waf: decide every visitor request within rproxy's timeout (closes #394)

The Core Rule Set is the one check whose time a visitor can stretch.
At paranoia level 4 it took over 2 s on a request with an 8 KiB
request line, three 8 KiB Cookie lines and a 64 KiB form body.
SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE now takes at most 8K. The
Core Rule Set also reads no JSON body over 1 KiB, since Coraza turns
JSON into up to 8 times its size in names and values. That brings
such a request under 1 s.

A test per kind of input times the Core Rule Set on the worst request
within the limits, at the slowest settings. SPEC.md lists the limits
that bound it.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ Every setting the code reads, with its default:
 | `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_SCORE_THRESHOLD`           | `5`                                                                                      | The Core Rule Set score at which a request is a match, a whole number or `off`; one critical rule scores 5.                                                                                                                                                     |
 | `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_DISABLED_RULES`            | `920340,920420,920440,920640,930130,930140`                                              | Core Rule Set rule ids switched off; a list you give replaces the default, so repeat these six to keep them off.                                                                                                                                                |
 | `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_EXEMPT_PATHS`              | empty                                                                                    | Path prefixes the Core Rule Set does not inspect.                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
-| `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE`      | `off`                                                                                    | How much of a request body the Core Rule Set reads, a size up to `64K`; `off` reads none.                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE`      | `off`                                                                                    | How much of a request body the Core Rule Set reads, a size up to `8K`; `off` reads none.                                                                                                                                                                        |
 | `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_EXCLUSIONS_FILE`           | unset                                                                                    | A file of Core Rule Set exclusions, as Coraza directives, that switch rules off for some fields or paths only.                                                                                                                                                  |
 | `SWW_WAF_APPS`                                    | unset                                                                                    | The apps each hostname serves, such as `git.example.com:gitea;blog.example.com:wordpress`; only those apps' fixes apply there. "Attack detection" lists the apps. Listing `forgejo` brings gitea's fixes too. Unset, every app's fixes apply to every hostname. |
 | `SWW_WAF_BLOCKLIST_URLS`                          | empty                                                                                    | Blocklists to fetch, text files of addresses and netblocks one to a line, such as `https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/drop.txt`.                                                                                                                                     |

SPEC.md

@@ -704,11 +704,12 @@ files, the limits and the bans still apply to the client that sends it.
       rules is loaded yet.
 
 - `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE` switches body inspection on, up
-  to that size. It takes at most `64K`, since `waf` gets no more of a body than
-  that (see "The answer"). Form data and multipart bodies are read up to the
-  size. JSON and XML bodies are read only when no larger than the size, since
-  those cannot be read in part. Any other body is not read: the Core Rule Set
-  would read it as form data, where binary content such as a git push trips
+  to that size. It takes at most `8K`, so that `waf` answers in time (see
+  "Answering in time"). Form data and multipart bodies are read up to the size.
+  JSON and XML bodies are read only when no larger than the size, since those
+  cannot be read in part. A JSON body over 1 KiB is not read either, whatever
+  the size (see "Answering in time"). Any other body is not read: the Core Rule
+  Set would read it as form data, where binary content such as a git push trips
   rules written for text. A body the Core Rule Set cannot parse adds 5 to the
   score, and so does a multipart body cut by the limit in the middle of a part's
   header. Body inspection suits apps whose forms carry no code.
@@ -2397,9 +2398,7 @@ In `observe` mode a request that `enforce` mode would refuse is answered
 answered `404`.
 
 The Core Rule Set inspects the body a question carries only while
-`SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE` is set. It inspects at most 64 KiB
-less one byte. So it does not inspect a JSON or XML body of 64 KiB or more,
-which may have been cut short.
+`SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE` is set, and at most 8 KiB of it.
 
 ### Answering in time
 
@@ -2474,12 +2473,26 @@ client in `SWW_WAF_ALLOW_NETS` skips them, as it skips the Core Rule Set. In
 `observe` mode such a request is answered `allow` with `would_action`, and no
 other check runs on it.
 
-The Core Rule Set runs each of its rules on each cookie, so thousands of small
-cookies would keep it busy for over a second. One 30 KB cookie or query string
-would keep it busy for a third of a second or more. A request with several long
-`Cookie` lines, each within the limits, can keep it as busy. Enough such
-requests at once can still overload `waf` past
-`SWW_RPROXY_WAF_BACKEND_TIMEOUT_MS`.
+The Core Rule Set is the one check a visitor can keep busy for long. It runs
+each of its rules on each part of a request, so thousands of small cookies would
+keep it busy for over a second. These fixed limits bound what it reads:
+
+- the header limits above;
+- `rproxy`'s limit of 32 KiB on the request line and headers together (see
+  "`rproxy`'s limits");
+- 8 KiB of a body, the most `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE` takes,
+  or 1 KiB of a JSON body.
+
+Coraza names each value in a JSON body by the whole path to it, such as
+`json.users.0.name`. So the names and values the Core Rule Set reads in a JSON
+body can add up to more than the body. From 1 KiB of JSON, Coraza makes at most
+8 KiB of them, no more than the largest body of another kind.
+
+A request can reach all of these at once. At paranoia level 4, with no rule
+switched off, the Core Rule Set takes under a second on one core of a current
+server to inspect it. So `waf` answers it within the default 2 seconds, even
+after the default 800 milliseconds of waiting for GeoJS. Enough such requests at
+once can still overload `waf` past `SWW_RPROXY_WAF_BACKEND_TIMEOUT_MS`.
 
 ### The report
 

docs/settings.md

@@ -251,10 +251,9 @@ tag that no request can get stops the start. A request can get only these:
 - `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_EXEMPT_PATHS` (default empty): path prefixes the Core
   Rule Set does not inspect.
 - `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE` (default `off`): `off`, or how
-  much of a request body the Core Rule Set reads, a size of at most `64K`. A
-  question carries no more of a body than 64 KiB, and the Core Rule Set reads at
-  most 64 KiB less one byte of it, whatever the value (see "The answer" in
-  [`SPEC.md`](../SPEC.md)).
+  much of a request body the Core Rule Set reads, a size of at most `8K`. A
+  larger size would let one request keep it busy past `rproxy`'s timeout (see
+  "Answering in time" in [`SPEC.md`](../SPEC.md)).
 - `SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_EXCLUSIONS_FILE` (default unset): a file of Core Rule
   Set exclusions, written as Coraza directives. It is loaded before the Core
   Rule Set's rules, so it holds only `SecAction` and `SecRule` lines that

internal/config/waf.go

@@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ var (
 		"it names the file to look clients up in",
 	)
 	errDBPathUnused = errors.New("only file reads it")
-	errOver64K      = errors.New(
-		"is more than 64K, the most waf gets of a body")
+	errOver8K       = errors.New(
+		"is more than 8K, the most the Core Rule Set can read in time")
 	errNotDurationAboveZero = errors.New(
 		"is not a duration above zero, such as 1h or 7d")
 	errNotNumberAboveZero = errors.New(
@@ -1601,16 +1601,16 @@ func durationOrDays(value string) (time.Duration, error) {
 }
 
 // parseCoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize reads the most of a request body the Core Rule Set
-// reads: a size as parseSize reads it, or off, but at most 64K, since waf
-// gets no more of a body than that.
+// reads: a size as parseSize reads it, or off, but at most 8K, so that one
+// request cannot keep the Core Rule Set busy past rproxy's timeout.
 func parseCoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize(value string) (int64, error) {
 	limit, err := parseSize(value)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	if limit > 64*kibibyte {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%q %w", value, errOver64K)
+	if limit > 8*kibibyte {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%q %w", value, errOver8K)
 	}
 
 	return limit, nil

internal/config/waf_test.go

@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ func TestCoreRuleSetSettings(t *testing.T) {
 				coreRuleSetScoreThreshold:     "10",
 				coreRuleSetDisabledRules:      "942100, 920350",
 				coreRuleSetExemptPaths:        "/api/, /static/",
-				coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "32K",
+				coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "4K",
 				exclusionsFile:                "/etc/sww/crs-exclusions.conf",
 			},
 			config.WAF{
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ func TestCoreRuleSetSettings(t *testing.T) {
 				CoreRuleSetScoreThreshold:     10,
 				CoreRuleSetDisabledRules:      []int{942100, 920350},
 				CoreRuleSetExemptPaths:        []string{"/api/", "/static/"},
-				CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: 32 << 10,
+				CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: 4 << 10,
 				CoreRuleSetExclusionsFile:     "/etc/sww/crs-exclusions.conf",
 			},
 		},
@@ -762,15 +762,15 @@ func TestInvalidAppsStopsTheStart(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestCoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSizeOf64K(t *testing.T) {
+func TestCoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSizeOf8K(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	cfg := wafFromEnvironment(
 		t,
-		environment{coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "64K"},
+		environment{coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "8K"},
 	)
-	if cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize != 64<<10 {
-		t.Errorf("64K read as %d", cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize)
+	if cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize != 8<<10 {
+		t.Errorf("8K read as %d", cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -819,11 +819,13 @@ func TestInvalidCoreRuleSetSettingStopsTheStart(t *testing.T) {
 			coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize, "128KB",
 			`"128KB" is not a size such as 512K, 100M or 5G, or off`,
 		},
-		{coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize, "65K", `"65K" is more than 64K, the most waf ` +
-			`gets of a body`},
 		{
-			coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize, "65537",
-			`"65537" is more than 64K, the most waf gets of a body`,
+			coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize, "9K",
+			`"9K" is more than 8K, the most the Core Rule Set can read in time`,
+		},
+		{
+			coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize, "8193",
+			`"8193" is more than 8K, the most the Core Rule Set can read in time`,
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name+"="+tc.value, func(t *testing.T) {

internal/coreruleset/coreruleset.go

@@ -481,12 +481,21 @@ func (c *CoreRuleSet) Inspect(
 	return Result{RuleIDs: ids, Score: score(tx)}, read, err
 }
 
+// mostJSONRead is the largest JSON body the Core Rule Set reads, even while
+// SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE is larger. Coraza names each
+// value in a JSON body by the whole path to it, so what it gives the Core
+// Rule Set to read can outgrow the body: up to 8 times its size, and up to
+// 4 KiB for a small body. 1 KiB of JSON thus gives at most 8 KiB, no more
+// than the largest body of another kind.
+const mostJSONRead = 1 << 10
+
 // readBody reads body, the body of the request in tx, which has run on
 // the request's headers, while SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE is
 // set and the body is of a kind the Core Rule Set reads: form data and
 // multipart, of which it reads the first c.bodyInspectionSize bytes, and
 // JSON and XML, which it reads only when they are no longer than that,
-// since they cannot be read in part.
+// since they cannot be read in part. The Core Rule Set reads no JSON body
+// longer than mostJSONRead either.
 // readBody reads one byte past c.bodyInspectionSize, to tell which they
 // are, gives the Core Rule Set what it reads, and returns what it read and
 // the error that ended the reading early, if one did.
@@ -499,6 +508,8 @@ func (c *CoreRuleSet) readBody(
 	}
 
 	inPart := false
+	// largest is the largest JSON or XML body the Core Rule Set reads.
+	largest := c.bodyInspectionSize
 	// How the body is read is a variable of the transaction, which only
 	// Coraza's interface for plugins reads.
 	state := tx.(plugintypes.TransactionState) //nolint:forcetypeassert // every one is
@@ -506,14 +517,16 @@ func (c *CoreRuleSet) readBody(
 	switch state.Variables().RequestBodyProcessor().Get() {
 	case "URLENCODED", "MULTIPART":
 		inPart = true
-	case "JSON", "XML":
+	case "JSON":
+		largest = min(largest, mostJSONRead)
+	case "XML":
 	default:
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	read, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(body, c.bodyInspectionSize+1))
 
-	if inPart || (err == nil && int64(len(read)) <= c.bodyInspectionSize) {
+	if inPart || (err == nil && int64(len(read)) <= largest) {
 		// Coraza holds what it reads of the body in memory, up to the
 		// limit, so this cannot fail.
 		_, _, _ = tx.WriteRequestBody(read)

internal/coreruleset/coreruleset_test.go

@@ -390,22 +390,15 @@ func TestMoreParametersThanCorazaKeepsIsAMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		matched(900300),
 	)
 
-	// So it is with the fields of a form data or JSON body.
+	// So it is with the fields of a form data body. A JSON body the Core
+	// Rule Set reads, of at most mostJSONRead bytes, cannot hold that many.
 	crs = readingBodies(t)
 
-	for _, tc := range []struct{ header, body string }{
-		{formData, strings.Repeat("a=1&", 999) + attack},
-		{jsonBody, `{"a":[` + strings.Repeat("1,", 998) + `1],"id":"` + injection + `"}`},
-	} {
-		wantBody(t, crs, post(tc.header), tc.body, matched(942100), tc.body)
-	}
+	body := strings.Repeat("a=1&", 999) + attack
+	wantBody(t, crs, post(formData), body, matched(942100), body)
 
-	for _, tc := range []struct{ header, body string }{
-		{formData, strings.Repeat("a=1&", 1000) + attack},
-		{jsonBody, `{"a":[` + strings.Repeat("1,", 999) + `1],"id":"` + injection + `"}`},
-	} {
-		wantBody(t, crs, post(tc.header), tc.body, matched(900300), tc.body)
-	}
+	body = strings.Repeat("a=1&", 1000) + attack
+	wantBody(t, crs, post(formData), body, matched(900300), body)
 }
 
 func TestRedirectURIMayNameALocalAddress(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1512,13 +1505,15 @@ const (
 	wpTags    = "/wp-json/wp/v2/tags"
 )
 
-// readingBodiesUpTo64K returns the Core Rule Set as sww runs it by default,
+// readingBodiesUpTo8K returns the Core Rule Set as sww runs it by default,
 // but reading bodies up to the largest SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE.
-func readingBodiesUpTo64K(t *testing.T) *coreruleset.CoreRuleSet {
+func readingBodiesUpTo8K(t *testing.T) *coreruleset.CoreRuleSet {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	return shared(t, coreruleset.Params{
-		ParanoiaLevel: 1, DisabledRules: defaultDisabledRules, BodyInspectionSize: 64<<10 - 1,
+		ParanoiaLevel:      1,
+		DisabledRules:      defaultDisabledRules,
+		BodyInspectionSize: mostBodyRead,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -1582,7 +1577,7 @@ func TestWordPressAttacksAreRefused(t *testing.T) {
 
 	const threshold = 5 // SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_SCORE_THRESHOLD's default
 
-	defaults, bodies := atDefaults(t), readingBodiesUpTo64K(t)
+	defaults, bodies := atDefaults(t), readingBodiesUpTo8K(t)
 
 	for _, attack := range []string{
 		sqlInjection,
@@ -1693,7 +1688,7 @@ func wordpressRESTAddresses(route string) []string {
 func TestWordPressExclusionsFollowEveryRESTAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	crs := readingBodiesUpTo64K(t)
+	crs := readingBodiesUpTo8K(t)
 	content := `{"content":"` + wordpressBlock + `"}`
 
 	for _, route := range []string{
@@ -1919,7 +1914,7 @@ func TestWordPressCommandAfterASeparatorIsRefusedOnSearchesAndNames(
 		wantResult(t, crs, get(target+command), matched(932235))
 	}
 
-	bodies := readingBodiesUpTo64K(t)
+	bodies := readingBodiesUpTo8K(t)
 
 	for _, p := range wordpressBodyFields(command) {
 		r := request{http.MethodPost, p.target, []string{p.contentType}}
@@ -2143,7 +2138,7 @@ func TestWordPressBodyFieldsAreCheckedInTheQuery(t *testing.T) {
 func TestWordPressBodyNamesAndAddressesAreExcludedOnlyThere(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	crs := readingBodiesUpTo64K(t)
+	crs := readingBodiesUpTo8K(t)
 
 	for _, v := range wordpressWords() {
 		for _, field := range []string{"title", "excerpt", "name"} {
@@ -2262,7 +2257,7 @@ func TestWordPressExclusionsAreNarrow(t *testing.T) {
 		length  = "Content-Length: 2"
 	)
 
-	crs := readingBodiesUpTo64K(t)
+	crs := readingBodiesUpTo8K(t)
 	saving := request{
 		http.MethodPost,
 		wpPost,
@@ -2473,19 +2468,35 @@ func TestFormDataAndMultipartAreReadUpToTheLimit(t *testing.T) {
 func TestJSONAndXMLAreReadOnlyWhenNoLargerThanTheLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	crs := readingBodies(t)
+	// The limit is the body inspection size, but at most mostJSONRead for
+	// JSON. smallSize is a body inspection size under mostJSONRead.
+	const smallSize = 512
 
-	for _, tc := range []struct{ header, head, tail string }{
-		{jsonBody, `{"q":"` + injection + `","pad":"`, `"}`},
-		{xmlBody, "<r><q>" + injection + "</q><pad>", "</pad></r>"},
+	bodies, smallBodies := readingBodies(t), shared(t, coreruleset.Params{
+		ParanoiaLevel: 1, DisabledRules: defaultDisabledRules,
+		BodyInspectionSize: smallSize,
+	})
+	jsonHead, jsonTail := `{"q":"`+injection+`","pad":"`, `"}`
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		crs                *coreruleset.CoreRuleSet
+		header, head, tail string
+		limit              int
+	}{
+		{bodies, jsonBody, jsonHead, jsonTail, mostJSONRead},
+		{smallBodies, jsonBody, jsonHead, jsonTail, smallSize},
+		{
+			bodies, xmlBody, "<r><q>" + injection + "</q><pad>", "</pad></r>",
+			bodyInspectionSize,
+		},
 	} {
-		fits := padded(tc.head, tc.tail, bodyInspectionSize)
-		wantBody(t, crs, post(tc.header), fits, matched(942100), fits)
+		fits := padded(tc.head, tc.tail, tc.limit)
+		wantBody(t, tc.crs, post(tc.header), fits, matched(942100), fits)
 
-		larger := padded(tc.head, tc.tail, bodyInspectionSize+1)
+		larger := padded(tc.head, tc.tail, tc.limit+1)
 		wantBody(
 			t,
-			crs,
+			tc.crs,
 			post(tc.header),
 			larger,
 			coreruleset.Result{},

internal/coreruleset/inspectiontime_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+package coreruleset_test
+
+import (
+	"maps"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/smallwebwaf/internal/coreruleset"
+)
+
+// The bounds on what a visitor can send, as SPEC.md gives them.
+const (
+	// lineLimit is the longest request line or header line.
+	lineLimit = 8 << 10
+	// headerLimit is the most bytes rproxy reads of a request line and
+	// headers together.
+	headerLimit = 32 << 10
+	// mostCookies and mostHeaderFields are waf's limits on cookies and header
+	// fields.
+	mostCookies      = 50
+	mostHeaderFields = 100
+	// mostBodyRead is the largest SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE.
+	mostBodyRead = 8 << 10
+	// mostJSONRead is the largest JSON body the Core Rule Set reads.
+	mostJSONRead = 1 << 10
+)
+
+// inspectionTimeLimit is the most time the Core Rule Set may take on one
+// request. It is the default of rproxy's SWW_RPROXY_WAF_BACKEND_TIMEOUT_MS, 2
+// seconds, less the default of SWW_WAF_ASN_AND_COUNTRY_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_MS, 800
+// milliseconds, which a question can also wait for GeoJS, and less 200
+// milliseconds for waf's other checks.
+const inspectionTimeLimit = time.Second
+
+// text returns n bytes of letters, digits and spaces, which the Core Rule Set
+// takes longer over than one letter repeated.
+func text(n int) string {
+	const words = "select 0x2f from tbl_1 where name like abc_9 "
+
+	return strings.Repeat(words, n/len(words)+1)[:n]
+}
+
+// visitorRequest is a request a visitor can send, at the most of one or more
+// of the bounds above.
+type visitorRequest struct {
+	name   string
+	target string
+	// header holds the headers besides Host.
+	header http.Header
+	// contentType is the body's type, "" for no body.
+	contentType string
+	body        string
+}
+
+// longestTarget returns a target whose request line, "POST <target>
+// HTTP/1.1", is lineLimit bytes long.
+func longestTarget() string {
+	const around = len("POST /?q= HTTP/1.1")
+
+	return "/?q=" + strings.ReplaceAll(text(lineLimit-around), " ", "+")
+}
+
+// cookieLine returns a Cookie value whose line, "Cookie: <value>", is
+// lineLimit bytes long, made of count cookies.
+func cookieLine(count int) string {
+	const linePrefix = len("Cookie: ")
+
+	cookies := make([]string, count)
+	for i := range cookies {
+		cookies[i] = "c" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "="
+	}
+
+	// Each cookie is followed by "; ", but for the last.
+	room := lineLimit - linePrefix - len(strings.Join(cookies, "; "))
+	for i := range cookies {
+		share := room / count
+		if i == 0 {
+			share += room % count
+		}
+
+		cookies[i] += strings.ReplaceAll(text(share), " ", "_")
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(cookies, "; ")
+}
+
+// headerValue returns a value whose line, "<name>: <value>", is n bytes long.
+func headerValue(name string, n int) string {
+	return text(n - len(name) - len(": "))
+}
+
+// formFields returns a form body of mostBodyRead bytes holding count fields.
+func formFields(count int) string {
+	fields := make([]string, count)
+	for i := range fields {
+		fields[i] = "f" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "="
+	}
+
+	room := mostBodyRead - len(strings.Join(fields, "&"))
+	for i := range fields {
+		share := room / count
+		if i == 0 {
+			share += room % count
+		}
+
+		fields[i] += strings.ReplaceAll(text(share), " ", "+")
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(fields, "&")
+}
+
+// multipartBody returns a multipart body of mostBodyRead bytes, with the
+// boundary "b", holding fields of about size bytes each.
+func multipartBody(size int) string {
+	var body strings.Builder
+
+	const end = "--b--\r\n"
+
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		head := "--b\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"f" +
+			strconv.Itoa(i) + "\"\r\n\r\n"
+
+		room := mostBodyRead - body.Len() - len(
+			end,
+		) - len(
+			head,
+		) - len(
+			"\r\n",
+		)
+		if room <= 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		body.WriteString(head + text(min(size, room)) + "\r\n")
+	}
+
+	body.WriteString(end)
+
+	return body.String()
+}
+
+// jsonArrayOfMostElements returns a JSON array of at most mostJSONRead bytes
+// holding as many elements as fit, each the number 1.
+func jsonArrayOfMostElements() string {
+	return "[1" + strings.Repeat(
+		",1",
+		(mostJSONRead-len("[1]"))/len(",1"),
+	) + "]"
+}
+
+// jsonOfMostElementsUnderAKey returns a JSON body of mostJSONRead bytes
+// holding as many elements as fit, each the number 1, in an array under a
+// key of 6 bytes. Coraza names each element "json.<key>.<index>", so a
+// longer key makes longer names. 6 bytes is the longest key that keeps the
+// names and values of this body within the 8 KiB Coraza allows.
+func jsonOfMostElementsUnderAKey() string {
+	head := `{"` + text(6) + `":[1`
+
+	return head + strings.Repeat(
+		",1",
+		(mostJSONRead-len(head+"]}"))/len(",1"),
+	) + "]}"
+}
+
+// The kinds of body the Core Rule Set reads, and the header that names a
+// request's cookies.
+const (
+	formType      = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+	jsonType      = "application/json"
+	multipartType = "multipart/form-data; boundary=b"
+	cookieHeader  = "Cookie"
+)
+
+// fullLine is the length of each of the request line and the three or four
+// header lines that together fill rproxy's limit, with room for the line
+// endings and the other headers.
+const fullLine = lineLimit - 64
+
+// worstCaseRequests are, for each kind of thing a visitor sends, the requests
+// that keep the Core Rule Set busiest, within the bounds above. The last
+// holds the most of everything at once: Cookie lines keep it busier than
+// other header lines, and the JSON body of the most elements under a key
+// keeps it busier than the other bodies.
+func worstCaseRequests() []visitorRequest {
+	fullCookieLine := cookieLine(1)[:fullLine-len("Cookie: ")]
+
+	return append(
+		append(worstCaseHeaders(), worstCaseBodies()...),
+		visitorRequest{
+			name:   "the longest request line, three Cookie lines and body",
+			target: longestTarget()[:fullLine-len("POST  HTTP/1.1")],
+			header: http.Header{cookieHeader: {
+				fullCookieLine, fullCookieLine, fullCookieLine,
+			}},
+			contentType: jsonType, body: jsonOfMostElementsUnderAKey(),
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+// worstCaseHeaders are the requests of worstCaseRequests with no body.
+func worstCaseHeaders() []visitorRequest {
+	headerFields := http.Header{}
+
+	for i := range mostHeaderFields - 1 {
+		name := "X-Field-" + strconv.Itoa(i)
+		headerFields.Set(
+			name,
+			headerValue(name, headerLimit/mostHeaderFields),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return []visitorRequest{
+		{name: "the longest request line", target: longestTarget()},
+		{
+			name: "the longest request line, as query parameters",
+			target: "/?" + strings.Repeat(
+				"a=1&",
+				(lineLimit-len("POST /? HTTP/1.1"))/len("a=1&"),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "the longest Cookie line, as one cookie",
+			target: "/",
+			header: http.Header{cookieHeader: {cookieLine(1)}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "the longest Cookie line, as the most cookies",
+			target: "/",
+			header: http.Header{cookieHeader: {cookieLine(mostCookies)}},
+		},
+		{name: "the most header fields", target: "/", header: headerFields},
+		{
+			name:   "the longest header lines",
+			target: "/",
+			header: http.Header{
+				"User-Agent": {headerValue("User-Agent", fullLine)},
+				"Referer":    {headerValue("Referer", fullLine)},
+				"Accept":     {headerValue("Accept", fullLine)},
+				"X-Long":     {headerValue("X-Long", fullLine)},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// worstCaseBodies are the requests of worstCaseRequests whose body holds
+// the most the Core Rule Set reads.
+func worstCaseBodies() []visitorRequest {
+	const nested = (mostJSONRead - len(`{"a":1}`)) / len(`{"a":}`)
+
+	return []visitorRequest{
+		{
+			name: "a form body of one field", target: "/",
+			contentType: formType, body: formFields(1),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a form body of the most fields Coraza keeps", target: "/",
+			contentType: formType, body: formFields(1000),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a JSON body of one string", target: "/",
+			contentType: jsonType,
+			body: `{"a":"` + text(
+				mostJSONRead-len(`{"a":""}`),
+			) + `"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a JSON body of the most elements", target: "/",
+			contentType: jsonType, body: jsonArrayOfMostElements(),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a JSON body of the most elements under a key", target: "/",
+			contentType: jsonType, body: jsonOfMostElementsUnderAKey(),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a JSON body nested deep", target: "/",
+			contentType: jsonType,
+			body: strings.Repeat(`{"a":`, nested) + "1" +
+				strings.Repeat("}", nested),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "an XML body of many elements", target: "/",
+			contentType: "application/xml",
+			body: "<a>" + strings.Repeat(
+				"<b>x</b>",
+				(mostBodyRead-len("<a></a>"))/len("<b>x</b>"),
+			) + "</a>",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a multipart body of one field", target: "/",
+			contentType: multipartType, body: multipartBody(mostBodyRead),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "a multipart body of many fields", target: "/",
+			contentType: multipartType, body: multipartBody(1),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// inspectionTime returns how long crs takes to inspect tc, and fails t unless
+// it reads all of tc's body and Coraza parses it.
+func inspectionTime(
+	t *testing.T, crs *coreruleset.CoreRuleSet, tc visitorRequest,
+) time.Duration {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(), http.MethodPost, tc.target, nil,
+	)
+	maps.Copy(req.Header, tc.header)
+
+	if tc.contentType != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", tc.contentType)
+	}
+
+	began := time.Now()
+	result, read, _ := crs.Inspect(
+		req, netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.1"), strings.NewReader(tc.body),
+	)
+	took := time.Since(began)
+
+	if string(read) != tc.body {
+		t.Errorf("read %d bytes of %d", len(read), len(tc.body))
+	}
+
+	// Rule 900440 matches a body Coraza could not parse.
+	if slices.Contains(result.RuleIDs, 900440) {
+		t.Errorf("Coraza could not parse the body")
+	}
+
+	return took
+}
+
+// TestTheCoreRuleSetInspectsEachWorstCaseRequestInTime runs one at a time, so
+// that the tests running in parallel do not slow it. Other work on the host
+// can still slow one try, so a request fails only when three tries in a row
+// take too long.
+//
+//nolint:paralleltest // one at a time, as above
+func TestTheCoreRuleSetInspectsEachWorstCaseRequestInTime(t *testing.T) {
+	const tries = 3
+
+	// The settings that make the Core Rule Set slowest: the highest paranoia
+	// level, no rule switched off, and the most of a body read.
+	crs := shared(t, coreruleset.Params{
+		ParanoiaLevel: 4, BodyInspectionSize: mostBodyRead,
+	})
+
+	for _, tc := range worstCaseRequests() {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var took time.Duration
+
+			for range tries {
+				took = inspectionTime(t, crs, tc)
+				if took <= inspectionTimeLimit {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+
+			t.Errorf(
+				"took %s on the last of %d tries, over %s",
+				took, tries, inspectionTimeLimit,
+			)
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/waf/proxy.go

@@ -228,12 +228,9 @@ func newReputation(
 // without the rules SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_DISABLED_RULES switches off, reading bodies
 // up to SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_BODY_INSPECTION_SIZE, with the exclusions in
 // SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_EXCLUSIONS_FILE and the fixes of the apps in SWW_WAF_APPS,
-// or nil while SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_MODE is off. It
-// reads at most QuestionBodyMaxBytes less one byte: a question's body of
-// QuestionBodyMaxBytes may be cut short, and the Core Rule Set does not read a
-// JSON or XML body over its limit. An exclusions file that coreruleset.New refuses is
-// an error in every mode. While the mode is off, a set file is loaded with the
-// Core Rule Set only to check it.
+// or nil while SWW_WAF_CORE_RULE_SET_MODE is off. An exclusions file that
+// coreruleset.New refuses is an error in every mode. While the mode is off, a
+// set file is loaded with the Core Rule Set only to check it.
 func NewCoreRuleSet(cfg *config.WAF) (*coreruleset.CoreRuleSet, error) {
 	if cfg.CoreRuleSetMode == config.CoreRuleSetModeOff &&
 		cfg.CoreRuleSetExclusionsFile == "" {
@@ -243,10 +240,7 @@ func NewCoreRuleSet(cfg *config.WAF) (*coreruleset.CoreRuleSet, error) {
 	coreRuleSet, err := coreruleset.New(coreruleset.Params{
 		ParanoiaLevel:      cfg.CoreRuleSetParanoiaLevel,
 		DisabledRules:      cfg.CoreRuleSetDisabledRules,
-		BodyInspectionSize: min(
-			cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize,
-			QuestionBodyMaxBytes-1,
-		),
+		BodyInspectionSize: cfg.CoreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize,
 		ExclusionsFile:     cfg.CoreRuleSetExclusionsFile,
 		Apps:               cfg.Apps,
 	})

internal/waf/waf_test.go

@@ -1787,7 +1787,7 @@ func TestCoreRuleSetReadsTheBodyAQuestionCarries(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := startWAF(t, "", map[string]string{
-		coreRuleSetMode: block, coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "64K",
+		coreRuleSetMode: block, coreRuleSetBodyInspectionSize: "8K",
 	})
 
 	ask := func(contentType, body string) answer {
@@ -1802,10 +1802,10 @@ func TestCoreRuleSetReadsTheBodyAQuestionCarries(t *testing.T) {
 	got := ask(formData, "id=1'%20OR%20'1'='1")
 	wantDisposition(t, got, http.StatusForbidden, waf.DispositionDeny)
 
-	// The first 64 KiB of a longer JSON body cannot be parsed, which is no
+	// The first 8 KiB of a longer JSON body cannot be parsed, which is no
 	// attack, so the Core Rule Set does not read it.
-	cut := `{"text":"` + strings.Repeat("x", waf.QuestionBodyMaxBytes)
-	got = ask("application/json", cut[:waf.QuestionBodyMaxBytes])
+	cut := `{"text":"` + strings.Repeat("x", 8<<10)
+	got = ask("application/json", cut)
 	wantDisposition(t, got, http.StatusOK, waf.DispositionAllow)
 }