Stop vault safety checks from reading unreadable state as empty (closes #51)

Adding a PGP unlocker checked unlockers.d for a duplicate and, when the
directory or an unlocker's metadata file could not be read, reported no
duplicate and went on. The check now reads unlockers.d itself and stops
with an error naming the path and cause; `unlocker list` keeps skipping
unlockers it cannot read.

The same flaw guarded removing the last unlocker and removing a vault
(an unreadable secrets directory counted as no secrets) and vault
import (an unreadable pub.age counted as no long-term key). Those now
stop with an error too.

`vault rm` and `unlocker rm` now take the state directory lock and call
an unexported function that does the work, as `vault import` does.

Model: opus-5-5

TODO.md

@@ -25,6 +25,15 @@ Bring the repo into policy compliance in one commit:
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-04: `secret init` refuses when the default vault exists, and
+  `secret vault create NAME` when `NAME` does, with "vault NAME already
+  exists", before writing anything. The check is in `vault.CreateVault`,
+  which both commands call while holding the state directory lock, so two
+  creates of one vault at once cannot both pass the check. Before, either
+  command replaced the vault's metadata, passphrase unlocker and
+  `longterm.age`, so none of its secrets could be decrypted any more. Both
+  commands now ask for the unlocker passphrase before creating the vault,
+  so one stopped at that prompt leaves no vault behind.
 - 2026-10-04: The `internal/cli` tests are back to about their time
   before the state directory lock
   (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/issues/80). The test that each
@@ -78,9 +87,9 @@ Bring the repo into policy compliance in one commit:
       has one, and to a PGP, keychain or Secure Enclave unlocker added
       on the same host and day as another of its type
       (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/issues/71);
-    - from `vault create` stopped at the passphrase prompt, a new vault
+    - from `init` or `vault create` killed after the passphrase prompt
-      with no unlocker that is already the current vault; from `init`
+      but before the unlocker is written, a vault with no unlocker,
-      stopped there, the default vault with no unlocker;
+      which `vault create` has already made the current vault;
     - from an unlocker add stopped before its metadata is written, a
       directory that `unlocker list` warns about and `unlocker rm`
       cannot remove;
@@ -93,9 +102,9 @@ Bring the repo into policy compliance in one commit:
   error naming the path and cause when they cannot read what they
   inspect, instead of reading the failure as "nothing there": the
   duplicate check before `unlocker add pgp` (an unreadable
-  `unlockers.d`), the secret count that guards removing the last
+  `unlockers.d` or unlocker metadata file), the secret count that
-  unlocker and removing a vault, and the existing long-term key check
+  guards removing the last unlocker and removing a vault, and the
-  before `vault import`.
+  existing long-term key check before `vault import`.
 - 2026-10-03: `version rm`, `version promote` and `get --version`
   accept a version only if it is one of the versions `version list`
   lists for that secret, compared as typed before any path is built

internal/cli/create_vault_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package cli_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/internal/cli"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/internal/secret"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/internal/vault"
+	"github.com/awnumar/memguard"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// TestCreateExistingVaultChangesNothing is a regression test for
+// https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/issues/74, where running `secret init`
+// a second time, or `secret vault create` with the name of an existing
+// vault, replaced that vault's keys, so that none of its secrets could be
+// decrypted any more. Each must refuse, change nothing, and leave every
+// vault's secret readable through its passphrase unlocker.
+//
+//nolint:paralleltest // t.Setenv forbids parallel subtests
+func TestCreateExistingVaultChangesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(secret.EnvMnemonic, testMnemonic)
+	t.Setenv(secret.EnvUnlockPassphrase, testPassphrase)
+
+	// `secret init`, `secret vault create work`, `secret vault select
+	// default`, and the secret "x" in each vault. "work" is then not the
+	// current vault, which creating it again must not change.
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+	c := cli.NewCLIInstanceWithStateDir(fs, testStateDir)
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{}
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.Init(cmd))
+	require.NoError(t, c.CreateVault(cmd, "work"))
+	require.NoError(t, c.SelectVault(cmd, "default"))
+
+	vaults, err := vault.ListVaults(fs, testStateDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, vaults, 2)
+
+	for _, name := range vaults {
+		value := memguard.NewBufferFromBytes([]byte("value"))
+		err := vault.NewVault(fs, testStateDir, name).AddSecret("x", value, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	before := snapshotStateDir(t, fs)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		command string
+		want    string
+		run     func(c *cli.Instance) error
+	}{
+		{
+			"init",
+			"failed to create default vault: vault default already exists",
+			func(c *cli.Instance) error { return c.Init(cmd) },
+		},
+		{
+			"vault create default",
+			"vault default already exists",
+			func(c *cli.Instance) error { return c.CreateVault(cmd, "default") },
+		},
+		{
+			"vault create work",
+			"vault work already exists",
+			func(c *cli.Instance) error { return c.CreateVault(cmd, "work") },
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.command, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fs := newFsFromSnapshot(t, before)
+
+			err := tt.run(cli.NewCLIInstanceWithStateDir(fs, testStateDir))
+
+			require.EqualError(t, err, tt.want)
+			require.Equal(t, before, snapshotStateDir(t, fs))
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Every case left the state directory exactly as recorded in before, so
+	// reading each vault's secret once from it shows that it still decrypts
+	// after each case. Without the mnemonic, reading a secret goes through
+	// the vault's passphrase unlocker, which is slow.
+	t.Setenv(secret.EnvMnemonic, "")
+
+	for _, name := range vaults {
+		value, err := vault.NewVault(fs, testStateDir, name).GetSecret("x")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "value", string(value))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStopAtPassphrasePromptLeavesNothing is a regression test for the
+// review of https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/secret/pulls/82: `secret init` or
+// `secret vault create` stopped at the passphrase prompt left a vault with
+// no unlocker, which neither command would then create again. Each must ask
+// for the passphrase before writing anything.
+//
+//nolint:paralleltest // t.Setenv forbids parallel subtests
+func TestStopAtPassphrasePromptLeavesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(secret.EnvMnemonic, testMnemonic)
+
+	// Without the passphrase in the environment, both commands prompt for
+	// it, which fails because the tests do not run in a terminal.
+	t.Setenv(secret.EnvUnlockPassphrase, "")
+
+	// An empty state directory for `secret init`, and one holding the vault
+	// "default" for `secret vault create work`.
+	empty := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+	require.NoError(t, empty.MkdirAll(testStateDir, secret.DirPerms))
+
+	withDefault := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+	_, err := vault.CreateVault(withDefault, testStateDir, "default")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		command string
+		fs      afero.Fs
+		run     func(c *cli.Instance) error
+	}{
+		{
+			"init",
+			empty,
+			func(c *cli.Instance) error { return c.Init(cmd) },
+		},
+		{
+			"vault create work",
+			withDefault,
+			func(c *cli.Instance) error { return c.CreateVault(cmd, "work") },
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.command, func(t *testing.T) {
+			before := snapshotStateDir(t, tt.fs)
+
+			err := tt.run(cli.NewCLIInstanceWithStateDir(tt.fs, testStateDir))
+
+			require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to read passphrase")
+			require.Equal(t, before, snapshotStateDir(t, tt.fs))
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/cli/init.go

@@ -160,6 +160,14 @@ func (cli *Instance) initialize(cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 			errInvalidMnemonicPhrase)
 	}
 
+	// Ask for the unlocker passphrase before creating the vault, so that
+	// stopping at the prompt leaves no vault without an unlocker behind
+	passphraseBuffer, err := resolvePassphrase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer passphraseBuffer.Destroy()
+
 	// Set mnemonic in environment for CreateVault to use
 	restoreMnemonicEnv := setMnemonicEnv(mnemonicStr)
 	defer restoreMnemonicEnv()
@@ -175,13 +183,6 @@ func (cli *Instance) initialize(cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 	// Unlock the vault with the derived long-term key
 	vlt.Unlock(ltIdentity)
 
-	// Prompt for passphrase for unlocker
-	passphraseBuffer, err := resolvePassphrase()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer passphraseBuffer.Destroy()
-
 	// Create passphrase-protected unlocker
 	secret.Debug("Creating passphrase-protected unlocker")
 

internal/cli/lock_test.go

@@ -271,11 +271,12 @@ func stateDirModTimes(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs) map[string]int64 {
 }
 
 // setupEveryCommand makes what each command in
-// TestChangingCommandsWaitForLock needs: the current vault "default" with
+// TestChangingCommandsWaitForLock needs: the current vault "work" with two
-// two versions of "test/secret", the vault "other" without a long-term key,
+// versions of "test/secret", the vault "other" without a long-term key, for
-// for vault import, and the file testInput. If withUnlocker is set, it also
+// vault import, and the file testInput. There is no vault "default", which
-// gives "default" a passphrase unlocker, which is slow. It returns the older
+// init creates. If withUnlocker is set, it also gives "work" a passphrase
-// version and the unlocker's ID.
+// unlocker, which is slow. It returns the older version and the unlocker's
+// ID.
 func setupEveryCommand(
 	t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, withUnlocker bool,
 ) (string, string) {
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ func setupEveryCommand(
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, fs.Remove(filepath.Join(otherDir, "pub.age")))
 
-	vlt, err := vault.CreateVault(fs, testStateDir, "default")
+	vlt, err := vault.CreateVault(fs, testStateDir, "work")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	addTestSecret(t, vlt, []byte("older"), false)

internal/cli/unlockers.go

@@ -345,10 +345,9 @@ func unlockerIDFromDir(
 // stored metadata matches the given type and creation time and returns
 // the matching unlocker's ID. It returns ("", nil) when the directory is
 // readable but holds no match, and a non-nil error when the directory
-// itself cannot be read, which means the unlocker's ID cannot be known.
+// itself cannot be read. Callers must distinguish the two: an unreadable
-// `unlocker list` then skips the entry rather than show a made-up ID; the
+// directory means the unlocker's real ID is unknowable, so the entry has
-// duplicate check before adding an unlocker must stop instead, because
+// to be skipped rather than reported under a synthesized ID.
-// the skipped entry may be the duplicate.
 //
 // A metadata file that cannot be read or parsed is skipped without a
 // warning: every caller gets metadata from vault.ListUnlockers first,
@@ -805,7 +804,12 @@ func (cli *Instance) UnlockerSelect(unlockerID string) error {
 
 // checkUnlockerExists reports whether the vault already has an unlocker
 // with the given ID. It returns an error, and no answer, when unlockers.d
-// cannot be read; the caller must then not create the unlocker.
+// or an unlocker's metadata file cannot be read; the caller must then not
+// create the unlocker. It reads unlockers.d itself because
+// vault.ListUnlockers skips an unlocker it cannot read, which suits
+// `unlocker list` but not this check: the skipped unlocker may be the
+// duplicate. A directory whose metadata file is missing or corrupt is not
+// a working unlocker and is passed over.
 func (cli *Instance) checkUnlockerExists(
 	vlt *vault.Vault, unlockerID string,
 ) (bool, error) {
@@ -816,22 +820,44 @@ func (cli *Instance) checkUnlockerExists(
 
 	unlockersDir := filepath.Join(vaultDir, "unlockers.d")
 
-	unlockers, err := vlt.ListUnlockers()
+	entries, err := afero.ReadDir(cli.fs, unlockersDir)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf(
-			"failed to list unlockers in %s: %w", unlockersDir, err,
+			"failed to read unlockers directory %s: %w", unlockersDir, err,
 		)
 	}
 
-	for _, metadata := range unlockers {
+	for _, entry := range entries {
-		// Construct the unlocker matching this metadata to get its ID
+		if !entry.IsDir() {
-		id, err := findUnlockerIDByMetadata(cli.fs, unlockersDir, metadata, true)
+			continue
-		if err != nil {
-			// Unlike `unlocker list`, never skip here: a skipped entry may be the duplicate.
-			return false, err
 		}
 
-		if id != "" && id == unlockerID {
+		unlockerDir := filepath.Join(unlockersDir, entry.Name())
+
+		metadataBytes, err := afero.ReadFile(
+			cli.fs, filepath.Join(unlockerDir, "unlocker-metadata.json"))
+		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf(
+				"failed to read metadata of unlocker %s: %w", unlockerDir, err,
+			)
+		}
+
+		var metadata secret.UnlockerMetadata
+
+		err = json.Unmarshal(metadataBytes, &metadata)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if unlockerIDFromDir(cli.fs, unlockerDir, metadata, true) == unlockerID {
 			return true, nil
 		}
 	}

internal/cli/unreadable_dir_test.go

@@ -163,48 +163,79 @@ func addTestPGPUnlocker(fs afero.Fs) error {
 	return instance.addPGPUnlocker(cmd)
 }
 
-// TestAddPGPUnlockerDuplicateCheck asserts that adding a PGP unlocker
+// TestAddPGPUnlockerDuplicateCheck asserts that adding a PGP unlocker for
-// fails, and creates no unlocker directory, when unlockers.d cannot be
+// a key that already has one fails, and creates no unlocker directory,
-// read for the duplicate check; and, as the control case, that a readable
+// when unlockers.d or the existing unlocker's metadata file cannot be
-// unlockers.d holding the same key is still refused as a duplicate.
+// read; and, as the control case, that the existing unlocker is refused
+// as a duplicate when everything can be read.
 //
 //nolint:paralleltest // t.Setenv (GNUPGHOME) forbids parallel tests
 func TestAddPGPUnlockerDuplicateCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	fingerprint := newTestGPGKey(t)
 	unlockersDir := filepath.Join(
 		testVaultDir(listTestVaultName), listTestUnlockersDirName)
+	duplicateDir := filepath.Join(unlockersDir, listTestUnlockerDirTwo)
 
-	tests := []struct {
+	// newVaultWithDuplicate returns a vault holding an unlocker for the
-		name       string
+	// test key, beside the one newListTestVault writes.
-		openBudget int
+	newVaultWithDuplicate := func(t *testing.T) afero.Fs {
-	}{
+		t.Helper()
-		// The vault's own enumeration of unlockers.d fails.
-		{name: "listing fails", openBudget: 0},
-		// The enumeration succeeds; the rescan that resolves IDs fails.
-		{name: "rescan fails", openBudget: 1},
-	}
 
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			base := newListTestVault(t, 1)
-			fs := &unlockersDirFailFs{Fs: base, openBudget: tt.openBudget}
-
-			err := addTestPGPUnlocker(fs)
-
-			require.ErrorIs(t, err, errUnlockersDirUnreadable)
-			require.NotErrorIs(t, err, errGPGKeyAlreadyUnlocker)
-			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), unlockersDir,
-				"the error must name the directory it could not read")
-			assertDirEntries(t, base, unlockersDir, listTestUnlockerDirOne)
-		})
-	}
-
-	t.Run("duplicate refused", func(t *testing.T) {
 		base := newListTestVault(t, 1)
 		writePGPUnlocker(t, base, unlockersDir, listTestUnlockerDirTwo,
 			time.Date(2026, time.August, 10, 12, 30, 0, 0, time.UTC),
 			fingerprint)
 
+		return base
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		failFs  func(base afero.Fs) afero.Fs
+		wantErr error
+		// wantPath is the path the error must name.
+		wantPath string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "unlockers.d unreadable",
+			failFs: func(base afero.Fs) afero.Fs {
+				return &unlockersDirFailFs{Fs: base}
+			},
+			wantErr:  errUnlockersDirUnreadable,
+			wantPath: unlockersDir,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "existing unlocker's metadata unreadable",
+			failFs: func(base afero.Fs) afero.Fs {
+				return &metadataReadFailFs{
+					Fs: base,
+					unreadablePath: filepath.Join(
+						duplicateDir, listTestMetadataFileName),
+				}
+			},
+			wantErr:  errMetadataUnreadable,
+			wantPath: duplicateDir,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			base := newVaultWithDuplicate(t)
+
+			err := addTestPGPUnlocker(tt.failFs(base))
+
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+			require.NotErrorIs(t, err, errGPGKeyAlreadyUnlocker)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantPath,
+				"the error must name what it could not read")
+			assertDirEntries(t, base, unlockersDir,
+				listTestUnlockerDirOne, listTestUnlockerDirTwo)
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("duplicate refused", func(t *testing.T) {
+		base := newVaultWithDuplicate(t)
+
 		err := addTestPGPUnlocker(base)
 
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, errGPGKeyAlreadyUnlocker)

internal/cli/vault.go

@@ -309,6 +309,14 @@ func (cli *Instance) CreateVault(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) error {
 		return errInvalidMnemonicPhrase
 	}
 
+	// Ask for the unlocker passphrase before creating the vault, so that
+	// stopping at the prompt leaves no vault without an unlocker behind
+	passphraseBuffer, err := resolvePassphrase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer passphraseBuffer.Destroy()
+
 	// Set mnemonic in environment for CreateVault to use
 	restoreMnemonicEnv := setMnemonicEnv(mnemonicStr)
 	defer restoreMnemonicEnv()
@@ -336,13 +344,6 @@ func (cli *Instance) CreateVault(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) error {
 	// Unlock the vault with the derived long-term key
 	vlt.Unlock(ltIdentity)
 
-	// Get or prompt for passphrase
-	passphraseBuffer, err := resolvePassphrase()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer passphraseBuffer.Destroy()
-
 	// Create passphrase-protected unlocker
 	secret.Debug("Creating passphrase-protected unlocker")
 

internal/vault/errors.go

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ var (
 	// as "vault <name> does not exist".
 	ErrVaultNotFound = errors.New("does not exist")
 
+	// ErrVaultExists indicates that a vault to be created already exists.
+	// Composed as "vault <name> already exists".
+	ErrVaultExists = errors.New("already exists")
+
 	// ErrNilValueBuffer indicates a nil value buffer was supplied.
 	ErrNilValueBuffer = errors.New("value buffer is nil")
 

internal/vault/management.go

@@ -191,7 +191,11 @@ func processMnemonicForVault(
 	return derivationIndex, publicKeyHash, familyHash, nil
 }
 
-// CreateVault creates a new vault
+// CreateVault creates a new vault and selects it as the current vault. It
+// refuses a vault that already exists before writing anything: creating it
+// again would replace its keys, and its secrets could no longer be
+// decrypted. The commands that call it hold the state directory lock, so no
+// other command can create the vault between the check and the writes.
 func CreateVault(fs afero.Fs, stateDir string, name string) (*Vault, error) {
 	secret.Debug("Creating new vault", "name", name, "state_dir", stateDir)
 
@@ -207,12 +211,22 @@ func CreateVault(fs afero.Fs, stateDir string, name string) (*Vault, error) {
 
 	secret.Debug("Vault name validation passed", "vault_name", name)
 
-	// Create vault directory structure
 	vaultDir := filepath.Join(stateDir, "vaults.d", name)
+
+	exists, err := afero.DirExists(fs, vaultDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check if vault exists: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if exists {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("vault %s %w", name, ErrVaultExists)
+	}
+
+	// Create vault directory structure
 	secret.Debug("Creating vault directory structure", "vault_dir", vaultDir)
 
 	// Create main vault directory
-	err := fs.MkdirAll(vaultDir, secret.DirPerms)
+	err = fs.MkdirAll(vaultDir, secret.DirPerms)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create vault directory: %w", err)
 	}