Introduce internal/ui package and rewrite user-facing output

All user-facing output now goes through a single ui.Writer with a uniform style: 》 (white) for begin / info / notice 》 (green) for complete / success Warning: for warnings (orange) ERROR: for errors (red) 》 (indented) for progress heartbeats Color is enabled when stdout is a TTY and NO_COLOR is unset. Standards: - Complete-sentence messages with fully qualified terms ("backup destination store", "local index database", "snapshot source files enumeration"). - Every Complete has a matching Begin. - Natural verb tense conveys state ("Uploading" -> "Uploaded"). The words "begin"/"complete" never appear in message bodies; the marker color carries that information. - ETA means clock time, not duration. Progress lines say "estimated remaining time (<dur>), finish at <time>" with both labeled. Adds globals.CommitDate (populated by Makefile/Dockerfile/goreleaser via ldflags from `git show -s --format=%cI HEAD`) and a startup banner printed once per invocation. Strips fx call-chain noise from startup errors so users see the actual underlying error (e.g. "creating base path: mkdir /Volumes/BACKUPS: permission denied" instead of three layers of "could not build arguments for function ..."). README documents the output style and the ui package conventions.
2026-06-17 04:32:05 +02:00
parent 8de8f8e5cc
commit 00d4b36e35
14 changed files with 533 additions and 187 deletions
--- a/.goreleaser.yaml
+++ b/.goreleaser.yaml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ builds:
      - -s -w
      - -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Version={{ .Version }}'
      - -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit={{ .Commit }}'
+      - -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.CommitDate={{ .CommitDate }}'

 archives:
  - id: default
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ COPY . .
 # Run tests
 RUN make test

-# Build with CGO enabled (required for mattn/go-sqlite3)
-RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags "-X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=${VERSION}' -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)'" -o /vaultik ./cmd/vaultik
+# Build (pure Go, no CGO required since we use modernc.org/sqlite)
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags "-X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=${VERSION}' -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)' -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.CommitDate=$(git show -s --format=%cI HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)'" -o /vaultik ./cmd/vaultik

 # Runtime stage
 # alpine:3.21, 2026-02-25
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@ VERSION := 1.0.0-rc.1

 # Build variables
 GIT_REVISION := $(shell git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "unknown")
+GIT_COMMIT_DATE := $(shell git show -s --format=%cI HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "unknown")

 # Linker flags
 LDFLAGS := -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Version=$(VERSION)' \
-           -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(GIT_REVISION)'
+           -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.Commit=$(GIT_REVISION)' \
+           -X 'sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals.CommitDate=$(GIT_COMMIT_DATE)'

 # Default target
 all: vaultik
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -389,6 +389,65 @@ Items for future releases:

 ---

+## output style
+
+All user-facing output goes through helpers in `internal/ui` and conforms
+to a uniform style. Color is enabled when stdout is a TTY and the
+`NO_COLOR` environment variable is unset (https://no-color.org/).
+
+Message classes:
+
+| Class | Marker | Alignment | Use for |
+|-------|--------|-----------|---------|
+| Banner | none | column 0 | The startup line printed once per invocation |
+| Begin | `》` (white) | column 0 | An operation is about to start (present-continuous verb) |
+| Complete | `》` (green) | column 0 | An operation just finished (past-tense verb) |
+| Info | `》` (white) | column 0 | Neutral status update |
+| Notice | `》` (cyan) | column 0 | Important note that is not a warning |
+| Warning | `Warning:` (orange/yellow) | column 0 | Recoverable problem |
+| Error | `ERROR:` (red) | column 0 | Operation aborted |
+| Progress | `  》` (white) | column 2 | Heartbeat or per-item status during a long-running operation |
+
+Conventions:
+
+* Messages are complete English sentences ending with a period.
+* Fully qualify terms — say "backup destination store" instead of
+  "storage", "snapshot source files enumeration" instead of "scan",
+  "local index database" instead of "database".
+* Every operation that emits a Complete also emits a corresponding
+  Begin. Operations that print only a Begin (because completion is
+  obvious from a later Begin) should be rare and intentional.
+* Use natural verb tense to signal state: "Uploading" for Begin,
+  "Uploaded" for Complete. Never write the words "begin" or "complete"
+  in the body — the marker color already conveys that.
+* All elapsed and remaining-time fields are explicitly scoped to their
+  subject: write "blob upload elapsed 30s, blob upload estimated remaining
+  time (14s), finish at 2026-06-17T03:15:00Z", never just "elapsed 30s,
+  ETA 14s".
+* "ETA" means an absolute clock time (when the operation will finish),
+  not a remaining-duration. Use `ui.Time()` for the former and
+  `ui.Duration()` for the latter, and label both.
+
+Value colorizers in `internal/ui` colorize specific value types
+consistently. Compose messages from these helpers rather than embedding
+ANSI escapes inline:
+
+| Helper | Color | Use for |
+|--------|-------|---------|
+| `Hex` | cyan | Blob hashes, chunk hashes (truncated to 12 chars + `...`) |
+| `Snapshot` | bold cyan | Snapshot IDs (untruncated) |
+| `Path` | blue | Filesystem paths |
+| `Size` | magenta | Byte counts (human-readable) |
+| `Speed` | magenta | Bytes-per-second rates |
+| `Duration` | yellow | Elapsed or remaining time |
+| `Time` | yellow | Absolute clock times |
+| `Count` | magenta | Integer counts with thousands separators |
+| `Percent` | magenta | Percentages |
+
+When `NO_COLOR` is set or output is not a TTY, all helpers return plain
+text and the marker prefixes (`》`, `Warning:`, `ERROR:`) emit without
+ANSI escapes.
+
 ## requirements

 * Go 1.26 or later
--- a/internal/cli/app.go
+++ b/internal/cli/app.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/pidlock"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/storage"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/ui"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/vaultik"
 )

@@ -33,11 +35,21 @@ type AppOptions struct {
 	Invokes    []fx.Option
 }

-// setupGlobals sets up the globals with application startup time
-func setupGlobals(lc fx.Lifecycle, g *globals.Globals) {
+// setupGlobals records the startup time and prints the startup banner.
+// In --cron mode the banner is suppressed (LogOptions.Cron == true).
+func setupGlobals(lc fx.Lifecycle, g *globals.Globals, v *vaultik.Vaultik, opts log.LogOptions) {
 	lc.Append(fx.Hook{
 		OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
 			g.StartTime = time.Now().UTC()
+			if opts.Cron || opts.Quiet {
+				// Replace UI writer with a discarding one so all
+				// user-facing output is suppressed.
+				v.UI = ui.NewWithColor(io.Discard, false)
+			} else {
+				v.UI.Banner("%s %s (commit %s, %s) invoked at %s by %s",
+					g.Appname, g.Version, g.ShortCommit(), g.CommitDate,
+					g.StartTime.Format(time.RFC3339), globals.Author)
+			}
 			return nil
 		},
 	})
--- a/internal/cli/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/cli/snapshot.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package cli
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"os"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -73,9 +72,7 @@ specifying a path using --config or by setting VAULTIK_CONFIG to a path.`,
 							OnStart: func(ctx context.Context) error {
 								// Start the snapshot creation in a goroutine
 								go func() {
-									if opts.Cron {
-										v.Stdout = io.Discard
-									}
+									// --cron suppression is wired through v.UI by setupGlobals.
 									if err := v.CreateSnapshot(opts); err != nil {
 										if err != context.Canceled {
 											log.Error("Snapshot creation failed", "error", err)
--- a/internal/globals/globals.go
+++ b/internal/globals/globals.go
@@ -13,11 +13,18 @@ var Version string = "dev"
 // Commit is the git commit hash, populated from main().
 var Commit string = "unknown"

+// CommitDate is the ISO-8601 date of the commit, populated from main().
+var CommitDate string = "unknown"
+
+// Author identifies the upstream author of vaultik.
+const Author = "Jeffrey Paul <sneak@sneak.berlin>"
+
 // Globals contains application-wide configuration and metadata.
 type Globals struct {
 	Appname    string
 	Version    string
 	Commit     string
+	CommitDate string
 	StartTime  time.Time
 }

@@ -27,5 +34,15 @@ func New() (*Globals, error) {
 		Appname:    Appname,
 		Version:    Version,
 		Commit:     Commit,
+		CommitDate: CommitDate,
 	}, nil
 }
+
+// ShortCommit returns the first 12 chars of the commit hash, or the
+// whole string if it's shorter (e.g. "unknown").
+func (g *Globals) ShortCommit() string {
+	if len(g.Commit) > 12 {
+		return g.Commit[:12]
+	}
+	return g.Commit
+}
--- a/internal/snapshot/module.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/module.go
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 package snapshot

 import (
-	"io"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"go.uber.org/fx"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/config"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/database"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/storage"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/ui"
 )

 // ScannerParams holds parameters for scanner creation
 type ScannerParams struct {
 	EnableProgress bool
-	Output         io.Writer // Where one-off scanner messages go; nil disables them
+	UI             *ui.Writer // Where user-facing scanner messages go; nil = discard
 	Fs             afero.Fs
 	Exclude        []string // Exclude patterns (combined global + snapshot-specific)
 	SkipErrors     bool     // Skip file read errors (log loudly but continue)
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ func provideScannerFactory(cfg *config.Config, repos *database.Repositories, sto
 			CompressionLevel: cfg.CompressionLevel,
 			AgeRecipients:    cfg.AgeRecipients,
 			EnableProgress:   params.EnableProgress,
-			Output:           params.Output,
+			UI:               params.UI,
 			Exclude:          excludes,
 			SkipErrors:       params.SkipErrors,
 		})
--- a/internal/snapshot/scanner.go
+++ b/internal/snapshot/scanner.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/log"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/storage"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/types"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/ui"
 )

 // FileToProcess holds information about a file that needs processing
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ type Scanner struct {
 	compiledExclude   []compiledPattern // Compiled glob patterns
 	progress          *ProgressReporter
 	skipErrors        bool       // Skip file read errors (log loudly but continue)
-	output            io.Writer // User-facing output (os.Stdout or io.Discard in cron mode)
+	ui                *ui.Writer // User-facing output; never nil (defaults to a discarding writer)

 	// In-memory cache of known chunk hashes for fast existence checks
 	knownChunks   map[string]struct{}
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ type ScannerConfig struct {
 	CompressionLevel int
 	AgeRecipients    []string   // Optional, empty means no encryption
 	EnableProgress   bool       // Enable the live progress reporter (ETAs, throughput)
-	Output           io.Writer // Where one-off scanner messages go; nil disables them
+	UI               *ui.Writer // Where user-facing scanner messages go; nil = discard
 	Exclude          []string   // Glob patterns for files/directories to exclude
 	SkipErrors       bool       // Skip file read errors (log loudly but continue)
 }
@@ -143,9 +144,9 @@ func NewScanner(cfg ScannerConfig) *Scanner {
 	// Compile exclude patterns
 	compiledExclude := compileExcludePatterns(cfg.Exclude)

-	output := cfg.Output
-	if output == nil {
-		output = io.Discard
+	uiw := cfg.UI
+	if uiw == nil {
+		uiw = ui.NewWithColor(io.Discard, false)
 	}

 	return &Scanner{
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ func NewScanner(cfg ScannerConfig) *Scanner {
 		compiledExclude:    compiledExclude,
 		progress:           progress,
 		skipErrors:         cfg.SkipErrors,
-		output:             output,
+		ui:                 uiw,
 		pendingChunkHashes: make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 }
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc

 	// Phase 1c: Associate unchanged files with this snapshot (no new records needed)
 	if len(scanResult.UnchangedFileIDs) > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Associating %s unchanged files with snapshot...\n", formatNumber(len(scanResult.UnchangedFileIDs)))
+		s.ui.Begin("Associating %s unchanged files with the snapshot.", s.ui.Count(len(scanResult.UnchangedFileIDs)))
 		if err := s.batchAddFilesToSnapshot(ctx, scanResult.UnchangedFileIDs); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("associating unchanged files: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -223,13 +224,13 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc

 	// Phase 2: Process files and create chunks
 	if len(filesToProcess) > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Processing %s files...\n", formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)))
+		s.ui.Begin("Processing %s snapshot source files (chunking, compressing, encrypting, uploading).", s.ui.Count(len(filesToProcess)))
 		log.Info("Phase 2/3: Creating snapshot (chunking, compressing, encrypting, and uploading blobs)")
 		if err := s.processPhase(ctx, filesToProcess, result); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("process phase failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "No files need processing. Creating metadata-only snapshot.\n")
+		s.ui.Info("Snapshot file processing skipped: no changed files (creating metadata-only snapshot).")
 		log.Info("Phase 2/3: Skipping (no files need processing, metadata-only snapshot)")
 	}

@@ -242,18 +243,18 @@ func (s *Scanner) Scan(ctx context.Context, path string, snapshotID string) (*Sc
 // loadDatabaseState loads known files and chunks from the database into memory for fast lookup
 // This avoids per-file and per-chunk database queries during the scan and process phases
 func (s *Scanner) loadDatabaseState(ctx context.Context, path string) (map[string]*database.File, error) {
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(s.output, "Loading known files from database...")
+	s.ui.Begin("Loading known files from local index database.")
 	knownFiles, err := s.loadKnownFiles(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known files: %w", err)
 	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Loaded %s known files from database\n", formatNumber(len(knownFiles)))
+	s.ui.Complete("Loaded %s known files from local index database.", s.ui.Count(len(knownFiles)))

-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(s.output, "Loading known chunks from database...")
+	s.ui.Begin("Loading known chunks from local index database.")
 	if err := s.loadKnownChunks(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading known chunks: %w", err)
 	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Loaded %s known chunks from database\n", formatNumber(len(s.knownChunks)))
+	s.ui.Complete("Loaded %s known chunks from local index database.", s.ui.Count(len(s.knownChunks)))

 	return knownFiles, nil
 }
@@ -277,17 +278,17 @@ func (s *Scanner) summarizeScanPhase(result *ScanResult, filesToProcess []*FileT
 		"files_skipped", result.FilesSkipped,
 		"bytes_skipped", humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesSkipped)))

-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Scan complete: %s examined (%s), %s to process (%s)",
-		formatNumber(result.FilesScanned),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped)),
-		formatNumber(len(filesToProcess)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalSizeToProcess)))
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("Enumerated %s snapshot source files (%s total), %s to process (%s)",
+		s.ui.Count(result.FilesScanned),
+		s.ui.Size(totalSizeToProcess+result.BytesSkipped),
+		s.ui.Count(len(filesToProcess)),
+		s.ui.Size(totalSizeToProcess))
 	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, ", %s deleted (%s)",
-			formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(result.BytesDeleted)))
+		msg += fmt.Sprintf(", %s deleted (%s)",
+			s.ui.Count(result.FilesDeleted),
+			s.ui.Size(result.BytesDeleted))
 	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(s.output)
+	s.ui.Complete("%s.", msg)
 }

 // finalizeScanResult populates final blob statistics in the scan result
@@ -628,8 +629,8 @@ func (s *Scanner) scanPhase(ctx context.Context, path string, result *ScanResult
 	err := afero.Walk(s.fs, path, func(filePath string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			if s.skipErrors {
-				log.Error("ERROR: Failed to access file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", filePath, "error", err)
-				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "ERROR: Failed to access %s: %v (skipping)\n", filePath, err)
+				log.Error("Failed to access file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", filePath, "error", err)
+				s.ui.Error("Failed to access %s: %v. Skipping (--skip-errors).", s.ui.Path(filePath), err)
 				return nil // Continue scanning
 			}
 			log.Debug("Error accessing filesystem entry", "path", filePath, "error", err)
@@ -775,23 +776,29 @@ func (s *Scanner) printScanProgressLine(filesScanned int64, changedCount int, es
 		if rate > 0 && remaining > 0 {
 			eta = time.Duration(float64(remaining)/rate) * time.Second
 		}
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Scan: %s files (~%.0f%%), %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed",
-			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-			pct,
-			formatNumber(changedCount),
-			rate,
-			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
 		if eta > 0 {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, ", ETA %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
-		}
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(s.output)
-	} else {
-		// First backup - no estimate available
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Scan: %s files, %s changed/new, %.0f files/sec, %s elapsed\n",
-			formatNumber(int(filesScanned)),
-			formatNumber(changedCount),
+			s.ui.Progress("Snapshot source files enumeration: %s files (~%s), %s changed or new, %.0f files/sec, enumeration elapsed %s, enumeration estimated remaining time (%s), finish at %s.",
+				s.ui.Count(int(filesScanned)),
+				s.ui.Percent(pct),
+				s.ui.Count(changedCount),
 				rate,
-			elapsed.Round(time.Second))
+				s.ui.Duration(elapsed),
+				s.ui.Duration(eta),
+				s.ui.Time(time.Now().Add(eta)))
+		} else {
+			s.ui.Progress("Snapshot source files enumeration: %s files (~%s), %s changed or new, %.0f files/sec, enumeration elapsed %s.",
+				s.ui.Count(int(filesScanned)),
+				s.ui.Percent(pct),
+				s.ui.Count(changedCount),
+				rate,
+				s.ui.Duration(elapsed))
+		}
+	} else {
+		s.ui.Progress("Snapshot source files enumeration: %s files seen, %s changed or new, %.0f files/sec, enumeration elapsed %s.",
+			s.ui.Count(int(filesScanned)),
+			s.ui.Count(changedCount),
+			rate,
+			s.ui.Duration(elapsed))
 	}
 }

@@ -957,16 +964,16 @@ func (s *Scanner) batchAddFilesToSnapshot(ctx context.Context, fileIDs []types.F
 			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
 			rate := float64(end) / elapsed.Seconds()
 			pct := float64(end) / float64(len(fileIDs)) * 100
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Associating files: %s/%s (%.1f%%), %.0f files/sec\n",
-				formatNumber(end), formatNumber(len(fileIDs)), pct, rate)
+			s.ui.Progress("Snapshot unchanged-file association: %s/%s (%s), %.0f files/sec.",
+				s.ui.Count(end), s.ui.Count(len(fileIDs)), s.ui.Percent(pct), rate)
 			lastStatusTime = time.Now()
 		}
 	}

 	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
 	rate := float64(len(fileIDs)) / elapsed.Seconds()
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Associated %s unchanged files in %s (%.0f files/sec)\n",
-		formatNumber(len(fileIDs)), elapsed.Round(time.Second), rate)
+	s.ui.Complete("Associated %s unchanged files with the snapshot in %s (%.0f files/sec).",
+		s.ui.Count(len(fileIDs)), s.ui.Duration(elapsed), rate)

 	return nil
 }
@@ -1034,8 +1041,8 @@ func (s *Scanner) processFileWithErrorHandling(ctx context.Context, fileToProces
 		}
 		// Skip file read errors if --skip-errors is enabled
 		if s.skipErrors {
-			log.Error("ERROR: Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "ERROR: Failed to process %s: %v (skipping)\n", fileToProcess.Path, err)
+			log.Error("Failed to process file (skipping due to --skip-errors)", "path", fileToProcess.Path, "error", err)
+			s.ui.Error("Failed to process %s: %v. Skipping (--skip-errors).", s.ui.Path(fileToProcess.Path), err)
 			result.FilesSkipped++
 			return true, nil
 		}
@@ -1059,20 +1066,29 @@ func (s *Scanner) printProcessingProgress(filesProcessed, totalFiles int, bytesP
 		eta = time.Duration(float64(remainingBytes)/byteRate) * time.Second
 	}

-	// Format: Progress [5.7k/610k] 6.7 GB/44 GB (15.4%), 106MB/sec, 500 files/sec, running for 1m30s, ETA: 5m49s
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Progress [%s/%s] %s/%s (%.1f%%), %s/sec, %.0f files/sec, running for %s",
-		formatCompact(filesProcessed),
-		formatCompact(totalFiles),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesProcessed)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytes)),
-		pct,
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(byteRate)),
-		fileRate,
-		elapsed.Round(time.Second))
 	if eta > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, ", ETA: %s", eta.Round(time.Second))
+		s.ui.Progress("Snapshot file processing: %s/%s files (%s), %s/%s, %s, %.0f files/sec, processing elapsed %s, processing estimated remaining time (%s), finish at %s.",
+			s.ui.Count(filesProcessed),
+			s.ui.Count(totalFiles),
+			s.ui.Percent(pct),
+			s.ui.Size(bytesProcessed),
+			s.ui.Size(totalBytes),
+			s.ui.Speed(byteRate),
+			fileRate,
+			s.ui.Duration(elapsed),
+			s.ui.Duration(eta),
+			s.ui.Time(time.Now().Add(eta)))
+	} else {
+		s.ui.Progress("Snapshot file processing: %s/%s files (%s), %s/%s, %s, %.0f files/sec, processing elapsed %s.",
+			s.ui.Count(filesProcessed),
+			s.ui.Count(totalFiles),
+			s.ui.Percent(pct),
+			s.ui.Size(bytesProcessed),
+			s.ui.Size(totalBytes),
+			s.ui.Speed(byteRate),
+			fileRate,
+			s.ui.Duration(elapsed))
 	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(s.output)
 }

 // finalizeProcessPhase flushes the packer, writes remaining pending files to the database,
@@ -1164,14 +1180,13 @@ func (s *Scanner) uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, blobPath string, blobW
 	if _, err := s.storage.Stat(ctx, blobPath); err == nil {
 		log.Info("Blob already exists in storage, skipping upload",
 			"hash", finishedBlob.Hash, "size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Blob exists: %s (%s, skipped upload)\n",
-			finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...", humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+		s.ui.Info("Blob %s (%s) already exists in backup destination store. Skipping upload.",
+			s.ui.Hex(finishedBlob.Hash), s.ui.Size(finishedBlob.Compressed))
 		return true, nil
 	}

-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Uploading blob: %s (%s)\n",
-		finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)))
+	s.ui.Begin("Uploading blob %s (%s) to backup destination store.",
+		s.ui.Hex(finishedBlob.Hash), s.ui.Size(finishedBlob.Compressed))

 	progressCallback := s.makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx, finishedBlob, startTime)

@@ -1183,11 +1198,11 @@ func (s *Scanner) uploadBlobIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, blobPath string, blobW
 	uploadDuration := time.Since(startTime)
 	uploadSpeedBps := float64(finishedBlob.Compressed) / uploadDuration.Seconds()

-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Blob stored: %s (%s, %s/sec, %s)\n",
-		finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploadSpeedBps)),
-		uploadDuration.Round(time.Millisecond))
+	s.ui.Complete("Uploaded blob %s (%s) in %s at %s.",
+		s.ui.Hex(finishedBlob.Hash),
+		s.ui.Size(finishedBlob.Compressed),
+		s.ui.Duration(uploadDuration),
+		s.ui.Speed(uploadSpeedBps))

 	log.Info("Successfully uploaded blob to storage",
 		"path", blobPath,
@@ -1236,14 +1251,15 @@ func (s *Scanner) makeUploadProgressCallback(ctx context.Context, finishedBlob *
 			if avgSpeed > 0 {
 				eta = time.Duration(float64(finishedBlob.Compressed-uploaded)/avgSpeed) * time.Second
 			}
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "  blob upload %s: %s/%s (%.0f%%) at %s/sec, blob upload elapsed %s, blob upload ETA %s\n",
-				finishedBlob.Hash[:12]+"...",
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(uploaded)),
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(finishedBlob.Compressed)),
-				pct,
-				humanize.Bytes(uint64(avgSpeed)),
-				totalElapsed.Round(time.Second),
-				eta.Round(time.Second))
+			s.ui.Progress("Blob upload %s: %s / %s (%s) at %s, blob upload elapsed %s, blob upload estimated remaining time (%s), finish at %s.",
+				s.ui.Hex(finishedBlob.Hash),
+				s.ui.Size(uploaded),
+				s.ui.Size(finishedBlob.Compressed),
+				s.ui.Percent(pct),
+				s.ui.Speed(avgSpeed),
+				s.ui.Duration(totalElapsed),
+				s.ui.Duration(eta),
+				s.ui.Time(now.Add(eta)))
 			lastStdoutTime = now
 		}

@@ -1472,7 +1488,7 @@ func (s *Scanner) detectDeletedFilesFromMap(ctx context.Context, knownFiles map[
 	}

 	if result.FilesDeleted > 0 {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(s.output, "Found %s deleted files\n", formatNumber(result.FilesDeleted))
+		s.ui.Info("Snapshot source files enumeration detected %s deleted files.", s.ui.Count(result.FilesDeleted))
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -1594,25 +1610,3 @@ func (s *Scanner) shouldExclude(filePath, rootPath string) bool {

 	return false
 }
-
-// formatNumber formats a number with comma separators
-func formatNumber(n int) string {
-	if n < 1000 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
-	}
-	return humanize.Comma(int64(n))
-}
-
-// formatCompact formats a number compactly with k/M suffixes (e.g., 5.7k, 1.2M)
-func formatCompact(n int) string {
-	if n < 1000 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
-	}
-	if n < 10000 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1fk", float64(n)/1000)
-	}
-	if n < 1000000 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fk", float64(n)/1000)
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1fM", float64(n)/1000000)
-}
--- a/internal/ui/ui.go
+++ b/internal/ui/ui.go
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// Package ui provides consistent user-facing output formatting for vaultik.
+// All status updates, banners, errors, and warnings printed to the user
+// should go through a *Writer from this package.
+//
+// Message classes (see Writer methods):
+//
+//   - Begin   — operation start, left-aligned, marker "》" (white)
+//   - Complete— operation completion, left-aligned, marker "》" (green)
+//   - Info    — left-aligned neutral status, marker "》" (white)
+//   - Notice  — left-aligned important note, marker "》" (cyan)
+//   - Warning — left-aligned warning, full word "Warning: " (orange/yellow)
+//   - Error   — left-aligned error, full word "ERROR: " (red)
+//   - Progress— indented heartbeat / per-item update, marker "  》" (white)
+//   - Banner  — application banner line, left-aligned, no marker
+//
+// Value formatters (Hex, Size, Duration, Time, Path, Snapshot, Speed,
+// Count, Percent) return ANSI-colored strings the caller composes into
+// the message body. When color is disabled (non-TTY output or NO_COLOR
+// set) all formatters return plain text.
+package ui
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
+	"golang.org/x/term"
+)
+
+// ANSI SGR escape sequences.
+const (
+	ansiReset   = "\033[0m"
+	ansiBold    = "\033[1m"
+	ansiRed     = "\033[31m"
+	ansiGreen   = "\033[32m"
+	ansiYellow  = "\033[33m" // used for orange "Warning:" and for durations
+	ansiBlue    = "\033[34m"
+	ansiMagenta = "\033[35m"
+	ansiCyan    = "\033[36m"
+	ansiWhite   = "\033[37m"
+)
+
+// Marker is the chevron prefix used for all non-error/warning lines.
+const Marker = "》"
+
+// Writer formats and emits user-facing messages with optional ANSI color.
+type Writer struct {
+	out   io.Writer
+	color bool
+}
+
+// New returns a Writer that emits to out. Color is enabled when out is a
+// TTY and the NO_COLOR environment variable is unset.
+// https://no-color.org/
+func New(out io.Writer) *Writer {
+	return &Writer{out: out, color: shouldColor(out)}
+}
+
+// NewWithColor returns a Writer with an explicit color setting, ignoring
+// TTY detection. Useful for tests and for piped output that the caller
+// wants to colorize anyway.
+func NewWithColor(out io.Writer, color bool) *Writer {
+	return &Writer{out: out, color: color}
+}
+
+// Out returns the underlying writer.
+func (w *Writer) Out() io.Writer { return w.out }
+
+// Color reports whether color is enabled on this writer.
+func (w *Writer) Color() bool { return w.color }
+
+// shouldColor returns true when w is a real TTY and NO_COLOR is unset.
+func shouldColor(w io.Writer) bool {
+	if os.Getenv("NO_COLOR") != "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	f, ok := w.(*os.File)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(f.Fd()))
+}
+
+// paint wraps s in the given ANSI color when color is enabled.
+func (w *Writer) paint(color, s string) string {
+	if !w.color {
+		return s
+	}
+	return color + s + ansiReset
+}
+
+// ───────────────────────── message methods ─────────────────────────
+
+// Begin prints an operation-start line, left-aligned with a white marker.
+func (w *Writer) Begin(format string, args ...any) {
+	w.emit(ansiWhite, Marker, "", format, args)
+}
+
+// Complete prints an operation-completion line in green, left-aligned.
+func (w *Writer) Complete(format string, args ...any) {
+	w.emit(ansiGreen, Marker, ansiGreen, format, args)
+}
+
+// Info prints a neutral status line, left-aligned with a white marker.
+func (w *Writer) Info(format string, args ...any) {
+	w.emit(ansiWhite, Marker, "", format, args)
+}
+
+// Notice prints an attention-worthy informational line, marker in cyan.
+func (w *Writer) Notice(format string, args ...any) {
+	w.emit(ansiCyan, Marker, "", format, args)
+}
+
+// Warning prints "Warning: " in orange/yellow followed by the message.
+func (w *Writer) Warning(format string, args ...any) {
+	prefix := w.paint(ansiYellow+ansiBold, "Warning: ")
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(w.out, prefix+fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+// Error prints "ERROR: " in red followed by the message. Goes to the same
+// writer as everything else; callers that want stderr should construct a
+// separate Writer for it.
+func (w *Writer) Error(format string, args ...any) {
+	prefix := w.paint(ansiRed+ansiBold, "ERROR: ")
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(w.out, prefix+fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+// Progress prints an indented heartbeat / per-item update, marker in white.
+func (w *Writer) Progress(format string, args ...any) {
+	w.emit(ansiWhite, "  "+Marker, "", format, args)
+}
+
+// Banner prints a line with no marker, left-aligned. Used for the
+// application startup banner only.
+func (w *Writer) Banner(format string, args ...any) {
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(w.out, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+// emit writes "<prefix> <body>\n" with the prefix painted in prefixColor
+// and the body optionally painted in bodyColor (empty = no body color).
+func (w *Writer) emit(prefixColor, prefix, bodyColor, format string, args []any) {
+	body := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	if bodyColor != "" {
+		body = w.paint(bodyColor, body)
+	}
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(w.out, w.paint(prefixColor, prefix)+" "+body)
+}
+
+// ───────────────────────── value formatters ─────────────────────────
+//
+// These return ANSI-colored strings the caller composes into a message
+// body. When color is disabled they return plain text.
+
+// Hex colorizes a hex identifier (blob hash, chunk hash, snapshot id).
+// Long hashes are abbreviated to first 12 chars with "...".
+func (w *Writer) Hex(s string) string {
+	short := s
+	if len(s) > 12 {
+		short = s[:12] + "..."
+	}
+	return w.paint(ansiCyan, short)
+}
+
+// Snapshot colorizes a snapshot ID (full, no abbreviation).
+func (w *Writer) Snapshot(id string) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiCyan+ansiBold, id)
+}
+
+// Path colorizes a filesystem path.
+func (w *Writer) Path(p string) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiBlue, p)
+}
+
+// Size colorizes a byte count using humanize.Bytes.
+func (w *Writer) Size(bytes int64) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiMagenta, humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytes)))
+}
+
+// Speed colorizes a byte-per-second value as "<size>/sec".
+func (w *Writer) Speed(bytesPerSec float64) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiMagenta, humanize.Bytes(uint64(bytesPerSec))+"/sec")
+}
+
+// Duration colorizes a time.Duration rounded to the nearest second.
+func (w *Writer) Duration(d time.Duration) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiYellow, d.Round(time.Second).String())
+}
+
+// Time colorizes an absolute time (RFC3339, second precision).
+func (w *Writer) Time(t time.Time) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiYellow, t.Format(time.RFC3339))
+}
+
+// Count colorizes an integer count with thousands separators.
+func (w *Writer) Count(n int) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiMagenta, humanize.Comma(int64(n)))
+}
+
+// Percent colorizes a 0..100 percentage.
+func (w *Writer) Percent(p float64) string {
+	return w.paint(ansiMagenta, fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%%", p))
+}
--- a/internal/ui/ui_test.go
+++ b/internal/ui/ui_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package ui
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func newTestWriter(color bool) (*Writer, *bytes.Buffer) {
+	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	return NewWithColor(buf, color), buf
+}
+
+func TestMessageMethodsPlain(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		method string
+		fn     func(*Writer)
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{"Begin", func(w *Writer) { w.Begin("starting %s", "thing") }, "》 starting thing\n"},
+		{"Complete", func(w *Writer) { w.Complete("done %s", "thing") }, "》 done thing\n"},
+		{"Info", func(w *Writer) { w.Info("status") }, "》 status\n"},
+		{"Notice", func(w *Writer) { w.Notice("note") }, "》 note\n"},
+		{"Warning", func(w *Writer) { w.Warning("oops") }, "Warning: oops\n"},
+		{"Error", func(w *Writer) { w.Error("boom") }, "ERROR: boom\n"},
+		{"Progress", func(w *Writer) { w.Progress("p") }, "  》 p\n"},
+		{"Banner", func(w *Writer) { w.Banner("hello") }, "hello\n"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.method, func(t *testing.T) {
+			w, buf := newTestWriter(false)
+			tt.fn(w)
+			if got := buf.String(); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestColorOutputContainsANSI(t *testing.T) {
+	w, buf := newTestWriter(true)
+	w.Error("boom")
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "\033[") {
+		t.Errorf("expected ANSI escapes in color output, got %q", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "ERROR: ") {
+		t.Errorf("expected 'ERROR: ' text in output, got %q", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValueFormattersPlain(t *testing.T) {
+	w, _ := newTestWriter(false)
+
+	if got := w.Hex("0123456789abcdef0123"); got != "0123456789ab..." {
+		t.Errorf("Hex long: got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := w.Hex("short"); got != "short" {
+		t.Errorf("Hex short: got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := w.Size(1024); got != "1.0 kB" {
+		t.Errorf("Size: got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := w.Duration(90 * time.Second); got != "1m30s" {
+		t.Errorf("Duration: got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := w.Count(12345); got != "12,345" {
+		t.Errorf("Count: got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := w.Percent(12.34); got != "12.3%" {
+		t.Errorf("Percent: got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValueFormattersColored(t *testing.T) {
+	w, _ := newTestWriter(true)
+	hex := w.Hex("0123456789abcdef0123")
+	if !strings.Contains(hex, "\033[") {
+		t.Errorf("expected ANSI in colored Hex output, got %q", hex)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(hex, "0123456789ab") {
+		t.Errorf("expected hex content in output, got %q", hex)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/vaultik/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/helpers.go
@@ -17,37 +17,6 @@ type SnapshotInfo struct {
 	CompressedSize int64            `json:"compressed_size"`
 }

-// formatNumber formats a number with commas
-func formatNumber(n int) string {
-	str := fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
-	var result []string
-	for i, digit := range str {
-		if i > 0 && (len(str)-i)%3 == 0 {
-			result = append(result, ",")
-		}
-		result = append(result, string(digit))
-	}
-	return strings.Join(result, "")
-}
-
-// formatDuration formats a duration in a human-readable way
-func formatDuration(d time.Duration) string {
-	if d < time.Second {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%dms", d.Milliseconds())
-	}
-	if d < time.Minute {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1fs", d.Seconds())
-	}
-	if d < time.Hour {
-		mins := int(d.Minutes())
-		secs := int(d.Seconds()) % 60
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%dm %ds", mins, secs)
-	}
-	hours := int(d.Hours())
-	mins := int(d.Minutes()) % 60
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%dh %dm", hours, mins)
-}
-
 // formatBytes formats bytes in a human-readable format
 func formatBytes(bytes int64) string {
 	const unit = 1024
--- a/internal/vaultik/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/snapshot.go
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {

 	// Print overall summary if multiple snapshots
 	if len(snapshotNames) > 1 {
-		v.printfStdout("\nAll %d snapshots completed in %s\n", len(snapshotNames), time.Since(overallStartTime).Round(time.Second))
+		v.UI.Complete("All %d snapshots completed in %s.", len(snapshotNames), v.UI.Duration(time.Since(overallStartTime)))
 	}

 	if opts.Prune {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) CreateSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions) error {
 // snapshot of each name is kept.
 func (v *Vaultik) runPostBackupPrune(snapshotNames []string, keepNewerThan string) error {
 	log.Info("Running post-backup prune", "snapshots", snapshotNames, "keep_newer_than", keepNewerThan)
-	v.printlnStdout("\n=== Post-backup prune ===")
+	v.UI.Begin("Running post-backup prune.")

 	purgeOpts := &SnapshotPurgeOptions{
 		Force: true,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 	snapshotStartTime := time.Now()

 	if total > 1 {
-		v.printfStdout("\n=== Snapshot %d/%d: %s ===\n", idx, total, snapName)
+		v.UI.Info("Snapshot %d/%d: %s.", idx, total, snapName)
 	}

 	resolvedDirs, err := v.resolveSnapshotPaths(snapName)
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna

 	scanner := v.ScannerFactory(snapshot.ScannerParams{
 		EnableProgress: !opts.Cron,
-		Output:         v.Stdout,
+		UI:             v.UI,
 		Fs:             v.Fs,
 		Exclude:        v.Config.GetExcludes(snapName),
 		SkipErrors:     opts.SkipErrors,
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) createNamedSnapshot(opts *SnapshotCreateOptions, hostname, sna
 		return fmt.Errorf("creating snapshot: %w", err)
 	}
 	log.Info("Beginning snapshot", "snapshot_id", snapshotID, "name", snapName)
-	v.printfStdout("Beginning snapshot: %s\n", snapshotID)
+	v.UI.Begin("Creating snapshot %s.", v.UI.Snapshot(snapshotID))

 	stats, err := v.scanAllDirectories(scanner, resolvedDirs, snapshotID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ func (v *Vaultik) scanAllDirectories(scanner *snapshot.Scanner, resolvedDirs []s
 		}

 		log.Info("Scanning directory", "path", dir)
-		v.printfStdout("Beginning directory scan (%d/%d): %s\n", i+1, len(resolvedDirs), dir)
+		v.UI.Begin("Enumerating snapshot source files in %s (%d of %d).", v.UI.Path(dir), i+1, len(resolvedDirs))
 		result, err := scanner.Scan(v.ctx, dir, snapshotID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to scan %s: %w", dir, err)
@@ -335,35 +335,36 @@ func (v *Vaultik) printSnapshotSummary(snapshotID string, startTime time.Time, s
 		compressionRatio = 1.0
 	}

-	v.printfStdout("=== Snapshot Complete ===\n")
-	v.printfStdout("ID: %s\n", snapshotID)
-	v.printfStdout("Files: %s examined, %s to process, %s unchanged",
-		formatNumber(stats.totalFiles),
-		formatNumber(totalFilesChanged),
-		formatNumber(stats.totalFilesSkipped))
+	v.UI.Complete("Created snapshot %s.", v.UI.Snapshot(snapshotID))
+	filesMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Files: %s examined, %s to process, %s unchanged",
+		v.UI.Count(stats.totalFiles),
+		v.UI.Count(totalFilesChanged),
+		v.UI.Count(stats.totalFilesSkipped))
 	if stats.totalFilesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", formatNumber(stats.totalFilesDeleted))
+		filesMsg += fmt.Sprintf(", %s deleted", v.UI.Count(stats.totalFilesDeleted))
 	}
-	v.printlnStdout()
-	v.printfStdout("Data: %s total (%s to process)",
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBytesAll)),
-		humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytes)))
+	v.UI.Info("%s.", filesMsg)
+
+	dataMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Data: %s total (%s to process)",
+		v.UI.Size(totalBytesAll),
+		v.UI.Size(stats.totalBytes))
 	if stats.totalBytesDeleted > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout(", %s deleted", humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesDeleted)))
+		dataMsg += fmt.Sprintf(", %s deleted", v.UI.Size(stats.totalBytesDeleted))
 	}
-	v.printlnStdout()
+	v.UI.Info("%s.", dataMsg)
+
 	if stats.totalBlobsUploaded > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("Storage: %s compressed from %s (%.2fx)\n",
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeCompressed)),
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(totalBlobSizeUncompressed)),
+		v.UI.Info("Storage: %s compressed from %s (%.2fx ratio).",
+			v.UI.Size(totalBlobSizeCompressed),
+			v.UI.Size(totalBlobSizeUncompressed),
 			compressionRatio)
-		v.printfStdout("Upload: %d blobs, %s in %s (%s)\n",
+		v.UI.Info("Upload: %d blobs, %s in %s (%s).",
 			stats.totalBlobsUploaded,
-			humanize.Bytes(uint64(stats.totalBytesUploaded)),
-			formatDuration(stats.uploadDuration),
+			v.UI.Size(stats.totalBytesUploaded),
+			v.UI.Duration(stats.uploadDuration),
 			formatUploadSpeed(stats.totalBytesUploaded, stats.uploadDuration))
 	}
-	v.printfStdout("Duration: %s\n", formatDuration(snapshotDuration))
+	v.UI.Info("Snapshot create duration: %s.", v.UI.Duration(snapshotDuration))
 }

 // getSnapshotBlobSizes returns total compressed and uncompressed blob sizes for a snapshot
@@ -422,11 +423,11 @@ func (v *Vaultik) ListSnapshots(jsonOutput bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 	if len(stale) > 0 {
-		v.printfStdout("\nWarning: %d local snapshot(s) not found in remote storage:\n", len(stale))
+		v.UI.Warning("%d local snapshot record(s) not found in backup destination store:", len(stale))
 		for _, id := range stale {
-			v.printfStdout("  %s\n", id)
+			v.UI.Info("%s", v.UI.Snapshot(id))
 		}
-		v.printlnStdout("Run 'vaultik snapshot cleanup' to remove stale local records.")
+		v.UI.Info("Run 'vaultik snapshot cleanup' to remove stale local records.")
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -1272,6 +1273,7 @@ type PruneResult struct {
 // before starting a new backup or on-demand via the prune command.
 func (v *Vaultik) PruneDatabase() (*PruneResult, error) {
 	log.Info("Pruning local database: removing incomplete snapshots and orphaned data")
+	v.UI.Begin("Pruning local index database (removing incomplete snapshots and orphaned data).")

 	result := &PruneResult{}

@@ -1327,12 +1329,8 @@ func (v *Vaultik) PruneDatabase() (*PruneResult, error) {
 		"orphaned_blobs", result.BlobsDeleted,
 	)

-	// Print summary
-	v.printfStdout("Local database prune complete:\n")
-	v.printfStdout("  Incomplete snapshots removed: %d\n", result.SnapshotsDeleted)
-	v.printfStdout("  Orphaned files removed: %d\n", result.FilesDeleted)
-	v.printfStdout("  Orphaned chunks removed: %d\n", result.ChunksDeleted)
-	v.printfStdout("  Orphaned blobs removed: %d\n", result.BlobsDeleted)
+	v.UI.Complete("Pruned local index database: %d incomplete snapshots, %d orphaned files, %d orphaned chunks, %d orphaned blobs removed.",
+		result.SnapshotsDeleted, result.FilesDeleted, result.ChunksDeleted, result.BlobsDeleted)

 	return result, nil
 }
--- a/internal/vaultik/vaultik.go
+++ b/internal/vaultik/vaultik.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/globals"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/snapshot"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/storage"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/vaultik/internal/ui"
 )

 // Vaultik contains all dependencies needed for vaultik operations
@@ -37,6 +38,12 @@ type Vaultik struct {
 	Stdout io.Writer
 	Stderr io.Writer
 	Stdin  io.Reader
+
+	// UI is the writer for user-facing status, progress, warnings, errors.
+	// See package internal/ui for formatting conventions. Defaults to a
+	// writer wrapping Stdout; the cli layer replaces it with a discarding
+	// writer in --cron mode.
+	UI *ui.Writer
 }

 // VaultikParams contains all parameters for New that can be provided by fx
@@ -83,6 +90,7 @@ func New(params VaultikParams) *Vaultik {
 		Stdout:          os.Stdout,
 		Stderr:          os.Stderr,
 		Stdin:           os.Stdin,
+		UI:              ui.New(os.Stdout),
 	}
 }