Store and compare file mtimes to the nanosecond (closes #226)

The files table held mtime in whole seconds and the scanner compared
whole seconds. A file rewritten with its size unchanged and a new mtime
in the same second as the indexed one was treated as unchanged, and
every later snapshot restored the old content. A new mtime_nsec column
now holds the nanoseconds within the second that mtime holds, and the
scanner compares the full mtime.

A local index created before this change lacks the column and is
rebuilt with `vaultik database delete` and a full backup. A snapshot
made before it cannot be restored by this version.

Model: opus-5-5

TODO.md

@@ -22,6 +22,26 @@ the tag exists and is exercised; what is left is merging `next` to
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-07: Made a backup notice a file rewritten with its size
+  unchanged and a new mtime in the same second as the one in the index
+  ([issue #226](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/issues/226)). The
+  `files` table held mtime in whole seconds and the scanner compared
+  whole seconds, so every later snapshot kept the old content. A new
+  `mtime_nsec` column holds the nanoseconds within the second that
+  `mtime` holds, and the scanner compares the full mtime. A local index
+  created before the change lacks the column and is rebuilt with
+  `vaultik database delete` and a full backup.
+
+- 2026-10-07: Made taking the process-wide lock atomic
+  ([issue #227](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/issues/227)). The lock
+  read `vaultik.pid`, checked whether that PID was alive and then wrote
+  its own, so two writers started together could both pass the check and
+  both run. It is now an `flock` on `vaultik.pid`, held until the run
+  ends; the kernel drops it when the process exits, so a crash leaves no
+  lock behind. A clean exit now empties the file instead of deleting it,
+  because deleting it would let two later runs each lock a different
+  file.
+
 - 2026-10-06: Made `snapshot remove --json` write only its document to
   stdout when the destination store cannot be reached
   ([issue #251](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/issues/251)). Its

docs/DATAMODEL.md

@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ Stores metadata about files in the filesystem being backed up.
 **Columns:**
 - `id` (TEXT PRIMARY KEY) - UUID for the file record
 - `path` (TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE) - Absolute file path
-- `mtime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Modification time as Unix timestamp
+- `mtime` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Modification time, whole seconds since the Unix epoch
+- `mtime_nsec` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Nanoseconds within that second, 0 to 999999999
 - `size` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - File size in bytes
 - `mode` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - Unix file permissions and type
 - `uid` (INTEGER NOT NULL) - User ID of file owner

internal/database/files.go

@@ -33,11 +33,13 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	}
 
 	query := `
-		INSERT INTO files (id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
+		INSERT INTO files
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+			(id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 		ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
+			mtime_nsec = excluded.mtime_nsec,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,
@@ -54,16 +56,19 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 	if tx != nil {
 		LogSQL("Execute", query,
 			file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(),
-			file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
+			file.MTime.Unix(), file.MTime.Nanosecond(),
+			file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
 			file.LinkTarget.String())
 		err = tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query,
 			file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(),
-			file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
+			file.MTime.Unix(), file.MTime.Nanosecond(),
+			file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
 			file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	} else {
 		err = r.db.QueryRowWithLog(ctx, query,
 			file.ID.String(), file.Path.String(), file.SourcePath.String(),
-			file.MTime.Unix(), file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
+			file.MTime.Unix(), file.MTime.Nanosecond(),
+			file.Size, file.Mode, file.UID, file.GID,
 			file.LinkTarget.String()).Scan(&idStr)
 	}
 
@@ -84,7 +89,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, file *File) err
 // in the index.
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -104,7 +109,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPath(ctx context.Context, path string) (*File, err
 // GetByID retrieves a file by its UUID
 func (r *FileRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id types.FileID) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE id = ?
 	`
@@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) GetByPathTx(
 	ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, path string,
 ) (*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ?
 	`
@@ -158,13 +163,14 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListModifiedSince(
 	ctx context.Context, since time.Time,
 ) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
-		WHERE mtime >= ?
+		WHERE (mtime, mtime_nsec) >= (?, ?)
 		ORDER BY path
 	`
 
-	rows, err := r.db.conn.QueryContext(ctx, query, since.Unix())
+	rows, err := r.db.conn.QueryContext(ctx, query,
+		since.Unix(), since.Nanosecond())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("querying files: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -239,7 +245,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListUnderPath(
 
 	// LIKE would ignore ASCII case and treat _ and % in path as wildcards.
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		WHERE path = ? OR substr(path, 1, length(?)) = ?
 		ORDER BY path
@@ -324,7 +330,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) ListIDsWithChunksNotInUploadedBlobs(
 // ListAll returns all files in the database
 func (r *FileRepository) ListAll(ctx context.Context) ([]*File, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
+		SELECT id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target
 		FROM files
 		ORDER BY path
 	`
@@ -365,7 +371,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(
 	}
 
 	// Each files row binds this many SQL variables.
-	const fileCols = 9
+	const fileCols = 10
 
 	// Batch at 100 rows to be safe with SQLite's variable limit.
 	const batchSize = 100
@@ -376,7 +382,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(
 		batch := files[i:end]
 
 		query := `INSERT INTO files
-			(id, path, source_path, mtime, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
+			(id, path, source_path, mtime, mtime_nsec, size, mode, uid, gid, link_target)
 			VALUES `
 
 		args := make([]any, 0, len(batch)*fileCols)
@@ -388,11 +394,12 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(
 				querySb325.WriteString(", ")
 			}
 
-			querySb325.WriteString("(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)")
+			querySb325.WriteString("(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)")
 
 			args = append(args,
 				f.ID.String(), f.Path.String(), f.SourcePath.String(),
-				f.MTime.Unix(), f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID,
+				f.MTime.Unix(), f.MTime.Nanosecond(),
+				f.Size, f.Mode, f.UID, f.GID,
 				f.LinkTarget.String())
 		}
 
@@ -401,6 +408,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) CreateBatch(
 		query += ` ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET
 			source_path = excluded.source_path,
 			mtime = excluded.mtime,
+			mtime_nsec = excluded.mtime_nsec,
 			size = excluded.size,
 			mode = excluded.mode,
 			uid = excluded.uid,
@@ -460,7 +468,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileFrom(row fileRowScanner) (*File, error) {
 	var (
 		file                          File
 		idStr, pathStr, sourcePathStr string
-		mtimeUnix                     int64
+		mtimeUnix, mtimeNsec          int64
 		linkTarget                    sql.NullString
 	)
 
@@ -469,6 +477,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileFrom(row fileRowScanner) (*File, error) {
 		&pathStr,
 		&sourcePathStr,
 		&mtimeUnix,
+		&mtimeNsec,
 		&file.Size,
 		&file.Mode,
 		&file.UID,
@@ -487,7 +496,7 @@ func (r *FileRepository) scanFileFrom(row fileRowScanner) (*File, error) {
 	file.Path = types.FilePath(pathStr)
 	file.SourcePath = types.SourcePath(sourcePathStr)
 
-	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, 0).UTC()
+	file.MTime = time.Unix(mtimeUnix, mtimeNsec).UTC()
 	if linkTarget.Valid {
 		file.LinkTarget = types.FilePath(linkTarget.String)
 	}

internal/database/files_test.go

@@ -252,6 +252,115 @@ func TestFileRepositorySymlink(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// An mtime after 2262 or before 1678 does not fit in int64 nanoseconds
+// since the epoch, and must still come back from the database unchanged.
+func TestFileRepositoryMTimeOutsideInt64NanosecondRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, cleanup := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := database.NewFileRepository(db)
+
+	mtimes := []time.Time{
+		time.Date(2300, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 123456789, time.UTC),
+		time.Date(1601, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 987654321, time.UTC),
+	}
+
+	for _, mtime := range mtimes {
+		created := &database.File{
+			Path:  types.FilePath("/created-" + mtime.Format(time.RFC3339Nano)),
+			MTime: mtime,
+		}
+
+		err := repo.Create(ctx, nil, created)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create file: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		batched := &database.File{
+			ID:    types.NewFileID(),
+			Path:  types.FilePath("/batched-" + mtime.Format(time.RFC3339Nano)),
+			MTime: mtime,
+		}
+
+		err = repo.CreateBatch(ctx, nil, []*database.File{batched})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to batch create file: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		for _, path := range []types.FilePath{created.Path, batched.Path} {
+			retrieved, err := repo.GetByPath(ctx, path.String())
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to get file: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if !retrieved.MTime.Equal(mtime) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: mtime got %v, want %v",
+					path, retrieved.MTime, mtime)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A file already in the index and rewritten within the same second must get
+// its new nanoseconds stored, through both Create and CreateBatch.
+func TestFileRepositoryUpsertMTimeInSameSecond(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, cleanup := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := database.NewFileRepository(db)
+
+	indexed := time.Date(2026, time.October, 7, 12, 0, 0, 100000000, time.UTC)
+	rewritten := indexed.Add(800 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		upsert func(file *database.File) error
+	}{
+		{"Create", func(file *database.File) error {
+			return repo.Create(ctx, nil, file)
+		}},
+		{"CreateBatch", func(file *database.File) error {
+			return repo.CreateBatch(ctx, nil, []*database.File{file})
+		}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		file := &database.File{
+			ID:    types.NewFileID(),
+			Path:  types.FilePath("/" + tt.name),
+			MTime: indexed,
+		}
+
+		err := tt.upsert(file)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: failed to create file: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+
+		file.MTime = rewritten
+
+		err = tt.upsert(file)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: failed to update file: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+
+		retrieved, err := repo.GetByPath(ctx, file.Path.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: failed to get file: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+
+		if !retrieved.MTime.Equal(rewritten) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: mtime got %v, want %v",
+				tt.name, retrieved.MTime, rewritten)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFileRepositoryTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 

internal/database/repository_edge_cases_test.go

@@ -606,8 +606,7 @@ func TestTimezoneHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("timezone not available")
 	}
 
-	// Use Truncate to remove sub-second precision since we store as Unix timestamps
+	nyTime := time.Now().In(loc)
-	nyTime := time.Now().In(loc).Truncate(time.Second)
 	file := &File{
 		Path:  "/timezone-test.txt",
 		MTime: nyTime,

internal/database/schema/001.sql

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS files (
     id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,  -- UUID
     path TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
     source_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',  -- The source directory this file came from (for restore path stripping)
-    mtime INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    mtime INTEGER NOT NULL,  -- whole seconds since the Unix epoch
+    mtime_nsec INTEGER NOT NULL,  -- nanoseconds within that second, 0 to 999999999
     size INTEGER NOT NULL,
     mode INTEGER NOT NULL,
     uid INTEGER NOT NULL,

internal/pidlock/pidlock.go

@@ -10,15 +10,18 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"syscall"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
 // ErrAlreadyRunning indicates another vaultik instance is running.
 var ErrAlreadyRunning = errors.New("another vaultik instance is already running")
 
-// Lock represents an acquired PID lock.
+// Lock represents an acquired PID lock: an flock(2) on the PID file,
+// held while the file stays open. The kernel drops it when the process
+// exits, however it exits, so a crashed run never leaves the lock held.
 type Lock struct {
-	path string
+	file *os.File
 }
 
 const (
@@ -29,10 +32,9 @@ const (
 )
 
 // Acquire attempts to acquire a PID lock in the specified directory.
-// If the lock file exists and the process is still running, it returns
+// If another process holds the lock, it returns ErrAlreadyRunning with
-// ErrAlreadyRunning with details about the existing process.
+// that process's PID. On success, it writes the current PID to the lock
-// On success, it writes the current PID to the lock file and returns
+// file and returns a Lock that must be released with Release().
-// a Lock that must be released with Release().
 func Acquire(lockDir string) (*Lock, error) {
 	// Ensure lock directory exists
 	err := os.MkdirAll(lockDir, lockDirPerm)
@@ -42,56 +44,82 @@ func Acquire(lockDir string) (*Lock, error) {
 
 	lockPath := filepath.Join(lockDir, "vaultik.pid")
 
-	// Check for existing lock
+	// No O_TRUNC: the file may hold the PID of the process that has the
-	existingPID, err := readPIDFile(lockPath)
+	// lock, which the error below reports.
-	if err == nil {
+	file, err := os.OpenFile( //nolint:gosec // G304: path is our own lock file
-		// Lock file exists, check if process is running
+		lockPath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, pidFilePerm)
-		if isProcessRunning(existingPID) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w (PID %d)", ErrAlreadyRunning, existingPID)
-		}
-		// Process is not running, stale lock file - we can take over
-	}
-
-	// Write our PID
-	pid := os.Getpid()
-
-	err = os.WriteFile(lockPath, []byte(strconv.Itoa(pid)), pidFilePerm)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("writing PID file: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening PID file: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return &Lock{path: lockPath}, nil
+	err = unix.Flock(int(file.Fd()), unix.LOCK_EX|unix.LOCK_NB)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = file.Close()
+
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.EWOULDBLOCK) {
+			return nil, alreadyRunningError(lockPath)
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("locking PID file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = writePID(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = file.Close()
+
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Lock{file: file}, nil
 }
 
-// Release removes the PID lock file.
+// Release empties the PID file and closes it, which drops the lock.
 // It is safe to call Release multiple times.
 func (l *Lock) Release() error {
-	if l == nil || l.path == "" {
+	if l == nil || l.file == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Verify we still own the lock (our PID is in the file)
+	file := l.file
-	existingPID, err := readPIDFile(l.path)
+	l.file = nil
+
+	// Do not remove the file here. A process that opened it a moment
+	// earlier could then lock the removed file while another creates and
+	// locks a new one, and both would run.
+	truncateErr := file.Truncate(0)
+	closeErr := file.Close()
+
+	return errors.Join(truncateErr, closeErr)
+}
+
+// writePID replaces the contents of the locked PID file with the current
+// PID.
+func writePID(file *os.File) error {
+	err := file.Truncate(0)
 	if err != nil {
-		// File already gone or unreadable - that's fine
+		return fmt.Errorf("truncating PID file: %w", err)
-		return nil //nolint:nilerr // unreadable lock file means nothing to release
 	}
 
-	if existingPID != os.Getpid() {
+	_, err = file.WriteAt([]byte(strconv.Itoa(os.Getpid())), 0)
-		// Someone else wrote to our lock file - don't remove it
+	if err != nil {
-		return nil
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing PID file: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = os.Remove(l.path)
-	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("removing PID file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	l.path = "" // Prevent double-release
-
 	return nil
 }
 
+// alreadyRunningError reports that another process holds the lock,
+// naming its PID when the file holds one. The holder writes its PID just
+// after it locks, so the file can briefly be empty.
+func alreadyRunningError(lockPath string) error {
+	pid, err := readPIDFile(lockPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ErrAlreadyRunning
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w (PID %d)", ErrAlreadyRunning, pid)
+}
+
 // readPIDFile reads and parses the PID from a lock file.
 func readPIDFile(path string) (int, error) {
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(path) //nolint:gosec // G304: path is our own lock file
@@ -106,16 +134,3 @@ func readPIDFile(path string) (int, error) {
 
 	return pid, nil
 }
-
-// isProcessRunning checks if a process with the given PID is running.
-func isProcessRunning(pid int) bool {
-	process, err := os.FindProcess(pid)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// On Unix, FindProcess always succeeds. We need to send signal 0 to check.
-	err = process.Signal(syscall.Signal(0))
-
-	return err == nil
-}

internal/pidlock/pidlock_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -33,9 +34,10 @@ func TestAcquireAndRelease(t *testing.T) {
 	err = lock.Release()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	// Verify PID file is gone
+	// Verify PID file is empty
-	_, err = os.Stat(pidPath)
+	data, err = os.ReadFile(pidPath) //nolint:gosec // G304: test's own temp file
-	assert.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, data)
 }
 
 func TestAcquireBlocksSecondInstance(t *testing.T) {
@@ -55,6 +57,64 @@ func TestAcquireBlocksSecondInstance(t *testing.T) {
 	lock2, err := pidlock.Acquire(tmpDir)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, pidlock.ErrAlreadyRunning)
 	assert.Nil(t, lock2)
+
+	// Once the first lock is released, the next Acquire succeeds
+	require.NoError(t, lock1.Release())
+
+	lock3, err := pidlock.Acquire(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, lock3.Release())
+}
+
+// TestConcurrentAcquireAdmitsOne starts many Acquire calls at the same
+// moment, as two cron entries firing together would, and checks that
+// exactly one of them gets the lock.
+func TestConcurrentAcquireAdmitsOne(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const callers = 50
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+
+	var (
+		mu       sync.Mutex
+		acquired []*pidlock.Lock
+		failures []error
+		wg       sync.WaitGroup
+	)
+
+	for range callers {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			<-start
+
+			lock, err := pidlock.Acquire(tmpDir)
+
+			mu.Lock()
+			defer mu.Unlock()
+
+			if err != nil {
+				failures = append(failures, err)
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			acquired = append(acquired, lock)
+		})
+	}
+
+	close(start)
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	for _, lock := range acquired {
+		require.NoError(t, lock.Release())
+	}
+
+	assert.Len(t, acquired, 1, "exactly one caller should hold the lock")
+
+	for _, err := range failures {
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, pidlock.ErrAlreadyRunning)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestAcquireWithStaleLock(t *testing.T) {

internal/snapshot/scanner.go

@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) checkFileInMemory(
 
 	// Check if file has changed
 	if existingFile.Size != file.Size ||
-		existingFile.MTime.Unix() != file.MTime.Unix() ||
+		!existingFile.MTime.Equal(file.MTime) ||
 		existingFile.Mode != file.Mode ||
 		existingFile.UID != file.UID ||
 		existingFile.GID != file.GID {

internal/vaultik/same_second_rewrite_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package vaultik_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/database"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/log"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/storage"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
+)
+
+// A file rewritten with its size unchanged and a new mtime in the same
+// second as the mtime the index holds must still be backed up. See
+// https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/vaultik/issues/226.
+//
+//nolint:paralleltest // installs the global logger via log.Initialize
+func TestBackupOfSameSecondRewriteRestoresNewContent(t *testing.T) {
+	log.Initialize(log.Config{})
+
+	fs := afero.NewOsFs()
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	dataDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "src")
+	storeDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "remote")
+	restoreDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "restored")
+	dbPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "index.sqlite")
+	rewrittenPath := filepath.Join(dataDir, "small.txt")
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	files := writeFaultSourceTree(t, fs, dataDir)
+	cfg := changedFileConfig(dataDir, dbPath)
+
+	firstMTime := time.Date(2026, time.January, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC).
+		Add(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	secondMTime := firstMTime.Add(800 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	require.NoError(t, fs.Chtimes(rewrittenPath, firstMTime, firstMTime))
+
+	store, err := storage.NewFileStorer(storeDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	db, err := database.New(ctx, dbPath)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	repos := database.NewRepositories(db)
+	v := newBackupVaultik(ctx, cfg, store, repos, db, fs)
+
+	require.NoError(t, backUp(v, "first"))
+
+	// Upper-casing ASCII text keeps its size.
+	files[rewrittenPath] = bytes.ToUpper(files[rewrittenPath])
+	require.NoError(t, afero.WriteFile(fs, rewrittenPath, files[rewrittenPath], 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, fs.Chtimes(rewrittenPath, secondMTime, secondMTime))
+
+	require.NoError(t, backUp(v, "second"))
+
+	id := localSnapshotID(ctx, t, repos, "second")
+	require.NoError(t, db.Close())
+
+	reader := newReaderVaultik(ctx, cfg, store, nil, fs)
+	require.NoError(t, reader.Restore(&vaultik.RestoreOptions{
+		SnapshotID: id,
+		TargetDir:  restoreDir,
+		Verify:     true,
+	}))
+
+	assertRestoredTree(t, fs, restoreDir, files)
+}