Keep Go's build cache between builds (closes #124)

The Dockerfile runs make test and make build with Go's build cache in a
BuildKit cache mount, so a build compiles only what changed since the
last one instead of the standard library and every dependency from
nothing. The mount has an id of its own, so builds of other repositories,
compiled against other C headers, do not share it. script/test passes
-count=1, so no test result is taken from the cache.

Model: opus-5-5

Dockerfile

@@ -50,7 +50,12 @@ ARG CHECK_EPOCH
 
 COPY . .
 
-RUN make test
+# This cache mount keeps Go's build cache between builds for make test and
+# make build; -count=1 in script/test keeps test results out of it. Go's cache
+# does not notice C header changes, so the mount has its own id: change the id
+# when the C packages installed above change.
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=sneak/secret/go-build,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
+    make test
 
 # The version stamped into the binary: the VERSION build argument when one
 # is given, otherwise `git describe --tags --always` of the .git the build
@@ -58,7 +63,8 @@ RUN make test
 # one, the short commit when no tag is reachable. A context that carries .git
 # and still yields no version fails the build.
 ARG VERSION
-RUN version="${VERSION:-$(git describe --tags --always)}"; \
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=sneak/secret/go-build,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
+    version="${VERSION:-$(git describe --tags --always)}"; \
     if [ -e .git ] && { [ -z "$version" ] || [ "$version" = dev ] || \
         [ "$version" = unknown ]; }; then \
         echo "no version could be derived although the build context carries .git" >&2; \