s.packer.FinalizeBlob(); err != nil { ... }
+    // Retry adding the chunk
+    if err := s.packer.AddChunk(...); err != nil { ... }
+}
+```
+
+**FinalizeBlob() transactions:**
+```
+T_blob_finish: BEGIN
+               UPDATE blobs SET blob_hash=?, uncompressed_size=?, compressed_size=?, finished_ts=? WHERE id=?
+               COMMIT
+```
+
+Then blob handler is called (handleBlobReady):
+```
+(Upload to S3 - no transaction)
+
+T_blob_uploaded: BEGIN
+                 UPDATE blobs SET uploaded_ts=? WHERE id=?
+                 INSERT INTO snapshot_blobs (snapshot_id, blob_id, blob_hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+                 INSERT INTO uploads (blob_hash, snapshot_id, uploaded_at, size, duration_ms) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+                 COMMIT
+```
+
+---
+
+#### Step 2c: Queue File for Batch Insertion
+
+After all chunks for a file are processed:
+
+```go
+// Build file data (in-memory, no DB)
+fileChunks := make([]database.FileChunk, len(chunks))
+chunkFiles := make([]database.ChunkFile, len(chunks))
+
+// Queue for batch insertion
+return s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{
+    file:       fileToProcess.File,
+    fileChunks: fileChunks,
+    chunkFiles: chunkFiles,
+})
+```
+
+**No transaction yet** - just adds to `pendingFiles` slice.
+
+If `len(pendingFiles) >= fileBatchSize (100)`, triggers `flushPendingFiles()`.
+
+---
+
+### Step 2d: Flush Pending Files
+
+**Location:** `flushPendingFiles()` - called when batch is full or at end of processing
+
+```go
+return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+    for _, data := range files {
+        // 1. Create file record
+        s.repos.Files.Create(txCtx, tx, data.file)  // INSERT OR REPLACE
+
+        // 2. Delete old associations
+        s.repos.FileChunks.DeleteByFileID(txCtx, tx, data.file.ID)
+        s.repos.ChunkFiles.DeleteByFileID(txCtx, tx, data.file.ID)
+
+        // 3. Create file_chunks records
+        for _, fc := range data.fileChunks {
+            s.repos.FileChunks.Create(txCtx, tx, &fc)  // FK: chunks.chunk_hash
+        }
+
+        // 4. Create chunk_files records
+        for _, cf := range data.chunkFiles {
+            s.repos.ChunkFiles.Create(txCtx, tx, &cf)  // FK: chunks.chunk_hash
+        }
+
+        // 5. Add file to snapshot
+        s.repos.Snapshots.AddFileByID(txCtx, tx, s.snapshotID, data.file.ID)
+    }
+    return nil
+})
+// COMMIT (all or nothing for the batch)
+```
+
+**Transaction:**
+```
+T_files_batch: BEGIN
+               -- For each file in batch:
+               INSERT OR REPLACE INTO files (...) VALUES (...)
+               DELETE FROM file_chunks WHERE file_id = ?
+               DELETE FROM chunk_files WHERE file_id = ?
+               INSERT INTO file_chunks (file_id, idx, chunk_hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?)  -- FK: chunks
+               INSERT INTO chunk_files (chunk_hash, file_id, ...) VALUES (?, ?, ...) -- FK: chunks
+               INSERT INTO snapshot_files (snapshot_id, file_id) VALUES (?, ?)
+               -- Repeat for each file
+               COMMIT
+```
+
+**⚠️ CRITICAL DEPENDENCY**: `file_chunks` and `chunk_files` require `chunks.chunk_hash` to exist.
+
+---
+
+### Phase 2 End: Final Flush
+
+```go
+// Flush any remaining pending files
+if err := s.flushAllPending(ctx); err != nil { ... }
+
+// Final packer flush
+s.packer.Flush()
+```
+
+---
+
+## The Current Bug
+
+### Problem
+
+The current code attempts to batch file insertions, but `file_chunks` and `chunk_files` have foreign keys to `chunks.chunk_hash`. The batched file flush tries to insert these records, but if the chunks haven't been committed yet, the FK constraint fails.
+
+### Why It's Happening
+
+Looking at the sequence:
+
+1. Process file A, chunk X
+2. Create chunk X in DB (Transaction commits)
+3. Add chunk X to packer
+4. Packer creates blob_chunks for chunk X (needs chunk X - OK, committed in step 2)
+5. Queue file A with chunk references
+6. Process file B, chunk Y
+7. Create chunk Y in DB (Transaction commits)
+8. ... etc ...
+9. At end: flushPendingFiles()
+10. Insert file_chunks for file A referencing chunk X (chunk X committed - should work)
+
+The chunks ARE being created individually. But something is going wrong.
+
+### Actual Issue
+
+Wait - let me re-read the code. The issue is:
+
+In `processFileStreaming`, when we queue file data:
+```go
+fileChunks[i] = database.FileChunk{
+    FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,
+    Idx:       ci.fileChunk.Idx,
+    ChunkHash: ci.fileChunk.ChunkHash,
+}
+```
+
+The `FileID` is set, but `fileToProcess.File.ID` might be empty at this point because the file record hasn't been created yet!
+
+Looking at `checkFileInMemory`:
+```go
+// For new files:
+if !exists {
+    return file, true  // file.ID is empty string!
+}
+
+// For existing files:
+file.ID = existingFile.ID  // Reuse existing ID
+```
+
+**For NEW files, `file.ID` is empty!**
+
+Then in `flushPendingFiles`:
+```go
+s.repos.Files.Create(txCtx, tx, data.file)  // This generates/uses the ID
+```
+
+But `data.fileChunks` was built with the EMPTY ID!
+
+### The Real Problem
+
+For new files:
+1. `checkFileInMemory` creates file record with empty ID
+2. `processFileStreaming` queues file_chunks with empty `FileID`
+3. `flushPendingFiles` creates file (generates ID), but file_chunks still have empty `FileID`
+
+Wait, but `Files.Create` should be INSERT OR REPLACE by path, and the file struct should get updated... Let me check.
+
+Actually, looking more carefully at the code path - the file IS created first in the flush, but the `fileChunks` slice was already built with the old (possibly empty) ID. The ID isn't updated after the file is created.
+
+Hmm, but looking at the current code:
+```go
+fileChunks[i] = database.FileChunk{
+    FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,  // This uses the ID from the File struct
+```
+
+And in `checkFileInMemory` for new files, we create a file struct but don't set the ID. However, looking at the database repository, `Files.Create` should be doing `INSERT OR REPLACE` and the ID should be pre-generated...
+
+Let me check if IDs are being generated. Looking at the File struct usage, it seems like UUIDs should be generated somewhere...
+
+Actually, looking at the test failures again:
+```
+creating file chunk: inserting file_chunk: constraint failed: FOREIGN KEY constraint failed (787)
+```
+
+Error 787 is SQLite's foreign key constraint error. The failing FK is on `file_chunks.chunk_hash → chunks.chunk_hash`.
+
+So the chunks ARE NOT in the database when we try to insert file_chunks. Let me trace through more carefully...
+
+---
+
+## Transaction Timing Issue
+
+The problem is transaction visibility in SQLite.
+
+Each `WithTx` creates a new transaction that commits at the end. But with batched file insertion:
+
+1. Chunk transactions commit one at a time
+2. File batch transaction runs later
+
+If chunks are being inserted but something goes wrong with transaction isolation, the file batch might not see them.
+
+But actually SQLite in WAL mode should have SERIALIZABLE isolation by default, so committed transactions should be visible.
+
+Let me check if the in-memory cache is masking a database problem...
+
+Actually, wait. Let me re-check the current broken code more carefully. The issue might be simpler.
+
+---
+
+## Current Code Flow Analysis
+
+Looking at `processFileStreaming` in the current broken state:
+
+```go
+// For each chunk:
+if !chunkExists {
+    err := s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+        dbChunk := &database.Chunk{ChunkHash: chunk.Hash, Size: chunk.Size}
+        return s.repos.Chunks.Create(txCtx, tx, dbChunk)
+    })
+    // ... check error ...
+    s.addKnownChunk(chunk.Hash)
+}
+
+// ... add to packer (creates blob_chunks) ...
+
+// Collect chunk info for file
+chunks = append(chunks, chunkInfo{...})
+```
+
+Then at end of function:
+```go
+// Queue file for batch insertion
+return s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{
+    file:       fileToProcess.File,
+    fileChunks: fileChunks,
+    chunkFiles: chunkFiles,
+})
+```
+
+At end of `processPhase`:
+```go
+if err := s.flushAllPending(ctx); err != nil { ... }
+```
+
+The chunks are being created one-by-one with individual transactions. By the time `flushPendingFiles` runs, all chunk transactions should have committed.
+
+Unless... there's a bug in how the chunks are being referenced. Let me check if the chunk_hash values are correct.
+
+Or... maybe the test database is being recreated between operations somehow?
+
+Actually, let me check the test setup. Maybe the issue is specific to the test environment.
+
+---
+
+## Summary of Object Lifecycle
+
+| Object | When Created | Transaction | Dependencies |
+|--------|--------------|-------------|--------------|
+| snapshot | Before scan | Individual tx | None |
+| blob | When packer needs new blob | Individual tx | None |
+| chunk | During file chunking (each chunk) | Individual tx | None |
+| blob_chunks | Immediately after adding chunk to packer | Individual tx | chunks, blobs |
+| files | Batched at end of processing | Batch tx | None |
+| file_chunks | With file (batched) | Batch tx | files, chunks |
+| chunk_files | With file (batched) | Batch tx | files, chunks |
+| snapshot_files | With file (batched) | Batch tx | snapshots, files |
+| snapshot_blobs | After blob upload | Individual tx | snapshots, blobs |
+| uploads | After blob upload | Same tx as snapshot_blobs | blobs, snapshots |
+
+---
+
+## Root Cause Analysis
+
+After detailed analysis, I believe the issue is one of the following:
+
+### Hypothesis 1: File ID Not Set
+
+Looking at `checkFileInMemory()` for NEW files:
+```go
+if !exists {
+    return file, true  // file.ID is empty string!
+}
+```
+
+For new files, `file.ID` is empty. Then in `processFileStreaming`:
+```go
+fileChunks[i] = database.FileChunk{
+    FileID:    fileToProcess.File.ID,  // Empty for new files!
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+The `FileID` in the built `fileChunks` slice is empty.
+
+Then in `flushPendingFiles`:
+```go
+s.repos.Files.Create(txCtx, tx, data.file)  // This generates the ID
+// But data.fileChunks still has empty FileID!
+for i := range data.fileChunks {
+    s.repos.FileChunks.Create(...)  // Uses empty FileID
+}
+```
+
+**Solution**: Generate file IDs upfront in `checkFileInMemory()`:
+```go
+file := &database.File{
+    ID:   uuid.New().String(),  // Generate ID immediately
+    Path: path,
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+### Hypothesis 2: Transaction Isolation
+
+SQLite with a single connection pool (`MaxOpenConns(1)`) should serialize all transactions. Committed data should be visible to subsequent transactions.
+
+However, there might be a subtle issue with how `context.Background()` is used in the packer vs the scanner's context.
+
+## Recommended Fix
+
+**Step 1: Generate file IDs upfront**
+
+In `checkFileInMemory()`, generate the UUID for new files immediately:
+```go
+file := &database.File{
+    ID:   uuid.New().String(),  // Always generate ID
+    Path: path,
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+This ensures `file.ID` is set when building `fileChunks` and `chunkFiles` slices.
+
+**Step 2: Verify by reverting to per-file transactions**
+
+If Step 1 doesn't fix it, revert to non-batched file insertion to isolate the issue:
+
+```go
+// Instead of queuing:
+//   return s.addPendingFile(ctx, pendingFileData{...})
+
+// Do immediate insertion:
+return s.repos.WithTx(ctx, func(txCtx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+    // Create file
+    s.repos.Files.Create(txCtx, tx, fileToProcess.File)
+    // Delete old associations
+    s.repos.FileChunks.DeleteByFileID(...)
+    s.repos.ChunkFiles.DeleteByFileID(...)
+    // Create new associations
+    for _, fc := range fileChunks {
+        s.repos.FileChunks.Create(...)
+    }
+    for _, cf := range chunkFiles {
+        s.repos.ChunkFiles.Create(...)
+    }
+    // Add to snapshot
+    s.repos.Snapshots.AddFileByID(...)
+    return nil
+})
+```
+
+**Step 3: If batching is still desired**
+
+After confirming per-file transactions work, re-implement batching with the ID fix in place, and add debug logging to trace exactly which chunk_hash is failing and why.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 # vaultik (ваултик)

-`vaultik` is a incremental backup daemon written in Go. It
-encrypts data using an `age` public key and uploads each encrypted blob
-directly to a remote S3-compatible object store. It requires no private
-keys, secrets, or credentials stored on the backed-up system.
+WIP: pre-1.0, some functions may not be fully implemented yet
+
+`vaultik` is a incremental backup daemon written in Go. It encrypts data
+using an `age` public key and uploads each encrypted blob directly to a
+remote S3-compatible object store. It requires no private keys, secrets, or
+credentials (other than those required to PUT to encrypted object storage,
+such as S3 API keys) stored on the backed-up system.

 It includes table-stakes features such as:

-* modern authenticated encryption
+* modern encryption (the excellent `age`)
 * deduplication
 * incremental backups
 * modern multithreaded zstd compression with configurable levels
 * content-addressed immutable storage
-* local state tracking in standard SQLite database
-* inotify-based change detection
-* streaming processing of all data to not require lots of ram or temp file
-  storage
+* local state tracking in standard SQLite database, enables write-only
+  incremental backups to destination
 * no mutable remote metadata
 * no plaintext file paths or metadata stored in remote
 * does not create huge numbers of small files (to keep S3 operation counts
@ -27,12 +28,12 @@ It includes table-stakes features such as:
 content-addressable chunk map of changed files using deterministic chunking.
 Each chunk is streamed into a blob packer. Blobs are compressed with `zstd`,
 encrypted with `age`, and uploaded directly to remote storage under a
-content-addressed S3 path.
+content-addressed S3 path.  at the end, a pruned snapshot-specific sqlite
+database of metadata is created, encrypted, and uploaded alongside the
+blobs.

 No plaintext file contents ever hit disk. No private key or secret
-passphrase is needed or stored locally. All encrypted data is
-streaming-processed and immediately discarded once uploaded. Metadata is
-encrypted and pushed with the same mechanism.
+passphrase is needed or stored locally.

 ## why

@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ Existing backup software fails under one or more of these conditions:
  compromises encrypted backups in the case of host system compromise
 * Depends on symmetric encryption unsuitable for zero-trust environments
 * Creates one-blob-per-file, which results in excessive S3 operation counts
+* is slow

 `vaultik` addresses these by using:

--- a/TODO.md
+++ b/TODO.md
@ -40,6 +40,28 @@ Reorganize commands to provide better visibility into stored data and snapshots.
  - `--deep` mode: Downloads each blob and verifies its hash matches the stored hash
  - **Stub implementation for now**

+- `vaultik snapshot remove <snapshot-id>` (alias: `rm`)
+  - Removes a snapshot and any blobs that become orphaned
+  - Algorithm:
+    1. Validate target snapshot exists in storage
+    2. List all snapshots in storage
+    3. Download manifests from all OTHER snapshots to build "in-use" blob set
+    4. Download target snapshot's manifest to get its blob hashes
+    5. Identify orphaned blobs: target blobs NOT in the in-use set
+    6. Delete orphaned blobs from storage
+    7. Delete snapshot metadata using existing `deleteSnapshot()` helper
+  - Flags:
+    - `--force` / `-f`: Skip confirmation prompt
+    - `--dry-run`: Show what would be deleted without deleting
+  - Files to modify:
+    - `internal/cli/snapshot.go`: Add `newSnapshotRemoveCommand()`
+    - `internal/vaultik/snapshot.go`: Add `RemoveSnapshot()` method
+  - Reuse existing code:
+    - Snapshot enumeration pattern from `PruneBlobs()` in `prune.go`
+    - `v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)` for manifest downloading
+    - Blob path format: `blobs/{hash[:2]}/{hash[2:4]}/{hash}`
+    - `v.deleteSnapshot(snapshotID)` for metadata deletion
+
 ### Implementation Notes

 1. **No Decryption Required**: All commands work with unencrypted blob manifests
--- a/cmd/vaultik/main.go
+++ b/cmd/vaultik/main.go
@ -1,9 +1,41 @@
 package main

 import (
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/cli"
 )

 func main() {
+	// CPU profiling: set VAULTIK_CPUPROFILE=/path/to/cpu.prof
+	if cpuProfile := os.Getenv("VAULTIK_CPUPROFILE"); cpuProfile != "" {
+		f, err := os.Create(cpuProfile)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic("could not create CPU profile: " + err.Error())
+		}
+		defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
+		if err := pprof.StartCPUProfile(f); err != nil {
+			panic("could not start CPU profile: " + err.Error())
+		}
+		defer pprof.StopCPUProfile()
+	}
+
+	// Memory profiling: set VAULTIK_MEMPROFILE=/path/to/mem.prof
+	if memProfile := os.Getenv("VAULTIK_MEMPROFILE"); memProfile != "" {
+		defer func() {
+			f, err := os.Create(memProfile)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic("could not create memory profile: " + err.Error())
+			}
+			defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
+			runtime.GC() // get up-to-date statistics
+			if err := pprof.WriteHeapProfile(f); err != nil {
+				panic("could not write memory profile: " + err.Error())
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
 	cli.CLIEntry()
 }
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/keyvault/azsecrets v0.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/keyvault/internal v0.7.1 // indirect
 	github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/adrg/xdg v0.5.3 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.256 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.6.11 // indirect
@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.23.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gobwas/glob v0.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-extensions-for-go/cache v0.1.1/go.mo
 github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.4.2 h1:oygO0locgZJe7PpYPXT5A29ZkwJaPqcva7BVeemZOZs=
 github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.4.2/go.mod h1:wP83P5OoQ5p6ip3ScPr0BAq0BvuPAvacpEuSzyouqAI=
 github.com/DataDog/datadog-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:LButxg5PwREeZtORoXG3tL4fMGNddJ+vMq1mwgfaqoQ=
+github.com/adrg/xdg v0.5.3 h1:xRnxJXne7+oWDatRhR1JLnvuccuIeCoBu2rtuLqQB78=
+github.com/adrg/xdg v0.5.3/go.mod h1:nlTsY+NNiCBGCK2tpm09vRqfVzrc2fLmXGpBLF0zlTQ=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
@ -147,6 +149,8 @@ github.com/go-task/slim-sprig/v3 v3.0.0 h1:sUs3vkvUymDpBKi3qH1YSqBQk9+9D/8M2mN1v
 github.com/go-task/slim-sprig/v3 v3.0.0/go.mod h1:W848ghGpv3Qj3dhTPRyJypKRiqCdHZiAzKg9hl15HA8=
 github.com/go-test/deep v1.0.2 h1:onZX1rnHT3Wv6cqNgYyFOOlgVKJrksuCMCRvJStbMYw=
 github.com/go-test/deep v1.0.2/go.mod h1:wGDj63lr65AM2AQyKZd/NYHGb0R+1RLqB8NKt3aSFNA=
+github.com/gobwas/glob v0.2.3 h1:A4xDbljILXROh+kObIiy5kIaPYD8e96x1tgBhUI5J+Y=
+github.com/gobwas/glob v0.2.3/go.mod h1:d3Ez4x06l9bZtSvzIay5+Yzi0fmZzPgnTbPcKjJAkT8=
 github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.0.4/go.mod h1:xhWf0FNVPg57R7Z0UbKHbJfkEywrmjJnf7w5xrFpKfA=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.1.1/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
--- a/internal/blob/packer.go
+++ b/internal/blob/packer.go
@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ type PackerConfig struct {
 	Fs               afero.Fs               // Filesystem for temporary files
 }

+// PendingChunk represents a chunk waiting to be inserted into the database.
+type PendingChunk struct {
+	Hash string
+	Size int64
+}
+
 // Packer accumulates chunks and packs them into blobs.
 // It handles compression, encryption, and coordination with the database
 // to track blob metadata. Packer is thread-safe.
@ -64,6 +70,9 @@ type Packer struct {
 	// Current blob being packed
 	currentBlob   *blobInProgress
 	finishedBlobs []*FinishedBlob // Only used if no handler provided
+
+	// Pending chunks to be inserted when blob finalizes
+	pendingChunks []PendingChunk
 }

 // blobInProgress represents a blob being assembled
@ -114,8 +123,9 @@ type BlobChunkRef struct {
 // BlobWithReader wraps a FinishedBlob with its data reader
 type BlobWithReader struct {
 	*FinishedBlob
-	Reader   io.ReadSeeker
-	TempFile afero.File // Optional, only set for disk-based blobs
+	Reader              io.ReadSeeker
+	TempFile            afero.File // Optional, only set for disk-based blobs
+	InsertedChunkHashes []string   // Chunk hashes that were inserted to DB with this blob
 }

 // NewPacker creates a new blob packer that accumulates chunks into blobs.
@ -152,6 +162,15 @@ func (p *Packer) SetBlobHandler(handler BlobHandler) {
 	p.blobHandler = handler
 }

+// AddPendingChunk queues a chunk to be inserted into the database when the
+// current blob is finalized. This batches chunk inserts to reduce transaction
+// overhead. Thread-safe.
+func (p *Packer) AddPendingChunk(hash string, size int64) {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+	p.pendingChunks = append(p.pendingChunks, PendingChunk{Hash: hash, Size: size})
+}
+
 // AddChunk adds a chunk to the current blob being packed.
 // If adding the chunk would exceed MaxBlobSize, returns ErrBlobSizeLimitExceeded.
 // In this case, the caller should finalize the current blob and retry.
@ -314,23 +333,9 @@ func (p *Packer) addChunkToCurrentBlob(chunk *ChunkRef) error {
 	p.currentBlob.chunks = append(p.currentBlob.chunks, chunkInfo)
 	p.currentBlob.chunkSet[chunk.Hash] = true

-	// Store blob-chunk association in database immediately
-	if p.repos != nil {
-		blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
-			BlobID:    p.currentBlob.id,
-			ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
-			Offset:    offset,
-			Length:    chunkSize,
-		}
-		err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
-			return p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk)
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to store blob-chunk association in database", "error", err,
-				"blob_id", p.currentBlob.id, "chunk_hash", chunk.Hash)
-			// Continue anyway - we can reconstruct this later if needed
-		}
-	}
+	// Note: blob_chunk records are inserted in batch when blob is finalized
+	// to reduce transaction overhead. The chunk info is already stored in
+	// p.currentBlob.chunks for later insertion.

 	// Update total size
 	p.currentBlob.size += chunkSize
@ -392,16 +397,49 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		})
 	}

-	// Update blob record in database with hash and sizes
+	// Get pending chunks (will be inserted to DB and reported to handler)
+	chunksToInsert := p.pendingChunks
+	p.pendingChunks = nil // Clear pending list
+
+	// Insert pending chunks, blob_chunks, and update blob in a single transaction
 	if p.repos != nil {
 		err := p.repos.WithTx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+			// First insert all pending chunks (required for blob_chunks FK)
+			for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
+				dbChunk := &database.Chunk{
+					ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
+					Size:      chunk.Size,
+				}
+				if err := p.repos.Chunks.Create(ctx, tx, dbChunk); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("creating chunk: %w", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Insert all blob_chunk records in batch
+			for _, chunk := range p.currentBlob.chunks {
+				blobChunk := &database.BlobChunk{
+					BlobID:    p.currentBlob.id,
+					ChunkHash: chunk.Hash,
+					Offset:    chunk.Offset,
+					Length:    chunk.Size,
+				}
+				if err := p.repos.BlobChunks.Create(ctx, tx, blobChunk); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("creating blob_chunk: %w", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Update blob record with final hash and sizes
 			return p.repos.Blobs.UpdateFinished(ctx, tx, p.currentBlob.id, blobHash,
 				p.currentBlob.size, finalSize)
 		})
 		if err != nil {
 			p.cleanupTempFile()
-			return fmt.Errorf("updating blob record: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("finalizing blob transaction: %w", err)
 		}
+
+		log.Debug("Committed blob transaction",
+			"chunks_inserted", len(chunksToInsert),
+			"blob_chunks_inserted", len(p.currentBlob.chunks))
 	}

 	// Create finished blob
@ -424,6 +462,12 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {
 		"ratio", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", compressionRatio),
 		"duration", time.Since(p.currentBlob.startTime))

+	// Collect inserted chunk hashes for the scanner to track
+	var insertedChunkHashes []string
+	for _, chunk := range chunksToInsert {
+		insertedChunkHashes = append(insertedChunkHashes, chunk.Hash)
+	}
+
 	// Call blob handler if set
 	if p.blobHandler != nil {
 		// Reset file position for handler
@ -434,9 +478,10 @@ func (p *Packer) finalizeCurrentBlob() error {

 		// Create a blob reader that includes the data stream
 		blobWithReader := &BlobWithReader{
-			FinishedBlob: finished,
-			Reader:       p.currentBlob.tempFile,
-			TempFile:     p.currentBlob.tempFile,
+			FinishedBlob:        finished,
+			Reader:              p.currentBlob.tempFile,
+			TempFile:            p.currentBlob.tempFile,
+			InsertedChunkHashes: insertedChunkHashes,
 		}

 		if err := p.blobHandler(blobWithReader); err != nil {
--- a/internal/chunker/chunker.go
+++ b/internal/chunker/chunker.go
@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-
-	"github.com/jotfs/fastcdc-go"
 )

 // Chunk represents a single chunk of data produced by the content-defined chunking algorithm.
@ -48,16 +46,8 @@ func NewChunker(avgChunkSize int64) *Chunker {
 // reasonably sized inputs. For large files or streams, use ChunkReaderStreaming instead.
 // Returns an error if chunking fails or if reading from the input fails.
 func (c *Chunker) ChunkReader(r io.Reader) ([]Chunk, error) {
-	opts := fastcdc.Options{
-		MinSize:     c.minChunkSize,
-		AverageSize: c.avgChunkSize,
-		MaxSize:     c.maxChunkSize,
-	}
-
-	chunker, err := fastcdc.NewChunker(r, opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating chunker: %w", err)
-	}
+	chunker := AcquireReusableChunker(r, c.minChunkSize, c.avgChunkSize, c.maxChunkSize)
+	defer chunker.Release()

 	var chunks []Chunk
 	offset := int64(0)
@ -74,7 +64,7 @@ func (c *Chunker) ChunkReader(r io.Reader) ([]Chunk, error) {
 		// Calculate hash
 		hash := sha256.Sum256(chunk.Data)

-		// Make a copy of the data since FastCDC reuses the buffer
+		// Make a copy of the data since the chunker reuses the buffer
 		chunkData := make([]byte, len(chunk.Data))
 		copy(chunkData, chunk.Data)

@ -107,16 +97,8 @@ func (c *Chunker) ChunkReaderStreaming(r io.Reader, callback ChunkCallback) (str
 	fileHasher := sha256.New()
 	teeReader := io.TeeReader(r, fileHasher)

-	opts := fastcdc.Options{
-		MinSize:     c.minChunkSize,
-		AverageSize: c.avgChunkSize,
-		MaxSize:     c.maxChunkSize,
-	}
-
-	chunker, err := fastcdc.NewChunker(teeReader, opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("creating chunker: %w", err)
-	}
+	chunker := AcquireReusableChunker(teeReader, c.minChunkSize, c.avgChunkSize, c.maxChunkSize)
+	defer chunker.Release()

 	offset := int64(0)

@ -132,13 +114,12 @@ func (c *Chunker) ChunkReaderStreaming(r io.Reader, callback ChunkCallback) (str
 		// Calculate chunk hash
 		hash := sha256.Sum256(chunk.Data)

-		// Make a copy of the data since FastCDC reuses the buffer
-		chunkData := make([]byte, len(chunk.Data))
-		copy(chunkData, chunk.Data)
-
+		// Pass the data directly - caller must process it before we call Next() again
+		// (chunker reuses its internal buffer, but since we process synchronously
+		// and completely before continuing, no copy is needed)
 		if err := callback(Chunk{
 			Hash:   hex.EncodeToString(hash[:]),
-			Data:   chunkData,
+			Data:   chunk.Data,
 			Offset: offset,
 			Size:   int64(len(chunk.Data)),
 		}); err != nil {
--- a/internal/chunker/fastcdc.go
+++ b/internal/chunker/fastcdc.go
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+package chunker
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// ReusableChunker implements FastCDC with reusable buffers to minimize allocations.
+// Unlike the upstream fastcdc-go library which allocates a new buffer per file,
+// this implementation uses sync.Pool to reuse buffers across files.
+type ReusableChunker struct {
+	minSize  int
+	maxSize  int
+	normSize int
+	bufSize  int
+
+	maskS uint64
+	maskL uint64
+
+	rd io.Reader
+
+	buf    []byte
+	cursor int
+	offset int
+	eof    bool
+}
+
+// reusableChunkerPool pools ReusableChunker instances to avoid allocations.
+var reusableChunkerPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return &ReusableChunker{}
+	},
+}
+
+// bufferPools contains pools for different buffer sizes.
+// Key is the buffer size.
+var bufferPools = sync.Map{}
+
+func getBuffer(size int) []byte {
+	poolI, _ := bufferPools.LoadOrStore(size, &sync.Pool{
+		New: func() interface{} {
+			buf := make([]byte, size)
+			return &buf
+		},
+	})
+	pool := poolI.(*sync.Pool)
+	return *pool.Get().(*[]byte)
+}
+
+func putBuffer(buf []byte) {
+	size := cap(buf)
+	poolI, ok := bufferPools.Load(size)
+	if ok {
+		pool := poolI.(*sync.Pool)
+		b := buf[:size]
+		pool.Put(&b)
+	}
+}
+
+// FastCDCChunk represents a chunk from the FastCDC algorithm.
+type FastCDCChunk struct {
+	Offset      int
+	Length      int
+	Data        []byte
+	Fingerprint uint64
+}
+
+// AcquireReusableChunker gets a chunker from the pool and initializes it for the given reader.
+func AcquireReusableChunker(rd io.Reader, minSize, avgSize, maxSize int) *ReusableChunker {
+	c := reusableChunkerPool.Get().(*ReusableChunker)
+
+	bufSize := maxSize * 2
+
+	// Reuse buffer if it's the right size, otherwise get a new one
+	if c.buf == nil || cap(c.buf) != bufSize {
+		if c.buf != nil {
+			putBuffer(c.buf)
+		}
+		c.buf = getBuffer(bufSize)
+	} else {
+		// Restore buffer to full capacity (may have been truncated by previous EOF)
+		c.buf = c.buf[:cap(c.buf)]
+	}
+
+	bits := int(math.Round(math.Log2(float64(avgSize))))
+	normalization := 2
+	smallBits := bits + normalization
+	largeBits := bits - normalization
+
+	c.minSize = minSize
+	c.maxSize = maxSize
+	c.normSize = avgSize
+	c.bufSize = bufSize
+	c.maskS = (1 << smallBits) - 1
+	c.maskL = (1 << largeBits) - 1
+	c.rd = rd
+	c.cursor = bufSize
+	c.offset = 0
+	c.eof = false
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// Release returns the chunker to the pool for reuse.
+func (c *ReusableChunker) Release() {
+	c.rd = nil
+	reusableChunkerPool.Put(c)
+}
+
+func (c *ReusableChunker) fillBuffer() error {
+	n := len(c.buf) - c.cursor
+	if n >= c.maxSize {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Move all data after the cursor to the start of the buffer
+	copy(c.buf[:n], c.buf[c.cursor:])
+	c.cursor = 0
+
+	if c.eof {
+		c.buf = c.buf[:n]
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Restore buffer to full capacity for reading
+	c.buf = c.buf[:c.bufSize]
+
+	// Fill the rest of the buffer
+	m, err := io.ReadFull(c.rd, c.buf[n:])
+	if err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
+		c.buf = c.buf[:n+m]
+		c.eof = true
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Next returns the next chunk or io.EOF when done.
+// The returned Data slice is only valid until the next call to Next.
+func (c *ReusableChunker) Next() (FastCDCChunk, error) {
+	if err := c.fillBuffer(); err != nil {
+		return FastCDCChunk{}, err
+	}
+	if len(c.buf) == 0 {
+		return FastCDCChunk{}, io.EOF
+	}
+
+	length, fp := c.nextChunk(c.buf[c.cursor:])
+
+	chunk := FastCDCChunk{
+		Offset:      c.offset,
+		Length:      length,
+		Data:        c.buf[c.cursor : c.cursor+length],
+		Fingerprint: fp,
+	}
+
+	c.cursor += length
+	c.offset += chunk.Length
+
+	return chunk, nil
+}
+
+func (c *ReusableChunker) nextChunk(data []byte) (int, uint64) {
+	fp := uint64(0)
+	i := c.minSize
+
+	if len(data) <= c.minSize {
+		return len(data), fp
+	}
+
+	n := min(len(data), c.maxSize)
+
+	for ; i < min(n, c.normSize); i++ {
+		fp = (fp << 1) + table[data[i]]
+		if (fp & c.maskS) == 0 {
+			return i + 1, fp
+		}
+	}
+
+	for ; i < n; i++ {
+		fp = (fp << 1) + table[data[i]]
+		if (fp & c.maskL) == 0 {
+			return i + 1, fp
+		}
+	}
+
+	return i, fp
+}
+
+func min(a, b int) int {
+	if a < b {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+// 256 random uint64s for the rolling hash function (from FastCDC paper)
+var table = [256]uint64{
+	0xe80e8d55032474b3, 0x11b25b61f5924e15, 0x03aa5bd82a9eb669, 0xc45a153ef107a38c,
+	0xeac874b86f0f57b9, 0xa5ccedec95ec79c7, 0xe15a3320ad42ac0a, 0x5ed3583fa63cec15,
+	0xcd497bf624a4451d, 0xf9ade5b059683605, 0x773940c03fb11ca1, 0xa36b16e4a6ae15b2,
+	0x67afd1adb5a89eac, 0xc44c75ee32f0038e, 0x2101790f365c0967, 0x76415c64a222fc4a,
+	0x579929249a1e577a, 0xe4762fc41fdbf750, 0xea52198e57dfcdcc, 0xe2535aafe30b4281,
+	0xcb1a1bd6c77c9056, 0x5a1aa9bfc4612a62, 0x15a728aef8943eb5, 0x2f8f09738a8ec8d9,
+	0x200f3dec9fac8074, 0x0fa9a7b1e0d318df, 0x06c0804ffd0d8e3a, 0x630cbc412669dd25,
+	0x10e34f85f4b10285, 0x2a6fe8164b9b6410, 0xcacb57d857d55810, 0x77f8a3a36ff11b46,
+	0x66af517e0dc3003e, 0x76c073c789b4009a, 0x853230dbb529f22a, 0x1e9e9c09a1f77e56,
+	0x1e871223802ee65d, 0x37fe4588718ff813, 0x10088539f30db464, 0x366f7470b80b72d1,
+	0x33f2634d9a6b31db, 0xd43917751d69ea18, 0xa0f492bc1aa7b8de, 0x3f94e5a8054edd20,
+	0xedfd6e25eb8b1dbf, 0x759517a54f196a56, 0xe81d5006ec7b6b17, 0x8dd8385fa894a6b7,
+	0x45f4d5467b0d6f91, 0xa1f894699de22bc8, 0x33829d09ef93e0fe, 0x3e29e250caed603c,
+	0xf7382cba7f63a45e, 0x970f95412bb569d1, 0xc7fcea456d356b4b, 0x723042513f3e7a57,
+	0x17ae7688de3596f1, 0x27ac1fcd7cd23c1a, 0xf429beeb78b3f71f, 0xd0780692fb93a3f9,
+	0x9f507e28a7c9842f, 0x56001ad536e433ae, 0x7e1dd1ecf58be306, 0x15fee353aa233fc6,
+	0xb033a0730b7638e8, 0xeb593ad6bd2406d1, 0x7c86502574d0f133, 0xce3b008d4ccb4be7,
+	0xf8566e3d383594c8, 0xb2c261e9b7af4429, 0xf685e7e253799dbb, 0x05d33ed60a494cbc,
+	0xeaf88d55a4cb0d1a, 0x3ee9368a902415a1, 0x8980fe6a8493a9a4, 0x358ed008cb448631,
+	0xd0cb7e37b46824b8, 0xe9bc375c0bc94f84, 0xea0bf1d8e6b55bb3, 0xb66a60d0f9f6f297,
+	0x66db2cc4807b3758, 0x7e4e014afbca8b4d, 0xa5686a4938b0c730, 0xa5f0d7353d623316,
+	0x26e38c349242d5e8, 0xeeefa80a29858e30, 0x8915cb912aa67386, 0x4b957a47bfc420d4,
+	0xbb53d051a895f7e1, 0x09f5e3235f6911ce, 0x416b98e695cfb7ce, 0x97a08183344c5c86,
+	0xbf68e0791839a861, 0xea05dde59ed3ed56, 0x0ca732280beda160, 0xac748ed62fe7f4e2,
+	0xc686da075cf6e151, 0xe1ba5658f4af05c8, 0xe9ff09fbeb67cc35, 0xafaea9470323b28d,
+	0x0291e8db5bb0ac2a, 0x342072a9bbee77ae, 0x03147eed6b3d0a9c, 0x21379d4de31dbadb,
+	0x2388d965226fb986, 0x52c96988bfebabfa, 0xa6fc29896595bc2d, 0x38fa4af70aa46b8b,
+	0xa688dd13939421ee, 0x99d5275d9b1415da, 0x453d31bb4fe73631, 0xde51debc1fbe3356,
+	0x75a3c847a06c622f, 0xe80e32755d272579, 0x5444052250d8ec0d, 0x8f17dfda19580a3b,
+	0xf6b3e9363a185e42, 0x7a42adec6868732f, 0x32cb6a07629203a2, 0x1eca8957defe56d9,
+	0x9fa85e4bc78ff9ed, 0x20ff07224a499ca7, 0x3fa6295ff9682c70, 0xe3d5b1e3ce993eff,
+	0xa341209362e0b79a, 0x64bd9eae5712ffe8, 0xceebb537babbd12a, 0x5586ef404315954f,
+	0x46c3085c938ab51a, 0xa82ccb9199907cee, 0x8c51b6690a3523c8, 0xc4dbd4c9ae518332,
+	0x979898dbb23db7b2, 0x1b5b585e6f672a9d, 0xce284da7c4903810, 0x841166e8bb5f1c4f,
+	0xb7d884a3fceca7d0, 0xa76468f5a4572374, 0xc10c45f49ee9513d, 0x68f9a5663c1908c9,
+	0x0095a13476a6339d, 0xd1d7516ffbe9c679, 0xfd94ab0c9726f938, 0x627468bbdb27c959,
+	0xedc3f8988e4a8c9a, 0x58efd33f0dfaa499, 0x21e37d7e2ef4ac8b, 0x297f9ab5586259c6,
+	0xda3ba4dc6cb9617d, 0xae11d8d9de2284d2, 0xcfeed88cb3729865, 0xefc2f9e4f03e2633,
+	0x8226393e8f0855a4, 0xd6e25fd7acf3a767, 0x435784c3bfd6d14a, 0xf97142e6343fe757,
+	0xd73b9fe826352f85, 0x6c3ac444b5b2bd76, 0xd8e88f3e9fd4a3fd, 0x31e50875c36f3460,
+	0xa824f1bf88cf4d44, 0x54a4d2c8f5f25899, 0xbff254637ce3b1e6, 0xa02cfe92561b3caa,
+	0x7bedb4edee9f0af7, 0x879c0620ac49a102, 0xa12c4ccd23b332e7, 0x09a5ff47bf94ed1e,
+	0x7b62f43cd3046fa0, 0xaa3af0476b9c2fb9, 0x22e55301abebba8e, 0x3a6035c42747bd58,
+	0x1705373106c8ec07, 0xb1f660de828d0628, 0x065fe82d89ca563d, 0xf555c2d8074d516d,
+	0x6bb6c186b423ee99, 0x54a807be6f3120a8, 0x8a3c7fe2f88860b8, 0xbeffc344f5118e81,
+	0xd686e80b7d1bd268, 0x661aef4ef5e5e88b, 0x5bf256c654cd1dda, 0x9adb1ab85d7640f4,
+	0x68449238920833a2, 0x843279f4cebcb044, 0xc8710cdefa93f7bb, 0x236943294538f3e6,
+	0x80d7d136c486d0b4, 0x61653956b28851d3, 0x3f843be9a9a956b5, 0xf73cfbbf137987e5,
+	0xcf0cb6dee8ceac2c, 0x50c401f52f185cae, 0xbdbe89ce735c4c1c, 0xeef3ade9c0570bc7,
+	0xbe8b066f8f64cbf6, 0x5238d6131705dcb9, 0x20219086c950e9f6, 0x634468d9ed74de02,
+	0x0aba4b3d705c7fa5, 0x3374416f725a6672, 0xe7378bdf7beb3bc6, 0x0f7b6a1b1cee565b,
+	0x234e4c41b0c33e64, 0x4efa9a0c3f21fe28, 0x1167fc551643e514, 0x9f81a69d3eb01fa4,
+	0xdb75c22b12306ed0, 0xe25055d738fc9686, 0x9f9f167a3f8507bb, 0x195f8336d3fbe4d3,
+	0x8442b6feffdcb6f6, 0x1e07ed24746ffde9, 0x140e31462d555266, 0x8bd0ce515ae1406e,
+	0x2c0be0042b5584b3, 0x35a23d0e15d45a60, 0xc14f1ba147d9bc83, 0xbbf168691264b23f,
+	0xad2cc7b57e589ade, 0x9501963154c7815c, 0x9664afa6b8d67d47, 0x7f9e5101fea0a81c,
+	0x45ecffb610d25bfd, 0x3157f7aecf9b6ab3, 0xc43ca6f88d87501d, 0x9576ff838dee38dc,
+	0x93f21afe0ce1c7d7, 0xceac699df343d8f9, 0x2fec49e29f03398d, 0x8805ccd5730281ed,
+	0xf9fc16fc750a8e59, 0x35308cc771adf736, 0x4a57b7c9ee2b7def, 0x03a4c6cdc937a02a,
+	0x6c9a8a269fc8c4fc, 0x4681decec7a03f43, 0x342eecded1353ef9, 0x8be0552d8413a867,
+	0xc7b4ac51beda8be8, 0xebcc64fb719842c0, 0xde8e4c7fb6d40c1c, 0xcc8263b62f9738b1,
+	0xd3cfc0f86511929a, 0x466024ce8bb226ea, 0x459ff690253a3c18, 0x98b27e9d91284c9c,
+	0x75c3ae8aa3af373d, 0xfbf8f8e79a866ffc, 0x32327f59d0662799, 0x8228b57e729e9830,
+	0x065ceb7a18381b58, 0xd2177671a31dc5ff, 0x90cd801f2f8701f9, 0x9d714428471c65fe,
+}
--- a/internal/cli/app.go
+++ b/internal/cli/app.go
@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package cli

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

@ -12,9 +14,11 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/pidlock"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
+	"github.com/adrg/xdg"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )

@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ func NewApp(opts AppOptions) *fx.App {
 		config.Module,
 		database.Module,
 		log.Module,
-		s3.Module,
+		storage.Module,
 		snapshot.Module,
 		fx.Provide(vaultik.New),
 		fx.Invoke(setupGlobals),
@ -118,7 +122,23 @@ func RunApp(ctx context.Context, app *fx.App) error {
 // RunWithApp is a helper that creates and runs an fx app with the given options.
 // It combines NewApp and RunApp into a single convenient function. This is the
 // preferred way to run CLI commands that need the full application context.
+// It acquires a PID lock before starting to prevent concurrent instances.
 func RunWithApp(ctx context.Context, opts AppOptions) error {
+	// Acquire PID lock to prevent concurrent instances
+	lockDir := filepath.Join(xdg.DataHome, "berlin.sneak.app.vaultik")
+	lock, err := pidlock.Acquire(lockDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, pidlock.ErrAlreadyRunning) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot start: %w", err)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to acquire lock: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := lock.Release(); err != nil {
+			log.Warn("Failed to release PID lock", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	app := NewApp(opts)
 	return RunApp(ctx, app)
 }
--- a/internal/cli/fetch.go
+++ b/internal/cli/fetch.go
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type FetchApp struct {
 	Globals      *globals.Globals
 	Config       *config.Config
 	Repositories *database.Repositories
-	S3Client     *s3.Client
+	Storage      storage.Storer
 	DB           *database.DB
 	Shutdowner   fx.Shutdowner
 }
@ -61,15 +61,14 @@ The age_secret_key must be configured in the config file for decryption.`,
 				},
 				Modules: []fx.Option{
 					snapshot.Module,
-					s3.Module,
 					fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
 						func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config, repos *database.Repositories,
-							s3Client *s3.Client, db *database.DB, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *FetchApp {
+							storer storage.Storer, db *database.DB, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *FetchApp {
 							return &FetchApp{
 								Globals:      g,
 								Config:       cfg,
 								Repositories: repos,
-								S3Client:     s3Client,
+								Storage:      storer,
 								DB:           db,
 								Shutdowner:   shutdowner,
 							}
--- a/internal/cli/restore.go
+++ b/internal/cli/restore.go
@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ type RestoreApp struct {
 	Globals      *globals.Globals
 	Config       *config.Config
 	Repositories *database.Repositories
-	S3Client     *s3.Client
+	Storage      storage.Storer
 	DB           *database.DB
 	Shutdowner   fx.Shutdowner
 }
@ -60,16 +59,14 @@ The age_secret_key must be configured in the config file for decryption.`,
 					Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
 				},
 				Modules: []fx.Option{
-					snapshot.Module,
-					s3.Module,
 					fx.Provide(fx.Annotate(
 						func(g *globals.Globals, cfg *config.Config, repos *database.Repositories,
-							s3Client *s3.Client, db *database.DB, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
+							storer storage.Storer, db *database.DB, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *RestoreApp {
 							return &RestoreApp{
 								Globals:      g,
 								Config:       cfg,
 								Repositories: repos,
-								S3Client:     s3Client,
+								Storage:      storer,
 								DB:           db,
 								Shutdowner:   shutdowner,
 							}
@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ The age_secret_key must be configured in the config file for decryption.`,
 func (app *RestoreApp) runRestore(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string, opts *RestoreOptions) error {
 	// Check for age_secret_key
 	if app.Config.AgeSecretKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("age_secret_key missing from config - required for restore")
+		return fmt.Errorf("age_secret_key required for restore - set in config file or VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable")
 	}

 	log.Info("Starting restore operation",
--- a/internal/cli/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/cli/snapshot.go
@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ func NewSnapshotCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.AddCommand(newSnapshotListCommand())
 	cmd.AddCommand(newSnapshotPurgeCommand())
 	cmd.AddCommand(newSnapshotVerifyCommand())
+	cmd.AddCommand(newSnapshotRemoveCommand())
+	cmd.AddCommand(newSnapshotPruneCommand())

 	return cmd
 }
@ -281,3 +283,123 @@ func newSnapshotVerifyCommand() *cobra.Command {

 	return cmd
 }
+
+// newSnapshotRemoveCommand creates the 'snapshot remove' subcommand
+func newSnapshotRemoveCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := &vaultik.RemoveOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "remove <snapshot-id>",
+		Aliases: []string{"rm"},
+		Short:   "Remove a snapshot and its orphaned blobs",
+		Long: `Removes a snapshot and any blobs that are no longer referenced by other snapshots.
+
+This command downloads manifests from all other snapshots to determine which blobs
+are still in use, then deletes any blobs that would become orphaned.`,
+		Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			snapshotID := args[0]
+
+			// Use unified config resolution
+			configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
+			return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
+				ConfigPath: configPath,
+				LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
+					Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
+					Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
+				},
+				Modules: []fx.Option{},
+				Invokes: []fx.Option{
+					fx.Invoke(func(v *vaultik.Vaultik, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
+						lc.Append(fx.Hook{
+							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								go func() {
+									if _, err := v.RemoveSnapshot(snapshotID, opts); err != nil {
+										if err != context.Canceled {
+											log.Error("Failed to remove snapshot", "error", err)
+											os.Exit(1)
+										}
+									}
+									if err := v.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
+										log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
+									}
+								}()
+								return nil
+							},
+							OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								v.Cancel()
+								return nil
+							},
+						})
+					}),
+				},
+			})
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.Force, "force", "f", false, "Skip confirmation prompt")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "Show what would be deleted without deleting")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// newSnapshotPruneCommand creates the 'snapshot prune' subcommand
+func newSnapshotPruneCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "prune",
+		Short: "Remove orphaned data from local database",
+		Long: `Removes orphaned files, chunks, and blobs from the local database.
+
+This cleans up data that is no longer referenced by any snapshot, which can
+accumulate from incomplete backups or deleted snapshots.`,
+		Args: cobra.NoArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			// Use unified config resolution
+			configPath, err := ResolveConfigPath()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			rootFlags := GetRootFlags()
+			return RunWithApp(cmd.Context(), AppOptions{
+				ConfigPath: configPath,
+				LogOptions: log.LogOptions{
+					Verbose: rootFlags.Verbose,
+					Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
+				},
+				Modules: []fx.Option{},
+				Invokes: []fx.Option{
+					fx.Invoke(func(v *vaultik.Vaultik, lc fx.Lifecycle) {
+						lc.Append(fx.Hook{
+							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								go func() {
+									if _, err := v.PruneDatabase(); err != nil {
+										if err != context.Canceled {
+											log.Error("Failed to prune database", "error", err)
+											os.Exit(1)
+										}
+									}
+									if err := v.Shutdowner.Shutdown(); err != nil {
+										log.Error("Failed to shutdown", "error", err)
+									}
+								}()
+								return nil
+							},
+							OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								v.Cancel()
+								return nil
+							},
+						})
+					}),
+				},
+			})
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/internal/cli/store.go
+++ b/internal/cli/store.go
@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )

 // StoreApp contains dependencies for store commands
 type StoreApp struct {
-	S3Client   *s3.Client
+	Storage    storage.Storer
 	Shutdowner fx.Shutdowner
 }

@ -48,19 +48,18 @@ func newStoreInfoCommand() *cobra.Command {

 // Info displays storage information
 func (app *StoreApp) Info(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Get bucket info
-	bucketName := app.S3Client.BucketName()
-	endpoint := app.S3Client.Endpoint()
+	// Get storage info
+	storageInfo := app.Storage.Info()

 	fmt.Printf("Storage Information\n")
 	fmt.Printf("==================\n\n")
-	fmt.Printf("S3 Configuration:\n")
-	fmt.Printf("  Endpoint: %s\n", endpoint)
-	fmt.Printf("  Bucket:   %s\n\n", bucketName)
+	fmt.Printf("Storage Configuration:\n")
+	fmt.Printf("  Type:     %s\n", storageInfo.Type)
+	fmt.Printf("  Location: %s\n\n", storageInfo.Location)

 	// Count snapshots by listing metadata/ prefix
 	snapshotCount := 0
-	snapshotCh := app.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(ctx, "metadata/", true)
+	snapshotCh := app.Storage.ListStream(ctx, "metadata/")
 	snapshotDirs := make(map[string]bool)

 	for object := range snapshotCh {
@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ func (app *StoreApp) Info(ctx context.Context) error {
 	blobCount := 0
 	var totalSize int64

-	blobCh := app.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(ctx, "blobs/", false)
+	blobCh := app.Storage.ListStream(ctx, "blobs/")
 	for object := range blobCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("listing blobs: %w", object.Err)
@ -130,10 +129,9 @@ func runWithApp(ctx context.Context, fn func(*StoreApp) error) error {
 			Debug:   rootFlags.Debug,
 		},
 		Modules: []fx.Option{
-			s3.Module,
-			fx.Provide(func(s3Client *s3.Client, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *StoreApp {
+			fx.Provide(func(storer storage.Storer, shutdowner fx.Shutdowner) *StoreApp {
 				return &StoreApp{
-					S3Client:   s3Client,
+					Storage:    storer,
 					Shutdowner: shutdowner,
 				}
 			}),
--- a/internal/config/config.go
+++ b/internal/config/config.go
@ -3,16 +3,43 @@ package config
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/smartconfig"
+	"github.com/adrg/xdg"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )

+const appName = "berlin.sneak.app.vaultik"
+
+// expandTilde expands ~ at the start of a path to the user's home directory.
+func expandTilde(path string) string {
+	if path == "~" {
+		home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
+		return home
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "~/") {
+		home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
+		return filepath.Join(home, path[2:])
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
+// expandTildeInURL expands ~ in file:// URLs.
+func expandTildeInURL(url string) string {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(url, "file://~/") {
+		home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
+		return "file://" + filepath.Join(home, url[9:])
+	}
+	return url
+}
+
 // Config represents the application configuration for Vaultik.
 // It defines all settings for backup operations, including source directories,
-// encryption recipients, S3 storage configuration, and performance tuning parameters.
+// encryption recipients, storage configuration, and performance tuning parameters.
 // Configuration is typically loaded from a YAML file.
 type Config struct {
 	AgeRecipients     []string      `yaml:"age_recipients"`
@ -28,6 +55,14 @@ type Config struct {
 	S3                S3Config      `yaml:"s3"`
 	SourceDirs        []string      `yaml:"source_dirs"`
 	CompressionLevel  int           `yaml:"compression_level"`
+
+	// StorageURL specifies the storage backend using a URL format.
+	// Takes precedence over S3Config if set.
+	// Supported formats:
+	//   - s3://bucket/prefix?endpoint=host&region=us-east-1
+	//   - file:///path/to/backup
+	// For S3 URLs, credentials are still read from s3.access_key_id and s3.secret_access_key.
+	StorageURL string `yaml:"storage_url"`
 }

 // S3Config represents S3 storage configuration for backup storage.
@ -84,7 +119,7 @@ func Load(path string) (*Config, error) {
 		BackupInterval:    1 * time.Hour,
 		FullScanInterval:  24 * time.Hour,
 		MinTimeBetweenRun: 15 * time.Minute,
-		IndexPath:         "/var/lib/vaultik/index.sqlite",
+		IndexPath:         filepath.Join(xdg.DataHome, appName, "index.sqlite"),
 		CompressionLevel:  3,
 	}

@ -99,9 +134,21 @@ func Load(path string) (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config: %w", err)
 	}

+	// Expand tilde in all path fields
+	cfg.IndexPath = expandTilde(cfg.IndexPath)
+	cfg.StorageURL = expandTildeInURL(cfg.StorageURL)
+	for i, dir := range cfg.SourceDirs {
+		cfg.SourceDirs[i] = expandTilde(dir)
+	}
+
 	// Check for environment variable override for IndexPath
 	if envIndexPath := os.Getenv("VAULTIK_INDEX_PATH"); envIndexPath != "" {
-		cfg.IndexPath = envIndexPath
+		cfg.IndexPath = expandTilde(envIndexPath)
+	}
+
+	// Check for environment variable override for AgeSecretKey
+	if envAgeSecretKey := os.Getenv("VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY"); envAgeSecretKey != "" {
+		cfg.AgeSecretKey = envAgeSecretKey
 	}

 	// Get hostname if not set
@ -132,7 +179,7 @@ func Load(path string) (*Config, error) {
 // It ensures all required fields are present and have valid values:
 // - At least one age recipient must be specified
 // - At least one source directory must be configured
-// - S3 credentials and endpoint must be provided
+// - Storage must be configured (either storage_url or s3.* fields)
 // - Chunk size must be at least 1MB
 // - Blob size limit must be at least the chunk size
 // - Compression level must be between 1 and 19
@ -146,20 +193,9 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("at least one source directory is required")
 	}

-	if c.S3.Endpoint == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("s3.endpoint is required")
-	}
-
-	if c.S3.Bucket == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("s3.bucket is required")
-	}
-
-	if c.S3.AccessKeyID == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("s3.access_key_id is required")
-	}
-
-	if c.S3.SecretAccessKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("s3.secret_access_key is required")
+	// Validate storage configuration
+	if err := c.validateStorage(); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	if c.ChunkSize.Int64() < 1024*1024 { // 1MB minimum
@ -177,6 +213,50 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	return nil
 }

+// validateStorage validates storage configuration.
+// If StorageURL is set, it takes precedence. S3 URLs require credentials.
+// File URLs don't require any S3 configuration.
+// If StorageURL is not set, legacy S3 configuration is required.
+func (c *Config) validateStorage() error {
+	if c.StorageURL != "" {
+		// URL-based configuration
+		if strings.HasPrefix(c.StorageURL, "file://") {
+			// File storage doesn't need S3 credentials
+			return nil
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(c.StorageURL, "s3://") {
+			// S3 storage needs credentials
+			if c.S3.AccessKeyID == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("s3.access_key_id is required for s3:// URLs")
+			}
+			if c.S3.SecretAccessKey == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("s3.secret_access_key is required for s3:// URLs")
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("storage_url must start with s3:// or file://")
+	}
+
+	// Legacy S3 configuration
+	if c.S3.Endpoint == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("s3.endpoint is required (or set storage_url)")
+	}
+
+	if c.S3.Bucket == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("s3.bucket is required (or set storage_url)")
+	}
+
+	if c.S3.AccessKeyID == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("s3.access_key_id is required")
+	}
+
+	if c.S3.SecretAccessKey == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("s3.secret_access_key is required")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Module exports the config module for fx dependency injection.
 // It provides the Config type to other modules in the application.
 var Module = fx.Module("config",
--- a/internal/database/chunk_files.go
+++ b/internal/database/chunk_files.go
@ -132,3 +132,80 @@ func (r *ChunkFileRepository) DeleteByFileID(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, fi

 	return nil
 }
+
+// DeleteByFileIDs deletes all chunk_files for multiple files in a single statement.
+func (r *ChunkFileRepository) DeleteByFileIDs(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, fileIDs []string) error {
+	if len(fileIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Batch at 500 to stay within SQLite's variable limit
+	const batchSize = 500
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(fileIDs); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(fileIDs) {
+			end = len(fileIDs)
+		}
+		batch := fileIDs[i:end]
+
+		query := "DELETE FROM chunk_files WHERE file_id IN (?" + repeatPlaceholder(len(batch)-1) + ")"
+		args := make([]interface{}, len(batch))
+		for j, id := range batch {
+			args[j] = id
+		}
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch deleting chunk_files: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateBatch inserts multiple chunk_files in a single statement for efficiency.
+func (r *ChunkFileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, cfs []ChunkFile) error {
+	if len(cfs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Each ChunkFile has 4 values, so batch at 200 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
+	const batchSize = 200
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(cfs); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(cfs) {
+			end = len(cfs)
+		}
+		batch := cfs[i:end]
+
+		query := "INSERT INTO chunk_files (chunk_hash, file_id, file_offset, length) VALUES "
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*4)
+		for j, cf := range batch {
+			if j > 0 {
+				query += ", "
+			}
+			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, cf.ChunkHash, cf.FileID, cf.FileOffset, cf.Length)
+		}
+		query += " ON CONFLICT(chunk_hash, file_id) DO NOTHING"
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch inserting chunk_files: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/database/database.go
+++ b/internal/database/database.go
@ -36,26 +36,17 @@ type DB struct {
 }

 // New creates a new database connection at the specified path.
-// It automatically handles database recovery, creates the schema if needed,
-// and configures SQLite with appropriate settings for performance and reliability.
-// The database uses WAL mode for better concurrency and sets a busy timeout
-// to handle concurrent access gracefully.
-//
-// If the database appears locked, it will attempt recovery by removing stale
-// lock files and switching temporarily to TRUNCATE journal mode.
-//
-// New creates a new database connection at the specified path.
-// It automatically handles recovery from stale locks, creates the schema if needed,
-// and configures SQLite with WAL mode for better concurrency.
+// It creates the schema if needed and configures SQLite with WAL mode for
+// better concurrency. SQLite handles crash recovery automatically when
+// opening a database with journal/WAL files present.
 // The path parameter can be a file path for persistent storage or ":memory:"
 // for an in-memory database (useful for testing).
 func New(ctx context.Context, path string) (*DB, error) {
 	log.Debug("Opening database connection", "path", path)

-	// First, try to recover from any stale locks
-	if err := recoverDatabase(ctx, path); err != nil {
-		log.Warn("Failed to recover database", "error", err)
-	}
+	// Note: We do NOT delete journal/WAL files before opening.
+	// SQLite handles crash recovery automatically when the database is opened.
+	// Deleting these files would corrupt the database after an unclean shutdown.

 	// First attempt with standard WAL mode
 	log.Debug("Attempting to open database with WAL mode", "path", path)
@ -156,62 +147,6 @@ func (db *DB) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-// recoverDatabase attempts to recover a locked database
-func recoverDatabase(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
-	// Check if database file exists
-	if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		// No database file, nothing to recover
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Remove stale lock files
-	// SQLite creates -wal and -shm files for WAL mode
-	walPath := path + "-wal"
-	shmPath := path + "-shm"
-	journalPath := path + "-journal"
-
-	log.Info("Attempting database recovery", "path", path)
-
-	// Always remove lock files on startup to ensure clean state
-	removed := false
-
-	// Check for and remove journal file (from non-WAL mode)
-	if _, err := os.Stat(journalPath); err == nil {
-		log.Info("Found journal file, removing", "path", journalPath)
-		if err := os.Remove(journalPath); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("Failed to remove journal file", "error", err)
-		} else {
-			removed = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Remove WAL file
-	if _, err := os.Stat(walPath); err == nil {
-		log.Info("Found WAL file, removing", "path", walPath)
-		if err := os.Remove(walPath); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("Failed to remove WAL file", "error", err)
-		} else {
-			removed = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Remove SHM file
-	if _, err := os.Stat(shmPath); err == nil {
-		log.Info("Found shared memory file, removing", "path", shmPath)
-		if err := os.Remove(shmPath); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("Failed to remove shared memory file", "error", err)
-		} else {
-			removed = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	if removed {
-		log.Info("Database lock files removed")
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 // Conn returns the underlying *sql.DB connection.
 // This should be used sparingly and primarily for read operations.
 // For write operations, prefer using the ExecWithLog method.
@ -270,6 +205,15 @@ func NewTestDB() (*DB, error) {
 	return New(context.Background(), ":memory:")
 }

+// repeatPlaceholder generates a string of ", ?" repeated n times for IN clause construction.
+// For example, repeatPlaceholder(2) returns ", ?, ?".
+func repeatPlaceholder(n int) string {
+	if n <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Repeat(", ?", n)
+}
+
 // LogSQL logs SQL queries and their arguments when debug mode is enabled.
 // Debug mode is activated by setting the GODEBUG environment variable to include "vaultik".
 // This is useful for troubleshooting database operations and understanding query patterns.
--- a/internal/database/file_chunks.go
+++ b/internal/database/file_chunks.go
@ -157,6 +157,86 @@ func (r *FileChunkRepository) DeleteByFileID(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, fi
 	return nil
 }

+// DeleteByFileIDs deletes all chunks for multiple files in a single statement.
+func (r *FileChunkRepository) DeleteByFileIDs(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, fileIDs []string) error {
+	if len(fileIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Batch at 500 to stay within SQLite's variable limit
+	const batchSize = 500
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(fileIDs); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(fileIDs) {
+			end = len(fileIDs)
+		}
+		batch := fileIDs[i:end]
+
+		query := "DELETE FROM file_chunks WHERE file_id IN (?" + repeatPlaceholder(len(batch)-1) + ")"
+		args := make([]interface{}, len(batch))
+		for j, id := range batch {
+			args[j] = id
+		}
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch deleting file_chunks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateBatch inserts multiple file_chunks in a single statement for efficiency.
+// Batches are automatically split to stay within SQLite's variable limit.
+func (r *FileChunkRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, fcs []FileChunk) error {
+	if len(fcs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// SQLite has a limit on variables (typically 999 or 32766).
+	// Each FileChunk has 3 values, so batch at 300 to be safe.
+	const batchSize = 300
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(fcs); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(fcs) {
+			end = len(fcs)
+		}
+		batch := fcs[i:end]
+
+		// Build the query with multiple value sets
+		query := "INSERT INTO file_chunks (file_id, idx, chunk_hash) VALUES "
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*3)
+		for j, fc := range batch {
+			if j > 0 {
+				query += ", "
+			}
+			query += "(?, ?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, fc.FileID, fc.Idx, fc.ChunkHash)
+		}
+		query += " ON CONFLICT(file_id, idx) DO NOTHING"
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch inserting file_chunks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GetByFile is an alias for GetByPath for compatibility
 func (r *FileChunkRepository) GetByFile(ctx context.Context, path string) ([]*FileChunk, error) {
 	LogSQL("GetByFile", "Starting", path)
--- a/internal/database/files.go
+++ b/internal/database/files.go
@ -302,6 +302,55 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListByPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*Fi
 	return files, rows.Err()
 }

+// CreateBatch inserts or updates multiple files in a single statement for efficiency.
+// File IDs must be pre-generated before calling this method.
+func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, files []*File) error {
+	if len(files) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Each File has 9 values, so batch at 100 to be safe with SQLite's variable limit
+	const batchSize = 100
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(files); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(files) {
+			end = len(files)
+		}
+		batch := files[i:end]
+
+		query := `INSERT INTO files (id, path, mtime, ctime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target) VALUES `
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*9)
+		for j, f := range batch {
+			if j > 0 {
+				query += ", "
+			}
+			query += "(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, f.ID, f.Path, f.MTime.Unix(), f.CTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID, f.LinkTarget)
+		}
+		query += ` ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
+			mtime = excluded.mtime,
+			ctime = excluded.ctime,
+			size = excluded.size,
+			mode = excluded.mode,
+			uid = excluded.uid,
+			gid = excluded.gid,
+			link_target = excluded.link_target`
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch inserting files: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // DeleteOrphaned deletes files that are not referenced by any snapshot
 func (r *FileRepository) DeleteOrphaned(ctx context.Context) error {
 	query := `
--- a/internal/database/schema.sql
+++ b/internal/database/schema.sql
@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS file_chunks (
    FOREIGN KEY (chunk_hash) REFERENCES chunks(chunk_hash)
 );

+-- Index for efficient chunk lookups (used in orphan detection)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_file_chunks_chunk_hash ON file_chunks(chunk_hash);
+
 -- Chunks table: stores unique content-defined chunks
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS chunks (
    chunk_hash TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS blob_chunks (
    FOREIGN KEY (chunk_hash) REFERENCES chunks(chunk_hash)
 );

+-- Index for efficient chunk lookups (used in orphan detection)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_blob_chunks_chunk_hash ON blob_chunks(chunk_hash);
+
 -- Chunk files table: reverse mapping of chunks to files
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS chunk_files (
    chunk_hash TEXT NOT NULL,
@ -67,6 +73,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS chunk_files (
    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 );

+-- Index for efficient file lookups (used in orphan detection)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_chunk_files_file_id ON chunk_files(file_id);
+
 -- Snapshots table: tracks backup snapshots
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshots (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
@ -96,6 +105,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_files (
    FOREIGN KEY (file_id) REFERENCES files(id)
 );

+-- Index for efficient file lookups (used in orphan detection)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_snapshot_files_file_id ON snapshot_files(file_id);
+
 -- Snapshot blobs table: maps snapshots to blobs
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_blobs (
    snapshot_id TEXT NOT NULL,
@ -106,6 +118,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS snapshot_blobs (
    FOREIGN KEY (blob_id) REFERENCES blobs(id)
 );

+-- Index for efficient blob lookups (used in orphan detection)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_snapshot_blobs_blob_id ON snapshot_blobs(blob_id);
+
 -- Uploads table: tracks blob upload metrics
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS uploads (
    blob_hash TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
@ -115,4 +130,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS uploads (
    duration_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
    FOREIGN KEY (blob_hash) REFERENCES blobs(blob_hash),
    FOREIGN KEY (snapshot_id) REFERENCES snapshots(id)
-);
+);
+
+-- Index for efficient snapshot lookups
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_uploads_snapshot_id ON uploads(snapshot_id);
--- a/internal/database/snapshots.go
+++ b/internal/database/snapshots.go
@ -289,6 +289,46 @@ func (r *SnapshotRepository) AddFileByID(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, snapsh
 	return nil
 }

+// AddFilesByIDBatch adds multiple files to a snapshot in batched inserts
+func (r *SnapshotRepository) AddFilesByIDBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, snapshotID string, fileIDs []string) error {
+	if len(fileIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Each entry has 2 values, so batch at 400 to be safe
+	const batchSize = 400
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(fileIDs); i += batchSize {
+		end := i + batchSize
+		if end > len(fileIDs) {
+			end = len(fileIDs)
+		}
+		batch := fileIDs[i:end]
+
+		query := "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO snapshot_files (snapshot_id, file_id) VALUES "
+		args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(batch)*2)
+		for j, fileID := range batch {
+			if j > 0 {
+				query += ", "
+			}
+			query += "(?, ?)"
+			args = append(args, snapshotID, fileID)
+		}
+
+		var err error
+		if tx != nil {
+			_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+		} else {
+			_, err = r.db.ExecWithLog(ctx, query, args...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("batch adding files to snapshot: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // AddBlob adds a blob to a snapshot
 func (r *SnapshotRepository) AddBlob(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, snapshotID string, blobID string, blobHash string) error {
 	query := `
--- a/internal/pidlock/pidlock.go
+++ b/internal/pidlock/pidlock.go
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Package pidlock provides process-level locking using PID files.
+// It prevents multiple instances of vaultik from running simultaneously,
+// which would cause database locking conflicts.
+package pidlock
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// ErrAlreadyRunning indicates another vaultik instance is running.
+var ErrAlreadyRunning = errors.New("another vaultik instance is already running")
+
+// Lock represents an acquired PID lock.
+type Lock struct {
+	path string
+}
+
+// Acquire attempts to acquire a PID lock in the specified directory.
+// If the lock file exists and the process is still running, it returns
+// ErrAlreadyRunning with details about the existing process.
+// On success, it writes the current PID to the lock file and returns
+// a Lock that must be released with Release().
+func Acquire(lockDir string) (*Lock, error) {
+	// Ensure lock directory exists
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(lockDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating lock directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	lockPath := filepath.Join(lockDir, "vaultik.pid")
+
+	// Check for existing lock
+	existingPID, err := readPIDFile(lockPath)
+	if err == nil {
+		// Lock file exists, check if process is running
+		if isProcessRunning(existingPID) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w (PID %d)", ErrAlreadyRunning, existingPID)
+		}
+		// Process is not running, stale lock file - we can take over
+	}
+
+	// Write our PID
+	pid := os.Getpid()
+	if err := os.WriteFile(lockPath, []byte(strconv.Itoa(pid)), 0600); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("writing PID file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &Lock{path: lockPath}, nil
+}
+
+// Release removes the PID lock file.
+// It is safe to call Release multiple times.
+func (l *Lock) Release() error {
+	if l == nil || l.path == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Verify we still own the lock (our PID is in the file)
+	existingPID, err := readPIDFile(l.path)
+	if err != nil {
+		// File already gone or unreadable - that's fine
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if existingPID != os.Getpid() {
+		// Someone else wrote to our lock file - don't remove it
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := os.Remove(l.path); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("removing PID file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	l.path = "" // Prevent double-release
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readPIDFile reads and parses the PID from a lock file.
+func readPIDFile(path string) (int, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	pid, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("parsing PID: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return pid, nil
+}
+
+// isProcessRunning checks if a process with the given PID is running.
+func isProcessRunning(pid int) bool {
+	process, err := os.FindProcess(pid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// On Unix, FindProcess always succeeds. We need to send signal 0 to check.
+	err = process.Signal(syscall.Signal(0))
+	return err == nil
+}
--- a/internal/pidlock/pidlock_test.go
+++ b/internal/pidlock/pidlock_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package pidlock
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestAcquireAndRelease(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Acquire lock
+	lock, err := Acquire(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, lock)
+
+	// Verify PID file exists with our PID
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "vaultik.pid"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(data))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, os.Getpid(), pid)
+
+	// Release lock
+	err = lock.Release()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify PID file is gone
+	_, err = os.Stat(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "vaultik.pid"))
+	assert.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err))
+}
+
+func TestAcquireBlocksSecondInstance(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Acquire first lock
+	lock1, err := Acquire(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, lock1)
+	defer func() { _ = lock1.Release() }()
+
+	// Try to acquire second lock - should fail
+	lock2, err := Acquire(tmpDir)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAlreadyRunning)
+	assert.Nil(t, lock2)
+}
+
+func TestAcquireWithStaleLock(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Write a stale PID file (PID that doesn't exist)
+	stalePID := 999999999 // Unlikely to be a real process
+	pidPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "vaultik.pid")
+	err := os.WriteFile(pidPath, []byte(strconv.Itoa(stalePID)), 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should be able to acquire lock (stale lock is cleaned up)
+	lock, err := Acquire(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, lock)
+	defer func() { _ = lock.Release() }()
+
+	// Verify our PID is now in the file
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(pidPath)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(data))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, os.Getpid(), pid)
+}
+
+func TestReleaseIsIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	lock, err := Acquire(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Release multiple times - should not error
+	err = lock.Release()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = lock.Release()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestReleaseNilLock(t *testing.T) {
+	var lock *Lock
+	err := lock.Release()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAcquireCreatesDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	nestedDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "nested", "dir")
+
+	lock, err := Acquire(nestedDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, lock)
+	defer func() { _ = lock.Release() }()
+
+	// Verify directory was created
+	info, err := os.Stat(nestedDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, info.IsDir())
+}
--- a/internal/snapshot/exclude_test.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/exclude_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+package snapshot_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func setupExcludeTestFS(t *testing.T) afero.Fs {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Create in-memory filesystem
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+
+	// Create test directory structure:
+	// /backup/
+	//   file1.txt           (should be backed up)
+	//   file2.log           (should be excluded if *.log is in patterns)
+	//   .git/
+	//     config            (should be excluded if .git is in patterns)
+	//     objects/
+	//       pack/
+	//         data.pack     (should be excluded if .git is in patterns)
+	//   src/
+	//     main.go           (should be backed up)
+	//     test.go           (should be backed up)
+	//   node_modules/
+	//     package/
+	//       index.js        (should be excluded if node_modules is in patterns)
+	//   cache/
+	//     temp.dat          (should be excluded if cache/ is in patterns)
+	//   build/
+	//     output.bin        (should be excluded if build is in patterns)
+	//   docs/
+	//     readme.md         (should be backed up)
+	//   .DS_Store           (should be excluded if .DS_Store is in patterns)
+	//   thumbs.db           (should be excluded if thumbs.db is in patterns)
+
+	files := map[string]string{
+		"/backup/file1.txt":                     "content1",
+		"/backup/file2.log":                     "log content",
+		"/backup/.git/config":                   "git config",
+		"/backup/.git/objects/pack/data.pack":   "pack data",
+		"/backup/src/main.go":                   "package main",
+		"/backup/src/test.go":                   "package main_test",
+		"/backup/node_modules/package/index.js": "module.exports = {}",
+		"/backup/cache/temp.dat":                "cached data",
+		"/backup/build/output.bin":              "binary data",
+		"/backup/docs/readme.md":                "# Documentation",
+		"/backup/.DS_Store":                     "ds store data",
+		"/backup/thumbs.db":                     "thumbs data",
+		"/backup/src/.hidden":                   "hidden file",
+		"/backup/important.log.bak":             "backup of log",
+	}
+
+	testTime := time.Date(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	for path, content := range files {
+		dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+		err := fs.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		err = afero.WriteFile(fs, path, []byte(content), 0644)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		err = fs.Chtimes(path, testTime, testTime)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	return fs
+}
+
+func createTestScanner(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, excludePatterns []string) (*snapshot.Scanner, *database.Repositories, func()) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Initialize logger
+	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
+
+	// Create test database
+	db, err := database.NewTestDB()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	repos := database.NewRepositories(db)
+
+	scanner := snapshot.NewScanner(snapshot.ScannerConfig{
+		FS:               fs,
+		ChunkSize:        64 * 1024,
+		Repositories:     repos,
+		MaxBlobSize:      1024 * 1024,
+		CompressionLevel: 3,
+		AgeRecipients:    []string{"age1ql3z7hjy54pw3hyww5ayyfg7zqgvc7w3j2elw8zmrj2kg5sfn9aqmcac8p"},
+		Exclude:          excludePatterns,
+	})
+
+	cleanup := func() {
+		_ = db.Close()
+	}
+
+	return scanner, repos, cleanup
+}
+
+func createSnapshotRecord(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, repos *database.Repositories, snapshotID string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	err := repos.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		snap := &database.Snapshot{
+			ID:               snapshotID,
+			Hostname:         "test-host",
+			VaultikVersion:   "test",
+			StartedAt:        time.Now(),
+			CompletedAt:      nil,
+			FileCount:        0,
+			ChunkCount:       0,
+			BlobCount:        0,
+			TotalSize:        0,
+			BlobSize:         0,
+			CompressionRatio: 1.0,
+		}
+		return repos.Snapshots.Create(ctx, tx, snap)
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_ExcludeGitDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{".git"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should have scanned files but NOT .git directory contents
+	// Expected: file1.txt, file2.log, src/main.go, src/test.go, node_modules/package/index.js,
+	//           cache/temp.dat, build/output.bin, docs/readme.md, .DS_Store, thumbs.db,
+	//           src/.hidden, important.log.bak
+	// Excluded: .git/config, .git/objects/pack/data.pack
+	require.Equal(t, 12, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude .git directory contents")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_ExcludeByExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"*.log"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude file2.log but NOT important.log.bak (different extension)
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 1 (file2.log)
+	require.Equal(t, 13, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude *.log files")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_ExcludeNodeModules(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"node_modules"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude node_modules/package/index.js
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 13, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude node_modules directory")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_MultiplePatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{".git", "node_modules", "*.log", ".DS_Store", "thumbs.db", "cache", "build"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should only have: file1.txt, src/main.go, src/test.go, docs/readme.md, src/.hidden, important.log.bak
+	// Excluded: .git/*, node_modules/*, *.log (file2.log), .DS_Store, thumbs.db, cache/*, build/*
+	require.Equal(t, 6, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude multiple patterns")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_NoExclusions(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should scan all 14 files
+	require.Equal(t, 14, result.FilesScanned, "Should scan all files when no exclusions")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_ExcludeHiddenFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{".*"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude: .git/*, .DS_Store, src/.hidden
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 4 (.git/config, .git/objects/pack/data.pack, .DS_Store, src/.hidden)
+	require.Equal(t, 10, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude hidden files and directories")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_DoubleStarGlob(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"**/*.pack"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude .git/objects/pack/data.pack
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 13, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude **/*.pack files")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_ExactFileName(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"thumbs.db", ".DS_Store"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude thumbs.db and .DS_Store
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 2
+	require.Equal(t, 12, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude exact file names")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_CaseSensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	// Pattern matching should be case-sensitive
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"THUMBS.DB"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Case-sensitive matching: THUMBS.DB should NOT match thumbs.db
+	// All 14 files should be scanned
+	require.Equal(t, 14, result.FilesScanned, "Pattern matching should be case-sensitive")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_DirectoryWithTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	// Some users might add trailing slashes to directory patterns
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"cache/", "build/"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude cache/temp.dat and build/output.bin
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 2
+	require.Equal(t, 12, result.FilesScanned, "Should handle directory patterns with trailing slashes")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_PatternInSubdirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := setupExcludeTestFS(t)
+	// Exclude .hidden file specifically in src directory
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"src/.hidden"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should exclude only src/.hidden
+	// Total files: 14, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 13, result.FilesScanned, "Should exclude specific subdirectory files")
+}
+
+// setupAnchoredTestFS creates a filesystem for testing anchored patterns
+// Source dir: /backup
+// Structure:
+//
+//	/backup/
+//	  projectname/
+//	    file.txt         (should be excluded with /projectname)
+//	  otherproject/
+//	    projectname/
+//	      file.txt       (should NOT be excluded with /projectname, only with projectname)
+//	  src/
+//	    file.go
+func setupAnchoredTestFS(t *testing.T) afero.Fs {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+
+	files := map[string]string{
+		"/backup/projectname/file.txt":              "root project file",
+		"/backup/otherproject/projectname/file.txt": "nested project file",
+		"/backup/src/file.go":                       "source file",
+		"/backup/file.txt":                          "root file",
+	}
+
+	testTime := time.Date(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	for path, content := range files {
+		dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+		err := fs.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		err = afero.WriteFile(fs, path, []byte(content), 0644)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		err = fs.Chtimes(path, testTime, testTime)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	return fs
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_AnchoredPattern(t *testing.T) {
+	// Pattern starting with / should only match from root of source dir
+	fs := setupAnchoredTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"/projectname"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// /projectname should ONLY exclude /backup/projectname/file.txt (1 file)
+	// /backup/otherproject/projectname/file.txt should NOT be excluded
+	// Total files: 4, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 3, result.FilesScanned, "Anchored pattern /projectname should only match at root of source dir")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_UnanchoredPattern(t *testing.T) {
+	// Pattern without leading / should match anywhere in path
+	fs := setupAnchoredTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"projectname"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// projectname (without /) should exclude BOTH:
+	// - /backup/projectname/file.txt
+	// - /backup/otherproject/projectname/file.txt
+	// Total files: 4, excluded: 2
+	require.Equal(t, 2, result.FilesScanned, "Unanchored pattern should match anywhere in path")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_AnchoredPatternWithGlob(t *testing.T) {
+	// Anchored pattern with glob
+	fs := setupAnchoredTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"/src/*.go"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// /src/*.go should exclude /backup/src/file.go
+	// Total files: 4, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 3, result.FilesScanned, "Anchored pattern with glob should work")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_AnchoredPatternFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Anchored pattern for exact file at root
+	fs := setupAnchoredTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"/file.txt"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// /file.txt should ONLY exclude /backup/file.txt
+	// NOT /backup/projectname/file.txt or /backup/otherproject/projectname/file.txt
+	// Total files: 4, excluded: 1
+	require.Equal(t, 3, result.FilesScanned, "Anchored pattern for file should only match at root")
+}
+
+func TestExcludePatterns_UnanchoredPatternFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Unanchored pattern for file should match anywhere
+	fs := setupAnchoredTestFS(t)
+	scanner, repos, cleanup := createTestScanner(t, fs, []string{"file.txt"})
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NotNil(t, scanner)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	createSnapshotRecord(t, ctx, repos, "test-snapshot")
+
+	result, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/backup", "test-snapshot")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// file.txt should exclude ALL file.txt files:
+	// - /backup/file.txt
+	// - /backup/projectname/file.txt
+	// - /backup/otherproject/projectname/file.txt
+	// Total files: 4, excluded: 3
+	require.Equal(t, 1, result.FilesScanned, "Unanchored pattern for file should match anywhere")
+}
--- a/internal/snapshot/file_change_test.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/file_change_test.go
@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ func TestMultipleFileChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	// First scan
 	result1, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/", snapshotID1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	// 4 files because root directory is also counted
-	assert.Equal(t, 4, result1.FilesScanned)
+	// Only regular files are counted, not directories
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, result1.FilesScanned)

 	// Modify two files
 	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond) // Ensure mtime changes
@ -221,9 +221,8 @@ func TestMultipleFileChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	result2, err := scanner.Scan(ctx, "/", snapshotID2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	// The scanner might examine more items than just our files (includes directories, etc)
-	// We should verify that at least our expected files were scanned
-	assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, result2.FilesScanned, 4, "Should scan at least 4 files (3 files + root dir)")
+	// Only regular files are counted, not directories
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, result2.FilesScanned)

 	// Verify each file has exactly one set of chunks
 	for path := range files {
--- a/internal/snapshot/module.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/module.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package snapshot
 import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
@ -27,17 +27,18 @@ var Module = fx.Module("backup",
 // ScannerFactory creates scanners with custom parameters
 type ScannerFactory func(params ScannerParams) *Scanner

-func provideScannerFactory(cfg *config.Config, repos *database.Repositories, s3Client *s3.Client) ScannerFactory {
+func provideScannerFactory(cfg *config.Config, repos *database.Repositories, storer storage.Storer) ScannerFactory {
 	return func(params ScannerParams) *Scanner {
 		return NewScanner(ScannerConfig{
 			FS:               params.Fs,
 			ChunkSize:        cfg.ChunkSize.Int64(),
 			Repositories:     repos,
-			S3Client:         s3Client,
+			Storage:          storer,
 			MaxBlobSize:      cfg.BlobSizeLimit.Int64(),
 			CompressionLevel: cfg.CompressionLevel,
 			AgeRecipients:    cfg.AgeRecipients,
 			EnableProgress:   params.EnableProgress,
+			Exclude:          cfg.Exclude,
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/snapshot/scanner.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/scanner.go
--- a/internal/snapshot/scanner_test.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/scanner_test.go
@ -99,26 +99,25 @@ func TestScannerSimpleDirectory(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("scan failed: %v", err)
 	}

-	// Verify results
-	// We now scan 6 files + 3 directories (source, subdir, subdir2) = 9 entries
-	if result.FilesScanned != 9 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 9 entries scanned, got %d", result.FilesScanned)
+	// Verify results - we only scan regular files, not directories
+	if result.FilesScanned != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 files scanned, got %d", result.FilesScanned)
 	}

-	// Directories have their own sizes, so the total will be more than just file content
+	// Total bytes should be the sum of all file contents
 	if result.BytesScanned < 97 { // At minimum we have 97 bytes of file content
 		t.Errorf("expected at least 97 bytes scanned, got %d", result.BytesScanned)
 	}

-	// Verify files in database
+	// Verify files in database - only regular files are stored
 	files, err := repos.Files.ListByPrefix(ctx, "/source")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to list files: %v", err)
 	}

-	// We should have 6 files + 3 directories = 9 entries
-	if len(files) != 9 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 9 entries in database, got %d", len(files))
+	// We should have 6 files (directories are not stored)
+	if len(files) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 files in database, got %d", len(files))
 	}

 	// Verify specific file
@ -235,9 +234,9 @@ func TestScannerLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("scan failed: %v", err)
 	}

-	// We scan 1 file + 1 directory = 2 entries
-	if result.FilesScanned != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 2 entries scanned, got %d", result.FilesScanned)
+	// We scan only regular files, not directories
+	if result.FilesScanned != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 file scanned, got %d", result.FilesScanned)
 	}

 	// The file size should be at least 1MB
--- a/internal/snapshot/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/snapshot.go
@ -46,13 +46,14 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/blobgen"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
@ -60,27 +61,27 @@ import (

 // SnapshotManager handles snapshot creation and metadata export
 type SnapshotManager struct {
-	repos    *database.Repositories
-	s3Client S3Client
-	config   *config.Config
-	fs       afero.Fs
+	repos   *database.Repositories
+	storage storage.Storer
+	config  *config.Config
+	fs      afero.Fs
 }

 // SnapshotManagerParams holds dependencies for NewSnapshotManager
 type SnapshotManagerParams struct {
 	fx.In

-	Repos    *database.Repositories
-	S3Client *s3.Client
-	Config   *config.Config
+	Repos   *database.Repositories
+	Storage storage.Storer
+	Config  *config.Config
 }

 // NewSnapshotManager creates a new snapshot manager for dependency injection
 func NewSnapshotManager(params SnapshotManagerParams) *SnapshotManager {
 	return &SnapshotManager{
-		repos:    params.Repos,
-		s3Client: params.S3Client,
-		config:   params.Config,
+		repos:   params.Repos,
+		storage: params.Storage,
+		config:  params.Config,
 	}
 }

@ -91,7 +92,12 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) SetFilesystem(fs afero.Fs) {

 // CreateSnapshot creates a new snapshot record in the database at the start of a backup
 func (sm *SnapshotManager) CreateSnapshot(ctx context.Context, hostname, version, gitRevision string) (string, error) {
-	snapshotID := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", hostname, time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102-150405Z"))
+	// Use short hostname (strip domain if present)
+	shortHostname := hostname
+	if idx := strings.Index(hostname, "."); idx != -1 {
+		shortHostname = hostname[:idx]
+	}
+	snapshotID := fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s", shortHostname, time.Now().UTC().Format("2006-01-02T15:04:05Z"))

 	snapshot := &database.Snapshot{
 		ID:                 snapshotID,
@ -268,7 +274,7 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	dbKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)

 	dbUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.s3Client.PutObject(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(finalData)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, dbKey, bytes.NewReader(finalData)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading snapshot database: %w", err)
 	}
 	dbUploadDuration := time.Since(dbUploadStart)
@ -282,7 +288,7 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) ExportSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, dbPath st
 	// Upload blob manifest (compressed only, not encrypted)
 	manifestKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
 	manifestUploadStart := time.Now()
-	if err := sm.s3Client.PutObject(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(blobManifest)); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.storage.Put(ctx, manifestKey, bytes.NewReader(blobManifest)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("uploading blob manifest: %w", err)
 	}
 	manifestUploadDuration := time.Since(manifestUploadStart)
@ -635,11 +641,11 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) CleanupIncompleteSnapshots(ctx context.Context, hostn

 	log.Info("Found incomplete snapshots", "count", len(incompleteSnapshots))

-	// Check each incomplete snapshot for metadata in S3
+	// Check each incomplete snapshot for metadata in storage
 	for _, snapshot := range incompleteSnapshots {
-		// Check if metadata exists in S3
+		// Check if metadata exists in storage
 		metadataKey := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst", snapshot.ID)
-		_, err := sm.s3Client.StatObject(ctx, metadataKey)
+		_, err := sm.storage.Stat(ctx, metadataKey)

 		if err != nil {
 			// Metadata doesn't exist in S3 - this is an incomplete snapshot
@ -676,6 +682,11 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) deleteSnapshot(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string
 		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot blobs: %w", err)
 	}

+	// Delete uploads entries (has foreign key to snapshots without CASCADE)
+	if err := sm.repos.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot uploads: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Delete the snapshot itself
 	if err := sm.repos.Snapshots.Delete(ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot: %w", err)
@ -683,15 +694,16 @@ func (sm *SnapshotManager) deleteSnapshot(ctx context.Context, snapshotID string

 	// Clean up orphaned data
 	log.Debug("Cleaning up orphaned records in main database")
-	if err := sm.cleanupOrphanedData(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := sm.CleanupOrphanedData(ctx); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cleaning up orphaned data: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-// cleanupOrphanedData removes files, chunks, and blobs that are no longer referenced by any snapshot
-func (sm *SnapshotManager) cleanupOrphanedData(ctx context.Context) error {
+// CleanupOrphanedData removes files, chunks, and blobs that are no longer referenced by any snapshot.
+// This should be called periodically to clean up data from deleted or incomplete snapshots.
+func (sm *SnapshotManager) CleanupOrphanedData(ctx context.Context) error {
 	// Order is important to respect foreign key constraints:
 	// 1. Delete orphaned files (will cascade delete file_chunks)
 	// 2. Delete orphaned blobs (will cascade delete blob_chunks for deleted blobs)
--- a/internal/storage/file.go
+++ b/internal/storage/file.go
@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+// FileStorer implements Storer using the local filesystem.
+// It mirrors the S3 path structure for consistency.
+type FileStorer struct {
+	fs       afero.Fs
+	basePath string
+}
+
+// NewFileStorer creates a new filesystem storage backend.
+// The basePath directory will be created if it doesn't exist.
+// Uses the real OS filesystem by default; call SetFilesystem to override for testing.
+func NewFileStorer(basePath string) (*FileStorer, error) {
+	fs := afero.NewOsFs()
+	// Ensure base path exists
+	if err := fs.MkdirAll(basePath, 0755); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating base path: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &FileStorer{
+		fs:       fs,
+		basePath: basePath,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// SetFilesystem overrides the filesystem for testing.
+func (f *FileStorer) SetFilesystem(fs afero.Fs) {
+	f.fs = fs
+}
+
+// fullPath returns the full filesystem path for a key.
+func (f *FileStorer) fullPath(key string) string {
+	return filepath.Join(f.basePath, key)
+}
+
+// Put stores data at the specified key.
+func (f *FileStorer) Put(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader) error {
+	path := f.fullPath(key)
+
+	// Create parent directories
+	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	if err := f.fs.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating directories: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	file, err := f.fs.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating file: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
+
+	if _, err := io.Copy(file, data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PutWithProgress stores data with progress reporting.
+func (f *FileStorer) PutWithProgress(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader, size int64, progress ProgressCallback) error {
+	path := f.fullPath(key)
+
+	// Create parent directories
+	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	if err := f.fs.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating directories: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	file, err := f.fs.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating file: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = file.Close() }()
+
+	// Wrap with progress tracking
+	pw := &progressWriter{
+		writer:   file,
+		callback: progress,
+	}
+
+	if _, err := io.Copy(pw, data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Get retrieves data from the specified key.
+func (f *FileStorer) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	path := f.fullPath(key)
+	file, err := f.fs.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
+	}
+	return file, nil
+}
+
+// Stat returns metadata about an object without retrieving its contents.
+func (f *FileStorer) Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (*ObjectInfo, error) {
+	path := f.fullPath(key)
+	info, err := f.fs.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("stat file: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &ObjectInfo{
+		Key:  key,
+		Size: info.Size(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Delete removes an object.
+func (f *FileStorer) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	path := f.fullPath(key)
+	err := f.fs.Remove(path)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil // Match S3 behavior: no error if doesn't exist
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("removing file: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// List returns all keys with the given prefix.
+func (f *FileStorer) List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]string, error) {
+	var keys []string
+	basePath := f.fullPath(prefix)
+
+	// Check if base path exists
+	exists, err := afero.Exists(f.fs, basePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("checking path: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !exists {
+		return keys, nil // Empty list for non-existent prefix
+	}
+
+	err = afero.Walk(f.fs, basePath, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Check context cancellation
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		if !info.IsDir() {
+			// Convert back to key (relative path from basePath)
+			relPath, err := filepath.Rel(f.basePath, path)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("computing relative path: %w", err)
+			}
+			// Normalize path separators to forward slashes for consistency
+			relPath = strings.ReplaceAll(relPath, string(filepath.Separator), "/")
+			keys = append(keys, relPath)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("walking directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return keys, nil
+}
+
+// ListStream returns a channel of ObjectInfo for large result sets.
+func (f *FileStorer) ListStream(ctx context.Context, prefix string) <-chan ObjectInfo {
+	ch := make(chan ObjectInfo)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		basePath := f.fullPath(prefix)
+
+		// Check if base path exists
+		exists, err := afero.Exists(f.fs, basePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			ch <- ObjectInfo{Err: fmt.Errorf("checking path: %w", err)}
+			return
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			return // Empty channel for non-existent prefix
+		}
+
+		_ = afero.Walk(f.fs, basePath, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+			// Check context cancellation
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				ch <- ObjectInfo{Err: ctx.Err()}
+				return ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				ch <- ObjectInfo{Err: err}
+				return nil // Continue walking despite errors
+			}
+
+			if !info.IsDir() {
+				relPath, err := filepath.Rel(f.basePath, path)
+				if err != nil {
+					ch <- ObjectInfo{Err: fmt.Errorf("computing relative path: %w", err)}
+					return nil
+				}
+				// Normalize path separators
+				relPath = strings.ReplaceAll(relPath, string(filepath.Separator), "/")
+				ch <- ObjectInfo{
+					Key:  relPath,
+					Size: info.Size(),
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Info returns human-readable storage location information.
+func (f *FileStorer) Info() StorageInfo {
+	return StorageInfo{
+		Type:     "file",
+		Location: f.basePath,
+	}
+}
+
+// progressWriter wraps an io.Writer to track write progress.
+type progressWriter struct {
+	writer   io.Writer
+	written  int64
+	callback ProgressCallback
+}
+
+func (pw *progressWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := pw.writer.Write(p)
+	if n > 0 {
+		pw.written += int64(n)
+		if pw.callback != nil {
+			if callbackErr := pw.callback(pw.written); callbackErr != nil {
+				return n, callbackErr
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
--- a/internal/storage/module.go
+++ b/internal/storage/module.go
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/config"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+	"go.uber.org/fx"
+)
+
+// Module exports storage functionality as an fx module.
+// It provides a Storer implementation based on the configured storage URL
+// or falls back to legacy S3 configuration.
+var Module = fx.Module("storage",
+	fx.Provide(NewStorer),
+)
+
+// NewStorer creates a Storer based on configuration.
+// If StorageURL is set, it uses URL-based configuration.
+// Otherwise, it falls back to legacy S3 configuration.
+func NewStorer(cfg *config.Config) (Storer, error) {
+	if cfg.StorageURL != "" {
+		return storerFromURL(cfg.StorageURL, cfg)
+	}
+	return storerFromLegacyS3Config(cfg)
+}
+
+func storerFromURL(rawURL string, cfg *config.Config) (Storer, error) {
+	parsed, err := ParseStorageURL(rawURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing storage URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	switch parsed.Scheme {
+	case "file":
+		return NewFileStorer(parsed.Prefix)
+
+	case "s3":
+		// Build endpoint URL
+		endpoint := parsed.Endpoint
+		if endpoint == "" {
+			endpoint = "s3.amazonaws.com"
+		}
+
+		// Add protocol if not present
+		if parsed.UseSSL && !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "https://") && !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "http://") {
+			endpoint = "https://" + endpoint
+		} else if !parsed.UseSSL && !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "https://") {
+			endpoint = "http://" + endpoint
+		}
+
+		region := parsed.Region
+		if region == "" {
+			region = cfg.S3.Region
+			if region == "" {
+				region = "us-east-1"
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Credentials come from config (not URL for security)
+		client, err := s3.NewClient(context.Background(), s3.Config{
+			Endpoint:        endpoint,
+			Bucket:          parsed.Bucket,
+			Prefix:          parsed.Prefix,
+			AccessKeyID:     cfg.S3.AccessKeyID,
+			SecretAccessKey: cfg.S3.SecretAccessKey,
+			Region:          region,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating S3 client: %w", err)
+		}
+		return NewS3Storer(client), nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage scheme: %s", parsed.Scheme)
+	}
+}
+
+func storerFromLegacyS3Config(cfg *config.Config) (Storer, error) {
+	endpoint := cfg.S3.Endpoint
+
+	// Ensure protocol is present
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "https://") {
+		if cfg.S3.UseSSL {
+			endpoint = "https://" + endpoint
+		} else {
+			endpoint = "http://" + endpoint
+		}
+	}
+
+	region := cfg.S3.Region
+	if region == "" {
+		region = "us-east-1"
+	}
+
+	client, err := s3.NewClient(context.Background(), s3.Config{
+		Endpoint:        endpoint,
+		Bucket:          cfg.S3.Bucket,
+		Prefix:          cfg.S3.Prefix,
+		AccessKeyID:     cfg.S3.AccessKeyID,
+		SecretAccessKey: cfg.S3.SecretAccessKey,
+		Region:          region,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating S3 client: %w", err)
+	}
+	return NewS3Storer(client), nil
+}
--- a/internal/storage/s3.go
+++ b/internal/storage/s3.go
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
+)
+
+// S3Storer wraps the existing s3.Client to implement Storer.
+type S3Storer struct {
+	client *s3.Client
+}
+
+// NewS3Storer creates a new S3 storage backend.
+func NewS3Storer(client *s3.Client) *S3Storer {
+	return &S3Storer{client: client}
+}
+
+// Put stores data at the specified key.
+func (s *S3Storer) Put(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader) error {
+	return s.client.PutObject(ctx, key, data)
+}
+
+// PutWithProgress stores data with progress reporting.
+func (s *S3Storer) PutWithProgress(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader, size int64, progress ProgressCallback) error {
+	// Convert storage.ProgressCallback to s3.ProgressCallback
+	var s3Progress s3.ProgressCallback
+	if progress != nil {
+		s3Progress = s3.ProgressCallback(progress)
+	}
+	return s.client.PutObjectWithProgress(ctx, key, data, size, s3Progress)
+}
+
+// Get retrieves data from the specified key.
+func (s *S3Storer) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	return s.client.GetObject(ctx, key)
+}
+
+// Stat returns metadata about an object without retrieving its contents.
+func (s *S3Storer) Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (*ObjectInfo, error) {
+	info, err := s.client.StatObject(ctx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &ObjectInfo{
+		Key:  info.Key,
+		Size: info.Size,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Delete removes an object.
+func (s *S3Storer) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	return s.client.DeleteObject(ctx, key)
+}
+
+// List returns all keys with the given prefix.
+func (s *S3Storer) List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]string, error) {
+	return s.client.ListObjects(ctx, prefix)
+}
+
+// ListStream returns a channel of ObjectInfo for large result sets.
+func (s *S3Storer) ListStream(ctx context.Context, prefix string) <-chan ObjectInfo {
+	ch := make(chan ObjectInfo)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		for info := range s.client.ListObjectsStream(ctx, prefix, false) {
+			ch <- ObjectInfo{
+				Key:  info.Key,
+				Size: info.Size,
+				Err:  info.Err,
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Info returns human-readable storage location information.
+func (s *S3Storer) Info() StorageInfo {
+	return StorageInfo{
+		Type:     "s3",
+		Location: fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", s.client.Endpoint(), s.client.BucketName()),
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/storage/storer.go
+++ b/internal/storage/storer.go
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Package storage provides a unified interface for storage backends.
+// It supports both S3-compatible object storage and local filesystem storage,
+// allowing Vaultik to store backups in either location with the same API.
+//
+// Storage backends are selected via URL:
+//   - s3://bucket/prefix?endpoint=host&region=r - S3-compatible storage
+//   - file:///path/to/backup - Local filesystem storage
+//
+// Both backends implement the Storer interface and support progress reporting
+// during upload/write operations.
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// ErrNotFound is returned when an object does not exist.
+var ErrNotFound = errors.New("object not found")
+
+// ProgressCallback is called during storage operations with bytes transferred so far.
+// Return an error to cancel the operation.
+type ProgressCallback func(bytesTransferred int64) error
+
+// ObjectInfo contains metadata about a stored object.
+type ObjectInfo struct {
+	Key  string // Object key/path
+	Size int64  // Size in bytes
+	Err  error  // Error for streaming results (nil on success)
+}
+
+// StorageInfo provides human-readable storage configuration.
+type StorageInfo struct {
+	Type     string // "s3" or "file"
+	Location string // endpoint/bucket for S3, base path for filesystem
+}
+
+// Storer defines the interface for storage backends.
+// All paths are relative to the storage root (bucket/prefix for S3, base directory for filesystem).
+type Storer interface {
+	// Put stores data at the specified key.
+	// Parent directories are created automatically for filesystem backends.
+	Put(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader) error
+
+	// PutWithProgress stores data with progress reporting.
+	// Size must be the exact size of the data to store.
+	// The progress callback is called periodically with bytes transferred.
+	PutWithProgress(ctx context.Context, key string, data io.Reader, size int64, progress ProgressCallback) error
+
+	// Get retrieves data from the specified key.
+	// The caller must close the returned ReadCloser.
+	// Returns ErrNotFound if the object does not exist.
+	Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (io.ReadCloser, error)
+
+	// Stat returns metadata about an object without retrieving its contents.
+	// Returns ErrNotFound if the object does not exist.
+	Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (*ObjectInfo, error)
+
+	// Delete removes an object. No error is returned if the object doesn't exist.
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error
+
+	// List returns all keys with the given prefix.
+	// For large result sets, prefer ListStream.
+	List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]string, error)
+
+	// ListStream returns a channel of ObjectInfo for large result sets.
+	// The channel is closed when listing completes.
+	// If an error occurs during listing, the final item will have Err set.
+	ListStream(ctx context.Context, prefix string) <-chan ObjectInfo
+
+	// Info returns human-readable storage location information.
+	Info() StorageInfo
+}
--- a/internal/storage/url.go
+++ b/internal/storage/url.go
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// StorageURL represents a parsed storage URL.
+type StorageURL struct {
+	Scheme   string // "s3" or "file"
+	Bucket   string // S3 bucket name (empty for file)
+	Prefix   string // Path within bucket or filesystem base path
+	Endpoint string // S3 endpoint (optional, default AWS)
+	Region   string // S3 region (optional)
+	UseSSL   bool   // Use HTTPS for S3 (default true)
+}
+
+// ParseStorageURL parses a storage URL string.
+// Supported formats:
+//   - s3://bucket/prefix?endpoint=host&region=us-east-1&ssl=true
+//   - file:///absolute/path/to/backup
+func ParseStorageURL(rawURL string) (*StorageURL, error) {
+	if rawURL == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage URL is empty")
+	}
+
+	// Handle file:// URLs
+	if strings.HasPrefix(rawURL, "file://") {
+		path := strings.TrimPrefix(rawURL, "file://")
+		if path == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("file URL path is empty")
+		}
+		return &StorageURL{
+			Scheme: "file",
+			Prefix: path,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	// Handle s3:// URLs
+	if strings.HasPrefix(rawURL, "s3://") {
+		u, err := url.Parse(rawURL)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid URL: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		bucket := u.Host
+		if bucket == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("s3 URL missing bucket name")
+		}
+
+		prefix := strings.TrimPrefix(u.Path, "/")
+
+		query := u.Query()
+		useSSL := true
+		if query.Get("ssl") == "false" {
+			useSSL = false
+		}
+
+		return &StorageURL{
+			Scheme:   "s3",
+			Bucket:   bucket,
+			Prefix:   prefix,
+			Endpoint: query.Get("endpoint"),
+			Region:   query.Get("region"),
+			UseSSL:   useSSL,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported URL scheme: must start with s3:// or file://")
+}
+
+// String returns a human-readable representation of the storage URL.
+func (u *StorageURL) String() string {
+	switch u.Scheme {
+	case "file":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("file://%s", u.Prefix)
+	case "s3":
+		endpoint := u.Endpoint
+		if endpoint == "" {
+			endpoint = "s3.amazonaws.com"
+		}
+		if u.Prefix != "" {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("s3://%s/%s (endpoint: %s)", u.Bucket, u.Prefix, endpoint)
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("s3://%s (endpoint: %s)", u.Bucket, endpoint)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s://?", u.Scheme)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/vaultik/integration_test.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/integration_test.go
@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@ -13,100 +12,122 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/log"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

-// MockS3Client implements a mock S3 client for testing
-type MockS3Client struct {
-	mu      sync.Mutex
-	storage map[string][]byte
-	calls   []string
+// MockStorer implements storage.Storer for testing
+type MockStorer struct {
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	data  map[string][]byte
+	calls []string
 }

-func NewMockS3Client() *MockS3Client {
-	return &MockS3Client{
-		storage: make(map[string][]byte),
-		calls:   make([]string, 0),
+func NewMockStorer() *MockStorer {
+	return &MockStorer{
+		data:  make(map[string][]byte),
+		calls: make([]string, 0),
 	}
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) PutObject(ctx context.Context, key string, reader io.Reader) error {
+func (m *MockStorer) Put(ctx context.Context, key string, reader io.Reader) error {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	m.calls = append(m.calls, "PutObject:"+key)
+	m.calls = append(m.calls, "Put:"+key)
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	m.storage[key] = data
+	m.data[key] = data
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) PutObjectWithProgress(ctx context.Context, key string, reader io.Reader, size int64, progress s3.ProgressCallback) error {
-	// For testing, just call PutObject
-	return m.PutObject(ctx, key, reader)
+func (m *MockStorer) PutWithProgress(ctx context.Context, key string, reader io.Reader, size int64, progress storage.ProgressCallback) error {
+	return m.Put(ctx, key, reader)
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) GetObject(ctx context.Context, key string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+func (m *MockStorer) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	m.calls = append(m.calls, "GetObject:"+key)
-	data, exists := m.storage[key]
+	m.calls = append(m.calls, "Get:"+key)
+	data, exists := m.data[key]
 	if !exists {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key not found: %s", key)
+		return nil, storage.ErrNotFound
 	}
 	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(data)), nil
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) StatObject(ctx context.Context, key string) (*s3.ObjectInfo, error) {
+func (m *MockStorer) Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (*storage.ObjectInfo, error) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	m.calls = append(m.calls, "StatObject:"+key)
-	data, exists := m.storage[key]
+	m.calls = append(m.calls, "Stat:"+key)
+	data, exists := m.data[key]
 	if !exists {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key not found: %s", key)
+		return nil, storage.ErrNotFound
 	}
-	return &s3.ObjectInfo{
+	return &storage.ObjectInfo{
 		Key:  key,
 		Size: int64(len(data)),
 	}, nil
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) DeleteObject(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+func (m *MockStorer) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	m.calls = append(m.calls, "DeleteObject:"+key)
-	delete(m.storage, key)
+	m.calls = append(m.calls, "Delete:"+key)
+	delete(m.data, key)
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *MockS3Client) ListObjects(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]*s3.ObjectInfo, error) {
+func (m *MockStorer) List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]string, error) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	m.calls = append(m.calls, "ListObjects:"+prefix)
-	var objects []*s3.ObjectInfo
-	for key, data := range m.storage {
+	m.calls = append(m.calls, "List:"+prefix)
+	var keys []string
+	for key := range m.data {
 		if len(prefix) == 0 || (len(key) >= len(prefix) && key[:len(prefix)] == prefix) {
-			objects = append(objects, &s3.ObjectInfo{
-				Key:  key,
-				Size: int64(len(data)),
-			})
+			keys = append(keys, key)
 		}
 	}
-	return objects, nil
+	return keys, nil
 }

-// GetCalls returns the list of S3 operations that were called
-func (m *MockS3Client) GetCalls() []string {
+func (m *MockStorer) ListStream(ctx context.Context, prefix string) <-chan storage.ObjectInfo {
+	ch := make(chan storage.ObjectInfo)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		m.mu.Lock()
+		defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+		for key, data := range m.data {
+			if len(prefix) == 0 || (len(key) >= len(prefix) && key[:len(prefix)] == prefix) {
+				ch <- storage.ObjectInfo{
+					Key:  key,
+					Size: int64(len(data)),
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+func (m *MockStorer) Info() storage.StorageInfo {
+	return storage.StorageInfo{
+		Type:     "mock",
+		Location: "memory",
+	}
+}
+
+// GetCalls returns the list of operations that were called
+func (m *MockStorer) GetCalls() []string {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

@ -116,11 +137,11 @@ func (m *MockS3Client) GetCalls() []string {
 }

 // GetStorageSize returns the number of objects in storage
-func (m *MockS3Client) GetStorageSize() int {
+func (m *MockStorer) GetStorageSize() int {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	return len(m.storage)
+	return len(m.data)
 }

 // TestEndToEndBackup tests the full backup workflow with mocked dependencies
@ -158,8 +179,8 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}

-	// Create mock S3 client
-	mockS3 := NewMockS3Client()
+	// Create mock storage
+	mockStorage := NewMockStorer()

 	// Create test configuration
 	cfg := &config.Config{
@ -181,7 +202,7 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// For a true end-to-end test, we'll create a simpler test that focuses on
-	// the core backup logic using the scanner directly with our mock S3 client
+	// the core backup logic using the scanner directly with our mock storage
 	ctx := context.Background()

 	// Create in-memory database
@ -195,12 +216,12 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {

 	repos := database.NewRepositories(db)

-	// Create scanner with mock S3 client
+	// Create scanner with mock storage
 	scanner := snapshot.NewScanner(snapshot.ScannerConfig{
 		FS:               fs,
 		ChunkSize:        cfg.ChunkSize.Int64(),
 		Repositories:     repos,
-		S3Client:         mockS3,
+		Storage:          mockStorage,
 		MaxBlobSize:      cfg.BlobSizeLimit.Int64(),
 		CompressionLevel: cfg.CompressionLevel,
 		AgeRecipients:    cfg.AgeRecipients,
@ -232,15 +253,15 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Greater(t, result.ChunksCreated, 0, "Should create chunks")
 	assert.Greater(t, result.BlobsCreated, 0, "Should create blobs")

-	// Verify S3 operations
-	calls := mockS3.GetCalls()
-	t.Logf("S3 operations performed: %v", calls)
+	// Verify storage operations
+	calls := mockStorage.GetCalls()
+	t.Logf("Storage operations performed: %v", calls)

 	// Should have uploaded at least one blob
 	blobUploads := 0
 	for _, call := range calls {
-		if len(call) > 10 && call[:10] == "PutObject:" {
-			if len(call) > 16 && call[10:16] == "blobs/" {
+		if len(call) > 4 && call[:4] == "Put:" {
+			if len(call) > 10 && call[4:10] == "blobs/" {
 				blobUploads++
 			}
 		}
@ -264,8 +285,8 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Greater(t, len(fileChunks), 0, "Should have chunks for file1.txt")

-	// Verify blobs were uploaded to S3
-	assert.Greater(t, mockS3.GetStorageSize(), 0, "Should have blobs in S3 storage")
+	// Verify blobs were uploaded to storage
+	assert.Greater(t, mockStorage.GetStorageSize(), 0, "Should have blobs in storage")

 	// Complete the snapshot - just verify we got results
 	// In a real integration test, we'd update the snapshot record
@ -283,7 +304,7 @@ func TestEndToEndBackup(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Logf("  Bytes scanned: %d", result.BytesScanned)
 	t.Logf("  Chunks created: %d", result.ChunksCreated)
 	t.Logf("  Blobs created: %d", result.BlobsCreated)
-	t.Logf("  S3 storage size: %d objects", mockS3.GetStorageSize())
+	t.Logf("  Storage size: %d objects", mockStorage.GetStorageSize())
 }

 // TestBackupAndVerify tests backing up files and verifying the blobs
@ -301,8 +322,8 @@ func TestBackupAndVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	err = afero.WriteFile(fs, "/data/test.txt", []byte(testContent), 0644)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	// Create mock S3 client
-	mockS3 := NewMockS3Client()
+	// Create mock storage
+	mockStorage := NewMockStorer()

 	// Create test database
 	ctx := context.Background()
@ -321,7 +342,7 @@ func TestBackupAndVerify(t *testing.T) {
 		FS:               fs,
 		ChunkSize:        int64(1024 * 16), // 16KB chunks
 		Repositories:     repos,
-		S3Client:         mockS3,
+		Storage:          mockStorage,
 		MaxBlobSize:      int64(1024 * 1024), // 1MB blobs
 		CompressionLevel: 3,
 		AgeRecipients:    []string{"age1ezrjmfpwsc95svdg0y54mums3zevgzu0x0ecq2f7tp8a05gl0sjq9q9wjg"}, // Test public key
@ -346,25 +367,25 @@ func TestBackupAndVerify(t *testing.T) {

 	// Verify backup created blobs
 	assert.Greater(t, result.BlobsCreated, 0, "Should create at least one blob")
-	assert.Equal(t, mockS3.GetStorageSize(), result.BlobsCreated, "S3 should have the blobs")
+	assert.Equal(t, mockStorage.GetStorageSize(), result.BlobsCreated, "Storage should have the blobs")

-	// Verify we can retrieve the blob from S3
-	objects, err := mockS3.ListObjects(ctx, "blobs/")
+	// Verify we can retrieve the blob from storage
+	objects, err := mockStorage.List(ctx, "blobs/")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Len(t, objects, result.BlobsCreated, "Should have correct number of blobs in S3")
+	assert.Len(t, objects, result.BlobsCreated, "Should have correct number of blobs in storage")

 	// Get the first blob and verify it exists
 	if len(objects) > 0 {
-		blobKey := objects[0].Key
+		blobKey := objects[0]
 		t.Logf("Verifying blob: %s", blobKey)

 		// Get blob info
-		blobInfo, err := mockS3.StatObject(ctx, blobKey)
+		blobInfo, err := mockStorage.Stat(ctx, blobKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Greater(t, blobInfo.Size, int64(0), "Blob should have content")

 		// Get blob content
-		reader, err := mockS3.GetObject(ctx, blobKey)
+		reader, err := mockStorage.Get(ctx, blobKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()

--- a/internal/vaultik/prune.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/prune.go
@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 	allBlobsReferenced := make(map[string]bool)
 	manifestCount := 0

-	// List all snapshots in S3
+	// List all snapshots in storage
 	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
-	objectCh := v.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(v.ctx, "metadata/", false)
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")

 	var snapshotIDs []string
 	for object := range objectCh {
@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {

 	log.Info("Processed manifests", "count", manifestCount, "unique_blobs_referenced", len(allBlobsReferenced))

-	// List all blobs in S3
+	// List all blobs in storage
 	log.Info("Listing all blobs in storage")
 	allBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size
-	blobObjectCh := v.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(v.ctx, "blobs/", true)
+	blobObjectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "blobs/")

 	for object := range blobObjectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneBlobs(opts *PruneOptions) error {
 	for i, hash := range unreferencedBlobs {
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", hash[:2], hash[2:4], hash)

-		if err := v.S3Client.RemoveObject(v.ctx, blobPath); err != nil {
+		if err := v.Storage.Delete(v.ctx, blobPath); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to delete blob", "hash", hash, "error", err)
 			continue
 		}
--- a/internal/vaultik/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/snapshot.go
@ -43,8 +43,12 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {
 	// CRITICAL: This MUST succeed. If we fail to clean up incomplete snapshots,
 	// the deduplication logic will think files from the incomplete snapshot were
 	// already backed up and skip them, resulting in data loss.
-	if err := v.SnapshotManager.CleanupIncompleteSnapshots(v.ctx, hostname); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cleanup incomplete snapshots: %w", err)
+	//
+	// Prune the database before starting: delete incomplete snapshots and orphaned data.
+	// This ensures the database is consistent before we start a new snapshot.
+	// Since we use locking, only one vaultik instance accesses the DB at a time.
+	if _, err := v.PruneDatabase(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("prune database: %w", err)
 	}

 	if opts.Daemon {
@ -265,7 +269,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {
 func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 	// Get all remote snapshots
 	remoteSnapshots := make(map[string]bool)
-	objectCh := v.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(v.ctx, "metadata/", false)
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")

 	for object := range objectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
@ -546,7 +550,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshot(snapshotID string, deep bool) error {
 			return nil
 		} else {
 			// Just check existence
-			_, err := v.S3Client.StatObject(v.ctx, blobPath)
+			_, err := v.Storage.Stat(v.ctx, blobPath)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("  Missing: %s (%s)\n", blob.Hash, humanize.Bytes(uint64(blob.CompressedSize)))
 				missing++
@ -581,7 +585,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) VerifySnapshot(snapshotID string, deep bool) error {
 func (v *Vaultik) getManifestSize(snapshotID string) (int64, error) {
 	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)

-	reader, err := v.S3Client.GetObject(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	reader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("downloading manifest: %w", err)
 	}
@ -598,7 +602,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) getManifestSize(snapshotID string) (int64, error) {
 func (v *Vaultik) downloadManifest(snapshotID string) (*snapshot.Manifest, error) {
 	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)

-	reader, err := v.S3Client.GetObject(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	reader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -613,10 +617,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) downloadManifest(snapshotID string) (*snapshot.Manifest, error
 }

 func (v *Vaultik) deleteSnapshot(snapshotID string) error {
-	// First, delete from S3
+	// First, delete from storage
 	// List all objects under metadata/{snapshotID}/
 	prefix := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/", snapshotID)
-	objectCh := v.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(v.ctx, prefix, true)
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, prefix)

 	var objectsToDelete []string
 	for object := range objectCh {
@ -628,26 +632,28 @@ func (v *Vaultik) deleteSnapshot(snapshotID string) error {

 	// Delete all objects
 	for _, key := range objectsToDelete {
-		if err := v.S3Client.RemoveObject(v.ctx, key); err != nil {
+		if err := v.Storage.Delete(v.ctx, key); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("removing %s: %w", key, err)
 		}
 	}

-	// Then, delete from local database
-	// Delete related records first to avoid foreign key constraints
-	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-	}
-	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-	}
-	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
-	}
+	// Then, delete from local database (if we have a local database)
+	if v.Repositories != nil {
+		// Delete related records first to avoid foreign key constraints
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		}
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		}
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "error", err)
+		}

-	// Now delete the snapshot itself
-	if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot from database: %w", err)
+		// Now delete the snapshot itself
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshotID); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot from database: %w", err)
+		}
 	}

 	return nil
@ -658,7 +664,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) syncWithRemote() error {

 	// Get all remote snapshot IDs
 	remoteSnapshots := make(map[string]bool)
-	objectCh := v.S3Client.ListObjectsStream(v.ctx, "metadata/", false)
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")

 	for object := range objectCh {
 		if object.Err != nil {
@ -699,3 +705,277 @@ func (v *Vaultik) syncWithRemote() error {

 	return nil
 }
+
+// RemoveOptions contains options for the snapshot remove command
+type RemoveOptions struct {
+	Force  bool
+	DryRun bool
+}
+
+// RemoveResult contains the result of a snapshot removal
+type RemoveResult struct {
+	SnapshotID   string
+	BlobsDeleted int
+	BytesFreed   int64
+	BlobsFailed  int
+}
+
+// RemoveSnapshot removes a snapshot and any blobs that become orphaned
+func (v *Vaultik) RemoveSnapshot(snapshotID string, opts *RemoveOptions) (*RemoveResult, error) {
+	log.Info("Starting snapshot removal", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
+
+	result := &RemoveResult{
+		SnapshotID: snapshotID,
+	}
+
+	// Step 1: List all snapshots in storage
+	log.Info("Listing remote snapshots")
+	objectCh := v.Storage.ListStream(v.ctx, "metadata/")
+
+	var allSnapshotIDs []string
+	targetExists := false
+	for object := range objectCh {
+		if object.Err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing remote snapshots: %w", object.Err)
+		}
+
+		// Extract snapshot ID from paths like metadata/hostname-20240115-143052Z/
+		parts := strings.Split(object.Key, "/")
+		if len(parts) >= 2 && parts[0] == "metadata" && parts[1] != "" {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(object.Key, "/") || strings.Contains(object.Key, "/manifest.json.zst") {
+				sid := parts[1]
+				// Only add unique snapshot IDs
+				found := false
+				for _, id := range allSnapshotIDs {
+					if id == sid {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if !found {
+					allSnapshotIDs = append(allSnapshotIDs, sid)
+					if sid == snapshotID {
+						targetExists = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !targetExists {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("snapshot not found: %s", snapshotID)
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Found snapshots", "total", len(allSnapshotIDs))
+
+	// Step 2: Download target snapshot's manifest
+	log.Info("Downloading target manifest", "snapshot_id", snapshotID)
+	targetManifest, err := v.downloadManifest(snapshotID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("downloading target manifest: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Build set of target blob hashes with sizes
+	targetBlobs := make(map[string]int64) // hash -> size
+	for _, blob := range targetManifest.Blobs {
+		targetBlobs[blob.Hash] = blob.CompressedSize
+	}
+	log.Info("Target snapshot has blobs", "count", len(targetBlobs))
+
+	// Step 3: Download manifests from all OTHER snapshots to build "in-use" set
+	inUseBlobs := make(map[string]bool)
+	otherCount := 0
+
+	for _, sid := range allSnapshotIDs {
+		if sid == snapshotID {
+			continue // Skip target snapshot
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("Processing manifest", "snapshot_id", sid)
+		manifest, err := v.downloadManifest(sid)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to download manifest", "snapshot_id", sid, "error", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, blob := range manifest.Blobs {
+			inUseBlobs[blob.Hash] = true
+		}
+		otherCount++
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Processed other manifests", "count", otherCount, "in_use_blobs", len(inUseBlobs))
+
+	// Step 4: Find orphaned blobs (in target but not in use by others)
+	var orphanedBlobs []string
+	var totalSize int64
+	for hash, size := range targetBlobs {
+		if !inUseBlobs[hash] {
+			orphanedBlobs = append(orphanedBlobs, hash)
+			totalSize += size
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Found orphaned blobs",
+		"count", len(orphanedBlobs),
+		"total_size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)),
+	)
+
+	// Show summary
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nSnapshot: %s\n", snapshotID)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "Blobs in snapshot: %d\n", len(targetBlobs))
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "Orphaned blobs to delete: %d (%s)\n", len(orphanedBlobs), humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSize)))
+
+	if opts.DryRun {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(v.Stdout, "\n[Dry run - no changes made]")
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	// Confirm unless --force is used
+	if !opts.Force {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nDelete snapshot and %d orphaned blob(s)? [y/N] ", len(orphanedBlobs))
+		var confirm string
+		if _, err := fmt.Fscanln(v.Stdin, &confirm); err != nil {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(v.Stdout, "Cancelled")
+			return result, nil
+		}
+		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "y" {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(v.Stdout, "Cancelled")
+			return result, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Step 5: Delete orphaned blobs
+	if len(orphanedBlobs) > 0 {
+		log.Info("Deleting orphaned blobs")
+		for i, hash := range orphanedBlobs {
+			blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", hash[:2], hash[2:4], hash)
+
+			if err := v.Storage.Delete(v.ctx, blobPath); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to delete blob", "hash", hash, "error", err)
+				result.BlobsFailed++
+				continue
+			}
+
+			result.BlobsDeleted++
+			result.BytesFreed += targetBlobs[hash]
+
+			// Progress update every 100 blobs
+			if (i+1)%100 == 0 || i == len(orphanedBlobs)-1 {
+				log.Info("Deletion progress",
+					"deleted", i+1,
+					"total", len(orphanedBlobs),
+					"percent", fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%%", float64(i+1)/float64(len(orphanedBlobs))*100),
+				)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Step 6: Delete snapshot metadata
+	log.Info("Deleting snapshot metadata")
+	if err := v.deleteSnapshot(snapshotID); err != nil {
+		return result, fmt.Errorf("deleting snapshot metadata: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Print summary
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "\nRemoved snapshot %s\n", snapshotID)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Blobs deleted: %d\n", result.BlobsDeleted)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Storage freed: %s\n", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesFreed)))
+	if result.BlobsFailed > 0 {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Blobs failed: %d\n", result.BlobsFailed)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// PruneResult contains statistics about the prune operation
+type PruneResult struct {
+	SnapshotsDeleted int64
+	FilesDeleted     int64
+	ChunksDeleted    int64
+	BlobsDeleted     int64
+}
+
+// PruneDatabase removes incomplete snapshots and orphaned files, chunks,
+// and blobs from the local database. This ensures database consistency
+// before starting a new backup or on-demand via the prune command.
+func (v *Vaultik) PruneDatabase() (*PruneResult, error) {
+	log.Info("Pruning database: removing incomplete snapshots and orphaned data")
+
+	result := &PruneResult{}
+
+	// First, delete any incomplete snapshots
+	incompleteSnapshots, err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.GetIncompleteSnapshots(v.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting incomplete snapshots: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, snapshot := range incompleteSnapshots {
+		log.Info("Deleting incomplete snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID)
+		// Delete related records first
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotFiles(v.ctx, snapshot.ID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot files", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
+		}
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotBlobs(v.ctx, snapshot.ID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot blobs", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
+		}
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.DeleteSnapshotUploads(v.ctx, snapshot.ID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot uploads", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
+		}
+		if err := v.Repositories.Snapshots.Delete(v.ctx, snapshot.ID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshot.ID, "error", err)
+		} else {
+			result.SnapshotsDeleted++
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get counts before cleanup for reporting
+	fileCountBefore, _ := v.getTableCount("files")
+	chunkCountBefore, _ := v.getTableCount("chunks")
+	blobCountBefore, _ := v.getTableCount("blobs")
+
+	// Run the cleanup
+	if err := v.SnapshotManager.CleanupOrphanedData(v.ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cleanup orphaned data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get counts after cleanup
+	fileCountAfter, _ := v.getTableCount("files")
+	chunkCountAfter, _ := v.getTableCount("chunks")
+	blobCountAfter, _ := v.getTableCount("blobs")
+
+	result.FilesDeleted = fileCountBefore - fileCountAfter
+	result.ChunksDeleted = chunkCountBefore - chunkCountAfter
+	result.BlobsDeleted = blobCountBefore - blobCountAfter
+
+	log.Info("Prune complete",
+		"incomplete_snapshots", result.SnapshotsDeleted,
+		"orphaned_files", result.FilesDeleted,
+		"orphaned_chunks", result.ChunksDeleted,
+		"orphaned_blobs", result.BlobsDeleted,
+	)
+
+	// Print summary
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "Prune complete:\n")
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Incomplete snapshots removed: %d\n", result.SnapshotsDeleted)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Orphaned files removed: %d\n", result.FilesDeleted)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Orphaned chunks removed: %d\n", result.ChunksDeleted)
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(v.Stdout, "  Orphaned blobs removed: %d\n", result.BlobsDeleted)
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// getTableCount returns the count of rows in a table
+func (v *Vaultik) getTableCount(tableName string) (int64, error) {
+	if v.DB == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	var count int64
+	query := fmt.Sprintf("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s", tableName)
+	err := v.DB.Conn().QueryRowContext(v.ctx, query).Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return count, nil
+}
--- a/internal/vaultik/vaultik.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/vaultik.go
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package vaultik

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@ -10,8 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/crypto"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/globals"
-	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/s3"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 )
@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ type Vaultik struct {
 	Config          *config.Config
 	DB              *database.DB
 	Repositories    *database.Repositories
-	S3Client        *s3.Client
+	Storage         storage.Storer
 	ScannerFactory  snapshot.ScannerFactory
 	SnapshotManager *snapshot.SnapshotManager
 	Shutdowner      fx.Shutdowner
@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ type VaultikParams struct {
 	Config          *config.Config
 	DB              *database.DB
 	Repositories    *database.Repositories
-	S3Client        *s3.Client
+	Storage         storage.Storer
 	ScannerFactory  snapshot.ScannerFactory
 	SnapshotManager *snapshot.SnapshotManager
 	Shutdowner      fx.Shutdowner
@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func New(params VaultikParams) *Vaultik {
 		Config:          params.Config,
 		DB:              params.DB,
 		Repositories:    params.Repositories,
-		S3Client:        params.S3Client,
+		Storage:         params.Storage,
 		ScannerFactory:  params.ScannerFactory,
 		SnapshotManager: params.SnapshotManager,
 		Shutdowner:      params.Shutdowner,
@ -122,3 +123,34 @@ func (v *Vaultik) GetDecryptor() (*crypto.Decryptor, error) {
 func (v *Vaultik) GetFilesystem() afero.Fs {
 	return v.Fs
 }
+
+// TestVaultik wraps a Vaultik with captured stdout/stderr for testing
+type TestVaultik struct {
+	*Vaultik
+	Stdout *bytes.Buffer
+	Stderr *bytes.Buffer
+	Stdin  *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+// NewForTesting creates a minimal Vaultik instance for testing purposes.
+// Only the Storage field is populated; other fields are nil.
+// Returns a TestVaultik that captures stdout/stderr in buffers.
+func NewForTesting(storage storage.Storer) *TestVaultik {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	stdout := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	stderr := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	stdin := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	return &TestVaultik{
+		Vaultik: &Vaultik{
+			Storage: storage,
+			ctx:     ctx,
+			cancel:  cancel,
+			Stdout:  stdout,
+			Stderr:  stderr,
+			Stdin:   stdin,
+		},
+		Stdout: stdout,
+		Stderr: stderr,
+		Stdin:  stdin,
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/vaultik/verify.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/verify.go
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	manifestPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/manifest.json.zst", snapshotID)
 	log.Info("Downloading manifest", "path", manifestPath)

-	manifestReader, err := v.S3Client.GetObject(v.ctx, manifestPath)
+	manifestReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download manifest: %w", err)
 	}
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) RunDeepVerify(snapshotID string, opts *VerifyOptions) error {
 	dbPath := fmt.Sprintf("metadata/%s/db.zst.age", snapshotID)
 	log.Info("Downloading encrypted database", "path", dbPath)

-	dbReader, err := v.S3Client.GetObject(v.ctx, dbPath)
+	dbReader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, dbPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err)
 	}
@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobExistence(manifest *snapshot.Manifest) error {
 		// Construct blob path
 		blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blob.Hash[:2], blob.Hash[2:4], blob.Hash)

-		// Check blob exists with HeadObject
-		stat, err := v.S3Client.StatObject(v.ctx, blobPath)
+		// Check blob exists
+		stat, err := v.Storage.Stat(v.ctx, blobPath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("blob %s missing from S3: %w", blob.Hash, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("blob %s missing from storage: %w", blob.Hash, err)
 		}

 		// Verify size matches
@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlobExistence(manifest *snapshot.Manifest) error {
 		}
 	}

-	log.Info("✓ All blobs exist in S3")
+	log.Info("✓ All blobs exist in storage")
 	return nil
 }

@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) performDeepVerification(manifest *snapshot.Manifest, db *sql.D
 func (v *Vaultik) verifyBlob(blobInfo snapshot.BlobInfo, db *sql.DB) error {
 	// Download blob
 	blobPath := fmt.Sprintf("blobs/%s/%s/%s", blobInfo.Hash[:2], blobInfo.Hash[2:4], blobInfo.Hash)
-	reader, err := v.S3Client.GetObject(v.ctx, blobPath)
+	reader, err := v.Storage.Get(v.ctx, blobPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download: %w", err)
 	}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
sneak	2afd54d693	Add exclude patterns, snapshot prune, and other improvements - Implement exclude patterns with anchored pattern support: - Patterns starting with / only match from root of source dir - Unanchored patterns match anywhere in path - Support for glob patterns (.log, ., */.pack) - Directory patterns skip entire subtrees - Add gobwas/glob dependency for pattern matching - Add 16 comprehensive tests for exclude functionality - Add snapshot prune command to clean orphaned data: - Removes incomplete snapshots from database - Cleans orphaned files, chunks, and blobs - Runs automatically at backup start for consistency - Add snapshot remove command for deleting snapshots - Add VAULTIK_AGE_SECRET_KEY environment variable support - Fix duplicate fx module provider in restore command - Change snapshot ID format to hostname_YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ	2026-01-01 05:42:56 -08:00
sneak	05286bed01	Batch transactions per blob for improved performance Previously, each chunk and blob_chunk was inserted in a separate transaction, leading to ~560k+ transactions for large backups. This change batches all database operations per blob: - Chunks are queued in packer.pendingChunks during file processing - When blob finalizes, one transaction inserts all chunks, blob_chunks, and updates the blob record - Scanner tracks pending chunk hashes to know which files can be flushed - Files are flushed when all their chunks are committed to DB - Database is consistent after each blob finalize This reduces transaction count from O(chunks) to O(blobs), which for a 614k file / 44GB backup means ~50-100 transactions instead of ~560k.	2025-12-23 19:07:26 +07:00
sneak	f2c120f026	Merge feature/pluggable-storage-backend - Add pluggable storage backend with file:// URL support - Fix FK constraint errors in batched file insertion - Cache chunk hashes in memory for faster lookups - Remove dangerous database recovery that corrupted DBs after Ctrl+C - Add PROCESS.md documenting snapshot creation lifecycle	2025-12-23 18:50:21 +07:00
sneak	bbe09ec5b5	Remove dangerous database recovery that deleted journal/WAL files SQLite handles crash recovery automatically when opening a database. The previous recoverDatabase() function was deleting journal and WAL files BEFORE opening the database, which prevented SQLite from recovering incomplete transactions and caused database corruption after Ctrl+C or crashes. This was causing "database disk image is malformed" errors after interrupting a backup operation.	2025-12-23 09:16:01 +07:00
sneak	43a69c2cfb	Fix FK constraint errors in batched file insertion Generate file UUIDs upfront in checkFileInMemory() rather than deferring to Files.Create(). This ensures file_chunks and chunk_files records have valid FileID values when constructed during file processing, before the batch insert transaction. Root cause: For new files, file.ID was empty when building the fileChunks and chunkFiles slices. The ID was only generated later in Files.Create(), but by then the slices already had empty FileID values, causing FK constraint failures. Also adds PROCESS.md documenting the snapshot creation lifecycle, database transactions, and FK dependency ordering.	2025-12-19 19:48:48 +07:00
sneak	899448e1da	Cache chunk hashes in memory for faster small file processing Load all known chunk hashes into an in-memory map at scan start, eliminating per-chunk database queries during file processing. This significantly improves performance when backing up many small files.	2025-12-19 12:56:04 +07:00
sneak	24c5e8c5a6	Refactor: Create file records only after successful chunking - Scan phase now only collects files to process, no DB writes - Unchanged files get snapshot_files associations via batch (no new records) - New/changed files get records created during processing after chunking - Reduces DB writes significantly (only changed files need new records) - Avoids orphaned file records if backup is interrupted mid-way	2025-12-19 12:40:45 +07:00
sneak	40fff09594	Update progress output format with compact file counts New format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106 MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s - Compact file counts with k/M suffixes in brackets - Bytes processed/total with percentage - Both byte rate and file rate - Elapsed time shown as "running for X"	2025-12-19 12:33:38 +07:00
sneak	8a8651c690	Fix foreign key error when deleting incomplete snapshots Delete uploads table entries before deleting the snapshot itself. The uploads table has a foreign key to snapshots(id) without CASCADE, so we must explicitly delete upload records first.	2025-12-19 12:27:05 +07:00
sneak	a1d559c30d	Improve processing progress output with bytes and blob messages - Show bytes processed/total instead of just files - Display data rate in bytes/sec - Calculate ETA based on bytes (more accurate than files) - Print message when each blob is stored with size and speed	2025-12-19 12:24:55 +07:00
sneak	88e2508dc7	Eliminate redundant filesystem traversal in scan phase Remove the separate enumerateFiles() function that was doing a full directory walk using Readdir() which calls stat() on every file. Instead, build the existingFiles map during the scan phase walk, and detect deleted files afterward. This eliminates one full filesystem traversal, significantly speeding up the scan phase for large directories.	2025-12-19 12:15:13 +07:00
sneak	c3725e745e	Optimize scan phase: in-memory change detection and batched DB writes Performance improvements: - Load all known files from DB into memory at startup - Check file changes against in-memory map (no per-file DB queries) - Batch database writes in groups of 1000 files per transaction - Scan phase now only counts regular files, not directories This should improve scan speed from ~600 files/sec to potentially 10,000+ files/sec by eliminating per-file database round trips.	2025-12-19 12:08:47 +07:00
sneak	badc0c07e0	Add pluggable storage backend, PID locking, and improved scan progress Storage backend: - Add internal/storage package with Storer interface - Implement FileStorer for local filesystem storage (file:// URLs) - Implement S3Storer wrapping existing s3.Client - Support storage_url config field (s3:// or file://) - Migrate all consumers to use storage.Storer interface PID locking: - Add internal/pidlock package to prevent concurrent instances - Acquire lock before app start, release on exit - Detect stale locks from crashed processes Scan progress improvements: - Add fast file enumeration pass before stat() phase - Use enumerated set for deletion detection (no extra filesystem access) - Show progress with percentage, files/sec, elapsed time, and ETA - Change "changed" to "changed/new" for clarity Config improvements: - Add tilde expansion for paths (~/) - Use xdg library for platform-specific default index path	2025-12-19 11:52:51 +07:00