fix: split Dockerfile with pinned images and add CI workflow (#14)

## Summary

Rewrites the Dockerfile to use sha256-pinned images and proper multi-stage build structure. Adds missing Makefile targets and a Gitea CI workflow.

## Changes

### Dockerfile
- **Lint stage**: `golangci/golangci-lint` v1.64.8 pinned by sha256 — runs `make fmt-check` + `make lint`
- **Test stage**: `golang` 1.22.12 pinned by sha256 — runs `make test` with dependency on lint stage
- Removed redundant final stage (this is a library with no binary to build)
- Both images pinned by digest with version+date comments

### Makefile
- Added `fmt-check` target: verifies `gofmt` compliance without modifying files
- Added `check` target: runs `fmt-check`, `lint`, `test` in sequence
- Added `hooks` target: installs a pre-commit hook that runs `make check`
- Separated `gofmt` check from `lint` target (was previously bundled)
- Changed default target from `test` to `check`

### CI
- Added `.gitea/workflows/check.yml`: runs `docker build .` on push to main and on PRs

## Verification

`docker build --progress plain .` passes — all stages complete successfully.

closes #9

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Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.git.eeqj.de>
Reviewed-on: #14
Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>
Co-committed-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>

.gitea/workflows/check.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+name: check
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - run: docker build .