Keep modules, lint cache and system packages in check builds (closes #109)

Re-vendors REPO_POLICIES.md, script/cibuild, script/docker, script/lint
and script/test from sneak/prompts next at 0653579, on sneak's ruling in
sneak/prompts#130. In the lint, test and
builder stages of the Dockerfile, the module download, and in builder
the apk install, move above ARG CACHEBUST, so Docker keeps those layers
until the base image, the install line, go.mod or go.sum changes.
golangci-lint run also mounts golangci-lint's cache. Every step that
lints, tests or compiles still comes after ARG CACHEBUST, and go test
keeps -count=1 and -race. README and TODO.md say the same.

Model: opus-5-5

Dockerfile

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
-# Every stage declares ARG CACHEBUST first: script/ passes a new value
-# on every build, which reruns every RUN step after it. The steps that
-# compile mount Go's build cache, which survives from build to build.
+# In every stage ARG CACHEBUST comes right after the steps that install
+# system packages and download Go's modules, or right after FROM in a
+# stage with neither, and every step that lints, tests or compiles
+# comes after it. script/ passes a new value on every build, which
+# reruns every RUN step after it. Docker keeps the layers above it
+# until the base image, their own lines or go.mod and go.sum change.
+# The steps that compile mount Go's build cache, and golangci-lint run
+# also mounts golangci-lint's; both survive from build to build. The
+# test phase runs as nobody and so mounts Go's build cache at
+# /tmp/.cache/go-build; its own comment says why.
 
 # Lint phase, built alone by script/lint. The tools are invoked directly
 # rather than through `make lint`, which runs docker itself and so cannot
 # run inside a build step.
 # golangci/golangci-lint:v2.14.0, 2026-10-07
 FROM golangci/golangci-lint@sha256:ad862ba6b3798cbe0fd9fd7408d498fd74fbd2623a92406b2fd3898faf0bf98f AS lint
-ARG CACHEBUST
 WORKDIR /src
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
+ARG CACHEBUST
 COPY . .
 
 # The gofmt half of `make fmt-check`. gofmt's output is assigned to a
@@ -24,6 +31,7 @@ RUN files="$(gofmt -s -l .)" && \
 # Validates .golangci.yml against the schema the pinned binary embeds.
 RUN golangci-lint config verify --config .golangci.yml
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/golangci-lint \
     golangci-lint run --config .golangci.yml ./...
 
 # Test phase, built alone by script/test. -race needs cgo and so a C
@@ -38,12 +46,12 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
 # nobody (65534) so the tests can write to it.
 # golang:1.25-trixie, 2026-10-04
 FROM golang@sha256:2c4c60ef415fbfa5e90300722293bef36c5e63fae17570ce18f580af933dbd73 AS test
-ARG CACHEBUST
 USER nobody
 ENV HOME=/tmp
 WORKDIR /src
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
+ARG CACHEBUST
 COPY . .
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/tmp/.cache/go-build,uid=65534,gid=65534 \
     go test -count=1 -timeout 90s -race -cover ./... || \
@@ -51,19 +59,19 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/tmp/.cache/go-build,uid=65534,gid=65534 \
       go test -count=1 -timeout 90s -race -v ./...; exit 1; }
 
 # Build stage. Nothing is wanted from either phase above; the copies are
-# what make BuildKit build them first, so this stage cannot run unless
-# lint and test passed.
+# what make BuildKit build them first, so nothing after them can run
+# unless lint and test passed.
 # golang:1.25-alpine, 2026-07-23
 FROM golang@sha256:56961d79ea8129efddcc0b8643fd8a5416b4e6228cfd477e3fd61deb2672c587 AS builder
-ARG CACHEBUST
-COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
-COPY --from=test /src/go.sum /dev/null
 RUN apk add --no-cache git make
-# A tar-stream context keeps the sender's file owners, which git refuses.
-RUN git config --system --add safe.directory /src
 WORKDIR /src
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
+ARG CACHEBUST
+COPY --from=lint /src/go.sum /dev/null
+COPY --from=test /src/go.sum /dev/null
+# A tar-stream context keeps the sender's file owners, which git refuses.
+RUN git config --system --add safe.directory /src
 COPY . .
 
 # The version stamped into the binary: the VERSION build argument when