refactor: return errors from NewCLIInstance instead of panicking

Change NewCLIInstance() and NewCLIInstanceWithFs() to return
(*Instance, error) instead of panicking on DetermineStateDir failure.

Callers in RunE contexts propagate the error. Callers in command
construction (for shell completion) use log.Fatalf. Test callers
use t.Fatalf.

Addresses review feedback on PR #18.

internal/cli/info.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cli
 
 import (
+	"log"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -40,7 +41,10 @@ type InfoOutput struct {
 
 // newInfoCmd returns the info command
 func newInfoCmd() *cobra.Command {
-	cli := NewCLIInstance()
+	cli, err := NewCLIInstance()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("failed to initialize CLI: %v", err)
+	}
 
 	var jsonOutput bool