build: update golangci-lint to v2.12.2 with canonical config

Add the canonical .golangci.yml (v2 schema, all linters enabled with a
small documented disable list) and pin the Dockerfile lint stage to
golangci/golangci-lint:v2.12.2 by tag and digest, replacing the old
v1.64.8 digest-only pin.

Fix all findings surfaced by the v1 to v2 jump without changing any
exported signatures or behavior:

- add package and exported-symbol doc comments (revive)
- rename unused handler parameters to underscore (revive)
- check or explicitly discard error returns (errcheck, errchkjson)
- wrap errors with %w instead of %v (err113)
- use http.NewRequestWithContext instead of http.Post (noctx)
- replace fmt.Println with fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, ...) (forbidigo)
- name magic numbers as constants (mnd)
- add explicit slog.LevelDebug case (exhaustive)
- interface{} to any (modernize)
- move tests to the simplelog_test package (testpackage) and add
  t.Parallel() (paralleltest)
- move NewWebhookHandler above its methods (funcorder)
- whitespace, line-length, and blank-line fixes (wsl_v5, whitespace,
  nlreturn, lll, embeddedstructfieldcheck)
- nolint with justification for the intentional init/global design
  (gochecknoinits, gochecknoglobals) and interface-returning
  constructor (ireturn)

cmd/example/main.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Command example demonstrates logging through simplelog's default
+// slog handler.
 package main
 
 import (
@@ -6,13 +8,15 @@ import (
 	_ "sneak.berlin/go/simplelog"
 )
 
-func main() {
+// attemptNumber is the example login attempt count logged below.
+const attemptNumber = 3
 
+func main() {
 	// log structured data with slog as usual:
 	slog.Info(
 		"User login attempt",
 		slog.String("user", "JohnDoe"),
-		slog.Int("attempt", 3),
+		slog.Int("attempt", attemptNumber),
 	)
 	slog.Warn(
 		"Configuration mismatch",