Keep Go's build cache between builds for make test (closes #124)

The Dockerfile runs make test with Go's build cache in a BuildKit cache
mount, so a build compiles only what changed since the last one instead
of the standard library and every dependency from nothing. script/test
passes -count=1, so no test result is taken from the cache.

Model: opus-5-5

script/cibuild

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 # the lower limit of a plain `docker build .`.
 # A cached build checks nothing: a new CHECK_EPOCH on every run makes the
 # Dockerfile's check steps run again on an unchanged tree, while its base
-# images and module downloads stay cached.
+# images, module downloads and the Go build cache that make test uses stay
+# cached.
 set -eu
 
 ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"