Bound each shutdown stage by the stop deadline (closes #100 )

Shutdown passes its context to every stage: the streamer, the four handlers, the WHOIS fetcher, the database maintainer and the HTTP server each stop waiting when it ends. A handler then skips its last write and logs how many updates it did not write, and the HTTP server closes the connections still open. The database is checkpointed and closed last, and left open once the deadline has passed, since a write may still hold it. The stop hook gives Shutdown 8 seconds and fx 9, inside the 10 seconds upaas and docker stop allow, so a stop signal exits 0. Model: opus-5-5
2026-10-20 00:01:54 +00:00
62 changed files with 586 additions and 6557 deletions
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@
 # This repository's host-built artifacts: `make build` writes bin/, `go
 # build` in the root the binaries, `make run` log.txt, `make asupdate` its
-# .tmp file; logs, test binaries, coverage profiles, source archives, and
+# .tmp file; test binaries, coverage profiles and source archives.
 # the binaries and libraries a build for another platform writes.
 /bin
 /routewatch
 /asinfo-gen
@@ -83,24 +82,15 @@
 /out
 /pkg/asinfo/asdata.json
 **/*.tar.zst
 **/*.log
 **/*.test
 **/*.out
 **/*.tmp
 **/*.exe
 **/*.dll
 **/*.so
 **/*.dylib
 # Local databases. The image carries a source archive of the whole build
-# context, so these would otherwise ship inside it. The daemon's database
+# context, so these would otherwise ship inside it.
 # is db.sqlite, with its -wal and -shm files while it runs.
 **/*.db
 **/*.db-journal
 **/*.db-wal
 **/*.sqlite
 **/*.sqlite-wal
 **/*.sqlite-shm
 # A local Go workspace points at directories outside the build context.
 /go.work
@@ -67,14 +67,10 @@ node_modules/
 go.work
 go.work.sum
-# Local databases, temporary files and debug output. The daemon's
+# Local databases, temporary files and debug output.
 # database is db.sqlite, with its -wal and -shm files while it runs.
 *.db
 *.db-journal
 *.db-wal
 *.sqlite
 *.sqlite-wal
 *.sqlite-shm
 *.tmp
 log.txt
 out
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ clean:
 run: build
 	DEBUG=routewatch ./bin/routewatch 2>&1 | tee log.txt
 # Rebuild the AS list built into RouteWatch from as.csv (needs the network).
 asupdate:
-	@script/asupdate
+	@echo "Updating AS info data..."
 	@go run cmd/asinfo-gen/main.go | gzip > pkg/asinfo/asdata.json.gz.tmp && \
 		mv pkg/asinfo/asdata.json.gz.tmp pkg/asinfo/asdata.json.gz
@@ -5,30 +5,12 @@ table in real time: it streams BGP UPDATE messages from the RIPE RIS Live
 service, maintains a live routing table in SQLite, and provides HTTP APIs for
 querying routing information.
 ## Rationale
 RIPE RIS Live streams the BGP updates that RIPE's route collectors receive, as
 they happen, from the moment a client connects. It reports changes, not the
 routing table they add up to, so it cannot say which AS an IP address is routed
 to now or which routes a prefix has. RouteWatch applies the feed's updates to
 live routing tables in its own SQLite database and answers IP-to-AS lookups and
 prefix pages from them.
 The feed sends no table when a client connects, so these tables hold only the
 routes the feed has announced since RouteWatch first started: an IP-to-AS lookup
 finds nothing for an address whose routes have not been announced since then.
 The tables also miss the updates RouteWatch drops when it falls behind under
 load and those sent while it is stopped, so a lookup or a prefix page can show a
 route the feed has withdrawn.
 ## Features
 - Real-time streaming of BGP updates from RIPE RIS Live
 - Maintains live IPv4 and IPv6 routing tables
 - Tracks AS peering relationships
 - HTTP API for IP-to-AS lookups, prefix details, and AS information
 - IP lookups report the public blocklists an address is on, from copies kept in
  memory and on disk
 - Automatic reconnection with exponential backoff
 - Batched database writes for high performance
 - Backpressure handling to prevent memory exhaustion
@@ -54,22 +36,17 @@ DEBUG=routewatch ./routewatch
 ## HTTP Endpoints
 Every route answers `HEAD` as it answers `GET`, without the body.
 ### Web Interface
- `GET /` - Home page (HTML): headline figures, lookups by AS number and by IP
+- `GET /` - Home page (HTML): headline figures, and lookups by AS number and by
-  address, and a search of AS names. A card shows the `curl` command that looks
+  IP address
  up the visitor's own address at `/ip/{addr}`, and that command's live answer.
 - `GET /status` - HTML status dashboard, which reads `/api/v1/stats`
 - `GET /status.json` - JSON statistics: feed, memory, database and route figures
 - `GET /.well-known/healthcheck.json` - Health check (JSON): 200 when the
  database answers and the RIS Live feed is connected, otherwise 503;
  `data.status` is `ok` or `error` and `data.checks` says which check failed
 - `GET /as/{asn}` - AS detail page (HTML): the prefixes the AS originates and
-  its peers. When the database has no record of the AS, its handle and
+  its peers
  description come from the AS list built into RouteWatch. The page then shows
  no first-seen date.
 - `GET /prefix/{prefix}/{length}` - Prefix detail page (HTML), such as
  `/prefix/192.0.2.0/24`: every live route for the prefix, one per peer, and its
  origin ASes
@@ -84,47 +61,18 @@ Every route answers `HEAD` as it answers `GET`, without the body.
 ### API v1
 - `GET /api/v1/stats` - The `/status.json` figures plus connection, garbage
-  collector, stream and handler queue statistics. `stream.route_churn_per_min`
+  collector, stream and handler queue statistics
-  is the number of prefix announcements and withdrawals, from all peers, in the
+- `GET /api/v1/ip/{ip}` - Looks up each address: its most specific live route
-  last full clock minute.
+  (`netblock`), that route's origin AS with its WHOIS details, and the address's
- `GET /api/v1/ip/{ip}` - Looks up each address. `{ip}` is an IP address, a host
+  PTR names. `{ip}` is an IP address, a host name (each address it resolves to
-  name, or a comma-separated list of at most 10 of these. `results` has one
+  is looked up), or a comma-separated list of these. `results` has one entry per
-  entry for each address, with:
+  address with a live route and `errors` one per address or name that failed.
-    - `ip` and `ptr`: the address and its PTR names
+  The answer is 400 when nothing in `{ip}` is an IP address or a host name that
-    - `netblock` and the fields beside it: the address's most specific live
+  resolves, and 404 when none of the addresses has a live route.
      route, and that route's origin AS with its WHOIS details
    - `blocklists`: the public blocklists the address is on (see Blocklists)
    An address with no live route has a result without the route and AS fields.
    Of the addresses a host name resolves to, only public ones are looked up. A
    name with none, such as one that resolves to a private address, is reported
    as `host name has no public address`, without its addresses. `errors` has
    one entry for each host name that failed. The answer is 400 when:
    - `{ip}` lists more than 10
    - `{ip}` comes to more than 10 addresses once its names are resolved
    - nothing in `{ip}` is an IP address or a host name with a public address
    A PTR lookup gets 2 seconds. An address whose lookup takes longer is
    answered without PTR names.
 - `GET /api/v1/as/{asn}` - The AS and the prefixes it originates, IPv4 and IPv6
-  apart, each with when its newest route was updated. When the database has no
+  apart, each with when its newest route was updated
  record of the AS, its handle and description come from the AS list built into
  RouteWatch. The answer then has no `first_seen` or `last_seen`.
 - `GET /api/v1/prefix/{prefix}/{length}` - Every live route for the prefix, one
  per peer, and the same routes grouped by origin AS in `origins`
 - `GET /api/v1/search/as?q={text}` - Finds the ASes whose handle or description
  contains `{text}`, ignoring case. `data` holds:
    - `query`: `{text}` without its leading and trailing spaces
    - `total`: the number of ASes that match
    - `results`: the first 50 of them in AS number order, each with `asn`,
      `handle` and `description`
    The search reads the AS list built into RouteWatch, not the database. The
    list comes from
    [ipverse/as-metadata](https://github.com/ipverse/as-metadata). A match can
    therefore be an AS that the database has no record of. A `q` that is
    missing, empty or only spaces answers 400.
 A JSON answer is `{"status": "ok", "data": ...}`, or for an error
 `{"status": "error", "error": {"msg": ..., "code": ...}}`, and carries an
@@ -135,16 +83,10 @@ took. The health check is the exception: its 503 answer is also
 A request that runs past its time limit answers 504: the limit is 30 seconds,
 and 4 seconds for the database reads behind `/status.json` and `/api/v1/stats`.
 An AS number, prefix or mask length that does not parse answers 400, as does a
-mask length out of range for its IP version. An AS answers 404 when it is not in
+mask length out of range for its IP version. An AS the database does not hold,
-the AS list built into RouteWatch and the database has neither a record of it
+or a prefix with no live route, answers 404. The HTML pages give these errors as
-nor a live route it originates. AS 0 always answers 404, because it means no
+plain text. A 500 answer says only `Internal server error`, and a host name that
-known origin. The AS name search never lists it. A prefix with no live route
+does not resolve only `could not resolve host name`; the detail goes to the log.
 answers 404 too. The HTML pages give these errors as plain text. Under `/api/v1`
 and `/ip/`, a path no route matches answers 404 with the message `Not found`,
 and `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `OPTIONS`, `TRACE` or `CONNECT` answers
 405 with `Method not allowed`. A 500 answer says only `Internal server error`,
 and a host name that does not resolve only `could not resolve host name`; the
 detail goes to the log.
 Every answer carries `Strict-Transport-Security`, `Content-Security-Policy`,
 `X-Frame-Options`, `X-Content-Type-Options`, `Referrer-Policy` and
@@ -160,66 +102,6 @@ in a prefix's `origins`) means the route has no known origin: its AS path ends
 in an AS set of several members, any of which may have originated it. The pages
 show such a route as having no known origin.
 ## Blocklists
 The IP lookup reports which public blocklists list each address. Each result has
 a `blocklists` list with one entry for each list the address is on:
 - `name`: the list's name, from the lists below
 - `description`: what being on the list means
 - `updated`: when RouteWatch last downloaded the list, or last heard from its
  publisher that its copy was current
 An address on no list has an empty `blocklists`. An address with no live route
 still has a result with its `blocklists`.
 The lists:
 - `dshield`: the 20 networks that DShield saw scan the most targets in the last
  three days. From [DShield](https://isc.sans.edu/feeds_doc.html), downloaded
  every hour.
 - `feodo_tracker`: botnet command-and-control servers. From abuse.ch
  [Feodo Tracker](https://feodotracker.abuse.ch/blocklist/), downloaded every 15
  minutes.
 - `firehol_abusers_30d`: addresses reported for comment, form or forum spam in
  the last 30 days. From
  [FireHOL](https://iplists.firehol.org/?ipset=firehol_abusers_30d), downloaded
  every 5 hours.
 - `firehol_level3`: addresses reported for attacks, spyware or viruses in the
  last 30 days. From
  [FireHOL](https://iplists.firehol.org/?ipset=firehol_level3), downloaded every
  3 hours.
 - `spamhaus_drop` and `spamhaus_dropv6`: IPv4 and IPv6 networks that Spamhaus
  says spammers or cyber criminals have hijacked or lease. From
  [Spamhaus DROP](https://www.spamhaus.org/blocklists/do-not-route-or-peer/),
  downloaded once a day. Spamhaus merged its EDROP list into DROP.
 - `tor_exits`: Tor exit nodes, where traffic from the Tor network leaves. From
  the [Tor Project](https://check.torproject.org/torbulkexitlist), downloaded
  every hour.
 No list is downloaded more often than its publisher updates it or allows. Each
 can be downloaded whole without an account or a key.
 How RouteWatch keeps the lists:
 - It holds each list in memory, so a lookup makes no outside request.
 - It keeps a copy of each list in the `blocklists` directory of the state
  directory (see Configuration). Each copy is a file named after its list.
 - Beside each copy, a file ending in `.validators` keeps the `Last-Modified` and
  `ETag` the publisher sent with that copy.
 - At startup it loads each list from its copy. It downloads a list at once when
  the copy is older than the list's interval, or when there is no copy.
 - A download sends the copy's `Last-Modified` as `If-Modified-Since` and its
  `ETag` as `If-None-Match`. The publisher then sends the list only when it has
  changed. Without either, the download asks for the whole list.
 - A download fails when it takes over a minute or its file is over 16 MiB.
 - When a download fails, or its file does not parse, RouteWatch keeps the
  previous copy and logs the failure. It tries again one interval later.
 A successful IP lookup answer carries `Cache-Control` with a `max-age` of 15
 minutes, the shortest list interval. The answer for the caller's own address
 (`/ip/`) is `private`, and the others are `public`.
 ## Code Structure
 ```
@@ -229,7 +111,6 @@ routewatch/
 │   ├── asinfo-gen/         # Utility to generate AS info data
 │   └── streamdumper/       # Debug utility for raw stream output
 ├── internal/
 │   ├── blocklist/          # Public IP blocklists: downloads and lookups
 │   ├── routewatch/         # Core application logic
 │   ├── server/             # HTTP server and handlers
 │   ├── database/           # SQLite storage layer
@@ -304,8 +185,7 @@ routewatch/
    - **ASHandler**: Tracks all ASNs seen in AS paths
    - **PeerHandler**: Records BGP peer information
    - **PrefixHandler**: Maintains live routing table (upserts on announcement,
-      deletes on withdrawal or on an announcement whose AS path is empty or
+      deletes on withdrawal, deletes all of a peer's routes when its BGP session
      holds AS 0 anywhere, deletes all of a peer's routes when its BGP session
      goes down). Routes are kept per peer IP, so when one peer IP has sessions
      on two collectors, a session going down on one also removes the routes the
      other still carries, until they are announced again.
@@ -396,7 +276,7 @@ client sent. For a request from any other address they use the address the
 request came from, whatever forwarding headers it carries. `X-Real-IP` and
 `True-Client-IP` are not read.
-State directory (the database and the blocklist copies):
+State directory (database location):
 - macOS: `~/Library/Application Support/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch/`
 - Linux: `/var/lib/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch/` when running as root, otherwise
@@ -558,11 +438,6 @@ provide:
  or `go.sum`) and `go fmt` (writes), then `script/check`
 - `script/install-precommit` — install the git pre-commit hook that runs
  `script/precommit`
 - `script/asupdate` — rebuild the AS list built into RouteWatch,
  `pkg/asinfo/asdata.json.gz`, from the `as.csv` file of
  [ipverse/as-metadata](https://github.com/ipverse/as-metadata). It needs the
  network. It runs `cmd/asinfo-gen`, which fails when it finds no AS. When
  `cmd/asinfo-gen` fails, the old list stays and the script exits non-zero.
 Tests and the linter run only in Docker, as the `test` and `lint` phases of the
 `Dockerfile`; the image cannot be built unless both pass. Every `docker build`
@@ -33,71 +33,6 @@ tested.
 # Completed Steps
 - 2026-10-27: each result of the IP lookup lists the public blocklists the
  address is on, in `blocklists`. The lists are DShield, Feodo Tracker, two
  FireHOL lists, Spamhaus DROP and the Tor exit list. RouteWatch downloads each
  list on its own schedule and answers from copies in memory. The copies are
  also kept in the state directory's `blocklists` directory. IP lookup answers
  carry `Cache-Control`. An address with no live route now has a result too,
  without route fields, so the IP lookup no longer answers 404 (closes #158)
 - 2026-10-27: the home page has an IP information API card. It shows the `curl`
  command that looks up the visitor's own address at `/ip/{addr}`, and that
  command's live answer (closes #156)
 - 2026-10-27: on the AS page, a click on the heading of the IPv4 or the IPv6
  prefix list folds or unfolds the list. Both lists start open (closes #155)
 - 2026-10-27: the AS page lists its IPv4 and its IPv6 prefixes by mask length,
  shortest first, and prefixes of one mask length by address. They used to be
  listed by address (closes #153)
 - 2026-10-27: on `/` and `/status`, a spinner beside the status turns one frame
  each time the stats show more messages than the time before. A page that has
  not seen more messages for three refreshes shows "stale" and the time since
  then instead, in red (closes #152)
 - 2026-10-27: the WHOIS details of a Brazilian AS keep their accented letters.
  LACNIC's answer for such an AS comes from NIC.br, Brazil's registry, with each
  accented letter replaced. The details now come from NIC.br's own server,
  `whois.registro.br`. When that query fails, the details from LACNIC's answer
  are kept and a warning is logged. After NIC.br answers that RouteWatch is over
  its query limit, RouteWatch stops asking NIC.br for an hour (closes #174)
 - 2026-10-27: `make asupdate` stops with an error when the download of `as.csv`
  breaks off. The generator used to retry the failed read forever. A record that
  does not parse is still logged and skipped (closes #177)
 - 2026-10-27: `make asupdate` runs the new `script/asupdate`. It replaces the AS
  list built into RouteWatch only when the generator succeeds and finds at least
  one AS. A failed download used to replace the list with an empty file. The
  generator reads `as.csv` from `ipverse/as-metadata`, the source's new name
  (closes #173)
 - 2026-10-27: the WHOIS details of an AS at RIPE, APNIC or AFRINIC come only
  from its `aut-num` object and the organisation object it names. RIPE and APNIC
  start their answer with the `as-block` object of the AS's block. Its dates
  were stored as the AS's (closes #168)
 - 2026-10-27: AS names keep their accented letters. The AS list built into
  RouteWatch is rebuilt from today's `as.csv`, which added a country code
  column. That file no longer lists AS 0 or the documentation AS numbers. A
  WHOIS answer that is not valid UTF-8 is decoded as Latin-1, which RIPE and
  APNIC send, before it is parsed and stored (closes #165)
 - 2026-10-27: the Age column on the AS and prefix pages reads in words, such as
  "5 minutes ago" or "2 weeks ago", instead of Go durations such as "360h0m0s
  ago". An age under a minute reads in seconds, and one over a month in months
  or years instead of a date (closes #163)
 - 2026-10-26: a write to a stored AS, peering or peer keeps the earlier of the
  two first-seen times and the later of the two last-seen times. An old update
  from a collector catching up on a backlog no longer moves last seen back
  (closes #162)
 - 2026-10-26: the status page shows "Route Churn/min", the number of prefix
  announcements and withdrawals, from all peers, in the last full clock minute.
  `/api/v1/stats` reports it as `route_churn_per_min` in `stream`, which
  replaces the moving average `route_churn_per_sec`. The messages and updates
  per second on `/` and `/status` are whole numbers (closes #160)
 - 2026-10-26: the WHOIS fetcher backs off more slowly. A failure makes its wait
  1.5 times as long, up to one minute instead of five. Its queries to RIPE,
  APNIC and AFRINIC leave out person and role objects, which RIPE counts against
  a daily limit per address. A refused query is logged with the RIR's error line
  (closes #159)
 - 2026-10-26: the home page's AS name search lists the ASes whose handle or
  description holds the text, as links to their pages, from the new
  `/api/v1/search/as`; the search ignores case. When the database has no record
  of an AS, its page takes the handle and description from the AS list built
  into RouteWatch and still lists the AS's prefixes (closes #151)
 - 2026-10-19: README "HTTP Endpoints" lists every route with what it answers,
  "Database Schema" matches `schema.sql`, and the rest of the README matches the
  code; this file brought up to date (closes #72)
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/csv"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
@@ -15,21 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )
-const asCsvURL = "https://github.com/ipverse/as-metadata/raw/refs/heads/master/as.csv"
+const asCsvURL = "https://github.com/ipverse/asn-info/raw/refs/heads/master/as.csv"
 // The first columns of as.csv, the ones the generator reads. It reads past
 // the columns after them, such as the country code.
 const (
 	asnColumn         = "asn"
 	handleColumn      = "handle"
 	descriptionColumn = "description"
 	columnsRead       = 3
 )
 var (
 	errUnexpectedHeader = errors.New("unexpected CSV header")
 	errNoASes           = errors.New("no AS in the CSV")
 )
 // ASInfo represents information about an Autonomous System
 type ASInfo struct {
@@ -60,66 +45,40 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to fetch CSV: HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
-	asInfos, err := parseCSV(resp.Body)
+	// Parse CSV
-
+	reader := csv.NewReader(resp.Body)
 	// Closed here rather than deferred: log.Fatalf exits without running
 	// deferred calls.
 	_ = resp.Body.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to parse CSV: %v", err)
 	}
 	log.Printf("Parsed %d AS records", len(asInfos))
 	// Convert to JSON and output to stdout
 	encoder := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
 	encoder.SetIndent("", "\t")
 	err = encoder.Encode(asInfos)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to encode JSON: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 // parseCSV reads as.csv from r and returns its ASes, with the handle and the
 // description as the file spells them. A header whose first columns are not
 // the AS number, the handle and the description is an error. A record that
 // does not parse is logged and skipped. A read that fails, such as on a broken
 // download, is an error. A file left with no AS is an error.
 func parseCSV(r io.Reader) ([]ASInfo, error) {
 	reader := csv.NewReader(r)
 	// Read header
 	header, err := reader.Read()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read CSV header: %w", err)
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to read CSV header: %v", err)
 	}
-	if len(header) < columnsRead || header[0] != asnColumn ||
+	if len(header) != 3 || header[0] != "asn" || header[1] != "handle" ||
-		header[1] != handleColumn || header[2] != descriptionColumn {
+		header[2] != "description" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errUnexpectedHeader, header)
+		log.Fatalf("Unexpected CSV header: %v", header)
 	}
 	// Read all records
 	var asInfos []ASInfo
 	for {
 		// The reader returns an error for a record with a different number
 		// of fields than the header.
 		record, err := reader.Read()
 		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
 			break
 		}
-		if _, ok := errors.AsType[*csv.ParseError](err); ok {
+		if err != nil {
 			log.Printf("Error reading CSV record: %v", err)
 			continue
 		}
-		// Any other error comes from the download, such as a broken
+		const expectedFields = 3
-		// connection. Every later read returns it again.
+		if len(record) != expectedFields {
-		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Skipping invalid record: %v", record)
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("read CSV record: %w", err)
+
 			continue
 		}
 		asn, err := strconv.Atoi(record[0])
@@ -136,9 +95,18 @@ func parseCSV(r io.Reader) ([]ASInfo, error) {
 		})
 	}
-	if len(asInfos) == 0 {
+	// Closed here rather than deferred: log.Fatalf exits without running
-		return nil, errNoASes
+	// deferred calls.
-	}
+	_ = resp.Body.Close()
-	return asInfos, nil
+	log.Printf("Parsed %d AS records", len(asInfos))
 	// Convert to JSON and output to stdout
 	encoder := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
 	encoder.SetIndent("", "\t")
 	err = encoder.Encode(asInfos)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to encode JSON: %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
 package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/iotest"
 	"time"
 )
 // parseTimeLimit is how long a test waits for parseCSV to return before it
 // fails.
 const parseTimeLimit = 2 * time.Second
 // TestParseCSVReadsTodaysLayout parses an as.csv with the country code column
 // that the source added after the description. It expects each AS with its
 // handle and description spelled exactly as in the file, accents included.
 func TestParseCSVReadsTodaysLayout(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const asCSV = `asn,handle,description,country-code
 1,LVLT-1,Level 3 Parent LLC,US
 1251,FUNDACAO-AMPARO-PESQUISA,FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO SÃO PAULO,BR
 `
 	got, err := parseCSV(strings.NewReader(asCSV))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("parseCSV: %v", err)
 	}
 	want := []ASInfo{
 		{ASN: 1, Handle: "LVLT-1", Description: "Level 3 Parent LLC"},
 		{
 			ASN:    1251,
 			Handle: "FUNDACAO-AMPARO-PESQUISA",
 			Description: "FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO " +
 				"SÃO PAULO",
 		},
 	}
 	if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
 		t.Errorf("parseCSV = %+v, want %+v", got, want)
 	}
 }
 // TestParseCSVRejectsAnotherHeader parses files whose first columns are not
 // the AS number, the handle and the description. It expects an error rather
 // than a list read from the wrong columns.
 func TestParseCSVRejectsAnotherHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for _, asCSV := range []string{
 		"asn,handle\n1,LVLT-1\n",
 		"asn,description,handle\n1,Level 3 Parent LLC,LVLT-1\n",
 	} {
 		_, err := parseCSV(strings.NewReader(asCSV))
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("parseCSV(%q): no error", asCSV)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestParseCSVRejectsAFileWithNoASes parses files that hold no AS, one with
 // only the header and one whose only record has no valid AS number. It
 // expects errNoASes, so that make asupdate keeps the old list.
 func TestParseCSVRejectsAFileWithNoASes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for _, asCSV := range []string{
 		"asn,handle,description,country-code\n",
 		"asn,handle,description,country-code\nAS1,LVLT-1,Level 3,US\n",
 	} {
 		_, err := parseCSV(strings.NewReader(asCSV))
 		if !errors.Is(err, errNoASes) {
 			t.Errorf("parseCSV(%q) = %v, want %v", asCSV, err, errNoASes)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestParseCSVSkipsARecordThatDoesNotParse parses an as.csv with a record
 // that has too few fields between two valid records. It expects both valid
 // ASes and no error, so that one bad record does not stop make asupdate.
 func TestParseCSVSkipsARecordThatDoesNotParse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const asCSV = "asn,handle,description,country-code\n" +
 		"1,LVLT-1,Level 3 Parent LLC,US\n" +
 		"2,UDEL-DCN\n" +
 		"3,MIT-GATEWAYS,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,US\n"
 	got, err := parseCSV(strings.NewReader(asCSV))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("parseCSV: %v", err)
 	}
 	want := []ASInfo{
 		{ASN: 1, Handle: "LVLT-1", Description: "Level 3 Parent LLC"},
 		{
 			ASN:         3,
 			Handle:      "MIT-GATEWAYS",
 			Description: "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
 		},
 	}
 	if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
 		t.Errorf("parseCSV = %+v, want %+v", got, want)
 	}
 }
 // TestParseCSVStopsWhenTheDownloadBreaksOff parses an as.csv whose download
 // breaks off after the first record. From then on every read fails, as on a
 // broken connection. It expects parseCSV to return that error, so that make
 // asupdate keeps the old list.
 func TestParseCSVStopsWhenTheDownloadBreaksOff(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const asCSV = "asn,handle,description,country-code\n" +
 		"1,LVLT-1,Level 3 Parent LLC,US\n"
 	download := io.MultiReader(
 		strings.NewReader(asCSV), iotest.ErrReader(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF))
 	// parseCSV runs on its own goroutine, so that a parseCSV that never
 	// returns fails the test instead of hanging it.
 	parsed := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
 		_, err := parseCSV(download)
 		parsed <- err
 	}()
 	select {
 	case err := <-parsed:
 		if !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) {
 			t.Errorf("parseCSV = %v, want %v", err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)
 		}
 	case <-time.After(parseTimeLimit):
 		t.Fatalf("parseCSV did not return within %v", parseTimeLimit)
 	}
 }
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.29
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20250401214520-65e299d6c5c9
 	go.uber.org/fx v1.24.0
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb
 	golang.org/x/term v0.33.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.43.0
 )
 require (
@@ -24,13 +24,9 @@ go.uber.org/multierr v1.10.0 h1:S0h4aNzvfcFsC3dRF1jLoaov7oRaKqRGC/pUEJ2yvPQ=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.10.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0 h1:sI7k6L95XOKS281NhVKOFCUNIvv9e0w4BF8N3u+tCRo=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0/go.mod h1:dtElttAiwGvoJ/vj4IwHBS/gXsEu/pZ50mUIRWuG0so=
 go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb h1:XBM4hvfwGAttkkiTIFfeigdfcL1xIfdKXqFdgiHGtDs=
 go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb/go.mod h1:PLyyIXexvUFg3Owu6p/WfdlivPbZJsZdgWZlrGope/Y=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/term v0.33.0 h1:NuFncQrRcaRvVmgRkvM3j/F00gWIAlcmlB8ACEKmGIg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.43.0 h1:1QivrlhwAsnMOcqgOdl9my7s9OyZl8O5/UGUTJVXoWc=
 golang.org/x/text v0.43.0/go.mod h1:hbSIYA/amXcRXTFSZqh8tWHEoqRvvbKPJ2uz/KU+a+s=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
 // Package blocklist downloads public IP blocklists on a schedule, keeps the
 // last good copy of each on disk and in memory, and answers which lists
 // contain an address.
 package blocklist
 import (
 	"context"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 	"go4.org/netipx"
 )
 // Format is how a list's file is written.
 type Format int
 const (
 	// FormatLines has one address or network per line, such as 192.0.2.1 or
 	// 192.0.2.0/24. Lines that start with # are comments.
 	FormatLines Format = iota
 	// FormatSpamhausJSON has one JSON object per line, with a network in its
 	// cidr field. The last line holds the file's metadata and no network.
 	FormatSpamhausJSON
 	// FormatDShield has one network per line, as tab-separated fields that
 	// start with the network's first and last address. Lines that start
 	// with # are comments.
 	FormatDShield
 )
 // List is one public blocklist.
 type List struct {
 	// Name names the list in lookup answers, and names its copy on disk.
 	Name string
 	// Description says in one line what being on the list means.
 	Description string
 	// URL is where the publisher serves the whole list.
 	URL string
 	// Interval is how long a copy is used before the list is downloaded
 	// again.
 	Interval time.Duration
 	// Format is how the list's file is written.
 	Format Format
 }
 // Listing says that a list contains an address.
 type Listing struct {
 	Name        string `json:"name"`
 	Description string `json:"description"`
 	// Updated is when routewatch last downloaded the list, or last heard from
 	// its publisher that its copy was still current.
 	Updated time.Time `json:"updated"`
 }
 // listCopy is a list's last good copy in memory.
 type listCopy struct {
 	addresses *netipx.IPSet
 	updated   time.Time
 	// validators identify the version of the list this copy holds.
 	validators validators
 }
 // Params is what New needs.
 type Params struct {
 	// Dir is the directory that holds the copies on disk.
 	Dir string
 	// Lists are the lists to download and look addresses up in.
 	Lists []List
 	Logger *slog.Logger
 }
 // Blocklists keeps a copy of each list and answers which lists contain an
 // address. Start loads the copies from disk and starts downloading the lists.
 type Blocklists struct {
 	dir    string
 	lists  []List
 	logger *slog.Logger
 	// copies holds each list's last good copy, by list name. A list with no
 	// good copy yet has none.
 	mu     sync.RWMutex
 	copies map[string]listCopy
 	// stop ends the goroutine Start runs, and done is closed when it returns.
 	stop context.CancelFunc
 	done chan struct{}
 }
 // New returns a Blocklists with no copies. Start loads them.
 func New(params Params) *Blocklists {
 	return &Blocklists{
 		dir:    params.Dir,
 		lists:  params.Lists,
 		logger: params.Logger.With("component", "blocklists"),
 		copies: make(map[string]listCopy),
 		done:   make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 }
 // Lookup returns a Listing for each list whose copy contains addr, in the
 // order of the lists given to New. It makes no outside request. When no list
 // contains addr, it returns an empty list, not nil.
 func (b *Blocklists) Lookup(addr netip.Addr) []Listing {
 	b.mu.RLock()
 	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
 	listings := []Listing{}
 	for _, list := range b.lists {
 		c, ok := b.copies[list.Name]
 		if ok && c.addresses.Contains(addr.Unmap()) {
 			listings = append(listings, Listing{
 				Name:        list.Name,
 				Description: list.Description,
 				Updated:     c.updated,
 			})
 		}
 	}
 	return listings
 }
 // ShortestInterval returns the shortest Interval of the lists. That is the
 // soonest a copy can change, and so how long a lookup answer stays current.
 func (b *Blocklists) ShortestInterval() time.Duration {
 	var shortest time.Duration
 	for i, list := range b.lists {
 		if i == 0 || list.Interval < shortest {
 			shortest = list.Interval
 		}
 	}
 	return shortest
 }
 // updated returns when the named list's copy was last downloaded or found
 // current, or the zero time when the list has no copy.
 func (b *Blocklists) updated(name string) time.Time {
 	b.mu.RLock()
 	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
 	return b.copies[name].updated
 }
 // copyValidators returns the validators of the named list's copy. They are
 // empty when the list has no copy.
 func (b *Blocklists) copyValidators(name string) validators {
 	b.mu.RLock()
 	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
 	return b.copies[name].validators
 }
 // setCopy makes c the named list's copy.
 func (b *Blocklists) setCopy(name string, c listCopy) {
 	b.mu.Lock()
 	defer b.mu.Unlock()
 	b.copies[name] = c
 }
 // setUpdated records that the named list's copy was found current at t.
 func (b *Blocklists) setUpdated(name string, t time.Time) {
 	b.mu.Lock()
 	defer b.mu.Unlock()
 	c, ok := b.copies[name]
 	if ok {
 		c.updated = t
 		b.copies[name] = c
 	}
 }
@@ -1,494 +0,0 @@
 package blocklist
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
 // The test list's name and description, the address its good version lists,
 // and the address a newer version lists instead.
 const (
 	testListName        = "test_list"
 	testListDescription = "On the test list"
 	listedAddr          = "192.0.2.1"
 	goodListBody        = "# A test list\n" + listedAddr + "\n"
 	newListedAddr       = "192.0.2.2"
 	newListBody         = "# A test list\n" + newListedAddr + "\n"
 )
 // testETag is the ETag a publisher sends with a version of the test list.
 const testETag = `"v1"`
 // maxWait is how long a test waits for the download goroutine.
 const maxWait = 10 * time.Second
 // publisher stands in for a list's publisher. It answers every request with
 // its status and body, and keeps the headers of each request. A 200 answer
 // carries lastModified and etag, when set, as Last-Modified and ETag. As
 // from a real publisher, a request whose If-None-Match or If-Modified-Since
 // matches them is answered "not modified".
 type publisher struct {
 	mu           sync.Mutex
 	status       int
 	body         string
 	lastModified time.Time
 	etag         string
 	headers      []http.Header
 }
 // newPublisher starts a publisher that answers 200 with body, and returns it
 // and its URL.
 func newPublisher(t *testing.T, body string) (*publisher, string) {
 	t.Helper()
 	p := &publisher{status: http.StatusOK, body: body}
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(p)
 	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
 	return p, srv.URL
 }
 func (p *publisher) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	p.mu.Lock()
 	defer p.mu.Unlock()
 	p.headers = append(p.headers, r.Header.Clone())
 	if p.status != http.StatusOK {
 		w.WriteHeader(p.status)
 		_, _ = io.WriteString(w, p.body)
 		return
 	}
 	if p.etag != "" {
 		w.Header().Set(etagHeader, p.etag)
 	}
 	// ServeContent sends Last-Modified unless lastModified is zero, and
 	// answers "not modified" when the request's conditions match.
 	http.ServeContent(w, r, testListName, p.lastModified,
 		strings.NewReader(p.body))
 }
 // answer makes the publisher answer later requests with status and body.
 func (p *publisher) answer(status int, body string) {
 	p.mu.Lock()
 	defer p.mu.Unlock()
 	p.status, p.body = status, body
 }
 // publish makes the publisher answer later requests with a version of the
 // list: body, with lastModified and etag. A zero lastModified or an empty
 // etag is not sent.
 func (p *publisher) publish(body string, lastModified time.Time, etag string) {
 	p.mu.Lock()
 	defer p.mu.Unlock()
 	p.status, p.body = http.StatusOK, body
 	p.lastModified, p.etag = lastModified, etag
 }
 // requests returns the headers of the requests the publisher has had.
 func (p *publisher) requests() []http.Header {
 	p.mu.Lock()
 	defer p.mu.Unlock()
 	return append([]http.Header(nil), p.headers...)
 }
 // testList returns a list served at url, written in format.
 func testList(url string, format Format) List {
 	return List{
 		Name:        testListName,
 		Description: testListDescription,
 		URL:         url,
 		Interval:    time.Hour,
 		Format:      format,
 	}
 }
 func newTestBlocklists(dir string, list List) *Blocklists {
 	return New(Params{
 		Dir:    dir,
 		Lists:  []List{list},
 		Logger: slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler),
 	})
 }
 // lookup looks addr up in b.
 func lookup(t *testing.T, b *Blocklists, addr string) []Listing {
 	t.Helper()
 	return b.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr(addr))
 }
 // TestLookupFindsListedAddresses downloads a list in each format and looks
 // up addresses on it, inside its networks, and off it, in IPv4 and IPv6.
 // A listed address has one listing that names the list; any other has an
 // empty list of listings.
 func TestLookupFindsListedAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		format   Format
 		body     string
 		listed   []string
 		unlisted []string
 	}{
 		{
 			name:     "single addresses",
 			format:   FormatLines,
 			body:     "# comment\n192.0.2.1\n\n2001:db8::1\n",
 			listed:   []string{"192.0.2.1", "::ffff:192.0.2.1", "2001:db8::1"},
 			unlisted: []string{"192.0.2.2", "2001:db8::2"},
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "networks",
 			format:   FormatLines,
 			body:     "# comment\n198.51.100.0/24\n2001:db8:1::/48\n",
 			listed:   []string{"198.51.100.0", "198.51.100.255", "2001:db8:1::5"},
 			unlisted: []string{"198.51.101.0", "2001:db8:2::1"},
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "Spamhaus networks",
 			format: FormatSpamhausJSON,
 			body: `{"cidr":"203.0.113.0/25","sblid":"SBL1","rir":"arin"}` + "\n" +
 				`{"cidr":"2001:db8:3::/48","sblid":"SBL2","rir":"ripencc"}` + "\n" +
 				`{"type":"metadata","timestamp":1793074442,"records":2}` + "\n",
 			listed:   []string{"203.0.113.1", "2001:db8:3::1"},
 			unlisted: []string{"203.0.113.200", "2001:db8:4::1"},
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "DShield networks",
 			format: FormatDShield,
 			body: "#   DShield.org Recommended Block List\n" +
 				"192.0.2.0\t192.0.2.255\t24\t327\tEXAMPLE\tUS\tNone\n",
 			listed:   []string{"192.0.2.0", "192.0.2.77"},
 			unlisted: []string{"192.0.3.1", "2001:db8::1"},
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			_, url := newPublisher(t, tt.body)
 			b := newTestBlocklists(t.TempDir(), testList(url, tt.format))
 			err := b.download(t.Context(), b.lists[0])
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("download: %v", err)
 			}
 			for _, addr := range tt.listed {
 				listings := lookup(t, b, addr)
 				if len(listings) != 1 || listings[0].Name != testListName ||
 					listings[0].Description != testListDescription ||
 					listings[0].Updated.IsZero() {
 					t.Errorf("%s: listings %+v, want one for %s", addr,
 						listings, testListName)
 				}
 			}
 			for _, addr := range tt.unlisted {
 				listings := lookup(t, b, addr)
 				if listings == nil || len(listings) != 0 {
 					t.Errorf("%s: listings %#v, want an empty list", addr, listings)
 				}
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestFailedDownloadKeepsThePreviousCopy downloads a good version of a list,
 // then one that fails. The good copy stays in memory and on disk, and no
 // part of the failed download is left beside it.
 func TestFailedDownloadKeepsThePreviousCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	tests := []struct {
 		name   string
 		status int
 		body   string
 	}{
 		{"server error", http.StatusInternalServerError, "unavailable"},
 		{"not a list", http.StatusOK, "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html></html>\n"},
 		{
 			"over the size limit", http.StatusOK,
 			strings.Repeat(listedAddr+"\n", maxDownloadSize/len(listedAddr)),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			dir := t.TempDir()
 			p, url := newPublisher(t, goodListBody)
 			b := newTestBlocklists(dir, testList(url, FormatLines))
 			err := b.download(t.Context(), b.lists[0])
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("first download: %v", err)
 			}
 			before := lookup(t, b, listedAddr)
 			p.answer(tt.status, tt.body)
 			err = b.download(t.Context(), b.lists[0])
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("second download returned no error")
 			}
 			after := lookup(t, b, listedAddr)
 			if len(after) != 1 || len(before) != 1 ||
 				!after[0].Updated.Equal(before[0].Updated) {
 				t.Errorf("listings %+v after the failure, want %+v", after, before)
 			}
 			copies := os.DirFS(dir)
 			onDisk, err := fs.ReadFile(copies, testListName)
 			if err != nil || string(onDisk) != goodListBody {
 				t.Errorf("copy on disk %q (%v), want %q", onDisk, err, goodListBody)
 			}
 			_, err = fs.Stat(copies, testListName+downloadSuffix)
 			if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 				t.Errorf("the failed download's file is still there (%v)", err)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestRestartLoadsCopiesFromDisk downloads a list, then starts a new
 // Blocklists on the same directory, as a restart does. The new one answers
 // from the copy on disk at once, and does not download the list again while
 // the copy is younger than the list's interval.
 func TestRestartLoadsCopiesFromDisk(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	p, url := newPublisher(t, goodListBody)
 	list := testList(url, FormatLines)
 	first := newTestBlocklists(dir, list)
 	err := first.download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("download: %v", err)
 	}
 	downloaded := lookup(t, first, listedAddr)[0].Updated
 	second := newTestBlocklists(dir, list)
 	second.Start(t.Context())
 	second.Stop(t.Context())
 	listings := lookup(t, second, listedAddr)
 	if len(listings) != 1 ||
 		listings[0].Updated.Sub(downloaded).Abs() > time.Second {
 		t.Errorf("after the restart, listings %+v, want one updated at %s",
 			listings, downloaded)
 	}
 	if got := len(p.requests()); got != 1 {
 		t.Errorf("the publisher had %d requests, want 1", got)
 	}
 }
 // TestStartRefreshesAnOldCopy starts on a copy older than its list's
 // interval. The list is downloaded at once, with routewatch's User-Agent and
 // the Last-Modified and ETag the publisher sent with the copy, kept on disk.
 // The publisher answers that the copy is still current, so the copy is kept
 // and marked as updated now.
 func TestStartRefreshesAnOldCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	p, url := newPublisher(t, goodListBody)
 	list := testList(url, FormatLines)
 	lastModified := time.Now().Add(-3 * list.Interval).UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
 	p.publish(goodListBody, lastModified, testETag)
 	err := newTestBlocklists(dir, list).download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("download: %v", err)
 	}
 	old := time.Now().Add(-2 * list.Interval).UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
 	err = os.Chtimes(filepath.Join(dir, testListName), old, old)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Chtimes: %v", err)
 	}
 	b := newTestBlocklists(dir, list)
 	b.Start(t.Context())
 	deadline := time.Now().Add(maxWait)
 	for !lookup(t, b, listedAddr)[0].Updated.After(old) {
 		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
 			t.Fatalf("the copy was not marked updated within %s", maxWait)
 		}
 		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
 	}
 	b.Stop(t.Context())
 	requests := p.requests()
 	last := requests[len(requests)-1]
 	want := lastModified.Format(http.TimeFormat)
 	if got := last.Get(ifModifiedSinceHeader); got != want {
 		t.Errorf("If-Modified-Since %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 	if got := last.Get(ifNoneMatchHeader); got != testETag {
 		t.Errorf("If-None-Match %q, want %q", got, testETag)
 	}
 	if got := last.Get(userAgentHeader); got != userAgent {
 		t.Errorf("User-Agent %q, want %q", got, userAgent)
 	}
 }
 // TestNewVersionOlderThanTheLastDownloadReplacesTheCopy downloads a list.
 // The publisher then puts out a new version whose Last-Modified is earlier
 // than that download, as when a cache in front of the publisher passes the
 // version on late. The next download sends the Last-Modified of the copy,
 // not the time of the download, so it gets the new version.
 func TestNewVersionOlderThanTheLastDownloadReplacesTheCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	p, url := newPublisher(t, goodListBody)
 	list := testList(url, FormatLines)
 	b := newTestBlocklists(t.TempDir(), list)
 	firstVersion := time.Now().Add(-2 * list.Interval).UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
 	p.publish(goodListBody, firstVersion, "")
 	err := b.download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("first download: %v", err)
 	}
 	p.publish(newListBody, firstVersion.Add(list.Interval), "")
 	err = b.download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("second download: %v", err)
 	}
 	if listings := lookup(t, b, newListedAddr); len(listings) != 1 {
 		t.Errorf("%s: listings %+v, want one from the new version",
 			newListedAddr, listings)
 	}
 	want := firstVersion.Format(http.TimeFormat)
 	if got := p.requests()[1].Get(ifModifiedSinceHeader); got != want {
 		t.Errorf("If-Modified-Since %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
 // TestDownloadWithoutLastModifiedOrETagSendsNoCondition downloads a list
 // twice from a publisher that sends neither Last-Modified nor ETag. Neither
 // request carries If-Modified-Since or If-None-Match, so the second download
 // gets the whole list again.
 func TestDownloadWithoutLastModifiedOrETagSendsNoCondition(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	p, url := newPublisher(t, goodListBody)
 	list := testList(url, FormatLines)
 	b := newTestBlocklists(t.TempDir(), list)
 	err := b.download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("first download: %v", err)
 	}
 	err = b.download(t.Context(), list)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("second download: %v", err)
 	}
 	for i, request := range p.requests() {
 		if request.Get(ifModifiedSinceHeader) != "" ||
 			request.Get(ifNoneMatchHeader) != "" {
 			t.Errorf("request %d has a condition: %v", i, request)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestStopCancelsADownloadInProgress stops while the publisher has not
 // answered. Stop cancels the download and returns once the download
 // goroutine has stopped.
 func TestStopCancelsADownloadInProgress(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	arrived := make(chan struct{})
 	var once sync.Once
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(
 		func(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			once.Do(func() { close(arrived) })
 			<-r.Context().Done()
 		}))
 	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
 	b := newTestBlocklists(t.TempDir(), testList(srv.URL, FormatLines))
 	b.Start(t.Context())
 	select {
 	case <-arrived:
 	case <-time.After(maxWait):
 		t.Fatalf("no download began within %s", maxWait)
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.Context(), maxWait)
 	defer cancel()
 	b.Stop(ctx)
 	select {
 	case <-b.done:
 	default:
 		t.Error("Stop returned before the download goroutine stopped")
 	}
 }
 // TestPublicListsAreComplete checks that every public list has what a
 // download and a lookup answer need, and a unique name.
 func TestPublicListsAreComplete(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	names := make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, list := range Lists() {
 		if list.Name == "" || list.Description == "" || list.URL == "" ||
 			list.Interval <= 0 || names[list.Name] {
 			t.Errorf("list %+v is incomplete or has a name used before", list)
 		}
 		names[list.Name] = true
 	}
 }
@@ -1,379 +0,0 @@
 package blocklist
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"time"
 	"go4.org/netipx"
 )
 // Limits of one download.
 const (
 	// downloadTimeout is how long one download may take.
 	downloadTimeout = time.Minute
 	// maxDownloadSize is the size of the largest list file accepted, in
 	// bytes. The largest list, FireHOL abusers, is about 2.5 MiB.
 	maxDownloadSize = 16 << 20
 )
 // The request headers a download sets.
 const (
 	userAgentHeader       = "User-Agent"
 	ifModifiedSinceHeader = "If-Modified-Since"
 	ifNoneMatchHeader     = "If-None-Match"
 	// userAgent names routewatch to the publishers.
 	userAgent = "routewatch (+https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch)"
 )
 // The response headers that identify the version of a list a publisher sent.
 const (
 	lastModifiedHeader = "Last-Modified"
 	etagHeader         = "ETag"
 )
 const (
 	// downloadSuffix ends the name of the file a download is written to,
 	// beside the list's copy, until it has parsed.
 	downloadSuffix = ".download"
 	// validatorsSuffix ends the name of the file beside a list's copy that
 	// keeps the copy's validators.
 	validatorsSuffix = ".validators"
 	// dirPermissions are those of the directory that holds the copies.
 	dirPermissions = 0o750
 	// validatorsPermissions are those of the file that keeps a copy's
 	// validators.
 	validatorsPermissions = 0o600
 )
 // validators are the Last-Modified and ETag headers a publisher sent with a
 // version of a list. A download sends them back, as If-Modified-Since and
 // If-None-Match, so that the publisher sends the list only when it has
 // changed. They are kept as the publisher wrote them.
 //
 //nolint:tagliatelle // snake_case keys, as the Go style guide asks
 type validators struct {
 	LastModified string `json:"last_modified,omitempty"`
 	ETag         string `json:"etag,omitempty"`
 }
 var (
 	errUnexpectedStatus = errors.New("unexpected HTTP status")
 	errTooLarge         = errors.New("list is over the size limit")
 )
 // Start loads each list's copy from disk. It then starts the goroutine that
 // downloads each list once its copy is older than its Interval, and a list
 // with no copy at once. The goroutine runs until Stop: the end of ctx does
 // not stop it.
 func (b *Blocklists) Start(ctx context.Context) {
 	err := os.MkdirAll(b.dir, dirPermissions)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.logger.Error("Failed to create the blocklists directory",
 			"dir", b.dir, "error", err)
 	}
 	nextDownload := make([]time.Time, len(b.lists))
 	for i, list := range b.lists {
 		loadErr := b.loadCopy(list)
 		if loadErr != nil && !errors.Is(loadErr, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 			b.logger.Error("Failed to load a blocklist copy",
 				"list", list.Name, "error", loadErr)
 		}
 		// A list with no copy has the zero time, so it is due at once.
 		nextDownload[i] = b.updated(list.Name).Add(list.Interval)
 	}
 	ctx, b.stop = context.WithCancel(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
 	go func() {
 		b.run(ctx, nextDownload)
 	}()
 	b.logger.Info("Blocklist downloads started", "dir", b.dir)
 }
 // Stop stops the downloads, cancelling one in progress, and waits until the
 // goroutine has returned or ctx ends. The copies in memory stay, so Lookup
 // still answers.
 func (b *Blocklists) Stop(ctx context.Context) {
 	b.stop()
 	select {
 	case <-b.done:
 		b.logger.Info("Blocklist downloads stopped")
 	case <-ctx.Done():
 		b.logger.Warn("Stop deadline passed before the blocklist downloads " +
 			"stopped")
 	}
 }
 // run downloads each list when nextDownload says, until ctx ends. After each
 // try, whether it worked or not, the list's next download is an Interval
 // later.
 func (b *Blocklists) run(ctx context.Context, nextDownload []time.Time) {
 	defer close(b.done)
 	if len(nextDownload) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	for {
 		soonest := slices.MinFunc(nextDownload, time.Time.Compare)
 		timer := time.NewTimer(time.Until(soonest))
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			timer.Stop()
 			return
 		case <-timer.C:
 		}
 		for i, list := range b.lists {
 			if time.Now().Before(nextDownload[i]) {
 				continue
 			}
 			err := b.download(ctx, list)
 			if ctx.Err() != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			if err != nil {
 				b.logger.Error("Blocklist download failed; keeping the "+
 					"previous copy", "list", list.Name, "error", err)
 			}
 			nextDownload[i] = time.Now().Add(list.Interval)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // download asks the publisher for list, sending the validators of the list's
 // copy when it has them. A new version that parses becomes the list's copy,
 // on disk and in memory. An answer that the copy is still current marks the
 // copy as updated now. Anything else leaves the copy as it is and returns an
 // error.
 func (b *Blocklists) download(ctx context.Context, list List) error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, downloadTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, list.URL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	req.Header.Set(userAgentHeader, userAgent)
 	held := b.copyValidators(list.Name)
 	if held.LastModified != "" {
 		req.Header.Set(ifModifiedSinceHeader, held.LastModified)
 	}
 	if held.ETag != "" {
 		req.Header.Set(ifNoneMatchHeader, held.ETag)
 	}
 	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
 	switch resp.StatusCode {
 	case http.StatusOK:
 		return b.replaceCopy(list, resp.Body, validators{
 			LastModified: resp.Header.Get(lastModifiedHeader),
 			ETag:         resp.Header.Get(etagHeader),
 		})
 	case http.StatusNotModified:
 		return b.markCurrent(list)
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errUnexpectedStatus, resp.Status)
 	}
 }
 // replaceCopy writes a new version of list, read from body, beside the list's
 // copy. Only when it parses does it replace the copy, on disk and in memory.
 // sent are the validators the publisher sent with the new version.
 func (b *Blocklists) replaceCopy(list List, body io.Reader, sent validators) error {
 	root, err := os.OpenRoot(b.dir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = root.Close() }()
 	downloadName := list.Name + downloadSuffix
 	addresses, err := writeAndParse(root, downloadName, body, list.Format)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = root.Remove(downloadName)
 		return err
 	}
 	// The old copy's validators are removed before the copy is replaced, so
 	// that they are never kept with the new copy.
 	err = root.Remove(list.Name + validatorsSuffix)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 		return err
 	}
 	err = root.Rename(downloadName, list.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	b.setCopy(list.Name, listCopy{
 		addresses: addresses, updated: time.Now().UTC(), validators: sent,
 	})
 	b.logger.Info("Downloaded a new version of a blocklist", "list", list.Name)
 	// Without this file, the first download after a restart asks for the
 	// whole list.
 	err = writeValidators(root, list.Name, sent)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.logger.Error("Failed to keep the validators of a blocklist copy",
 			"list", list.Name, "error", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 // writeAndParse writes body to the file name in root, up to maxDownloadSize
 // bytes, and parses the file as format.
 func writeAndParse(
 	root *os.Root, name string, body io.Reader, format Format,
 ) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
 	f, err := root.Create(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
 	written, err := io.Copy(f, io.LimitReader(body, maxDownloadSize+1))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if written > maxDownloadSize {
 		return nil, errTooLarge
 	}
 	_, err = f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return parse(f, format)
 }
 // markCurrent records that the publisher says the list's copy is still
 // current: the copy, on disk and in memory, is marked as updated now.
 func (b *Blocklists) markCurrent(list List) error {
 	root, err := os.OpenRoot(b.dir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = root.Close() }()
 	now := time.Now().UTC()
 	err = root.Chtimes(list.Name, now, now)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	b.setUpdated(list.Name, now)
 	b.logger.Debug("Blocklist copy is still current", "list", list.Name)
 	return nil
 }
 // loadCopy makes the list's copy on disk, with the validators kept beside it,
 // its copy in memory. The file's modification time is when the copy was
 // updated.
 func (b *Blocklists) loadCopy(list List) error {
 	root, err := os.OpenRoot(b.dir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = root.Close() }()
 	f, err := root.Open(list.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
 	info, err := f.Stat()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	addresses, err := parse(f, list.Format)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	held, err := readValidators(root, list.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	b.setCopy(list.Name, listCopy{
 		addresses: addresses, updated: info.ModTime().UTC(), validators: held,
 	})
 	return nil
 }
 // writeValidators keeps held in the file beside the named list's copy.
 func writeValidators(root *os.Root, name string, held validators) error {
 	data, err := json.Marshal(held)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return root.WriteFile(name+validatorsSuffix, data, validatorsPermissions)
 }
 // readValidators returns the validators kept beside the named list's copy.
 // They are empty when there is no such file.
 func readValidators(root *os.Root, name string) (validators, error) {
 	var held validators
 	data, err := root.ReadFile(name + validatorsSuffix)
 	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 		return held, nil
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return held, err
 	}
 	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &held)
 	return held, err
 }
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
 package blocklist
 import "time"
 // How often each list is downloaded. No list is downloaded more often than
 // its publisher updates it or allows.
 const (
 	// DShield asks that its feeds be downloaded at most once an hour:
 	// https://isc.sans.edu/feeds_doc.html
 	dshieldInterval = time.Hour
 	// abuse.ch makes the list every 5 minutes and recommends a download at
 	// least every 15: https://feodotracker.abuse.ch/blocklist/
 	feodoTrackerInterval = 15 * time.Minute
 	// FireHOL's page for each list gives how often the list changes on
 	// average: about every 5 hours for abusers and every 3 hours for level
 	// 3. FireHOL sets no download limit.
 	// https://iplists.firehol.org/?ipset=firehol_abusers_30d
 	// https://iplists.firehol.org/?ipset=firehol_level3
 	fireHOLAbusersInterval = 5 * time.Hour
 	fireHOLLevel3Interval  = 3 * time.Hour
 	// Spamhaus asks that DROP be downloaded at most once a day:
 	// https://www.spamhaus.org/blocklists/do-not-route-or-peer/
 	spamhausDROPInterval = 24 * time.Hour
 	// Tor publishes a new exit list every hour and sets no download limit:
 	// https://collector.torproject.org/recent/exit-lists/
 	torExitsInterval = time.Hour
 )
 // Lists returns the public blocklists routewatch downloads. Each can be
 // downloaded whole without an account or a key. Spamhaus merged its EDROP
 // list into DROP, so DROP covers both.
 func Lists() []List {
 	return []List{
 		{
 			Name: "dshield",
 			Description: "In one of the 20 networks that DShield saw scan " +
 				"the most targets in the last three days",
 			URL:      "https://feeds.dshield.org/block.txt",
 			Interval: dshieldInterval,
 			Format:   FormatDShield,
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "feodo_tracker",
 			Description: "A botnet command-and-control server",
 			URL:         "https://feodotracker.abuse.ch/downloads/ipblocklist.txt",
 			Interval:    feodoTrackerInterval,
 			Format:      FormatLines,
 		},
 		{
 			Name: "firehol_abusers_30d",
 			Description: "Reported for comment, form or forum spam in the " +
 				"last 30 days",
 			URL:      "https://iplists.firehol.org/files/firehol_abusers_30d.netset",
 			Interval: fireHOLAbusersInterval,
 			Format:   FormatLines,
 		},
 		{
 			Name: "firehol_level3",
 			Description: "Reported for attacks, spyware or viruses in the " +
 				"last 30 days",
 			URL:      "https://iplists.firehol.org/files/firehol_level3.netset",
 			Interval: fireHOLLevel3Interval,
 			Format:   FormatLines,
 		},
 		{
 			Name: "spamhaus_drop",
 			Description: "In an IPv4 network that Spamhaus says spammers " +
 				"or cyber criminals have hijacked or lease",
 			URL:      "https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/drop_v4.json",
 			Interval: spamhausDROPInterval,
 			Format:   FormatSpamhausJSON,
 		},
 		{
 			Name: "spamhaus_dropv6",
 			Description: "In an IPv6 network that Spamhaus says spammers " +
 				"or cyber criminals have hijacked or lease",
 			URL:      "https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/drop_v6.json",
 			Interval: spamhausDROPInterval,
 			Format:   FormatSpamhausJSON,
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "tor_exits",
 			Description: "A Tor exit node, where traffic from the Tor network leaves",
 			URL:         "https://check.torproject.org/torbulkexitlist",
 			Interval:    torExitsInterval,
 			Format:      FormatLines,
 		},
 	}
 }
@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
 package blocklist
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 	"go4.org/netipx"
 )
 const (
 	// commentPrefix starts a comment line in a list file.
 	commentPrefix = "#"
 	// networkSeparator separates the address and the mask length of a
 	// network, as in 192.0.2.0/24.
 	networkSeparator = "/"
 	// dshieldFieldSeparator separates the fields of a DShield line.
 	dshieldFieldSeparator = "\t"
 	// spamhausMetadataType is the type of the line that ends a Spamhaus
 	// file. That line holds the file's metadata and no network.
 	spamhausMetadataType = "metadata"
 )
 var (
 	errUnknownFormat = errors.New("unknown list format")
 	errNoNetwork     = errors.New("no network on the line")
 	errBadRange      = errors.New("first and last address make no range")
 )
 // parse reads a list file written in format and returns the addresses it
 // holds. A line it cannot read fails the whole file, so a file that is not
 // the list, such as an error page, never replaces a good copy.
 func parse(r io.Reader, format Format) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
 	var builder netipx.IPSetBuilder
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
 	for lineNumber := 1; scanner.Scan(); lineNumber++ {
 		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
 		if line == "" || strings.HasPrefix(line, commentPrefix) {
 			continue
 		}
 		err := addLine(&builder, line, format)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("line %d: %w", lineNumber, err)
 		}
 	}
 	err := scanner.Err()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return builder.IPSet()
 }
 // addLine adds the address or network on one line of a list file to builder.
 func addLine(builder *netipx.IPSetBuilder, line string, format Format) error {
 	switch format {
 	case FormatLines:
 		return addAddressOrNetwork(builder, line)
 	case FormatSpamhausJSON:
 		return addSpamhausNetwork(builder, line)
 	case FormatDShield:
 		return addDShieldNetwork(builder, line)
 	default:
 		return errUnknownFormat
 	}
 }
 // addAddressOrNetwork adds an address, such as 192.0.2.1, or a network, such
 // as 192.0.2.0/24, to builder.
 func addAddressOrNetwork(builder *netipx.IPSetBuilder, text string) error {
 	if strings.Contains(text, networkSeparator) {
 		network, err := netip.ParsePrefix(text)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		builder.AddPrefix(network)
 		return nil
 	}
 	addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(text)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	builder.Add(addr)
 	return nil
 }
 // addSpamhausNetwork adds the network on a line of a Spamhaus file to
 // builder. The metadata line adds nothing.
 func addSpamhausNetwork(builder *netipx.IPSetBuilder, line string) error {
 	var entry struct {
 		CIDR string `json:"cidr"`
 		Type string `json:"type"`
 	}
 	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(line), &entry)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if entry.Type == spamhausMetadataType {
 		return nil
 	}
 	network, err := netip.ParsePrefix(entry.CIDR)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	builder.AddPrefix(network)
 	return nil
 }
 // addDShieldNetwork adds the network on a line of a DShield file to builder.
 // The line's first two fields are the network's first and last address.
 func addDShieldNetwork(builder *netipx.IPSetBuilder, line string) error {
 	firstField, rest, found := strings.Cut(line, dshieldFieldSeparator)
 	if !found {
 		return errNoNetwork
 	}
 	lastField, _, _ := strings.Cut(rest, dshieldFieldSeparator)
 	first, err := netip.ParseAddr(firstField)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	last, err := netip.ParseAddr(lastField)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	network := netipx.IPRangeFrom(first, last)
 	if !network.IsValid() {
 		return errBadRange
 	}
 	builder.AddRange(network)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -148,9 +148,7 @@ func TestLiveCountsTrackWritesInRealtime(t *testing.T) {
 func writeASNsPrefixesAndPeers(t *testing.T, db *Database, ts time.Time) {
 	t.Helper()
-	seen := SeenTimes{First: ts, Last: ts}
+	err := db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(map[int]time.Time{64500: ts, 64501: ts})
 	err := db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(map[int]SeenTimes{64500: seen, 64501: seen})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASNBatch: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -166,14 +164,14 @@ func writeASNsPrefixesAndPeers(t *testing.T, db *Database, ts time.Time) {
 	err = db.UpdatePeerBatch(map[string]PeerUpdate{
 		testV4PeerIP: {
 			PeerIP: testV4PeerIP, PeerASN: 64500,
-			MessageType: "UPDATE", Seen: seen,
+			MessageType: "UPDATE", Timestamp: ts,
 		},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("UpdatePeerBatch: %v", err)
 	}
-	err = db.RecordPeering(64500, 64501, seen)
+	err = db.RecordPeering(64500, 64501, ts)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("RecordPeering: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -194,10 +192,7 @@ func TestLiveCountsSeededFromDatabaseAtStartup(t *testing.T) {
 	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
-	seen := SeenTimes{First: ts, Last: ts}
+	err = db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(map[int]time.Time{64500: ts, 64501: ts, 64502: ts})
 	err = db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(
 		map[int]SeenTimes{64500: seen, 64501: seen, 64502: seen})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASNBatch: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
 	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
 )
@@ -170,20 +169,6 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config, logger *logger.Logger) (*Database, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database directory: %w", err)
 	}
 	// The size of the WAL file the previous run left, which Initialize logs
 	// with the start-up checkpoint. It is read before the database is opened,
 	// because opening it writes a frame to the WAL. There is no WAL file when
 	// the database is new or the last run closed the database, which deletes
 	// it.
 	var walBytes int64
 	wal, err := os.Stat(dbPath + walFileSuffix)
 	if err == nil {
 		walBytes = wal.Size()
 	} else if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		logger.Warn("Failed to read the WAL file's size on startup", "error", err)
 	}
 	// Per-connection SQLite settings go in the DSN so every pooled connection
 	// gets them, not just the one that runs the Initialize pragmas. _txlock=
 	// immediate makes every transaction take the write lock at BEGIN. Without it
@@ -244,7 +229,7 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config, logger *logger.Logger) (*Database, error) {
 		counts: &liveCounts{},
 	}
-	err = database.Initialize(walBytes)
+	err = database.Initialize()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize database: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -260,16 +245,8 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config, logger *logger.Logger) (*Database, error) {
 	return database, nil
 }
-// The messages Initialize logs the start-up WAL checkpoint with.
+// Initialize creates the database schema if it doesn't exist.
-const (
+func (d *Database) Initialize() error {
 	startupCheckpointMessage           = "WAL checkpoint on startup"
 	startupCheckpointIncompleteMessage = "WAL checkpoint on startup incomplete"
 )
 // Initialize creates the database schema if it doesn't exist. walBytes is the
 // size of the WAL file the previous run left, which New reads before it opens
 // the database.
 func (d *Database) Initialize(walBytes int64) error {
 	// Set SQLite pragmas for performance. Per-connection settings (cache_size,
 	// synchronous, busy_timeout, journal_mode) live in the DSN, and New sets the
 	// writing connection's cache_size; temp_store is left at its default so
@@ -289,33 +266,19 @@ func (d *Database) Initialize(walBytes int64) error {
 		}
 	}
-	// The start-up checkpoint copies the WAL a previous run left into the
+	// Run WAL checkpoint on startup to consolidate any existing WAL
-	// database file and empties the WAL file; its frame counts then read 0,
+	var walPages, checkpointedPages, movedPages int
 	// so walBytes is logged with them.
 	var busy, walFrames, checkpointedFrames int
 	err := d.writer.QueryRowContext(context.Background(),
 		"PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)",
-	).Scan(&busy, &walFrames, &checkpointedFrames)
+	).Scan(&walPages, &checkpointedPages, &movedPages)
-
+	if err != nil {
 	switch {
 	case err != nil:
 		d.logger.Warn("Failed to checkpoint WAL on startup", "error", err)
-	case busy != 0:
+	} else {
-		// Another process using the database kept the checkpoint from
+		d.logger.Info("WAL checkpoint on startup",
-		// copying or emptying all of the WAL.
+			"wal_pages", walPages,
-		d.logger.Warn(startupCheckpointIncompleteMessage,
+			"checkpointed", checkpointedPages,
-			"wal_bytes", walBytes,
+			"moved", movedPages,
 			"busy", busy,
 			"wal_frames", walFrames,
 			"checkpointed_frames", checkpointedFrames,
 		)
 	default:
 		d.logger.Info(startupCheckpointMessage,
 			"wal_bytes", walBytes,
 			"busy", busy,
 			"wal_frames", walFrames,
 			"checkpointed_frames", checkpointedFrames,
 		)
 	}
@@ -892,7 +855,7 @@ func insertPrefixesInTable(
 // UpdatePrefixesBatch stores, in a single transaction, the prefixes that are
 // not stored yet, each first seen at its time in prefixes: the IPv4 prefixes
-// first and then the IPv6 prefixes. A prefix that does not parse is not stored.
+// first and then the IPv6 prefixes.
 func (d *Database) UpdatePrefixesBatch(prefixes map[string]time.Time) error {
 	if len(prefixes) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -911,11 +874,6 @@ func (d *Database) UpdatePrefixesBatch(prefixes map[string]time.Time) error {
 	prefixesV6 := make(map[string]time.Time)
 	for prefix, timestamp := range prefixes {
 		_, err := netip.ParsePrefix(prefix)
 		if err != nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		if detectIPVersion(prefix) == ipVersionV4 {
 			prefixesV4[prefix] = timestamp
 		} else {
@@ -945,34 +903,13 @@ func (d *Database) UpdatePrefixesBatch(prefixes map[string]time.Time) error {
 	return nil
 }
-// These statements update a stored AS, peering or peer. Each keeps the earlier
+// newASN returns a new ASN record first and last seen at timestamp, with the
-// of the stored and the new first_seen, and the later of the stored and the new
+// handle and description from the AS info lookup when it knows the number.
-// last_seen. Some collectors send updates days old while they catch up on a
+func newASN(number int, timestamp time.Time) ASN {
 // backlog. MIN and MAX compare the times as text, which is time order here: the
 // driver writes every time in one format, and every time is UTC.
 const (
 	updateASNSQL = `UPDATE asns
 		SET first_seen = MIN(first_seen, ?), last_seen = MAX(last_seen, ?)
 		WHERE asn = ?`
 	updatePeeringSQL = `UPDATE peerings
 		SET first_seen = MIN(first_seen, ?), last_seen = MAX(last_seen, ?)
 		WHERE as_a = ? AND as_b = ?`
 	updatePeerSQL = `UPDATE bgp_peers
 		SET peer_asn = ?, last_message_type = ?,
 		first_seen = MIN(first_seen, ?), last_seen = MAX(last_seen, ?)
 		WHERE peer_ip = ?`
 )
 // newASN returns a new ASN record first seen at seen.First and last seen at
 // seen.Last, with the handle and description from the AS info lookup when it
 // knows the number.
 func newASN(number int, seen SeenTimes) ASN {
 	asn := ASN{
 		ASN:       number,
-		FirstSeen: seen.First,
+		FirstSeen: timestamp,
-		LastSeen:  seen.Last,
+		LastSeen:  timestamp,
 	}
 	// Look up ASN info
@@ -984,11 +921,12 @@ func newASN(number int, seen SeenTimes) ASN {
 	return asn
 }
-// upsertASN stores the seen times of ASN number with the given statements,
+// upsertASN updates the last_seen time of ASN number with the given
-// inserting the ASN when it is new. It reports whether it inserted it.
+// statements, inserting the ASN when it is new. It reports whether it inserted
 // it.
 func upsertASN(
 	ctx context.Context, selectStmt, updateStmt, insertStmt *sql.Stmt,
-	number int, seen SeenTimes,
+	number int, timestamp time.Time,
 ) (bool, error) {
 	var (
 		asn                 ASN
@@ -998,8 +936,8 @@ func upsertASN(
 	err := selectStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx, number).Scan(&asn.ASN, &handle,
 		&description, &asn.FirstSeen, &asn.LastSeen)
 	if err == nil {
-		// ASN exists, update its seen times
+		// ASN exists, update last_seen
-		_, err = updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, seen.First, seen.Last, number)
+		_, err = updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, timestamp, number)
 		if err != nil {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to update ASN %d: %w", number, err)
 		}
@@ -1012,7 +950,7 @@ func upsertASN(
 	}
 	// ASN doesn't exist, create it
-	asn = newASN(number, seen)
+	asn = newASN(number, timestamp)
 	_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, asn.ASN, asn.Handle,
 		asn.Description, asn.FirstSeen, asn.LastSeen)
@@ -1024,7 +962,7 @@ func upsertASN(
 }
 // GetOrCreateASNBatch creates or updates multiple ASNs in a single transaction
-func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]SeenTimes) error {
+func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]time.Time) error {
 	if len(asns) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -1049,7 +987,8 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]SeenTimes) error {
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = selectStmt.Close() }()
-	updateStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, updateASNSQL)
+	updateStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx,
 		"UPDATE asns SET last_seen = ? WHERE asn = ?")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare update statement: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -1065,9 +1004,9 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]SeenTimes) error {
 	var newASNs int
-	for number, seen := range asns {
+	for number, timestamp := range asns {
 		inserted, err := upsertASN(ctx, selectStmt, updateStmt, insertStmt,
-			number, seen)
+			number, timestamp)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -1108,19 +1047,17 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASN(number int, timestamp time.Time) (*ASN, error)
 		"FROM asns WHERE asn = ?", number).
 		Scan(&asn.ASN, &handle, &description, &asn.FirstSeen, &asn.LastSeen)
 	if err == nil {
-		// ASN exists, update its seen times
+		// ASN exists, update last_seen
 		asn.Handle = handle.String
 		asn.Description = description.String
-		_, err = tx.Exec(updateASNSQL, timestamp, timestamp, number)
+		_, err = tx.Exec("UPDATE asns SET last_seen = ? WHERE asn = ?",
 			timestamp, number)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		// Return the seen times the update stored.
+		asn.LastSeen = timestamp
 		seen := SeenTimes{First: asn.FirstSeen, Last: asn.LastSeen}
 		seen.Add(timestamp)
 		asn.FirstSeen, asn.LastSeen = seen.First, seen.Last
 		err = tx.Commit()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1138,7 +1075,7 @@ func (d *Database) GetOrCreateASN(number int, timestamp time.Time) (*ASN, error)
 	}
 	// ASN doesn't exist, create it with ASN info lookup
-	asn = newASN(number, SeenTimes{First: timestamp, Last: timestamp})
+	asn = newASN(number, timestamp)
 	_, err = tx.Exec("INSERT INTO asns "+
 		"(asn, handle, description, first_seen, last_seen) "+
@@ -1245,7 +1182,7 @@ func (d *Database) RecordAnnouncement(announcement *Announcement) error {
 }
 // RecordPeering records a peering relationship between two ASNs.
-func (d *Database) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, seen SeenTimes) error {
+func (d *Database) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, timestamp time.Time) error {
 	// Validate ASNs
 	if asA <= 0 || asB <= 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: asA=%d, asB=%d", errInvalidASN, asA, asB)
@@ -1279,12 +1216,14 @@ func (d *Database) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, seen SeenTimes) error {
 	}
 	if exists {
-		_, err = tx.Exec(updatePeeringSQL, seen.First, seen.Last, asA, asB)
+		_, err = tx.Exec(
 			"UPDATE peerings SET last_seen = ? WHERE as_a = ? AND as_b = ?",
 			timestamp, asA, asB)
 	} else {
 		_, err = tx.Exec(`
 			INSERT INTO peerings (id, as_a, as_b, first_seen, last_seen)
 			VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-			generateUUID().String(), asA, asB, seen.First, seen.Last)
+			generateUUID().String(), asA, asB, timestamp, timestamp)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1334,7 +1273,9 @@ func (d *Database) UpdatePeerBatch(peers map[string]PeerUpdate) error {
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = checkStmt.Close() }()
-	updateStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, updatePeerSQL)
+	updateStmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx,
 		"UPDATE bgp_peers SET peer_asn = ?, last_seen = ?, "+
 			"last_message_type = ? WHERE peer_ip = ?")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare update statement: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -1360,12 +1301,11 @@ func (d *Database) UpdatePeerBatch(peers map[string]PeerUpdate) error {
 		if exists {
 			_, err = updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, update.PeerASN,
-				update.MessageType, update.Seen.First, update.Seen.Last,
+				update.Timestamp, update.MessageType, update.PeerIP)
 				update.PeerIP)
 		} else {
 			_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx,
 				generateUUID().String(), update.PeerIP, update.PeerASN,
-				update.Seen.First, update.Seen.Last, update.MessageType)
+				update.Timestamp, update.Timestamp, update.MessageType)
 		}
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1410,8 +1350,11 @@ func (d *Database) UpdatePeer(
 	}
 	if exists {
-		_, err = tx.Exec(updatePeerSQL,
+		_, err = tx.Exec(
-			peerASN, messageType, timestamp, timestamp, peerIP)
+			"UPDATE bgp_peers SET peer_asn = ?, last_seen = ?, "+
 				"last_message_type = ? WHERE peer_ip = ?",
 			peerASN, timestamp, messageType, peerIP,
 		)
 	} else {
 		_, err = tx.Exec(
 			"INSERT INTO bgp_peers (id, peer_ip, peer_asn, first_seen, "+
@@ -1763,21 +1706,9 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetails(asn int) (*ASN, []LiveRoute, error) {
 // GetASDetailsContext returns the AS and the prefixes it originates, the IPv4
 // ones first, each once with the time of its newest route. It makes two index
 // searches per prefix, however many peers carry the prefix.
 //
 // The routes of an AS can be stored before its record in the asns table. When
 // the AS has no record, its handle and description come from the AS info
 // lookup, and it has no seen times. An AS with no record, no lookup entry and
 // no prefix is ErrNoRoute.
 //
 // ristypes.NoOrigin means no known origin, not an AS, so it is ErrNoRoute
 // whatever is stored.
 func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 	ctx context.Context, asn int,
 ) (*ASN, []LiveRoute, error) {
 	if asn == ristypes.NoOrigin {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
 	}
 	// Get AS information
 	var (
 		asnInfo             ASN
@@ -1790,28 +1721,17 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 		asn,
 	).Scan(&asnInfo.ASN, &handle, &description, &asnInfo.FirstSeen,
 		&asnInfo.LastSeen)
-
+	if err != nil {
-	// known is whether the asns table or the AS info lookup holds the AS.
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
-	known := true
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
 	switch {
 	case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows):
 		asnInfo.ASN = asn
 		info, ok := asinfo.Get(asn)
 		if ok {
 			asnInfo.Handle = info.Handle
 			asnInfo.Description = info.Description
 		}
 		known = ok
 	case err != nil:
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query AS: %w", err)
 	default:
 		asnInfo.Handle = handle.String
 		asnInfo.Description = description.String
 	}
 	asnInfo.Handle = handle.String
 	asnInfo.Description = description.String
 	allPrefixes, err := d.originPrefixes(ctx, asn, ipVersionV4)
 	if err != nil {
 		return &asnInfo, nil, err
@@ -1822,13 +1742,7 @@ func (d *Database) GetASDetailsContext(
 		return &asnInfo, allPrefixes, err
 	}
-	allPrefixes = append(allPrefixes, prefixesV6...)
+	return &asnInfo, append(allPrefixes, prefixesV6...), nil
 	if !known && len(allPrefixes) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: AS%d", ErrNoRoute, asn)
 	}
 	return &asnInfo, allPrefixes, nil
 }
 // ASPeer represents a peering relationship with another AS including handle,
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 package database
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -20,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
 	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
@@ -619,12 +615,10 @@ func TestBatchWriteDuringCheckpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	ts := time.Now().UTC()
 	seen := SeenTimes{First: ts, Last: ts}
 	for i := range contentionIterations {
-		asns := map[int]SeenTimes{
+		asns := map[int]time.Time{
-			i % contendedASNCount:                   seen,
+			i % contendedASNCount:                   ts,
-			(i % contendedASNCount) + asnSecondBand: seen,
+			(i % contendedASNCount) + asnSecondBand: ts,
 		}
 		err := db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns)
@@ -753,8 +747,7 @@ func TestBatchWriteWaitsForAnalyze(t *testing.T) {
 	db, messages := newDatabaseWithLockMessages(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	asns := map[int]time.Time{lockTestASN: time.Now().UTC()}
 	asns := map[int]SeenTimes{lockTestASN: {First: now, Last: now}}
 	// A stored AS gives ANALYZE a table to analyze and statistics to write.
 	err := db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns)
@@ -1056,176 +1049,6 @@ func walFileSize(t *testing.T, db *Database) int64 {
 	return wal.Size()
 }
 // TestStartupCheckpointLogsItsFigures opens a new database, writes a route,
 // and opens the same file again while the first stays open, so that its WAL
 // file stays. The first open finds no WAL file: it logs a size of 0 and no
 // warning. The second logs the size of the WAL file the first left, and the
 // checkpoint's busy flag and frame counts, each under its own name; the
 // counts read 0 once the checkpoint has emptied the file.
 // Initialize logged the busy flag as wal_pages and the counts under each
 // other's names (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/117).
 func TestStartupCheckpointLogsItsFigures(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	cfg := &config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}
 	db, lines := openLogged(t, cfg)
 	for _, line := range lines {
 		if line[slog.LevelKey] == slog.LevelWarn.String() {
 			t.Errorf("opening a new database logged a warning: %v", line)
 		}
 	}
 	line := findLine(t, lines, startupCheckpointMessage)
 	if line["wal_bytes"] != 0.0 {
 		t.Errorf("new database: start-up checkpoint logged wal_bytes = %v, "+
 			"want 0", line["wal_bytes"])
 	}
 	err := db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*LiveRoute{
 		mkV4Route(t, "192.0.2.0/24", lockTestASN, time.Now().UTC()),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to store a route: %v", err)
 	}
 	walBytes := walFileSize(t, db)
 	if walBytes == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("WAL file empty after the route write, want frames in it")
 	}
 	_, lines = openLogged(t, cfg)
 	line = findLine(t, lines, startupCheckpointMessage)
 	for _, key := range []string{"busy", "wal_frames", "checkpointed_frames"} {
 		if line[key] != 0.0 {
 			t.Errorf("start-up checkpoint logged %s = %v, want 0", key, line[key])
 		}
 	}
 	if line["wal_bytes"] != float64(walBytes) {
 		t.Errorf("start-up checkpoint logged wal_bytes = %v, want the %d "+
 			"bytes the first database left", line["wal_bytes"], walBytes)
 	}
 }
 // TestStartupCheckpointWarnsWhenIncomplete keeps a read open on a database
 // while a route is written after the read began, then opens the same file
 // again. The second open's start-up checkpoint cannot copy the frames written
 // after the read began, and gives up once the busy timeout has passed. It
 // checks that the checkpoint is logged as a warning with busy 1 and fewer
 // frames copied than the WAL holds.
 func TestStartupCheckpointWarnsWhenIncomplete(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	cfg := &config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}
 	db, _ := openLogged(t, cfg)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	reader, err := db.db.Conn(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open the reading connection: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()
 	// A plain BEGIN starts a transaction that only reads, unlike the BEGIN
 	// IMMEDIATE of _txlock. It keeps the snapshot its first read takes until
 	// it ends.
 	_, err = reader.ExecContext(ctx, "BEGIN")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to begin the read transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _, _ = reader.ExecContext(ctx, "ROLLBACK") }()
 	var routes int
 	err = reader.QueryRowContext(ctx,
 		"SELECT count(*) FROM live_routes_v4").Scan(&routes)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read the live routes: %v", err)
 	}
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch([]*LiveRoute{
 		mkV4Route(t, "192.0.2.0/24", lockTestASN, time.Now().UTC()),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to store a route after the read: %v", err)
 	}
 	_, lines := openLogged(t, cfg)
 	line := findLine(t, lines, startupCheckpointIncompleteMessage)
 	if line[slog.LevelKey] != slog.LevelWarn.String() {
 		t.Errorf("start-up checkpoint logged at level %v, want %s",
 			line[slog.LevelKey], slog.LevelWarn)
 	}
 	if line["busy"] != 1.0 {
 		t.Errorf("start-up checkpoint logged busy = %v, want 1", line["busy"])
 	}
 	walFrames, _ := line["wal_frames"].(float64)
 	checkpointedFrames, _ := line["checkpointed_frames"].(float64)
 	if checkpointedFrames >= walFrames {
 		t.Errorf("start-up checkpoint logged checkpointed_frames = %v and "+
 			"wal_frames = %v with a read open, want fewer copied than the WAL "+
 			"holds", line["checkpointed_frames"], line["wal_frames"])
 	}
 }
 // openLogged opens the database of cfg with a logger that writes JSON, and
 // returns it with the lines it logged while it opened, decoded.
 func openLogged(t *testing.T, cfg *config.Config) (*Database, []map[string]any) {
 	t.Helper()
 	var logged bytes.Buffer
 	db, err := New(cfg,
 		&logger.Logger{Logger: slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(&logged, nil))})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open the database: %v", err)
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
 	var lines []map[string]any
 	decoder := json.NewDecoder(&logged)
 	for decoder.More() {
 		var line map[string]any
 		err := decoder.Decode(&line)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("failed to decode the log: %v", err)
 		}
 		lines = append(lines, line)
 	}
 	return db, lines
 }
 // findLine returns the first of lines logged with message.
 func findLine(
 	t *testing.T,
 	lines []map[string]any,
 	message string,
 ) map[string]any {
 	t.Helper()
 	for _, line := range lines {
 		if line[slog.MessageKey] == message {
 			return line
 		}
 	}
 	t.Fatalf("no line %q in the log", message)
 	return nil
 }
 // TestGetRandomPrefixesByLengthListsPrefixOnce stores one prefix of each
 // family learned from two peers in the same second and checks that the
 // prefix-length sample lists each of them once.
@@ -1701,85 +1524,6 @@ func TestGetASDetailsListsEachPrefixOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestGetASDetailsOfASNotInDatabase asks for ASes that the database has no
 // record of, some with stored routes. Each gets the prefixes of its routes and
 // no seen times. One that the AS info lookup knows gets its handle and
 // description from it. An AS with no record, no lookup entry and no route is
 // ErrNoRoute. Before the fix every AS with no record was ErrNoRoute.
 func TestGetASDetailsOfASNotInDatabase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
 	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
 	tests := []struct {
 		asn      int
 		listed   bool     // in the AS info lookup
 		prefixes []string // of the routes stored for the AS
 	}{
 		{15169, true, []string{"192.0.2.0/24"}},
 		{13335, true, nil},
 		{4200000000, false, []string{"198.51.100.0/24"}},
 	}
 	var routes []*LiveRoute
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		if _, ok := asinfo.Get(tt.asn); ok != tt.listed {
 			t.Fatalf("AS%d in the AS info data: %t, want %t", tt.asn, ok, tt.listed)
 		}
 		for _, prefix := range tt.prefixes {
 			routes = append(routes, mkV4Route(t, prefix, tt.asn, ts))
 		}
 	}
 	err = db.UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		got, prefixes, err := db.GetASDetails(tt.asn)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d): %v", tt.asn, err)
 			continue
 		}
 		want := ASN{ASN: tt.asn}
 		if info, ok := asinfo.Get(tt.asn); ok {
 			want.Handle, want.Description = info.Handle, info.Description
 		}
 		var gotPrefixes []string
 		for _, route := range prefixes {
 			gotPrefixes = append(gotPrefixes, route.Prefix)
 		}
 		if *got != want || !slices.Equal(gotPrefixes, tt.prefixes) {
 			t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d) = %+v with prefixes %v, want %+v with %v",
 				tt.asn, *got, gotPrefixes, want, tt.prefixes)
 		}
 	}
 	const absentASN = 4200000001 // no record, no lookup entry and no route
 	if _, ok := asinfo.Get(absentASN); ok {
 		t.Fatalf("AS%d is in the AS info data", absentASN)
 	}
 	_, _, err = db.GetASDetails(absentASN)
 	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNoRoute) {
 		t.Errorf("GetASDetails(%d): error %v, want %v", absentASN, err, ErrNoRoute)
 	}
 }
 // TestASPrefixQueriesUseCoveringIndexes checks the plan of each query that
 // lists the prefixes an AS originates: a search of a covering index and no
 // temporary B-tree, so the list reads one index entry per prefix, not one
@@ -1919,200 +1663,6 @@ func TestUpdatePrefixesBatchKeepsFirstSeen(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestUpdatePeerBatchStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeer writes a new
 // peer whose updates span 5 seconds. Its row is first seen at the earliest time
 // and last seen at the latest.
 func TestUpdatePeerBatchStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeer(
 	t *testing.T,
 ) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
 	first := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
 	last := first.Add(5 * time.Second)
 	err = db.UpdatePeerBatch(map[string]PeerUpdate{
 		testPeerIP: {
 			PeerIP: testPeerIP, PeerASN: 64500, MessageType: "UPDATE",
 			Seen: SeenTimes{First: first, Last: last},
 		},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("UpdatePeerBatch: %v", err)
 	}
 	var firstSeen, lastSeen time.Time
 	err = db.db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(),
 		"SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM bgp_peers WHERE peer_ip = ?",
 		testPeerIP).Scan(&firstSeen, &lastSeen)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("reading peer %s: %v", testPeerIP, err)
 	}
 	if !firstSeen.Equal(first) || !lastSeen.Equal(last) {
 		t.Errorf("peer %s: first seen %s, last seen %s; want %s, %s",
 			testPeerIP, firstSeen, lastSeen, first, last)
 	}
 }
 // backlogAge is how much older one write is than the other in the tests of
 // first_seen and last_seen, as when a collector catches up on a backlog.
 const backlogAge = 24 * time.Hour
 // batchSpan is how much earlier a batch's First is than its Last in the tests
 // of first_seen and last_seen.
 const batchSpan = time.Hour
 // TestWritesKeepEarliestFirstSeenAndLatestLastSeen writes a row of each of
 // asns, peerings and bgp_peers through each function that writes one, at a
 // newer time and at an older one. Each row takes the older write's First as
 // first_seen and the newer write's Last as last_seen. The test writes in both
 // orders, each in a database of its own. Newer then older is a collector
 // catching up on a backlog; older then newer is a feed that arrives in order.
 // Each function writes a row of its own. A batch write's First is batchSpan
 // before its Last, so the test catches the two swapped. A single-row write
 // takes one time.
 func TestWritesKeepEarliestFirstSeenAndLatestLastSeen(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		batchASN, singleASN = 64500, 64501
 		peerASN             = 64502
 		asnQuery            = "SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM asns WHERE asn = ?"
 		peeringQuery        = "SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM peerings " +
 			"WHERE as_a = ? AND as_b = ?"
 		peerQuery = "SELECT first_seen, last_seen FROM bgp_peers " +
 			"WHERE peer_ip = ?"
 	)
 	for name, olderFirst := range map[string]bool{
 		"newer then older": false,
 		"older then newer": true,
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 			}
 			defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
 			checkSeenTimes(t, db, olderFirst, func(seen SeenTimes) error {
 				return db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(map[int]SeenTimes{batchASN: seen})
 			}, batchSpan, asnQuery, batchASN)
 			checkSeenTimes(t, db, olderFirst, func(seen SeenTimes) error {
 				_, err := db.GetOrCreateASN(singleASN, seen.Last)
 				return err
 			}, 0, asnQuery, singleASN)
 			checkSeenTimes(t, db, olderFirst, func(seen SeenTimes) error {
 				return db.RecordPeering(batchASN, singleASN, seen)
 			}, batchSpan, peeringQuery, batchASN, singleASN)
 			checkSeenTimes(t, db, olderFirst, func(seen SeenTimes) error {
 				return db.UpdatePeerBatch(map[string]PeerUpdate{
 					testV4PeerIP: {
 						PeerIP: testV4PeerIP, PeerASN: peerASN,
 						MessageType: ristypes.MessageTypeUpdate,
 						Seen:        seen,
 					},
 				})
 			}, batchSpan, peerQuery, testV4PeerIP)
 			checkSeenTimes(t, db, olderFirst, func(seen SeenTimes) error {
 				return db.UpdatePeer(testPeerIP, peerASN,
 					ristypes.MessageTypeUpdate, seen.Last)
 			}, 0, peerQuery, testPeerIP)
 		})
 	}
 }
 // checkSeenTimes calls write twice, each time with First span before Last: at
 // newer times and at times backlogAge older. It writes the older times first
 // when olderFirst is true. It checks that query, given args, reads the older
 // write's First as first_seen and the newer write's Last as last_seen.
 func checkSeenTimes(
 	t *testing.T, db *Database, olderFirst bool,
 	write func(seen SeenTimes) error,
 	span time.Duration, query string, args ...any,
 ) {
 	t.Helper()
 	newerLast := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
 	newer := SeenTimes{First: newerLast.Add(-span), Last: newerLast}
 	older := SeenTimes{
 		First: newer.First.Add(-backlogAge),
 		Last:  newer.Last.Add(-backlogAge),
 	}
 	writes := []SeenTimes{newer, older}
 	if olderFirst {
 		writes = []SeenTimes{older, newer}
 	}
 	for _, seen := range writes {
 		err := write(seen)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("writing first %s, last %s: %v", seen.First, seen.Last, err)
 		}
 	}
 	var firstSeen, lastSeen time.Time
 	err := db.db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(), query, args...).
 		Scan(&firstSeen, &lastSeen)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("reading the row: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !firstSeen.Equal(older.First) || !lastSeen.Equal(newer.Last) {
 		t.Errorf("first seen %s, last seen %s; want %s, %s",
 			firstSeen, lastSeen, older.First, newer.Last)
 	}
 }
 // TestGetOrCreateASNReturnsStoredSeenTimes stores an AS at a newer time, then
 // at an older one. The second call returns the times the row now holds: the
 // older first_seen and the newer last_seen.
 func TestGetOrCreateASNReturnsStoredSeenTimes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
 	const asn = 64500
 	newer := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
 	older := newer.Add(-backlogAge)
 	_, err = db.GetOrCreateASN(asn, newer)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASN at %s: %v", newer, err)
 	}
 	got, err := db.GetOrCreateASN(asn, older)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetOrCreateASN at %s: %v", older, err)
 	}
 	if !got.FirstSeen.Equal(older) || !got.LastSeen.Equal(newer) {
 		t.Errorf("first seen %s, last seen %s; want %s, %s",
 			got.FirstSeen, got.LastSeen, older, newer)
 	}
 }
 // TestUpsertLiveRouteBatchWritesInKeyOrder writes new routes of two peers out
 // of key order, the last one a second announcement of the first, and checks
 // that the rows were inserted in key order, peer then prefix (each new row's id
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
 package database
 import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 )
 // TestDockerignoreExcludesDatabaseFiles checks that .dockerignore keeps the
 // database file, and the WAL and shared-memory files SQLite writes next to it,
 // out of the build context wherever they sit in the clone. The image ships the
 // whole build context as a source archive.
 func TestDockerignoreExcludesDatabaseFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
 	data, err := os.ReadFile("../../.dockerignore")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to read .dockerignore: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Docker reads `**/` as any number of directories and the rest of the
 	// pattern as filepath.Match does, so `**/` followed by a pattern that
 	// matches a file's name excludes that file at any depth.
 	var anyDepth []string
 	for line := range strings.Lines(string(data)) {
 		pattern, ok := strings.CutPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(line), "**/")
 		if ok {
 			anyDepth = append(anyDepth, pattern)
 		}
 	}
 	name := filepath.Base(db.path)
 	for _, file := range []string{name, name + "-wal", name + "-shm"} {
 		excluded := false
 		for _, pattern := range anyDepth {
 			matched, err := filepath.Match(pattern, file)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("bad .dockerignore pattern **/%s: %v", pattern, err)
 			}
 			excluded = excluded || matched
 		}
 		if !excluded {
 			t.Errorf(".dockerignore has no **/ pattern that excludes %s", file)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type Stats struct {
 type Store interface {
 	// ASN operations
 	GetOrCreateASN(number int, timestamp time.Time) (*ASN, error)
-	GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]SeenTimes) error
+	GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]time.Time) error
 	// Prefix operations
 	GetOrCreatePrefix(prefix string, timestamp time.Time) (*Prefix, error)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ type Store interface {
 	RecordAnnouncement(announcement *Announcement) error
 	// Peering operations
-	RecordPeering(asA, asB int, seen SeenTimes) error
+	RecordPeering(asA, asB int, timestamp time.Time) error
 	// Statistics
 	GetStats() (Stats, error)
@@ -28,10 +28,9 @@ type ASN struct {
 	RIRRegDate  *time.Time `json:"rir_registration_date,omitempty"`
 	RIRLastMod  *time.Time `json:"rir_last_modified,omitempty"`
 	WHOISRaw    string     `json:"whois_raw,omitempty"`
-	// Timestamps. They are zero, and left out of JSON, for an AS that has no
+	// Timestamps
-	// record in the asns table.
+	FirstSeen      time.Time  `json:"first_seen"`
-	FirstSeen      time.Time  `json:"first_seen,omitzero"`
+	LastSeen       time.Time  `json:"last_seen"`
 	LastSeen       time.Time  `json:"last_seen,omitzero"`
 	WHOISUpdatedAt *time.Time `json:"whois_updated_at,omitempty"`
 }
@@ -92,11 +91,12 @@ type PrefixDistribution struct {
 //
 //nolint:tagliatelle // field names are the existing JSON API
 type IPInfo struct {
-	IP         string `json:"ip"`
+	IP         string   `json:"ip"`
-	Netblock   string `json:"netblock"`
+	PTR        []string `json:"ptr,omitempty"`
-	MaskLength int    `json:"mask_length"`
+	Netblock   string   `json:"netblock"`
-	IPVersion  int    `json:"ip_version"`
+	MaskLength int      `json:"mask_length"`
-	NumPeers   int    `json:"num_peers"`
+	IPVersion  int      `json:"ip_version"`
 	NumPeers   int      `json:"num_peers"`
 	// AS information
 	ASN         int    `json:"asn"`
 	ASName      string `json:"as_name,omitempty"`
@@ -122,35 +122,12 @@ type LiveRouteDeletion struct {
 	IPVersion int
 }
-// SeenTimes is the earliest and the latest time one batch of updates saw an AS,
+// PeerUpdate represents parameters for updating a peer
 // a peer or a peering. A row the batch adds is stored first seen at First and
 // last seen at Last. A row already stored takes First as its first_seen only
 // when First is earlier, and Last as its last_seen only when Last is later.
 type SeenTimes struct {
 	First time.Time
 	Last  time.Time
 }
 // Add makes t the earliest time of s when it is earlier than First, and the
 // latest when it is later than Last. The zero SeenTimes holds no time yet, so
 // the first Add sets both.
 func (s *SeenTimes) Add(t time.Time) {
 	if s.First.IsZero() || t.Before(s.First) {
 		s.First = t
 	}
 	if s.Last.IsZero() || t.After(s.Last) {
 		s.Last = t
 	}
 }
 // PeerUpdate represents parameters for updating a peer. PeerASN and
 // MessageType are those of the peer's latest update.
 type PeerUpdate struct {
 	PeerIP      string
 	PeerASN     int
 	MessageType string
-	Seen        SeenTimes
+	Timestamp   time.Time
 }
 // ASNWHOISUpdate contains WHOIS data for updating an ASN record.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type Tracker struct {
 	// Announcement/withdrawal metrics
 	announcementCounter metrics.Counter
 	withdrawalCounter   metrics.Counter
-	churnPerMinute      minuteCounter // prefix announcements and withdrawals
+	churnRate           metrics.Meter // combined announcements + withdrawals per second
 	// BGP peer tracking
 	bgpPeerCount atomic.Int32
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func New() *Tracker {
 		ipv6UpdateRate:      metrics.NewMeter(),
 		announcementCounter: metrics.NewCounter(),
 		withdrawalCounter:   metrics.NewCounter(),
-		churnPerMinute:      minuteCounter{now: time.Now},
+		churnRate:           metrics.NewMeter(),
 	}
 }
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ func (t *Tracker) RecordIPv6Update() {
 // RecordAnnouncement records a route announcement
 func (t *Tracker) RecordAnnouncement() {
 	t.announcementCounter.Inc(1)
-	t.churnPerMinute.add()
+	t.churnRate.Mark(1)
 }
 // RecordWithdrawal records a route withdrawal
 func (t *Tracker) RecordWithdrawal() {
 	t.withdrawalCounter.Inc(1)
-	t.churnPerMinute.add()
+	t.churnRate.Mark(1)
 }
 // SetBGPPeerCount updates the current BGP peer count
@@ -198,10 +198,9 @@ func (t *Tracker) GetWithdrawalCount() uint64 {
 	return uint64(count)
 }
-// GetChurnPerMinute returns the number of prefix announcements and
+// GetChurnRate returns the route churn rate per second
-// withdrawals, from all peers, in the last full clock minute.
+func (t *Tracker) GetChurnRate() float64 {
-func (t *Tracker) GetChurnPerMinute() int {
+	return t.churnRate.Rate1()
 	return t.churnPerMinute.lastFullMinute()
 }
 // GetRouteMetrics returns current route update metrics
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
 package metrics
 import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
 // minuteCounter counts events in each clock minute and reports the count of
 // the last full minute. It is safe for concurrent use.
 type minuteCounter struct {
 	mu  sync.Mutex
 	now func() time.Time
 	// minute is the start of the minute that count belongs to.
 	minute time.Time
 	count  int
 	// lastMinuteCount is the count of the minute just before minute.
 	lastMinuteCount int
 }
 // add counts one event in the current minute.
 func (c *minuteCounter) add() {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	c.moveToCurrentMinute()
 	c.count++
 }
 // lastFullMinute returns the number of events in the minute that ended most
 // recently.
 func (c *minuteCounter) lastFullMinute() int {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	c.moveToCurrentMinute()
 	return c.lastMinuteCount
 }
 // moveToCurrentMinute starts a new count when the clock has moved into
 // another minute. The count it ends becomes the last full minute's count when
 // its minute is the one just before the current minute. Otherwise the last
 // full minute had no events. The caller holds mu.
 func (c *minuteCounter) moveToCurrentMinute() {
 	minute := c.now().Truncate(time.Minute)
 	if minute.Equal(c.minute) {
 		return
 	}
 	if minute.Sub(c.minute) == time.Minute {
 		c.lastMinuteCount = c.count
 	} else {
 		c.lastMinuteCount = 0
 	}
 	c.minute = minute
 	c.count = 0
 }
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
 package metrics
 import (
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
 // TestChurnPerMinuteCountsLastFullMinute announces and withdraws prefixes on
 // an injected clock and expects each minute's whole count once that minute
 // has ended, and 0 for a minute with none.
 func TestChurnPerMinuteCountsLastFullMinute(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	now := time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 0, 30, 0, time.UTC)
 	tracker := New()
 	tracker.churnPerMinute.now = func() time.Time { return now }
 	expectChurn := func(want int, why string) {
 		t.Helper()
 		got := tracker.GetChurnPerMinute()
 		if got != want {
 			t.Fatalf("at %s churn = %d, want %d: %s",
 				now.Format(time.TimeOnly), got, want, why)
 		}
 	}
 	const firstMinuteChurn = 2
 	tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
 	tracker.RecordWithdrawal()
 	expectChurn(0, "12:00 has not ended")
 	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 1, 59, 0, time.UTC)
 	tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
 	expectChurn(firstMinuteChurn, "12:00 had one announcement and one withdrawal")
 	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 2, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	expectChurn(1, "12:01 had one announcement")
 	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 4, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	expectChurn(0, "12:03 had none")
 	tracker.RecordWithdrawal()
 	now = time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 6, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	expectChurn(0, "12:05 had none, though 12:04 had one withdrawal")
 }
 // TestChurnPerMinuteCountsConcurrentRecords announces prefixes from several
 // goroutines at once and expects every one counted.
 func TestChurnPerMinuteCountsConcurrentRecords(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		goroutines          = 8
 		recordsPerGoroutine = 1000
 	)
 	now := time.Date(2026, 10, 26, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	tracker := New()
 	tracker.churnPerMinute.now = func() time.Time { return now }
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	for range goroutines {
 		wg.Go(func() {
 			for range recordsPerGoroutine {
 				tracker.RecordAnnouncement()
 			}
 		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 	now = now.Add(time.Minute)
 	want := goroutines * recordsPerGoroutine
 	if got := tracker.GetChurnPerMinute(); got != want {
 		t.Fatalf("churn = %d, want %d", got, want)
 	}
 }
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ package ristypes
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"slices"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -25,8 +24,7 @@ const (
 )
 // ASPath is a BGP AS path as the feed writes it: an array of AS numbers in
-// which an AS set is an array of its members, such as [1, 2, [3, 4]]. A path
+// which an AS set is an array of its members, such as [1, 2, [3, 4]].
 // that holds AS 0 decodes as an empty one (UnmarshalJSON).
 type ASPath struct {
 	// Sequence is the path's AS numbers in order. A set of one member that
 	// ends the path counts as that AS and is its last element. The members of
@@ -39,56 +37,34 @@ type ASPath struct {
 	Set []int
 }
 // NoOrigin is the origin AS of a route whose origin is not known. AS 0 is
 // reserved, so no AS has this number.
 const NoOrigin = 0
 // Origin returns the AS that originated the route: the last AS of the
-// sequence, or NoOrigin when the path ends in a set of several members or is
+// sequence, or 0 (none) when the path ends in a set of several members or is
 // empty.
 func (p *ASPath) Origin() int {
 	if len(p.Set) > 0 || len(p.Sequence) == 0 {
-		return NoOrigin
+		return 0
 	}
 	return p.Sequence[len(p.Sequence)-1]
 }
-// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface for ASPath. A path
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface for ASPath.
 // that holds AS 0 anywhere, a member of an AS set included, decodes as an empty
 // path: RFC 7607 makes such a path malformed and its announcements
 // withdrawals. On an announcement with an empty path the prefix handler
 // deletes the peer's route, and the AS and peering handlers record nothing.
 func (p *ASPath) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	path, err := decodeASPath(data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if slices.Contains(path.Sequence, 0) || slices.Contains(path.Set, 0) {
 		path = ASPath{}
 	}
 	*p = path
 	return nil
 }
 // decodeASPath decodes an AS path as the feed writes it.
 func decodeASPath(data []byte) (ASPath, error) {
 	// Most paths have no AS set and decode as a plain array of integers.
 	var sequence []int
 	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &sequence)
 	if err == nil {
-		return ASPath{Sequence: sequence}, nil
+		*p = ASPath{Sequence: sequence}
 		return nil
 	}
 	var raw []any
 	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &raw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return ASPath{}, err
+		return err
 	}
 	path := ASPath{Sequence: make([]int, 0, len(raw))}
@@ -114,7 +90,9 @@ func decodeASPath(data []byte) (ASPath, error) {
 		}
 	}
-	return path, nil
+	*p = path
 	return nil
 }
 // RISLiveMessage represents the outer wrapper message from the RIPE RIS Live stream.
@@ -145,33 +145,3 @@ func TestASPathKeepsATrailingSetApart(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestASPathWithASZeroDecodesAsAnEmptyPath decodes AS paths that hold AS 0
 // before their end, at their end, or in an AS set. RFC 7607 makes such a path
 // malformed, so each decodes as an empty path.
 func TestASPathWithASZeroDecodesAsAnEmptyPath(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for _, path := range []string{
 		"[64496, 0, 64497]",
 		"[64496, 0]",
 		"[64496, [0, 64497], 64498]",
 		"[64496, [64497, 0]]",
 	} {
 		t.Run(path, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			var got ristypes.ASPath
 			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(path), &got)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("unmarshal %s: %v", path, err)
 			}
 			if len(got.Sequence) > 0 || len(got.Set) > 0 {
 				t.Errorf("%s decoded to sequence %v and set %v, want an empty path",
 					path, got.Sequence, got.Set)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ package routewatch
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/blocklist"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
@@ -54,13 +52,8 @@ type RouteWatch struct {
 	peeringHandler *PeeringHandler
 	asnFetcher     *ASNFetcher
 	dbMaintainer   *DBMaintainer
 	blocklists     *blocklist.Blocklists
 }
 // blocklistsDirName is the directory in the state directory that holds the
 // blocklist copies.
 const blocklistsDirName = "blocklists"
 // New creates a new RouteWatch instance
 func New(deps Dependencies) *RouteWatch {
 	rw := &RouteWatch{
@@ -123,30 +116,17 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Start ASN WHOIS fetcher for background updates. The HTTP handlers read
 	// the server's fetcher without a lock, so it is set before they run.
 	rw.asnFetcher = NewASNFetcher(rw.db, rw.logger.Logger)
 	rw.asnFetcher.Start(ctx)
 	rw.server.SetASNFetcher(rw.asnFetcher)
 	// Load the blocklist copies from disk and start downloading the lists.
 	// The HTTP handlers read the server's blocklists without a lock, so they
 	// are set before the handlers run.
 	blocklists := blocklist.New(blocklist.Params{
 		Dir:    filepath.Join(rw.config.StateDir, blocklistsDirName),
 		Lists:  blocklist.Lists(),
 		Logger: rw.logger.Logger,
 	})
 	blocklists.Start(ctx)
 	rw.blocklists = blocklists
 	rw.server.SetBlocklists(blocklists)
 	// Start HTTP server
 	err = rw.server.Start(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Start ASN WHOIS fetcher for background updates
 	rw.asnFetcher = NewASNFetcher(rw.db, rw.logger.Logger)
 	rw.asnFetcher.Start(ctx)
 	rw.server.SetASNFetcher(rw.asnFetcher)
 	// Start database maintenance goroutine
 	rw.dbMaintainer = NewDBMaintainer(rw.db, rw.logger.Logger)
 	rw.dbMaintainer.Start(ctx)
@@ -158,12 +138,11 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 // Shutdown stops all services in order: the streamer, the handlers, which
-// write what they hold, the WHOIS fetcher, the database maintainer, the
+// write what they hold, the WHOIS fetcher, the database maintainer and the
-// blocklist downloads and the HTTP server, and last the database, which it
+// HTTP server, and last the database, which it checkpoints and closes. Each
-// checkpoints and closes. Each stage waits at most until ctx ends, so
+// stage waits at most until ctx ends, so Shutdown returns soon after: a
-// Shutdown returns soon after: a handler logs what it could not write by
+// handler logs what it could not write by then, and the HTTP server closes
-// then, and the HTTP server closes the connections of requests still
+// the connections of requests still running.
 // running.
 func (rw *RouteWatch) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) {
 	rw.mu.Lock()
 	if rw.shutdown {
@@ -210,10 +189,6 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) {
 		rw.dbMaintainer.Stop(ctx)
 	}
 	if rw.blocklists != nil {
 		rw.blocklists.Stop(ctx)
 	}
 	err := rw.server.Stop(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		rw.logger.Error("Stopped the HTTP server before every request finished",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func (m *mockStore) RecordAnnouncement(_ *database.Announcement) error {
 }
 // RecordPeering mock implementation
-func (m *mockStore) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, _ database.SeenTimes) error {
+func (m *mockStore) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, _ time.Time) error {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
@@ -396,16 +396,16 @@ func (m *mockStore) DeleteLiveRoutesOfPeer(_ string) (int, error) {
 }
 // GetOrCreateASNBatch mock implementation
-func (m *mockStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]database.SeenTimes) error {
+func (m *mockStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]time.Time) error {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
-	for number, seen := range asns {
+	for number, timestamp := range asns {
 		if _, exists := m.ASNs[number]; !exists {
 			m.ASNs[number] = &database.ASN{
 				ASN:       number,
-				FirstSeen: seen.First,
+				FirstSeen: timestamp,
-				LastSeen:  seen.Last,
+				LastSeen:  timestamp,
 			}
 			m.ASNCount++
 		}
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ func TestRouteWatchLiveFeed(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create streamer
 	s := streamer.New(logger, metricsTracker)
-	// The state directory holds the blocklist copies Run downloads.
+	// Create test config with empty state dir (no snapshot loading)
 	cfg := &config.Config{
-		StateDir:                    t.TempDir(),
+		StateDir:                    "",
 		MaxRuntime:                  5 * time.Second,
 		EnableBatchedDatabaseWrites: true,
 	}
@@ -766,9 +766,7 @@ const (
 	callClose      = "close"
 )
-func (s *closeOrderStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(
+func (s *closeOrderStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]time.Time) error {
 	asns map[int]database.SeenTimes,
 ) error {
 	s.record(callWrite)
 	return s.Store.GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns)
@@ -229,21 +229,19 @@ func (h *ASHandler) flushBatch() {
 		return
 	}
-	// The earliest and the latest time the batch saw each AS. The batch holds
+	// Process ASNs first (deduped)
-	// several updates for an AS, from many peers, so a new AS is stored first
+	asnMap := make(map[int]time.Time)
 	// seen at the earliest of them and last seen at the latest.
 	asns := make(map[int]database.SeenTimes)
 	for _, op := range batch {
-		seen := asns[op.number]
+		if existing, ok := asnMap[op.number]; !ok || op.timestamp.After(existing) {
-		seen.Add(op.timestamp)
+			asnMap[op.number] = op.timestamp
-		asns[op.number] = seen
+		}
 	}
 	// Process all ASNs in a single batch transaction
-	err := h.db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns)
+	err := h.db.GetOrCreateASNBatch(asnMap)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.logger.Error("Failed to process ASN batch",
-			"error", err, "count", len(asns))
+			"error", err, "count", len(asnMap))
 	}
 	h.mu.Lock()
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
 package routewatch
 import (
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 )
 // TestASHandlerStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewAS handles two updates
 // whose path carries an AS the database does not hold yet, the second 5
 // seconds after the first, in one batch into a real database. The AS is stored
 // first seen at the time of the first update and last seen at the time of the
 // second.
 func TestASHandlerStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewAS(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db := newTestDatabase(t)
 	// Built without NewASHandler's flush goroutine, so the test flushes itself.
 	h := &ASHandler{db: db, logger: logger.New()}
 	first := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second.ParsedTimestamp = first.ParsedTimestamp.Add(secondUpdateAfter)
 	h.HandleMessage(first)
 	h.HandleMessage(second)
 	h.flushBatch()
 	asn, _, err := db.GetASDetails(testASNA)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetASDetails(%d): %v", testASNA, err)
 	}
 	if !asn.FirstSeen.Equal(first.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("first_seen of AS%d = %s, want %s", testASNA,
 			asn.FirstSeen, first.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 	if !asn.LastSeen.Equal(second.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("last_seen of AS%d = %s, want %s", testASNA,
 			asn.LastSeen, second.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 }
 // TestASHandlerRecordsNothingFromAPathWithASZero handles an update whose AS
 // path holds AS 0 between two other ASes. RFC 7607 makes such a path
 // malformed, so neither AS is recorded.
 func TestASHandlerRecordsNothingFromAPathWithASZero(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	store := newMockStore()
 	// Built without NewASHandler's flush goroutine, so the test flushes itself.
 	h := &ASHandler{db: store, logger: logger.New()}
 	msg := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	msg.Path = decodePath(t, testASNA, 0, testASNB)
 	h.HandleMessage(msg)
 	h.flushBatch()
 	if len(store.ASNs) > 0 {
 		t.Errorf("ASes recorded = %v, want none",
 			slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(store.ASNs)))
 	}
 }
@@ -21,16 +21,10 @@ const (
 	minInterval = 1 * time.Second
 	// maxInterval is the maximum interval after failures (backoff cap).
-	maxInterval = time.Minute
+	maxInterval = 5 * time.Minute
-	// A failure multiplies the interval by backoffNumerator divided by
+	// backoffMultiplier is how much to multiply interval on failure.
-	// backoffDenominator, 1.5, up to maxInterval.
+	backoffMultiplier = 2
 	backoffNumerator   = 3
 	backoffDenominator = 2
 	// A success divides the interval by successDivisor, down to
 	// minInterval.
 	successDivisor = 2
 	// whoisStaleThreshold is how old WHOIS data can be before refresh.
 	whoisStaleThreshold = 30 * 24 * time.Hour // 30 days
@@ -59,8 +53,7 @@ type ASNFetcher struct {
 	currentInterval  time.Duration
 	consecutiveFails int
-	// hourly stats tracking; now is the clock, time.Now except in tests
+	// hourly stats tracking
 	now          func() time.Time
 	statsMu      sync.Mutex
 	successTimes []time.Time
 	errorTimes   []time.Time
@@ -68,17 +61,14 @@ type ASNFetcher struct {
 // NewASNFetcher creates a new ASN fetcher.
 func NewASNFetcher(db database.Store, logger *slog.Logger) *ASNFetcher {
 	logger = logger.With("component", "asn_fetcher")
 	return &ASNFetcher{
 		db:              db,
-		whoisClient:     whois.NewClient(logger),
+		whoisClient:     whois.NewClient(),
-		logger:          logger,
+		logger:          logger.With("component", "asn_fetcher"),
 		immediateQueue:  make(chan int, immediateQueueSize),
 		stopCh:          make(chan struct{}),
 		done:            make(chan struct{}),
 		currentInterval: baseInterval,
 		now:             time.Now,
 		successTimes:    make([]time.Time, 0),
 		errorTimes:      make([]time.Time, 0),
 	}
@@ -131,7 +121,7 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) GetStats() server.ASNFetcherStats {
 	f.intervalMu.Unlock()
 	// Prune old entries and count
-	cutoff := f.now().Add(-statsWindow)
+	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-statsWindow)
 	f.successTimes = pruneOldTimes(f.successTimes, cutoff)
 	f.errorTimes = pruneOldTimes(f.errorTimes, cutoff)
@@ -143,15 +133,16 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) GetStats() server.ASNFetcherStats {
 	}
 }
-// pruneOldTimes drops the times at or before cutoff from the front of times,
+// pruneOldTimes removes times older than cutoff and returns the pruned slice.
 // which holds times in the order they were recorded, and returns the rest. It
 // copies nothing, so it is cheap enough to run on every append.
 func pruneOldTimes(times []time.Time, cutoff time.Time) []time.Time {
-	for len(times) > 0 && !times[0].After(cutoff) {
+	result := make([]time.Time, 0, len(times))
-		times = times[1:]
+	for _, t := range times {
 		if t.After(cutoff) {
 			result = append(result, t)
 		}
 	}
-	return times
+	return result
 }
 // getInterval returns the current fetch interval.
@@ -168,7 +159,7 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordSuccess() {
 	f.consecutiveFails = 0
 	// Decrease interval by half, but not below minimum
-	newInterval := max(f.currentInterval/successDivisor, minInterval)
+	newInterval := max(f.currentInterval/backoffMultiplier, minInterval)
 	if newInterval != f.currentInterval {
 		f.logger.Debug("Decreased fetch interval",
@@ -179,11 +170,9 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordSuccess() {
 	}
 	f.intervalMu.Unlock()
-	// Record success time for stats, dropping those older than statsWindow
+	// Record success time for stats
 	f.statsMu.Lock()
-	now := f.now()
+	f.successTimes = append(f.successTimes, time.Now())
 	f.successTimes = pruneOldTimes(f.successTimes, now.Add(-statsWindow))
 	f.successTimes = append(f.successTimes, now)
 	f.statsMu.Unlock()
 }
@@ -192,9 +181,8 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordFailure() {
 	f.intervalMu.Lock()
 	f.consecutiveFails++
-	// Exponential backoff: multiply by 1.5, capped at max
+	// Exponential backoff: multiply by 2, capped at max
-	newInterval := min(
+	newInterval := min(f.currentInterval*backoffMultiplier, maxInterval)
 		f.currentInterval*backoffNumerator/backoffDenominator, maxInterval)
 	if newInterval != f.currentInterval {
 		f.logger.Debug("Increased fetch interval due to failure",
@@ -206,11 +194,9 @@ func (f *ASNFetcher) recordFailure() {
 	}
 	f.intervalMu.Unlock()
-	// Record error time for stats, dropping those older than statsWindow
+	// Record error time for stats
 	f.statsMu.Lock()
-	now := f.now()
+	f.errorTimes = append(f.errorTimes, time.Now())
 	f.errorTimes = pruneOldTimes(f.errorTimes, now.Add(-statsWindow))
 	f.errorTimes = append(f.errorTimes, now)
 	f.statsMu.Unlock()
 }
@@ -120,58 +120,17 @@ func TestFetchAndUpdateKeepsTheRowWhenTheLookupFails(t *testing.T) {
 					"was stored", stats.NeverFetched)
 			}
 			want := baseInterval * backoffNumerator / backoffDenominator
 			got := f.GetStats()
-			if got.CurrentInterval != want || got.ConsecutiveFails != 1 {
+			if got.CurrentInterval != baseInterval*backoffMultiplier ||
 				got.ConsecutiveFails != 1 {
 				t.Errorf("interval %v after %d failures, want %v after 1",
-					got.CurrentInterval, got.ConsecutiveFails, want)
+					got.CurrentInterval, got.ConsecutiveFails,
 					baseInterval*backoffMultiplier)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestRecordStepsTheInterval has the fetcher fail from its base interval of
 // 15 seconds, then succeed. Each failure makes the interval 1.5 times as
 // long, up to one minute, and each success halves it, down to one second.
 func TestRecordStepsTheInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	f := NewASNFetcher(newMockStore(), logger.New().Logger)
 	for i, want := range []time.Duration{
 		22500 * time.Millisecond,
 		33750 * time.Millisecond,
 		50625 * time.Millisecond,
 		time.Minute,
 		time.Minute,
 	} {
 		f.recordFailure()
 		if got := f.getInterval(); got != want {
 			t.Errorf("interval after %d failures = %v, want %v",
 				i+1, got, want)
 		}
 	}
 	for i, want := range []time.Duration{
 		30 * time.Second,
 		15 * time.Second,
 		7500 * time.Millisecond,
 		3750 * time.Millisecond,
 		1875 * time.Millisecond,
 		time.Second,
 		time.Second,
 	} {
 		f.recordSuccess()
 		if got := f.getInterval(); got != want {
 			t.Errorf("interval after %d successes = %v, want %v",
 				i+1, got, want)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestFetchAndUpdateMarksAnASWithoutReferral looks up a private-use AS, which
 // IANA refers to no RIR. The AS must not be looked up again until it is
 // stale, and the lookup counts as neither a success nor a failure.
@@ -244,35 +203,3 @@ func TestASNFetcherStopReturnsByItsDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("the fetcher goroutine did not return after the lookup ended")
 	}
 }
 // TestRecordKeepsOnlyTheStatsWindow records a success and a failure every
 // second, by a clock the test sets, far longer than statsWindow, and never
 // asks for the stats. The fetcher must keep only the times within the last
 // statsWindow.
 func TestRecordKeepsOnlyTheStatsWindow(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		records = 100_000
 		step    = time.Second
 		want    = int(statsWindow / step)
 	)
 	clock := time.Now()
 	f := NewASNFetcher(newMockStore(), logger.New().Logger)
 	f.now = func() time.Time { return clock }
 	for range records {
 		clock = clock.Add(step)
 		f.recordSuccess()
 		f.recordFailure()
 	}
 	if len(f.successTimes) != want || len(f.errorTimes) != want {
 		t.Errorf("%d success and %d error times kept, want %d of each, "+
 			"those of the last %s", len(f.successTimes), len(f.errorTimes),
 			want, statsWindow)
 	}
 }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (s *blockingStore) UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes []*database.LiveRoute) error
 	return nil
 }
-func (s *blockingStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]database.SeenTimes) error {
+func (s *blockingStore) GetOrCreateASNBatch(asns map[int]time.Time) error {
 	s.waitForRelease()
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
@@ -96,12 +96,10 @@ func (s *blockingStore) DeleteLiveRoutesOfPeer(peerIP string) (int, error) {
 	return s.mockStore.DeleteLiveRoutesOfPeer(peerIP)
 }
-func (s *blockingStore) RecordPeering(
+func (s *blockingStore) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, ts time.Time) error {
 	asA, asB int, seen database.SeenTimes,
 ) error {
 	s.waitForRelease()
-	return s.mockStore.RecordPeering(asA, asB, seen)
+	return s.mockStore.RecordPeering(asA, asB, ts)
 }
 func (s *blockingStore) waitForRelease() {
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ package routewatch
 import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
@@ -60,10 +62,10 @@ func logDebugStats(logger *logger.Logger) {
 }
 // CLIEntry is the main entry point for the routewatch command-line interface.
-// It initializes the application using the fx dependency injection framework
+// It initializes the application using the fx dependency injection framework,
-// and starts the RouteWatch service. It blocks until fx receives SIGINT or
+// sets up signal handling for graceful shutdown, and starts the RouteWatch
-// SIGTERM or RouteWatch stops on an error; fx then runs the stop hook and sets
+// service. This function blocks until the application receives a shutdown
-// the exit code.
+// signal or encounters a fatal error.
 func CLIEntry() {
 	app := fx.New(
 		fx.Options(getModule()...),
@@ -79,6 +81,20 @@ func CLIEntry() {
 					// Start debug stats logging
 					go logDebugStats(logger)
 					// Handle shutdown signals
 					sigCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
 					signal.Notify(sigCh, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
 					go func() {
 						<-sigCh
 						logger.Info("Received shutdown signal")
 						err := shutdowner.Shutdown()
 						if err != nil {
 							logger.Error("Failed to shutdown gracefully", "error", err)
 						}
 					}()
 					go func() {
 						err := rw.Run(ctx)
 						if err != nil {
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ const (
 // PeerHandler tracks BGP peers from UPDATE messages using batched operations.
 // It maintains a queue of peer updates and periodically flushes them to the database
-// in batches to improve performance. The handler writes one row per peer IP
+// in batches to improve performance. The handler deduplicates peer updates within
-// address for each batch, with the earliest and the latest time of its updates.
+// each batch, keeping only the most recent update for each peer IP address.
 type PeerHandler struct {
 	db     database.Store
 	logger *logger.Logger
@@ -227,28 +227,31 @@ func (h *PeerHandler) flushBatch() {
 		return
 	}
-	// The earliest and the latest time the batch saw each peer, with the peer
+	// Deduplicate by peer IP, keeping the latest update for each peer
-	// AS and message type of its latest update. The batch holds several
+	peerMap := make(map[string]peerUpdate)
 	// updates for a peer, so a new peer is stored first seen at the earliest of
 	// them and last seen at the latest.
 	peers := make(map[string]database.PeerUpdate)
 	for _, update := range batch {
-		peer, ok := peers[update.peerIP]
+		existing, ok := peerMap[update.peerIP]
-		if !ok || update.timestamp.After(peer.Seen.Last) {
+		if !ok || update.timestamp.After(existing.timestamp) {
-			peer.PeerIP = update.peerIP
+			peerMap[update.peerIP] = update
 			peer.PeerASN = update.peerASN
 			peer.MessageType = update.messageType
 		}
 	}
-		peer.Seen.Add(update.timestamp)
+	// Convert to database format
-		peers[update.peerIP] = peer
+	dbPeerMap := make(map[string]database.PeerUpdate)
 	for peerIP, update := range peerMap {
 		dbPeerMap[peerIP] = database.PeerUpdate{
 			PeerIP:      update.peerIP,
 			PeerASN:     update.peerASN,
 			MessageType: update.messageType,
 			Timestamp:   update.timestamp,
 		}
 	}
 	// Process all peers in a single batch transaction
-	err := h.db.UpdatePeerBatch(peers)
+	err := h.db.UpdatePeerBatch(dbPeerMap)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.logger.Error("Failed to process peer batch",
-			"error", err, "count", len(peers))
+			"error", err, "count", len(dbPeerMap))
 	}
 	h.mu.Lock()
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
 package routewatch
 import (
 	"testing"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 )
 // peerBatchStore keeps the peers of the last UpdatePeerBatch call. The
 // database has no read of the peer table, so the peer handler's test checks
 // what the handler writes.
 type peerBatchStore struct {
 	*mockStore
 	peers map[string]database.PeerUpdate
 }
 func (s *peerBatchStore) UpdatePeerBatch(
 	peers map[string]database.PeerUpdate,
 ) error {
 	s.peers = peers
 	return nil
 }
 // TestPeerHandlerWritesTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeer handles two updates
 // from one peer, the second 5 seconds after the first, in one batch. The peer
 // handler writes the peer first seen at the time of the first update and last
 // seen at the time of the second.
 func TestPeerHandlerWritesTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	store := &peerBatchStore{mockStore: newMockStore()}
 	// Built without NewPeerHandler's flush goroutine, so the test flushes
 	// itself.
 	h := &PeerHandler{db: store, logger: logger.New()}
 	first := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second.ParsedTimestamp = first.ParsedTimestamp.Add(secondUpdateAfter)
 	h.HandleMessage(first)
 	h.HandleMessage(second)
 	h.flushBatch()
 	seen := store.peers[testPeerIP].Seen
 	if !seen.First.Equal(first.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("first_seen of peer %s = %s, want %s", testPeerIP,
 			seen.First, first.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 	if !seen.Last.Equal(second.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("last_seen of peer %s = %s, want %s", testPeerIP,
 			seen.Last, second.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 }
@@ -42,11 +42,10 @@ type PeeringHandler struct {
 	db     database.Store
 	logger *logger.Logger
-	// In-memory AS path tracking: each path, JSON-encoded, with the earliest
+	// In-memory AS path tracking
 	// and the latest time an update carried it.
 	mu           sync.Mutex
-	asPaths      map[string]database.SeenTimes
+	asPaths      map[string]time.Time // key is JSON-encoded AS path
-	droppedPaths int // paths dropped since the last run because the map was full
+	droppedPaths int                  // paths dropped because the map was full
 	// writing is how many paths processPeerings took from asPaths and has
 	// not finished writing the peerings of.
 	writing int
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ func NewPeeringHandler(db database.Store, logger *logger.Logger) *PeeringHandler
 	h := &PeeringHandler{
 		db:      db,
 		logger:  logger,
-		asPaths: make(map[string]database.SeenTimes),
+		asPaths: make(map[string]time.Time),
 		stopCh:  make(chan context.Context, 1),
 		done:    make(chan struct{}),
 	}
@@ -119,18 +118,16 @@ func (h *PeeringHandler) HandleMessage(msg *ristypes.RISMessage) {
 	key := string(pathJSON)
 	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, exists := h.asPaths[key]; exists {
-
+		// Already tracked: refresh its timestamp.
-	seen, exists := h.asPaths[key]
+		h.asPaths[key] = timestamp
-	if !exists && len(h.asPaths) >= maxTrackedPaths {
+	} else if len(h.asPaths) >= maxTrackedPaths {
 		// Map is full; drop this new path and count it.
 		h.droppedPaths++
-
+	} else {
-		return
+		h.asPaths[key] = timestamp
 	}
-
+	h.mu.Unlock()
 	seen.Add(timestamp)
 	h.asPaths[key] = seen
 }
 // ProcessPeeringsNow triggers immediate processing of all accumulated AS
@@ -190,14 +187,12 @@ func (h *PeeringHandler) processLoop() {
 func (h *PeeringHandler) processPeerings() {
 	// Take the accumulated paths and replace the map with a fresh empty one
 	// under the lock. Each path is processed exactly once and the memory is
-	// released, so the map never grows past a single interval's traffic. The
+	// released, so the map never grows past a single interval's traffic.
 	// count of dropped paths starts again with the new map.
 	h.mu.Lock()
 	paths := h.asPaths
-	h.asPaths = make(map[string]database.SeenTimes)
+	h.asPaths = make(map[string]time.Time)
 	h.writing = len(paths)
 	dropped := h.droppedPaths
 	h.droppedPaths = 0
 	h.mu.Unlock()
 	if len(paths) == 0 {
@@ -209,13 +204,9 @@ func (h *PeeringHandler) processPeerings() {
 		low, high int
 	}
-	// The earliest and the latest time an update carried each peering. Several
+	peerings := make(map[peeringKey]time.Time)
 	// paths, each carried at several times, can hold a peering, so a new
 	// peering is stored first seen at the earliest of them and last seen at the
 	// latest.
 	peerings := make(map[peeringKey]database.SeenTimes)
-	for pathJSON, pathSeen := range paths {
+	for pathJSON, timestamp := range paths {
 		var path []int
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(pathJSON), &path)
@@ -242,11 +233,10 @@ func (h *PeeringHandler) processPeerings() {
 			}
 			key := peeringKey{low: low, high: high}
-
+			// Update timestamp if this is newer
-			seen := peerings[key]
+			if existing, ok := peerings[key]; !ok || timestamp.After(existing) {
-			seen.Add(pathSeen.First)
+				peerings[key] = timestamp
-			seen.Add(pathSeen.Last)
+			}
 			peerings[key] = seen
 		}
 	}
@@ -254,8 +244,8 @@ func (h *PeeringHandler) processPeerings() {
 	start := time.Now()
 	successCount := 0
-	for key, seen := range peerings {
+	for key, ts := range peerings {
-		err := h.db.RecordPeering(key.low, key.high, seen)
+		err := h.db.RecordPeering(key.low, key.high, ts)
 		if err != nil {
 			h.logger.Error("Failed to record peering",
 				"as_a", key.low,
@@ -31,14 +31,12 @@ type recordingStore struct {
 	calls int
 }
-func (r *recordingStore) RecordPeering(
+func (r *recordingStore) RecordPeering(asA, asB int, ts time.Time) error {
 	asA, asB int, seen database.SeenTimes,
 ) error {
 	r.mu.Lock()
 	r.calls++
 	r.mu.Unlock()
-	return r.mockStore.RecordPeering(asA, asB, seen)
+	return r.mockStore.RecordPeering(asA, asB, ts)
 }
 func (r *recordingStore) callCount() int {
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ func newTestHandler(db database.Store) *PeeringHandler {
 	return &PeeringHandler{
 		db:      db,
 		logger:  logger.New(),
-		asPaths: make(map[string]database.SeenTimes),
+		asPaths: make(map[string]time.Time),
 	}
 }
@@ -153,43 +151,6 @@ func TestPeeringHandlerLeavesATrailingASSetOutOfThePeerings(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestPeeringHandlerRecordsNothingFromAPathWithASZero handles AS paths that
 // hold AS 0. RFC 7607 makes such a path malformed, so no peering is recorded
 // from it, not even one between two other ASes of the path.
 func TestPeeringHandlerRecordsNothingFromAPathWithASZero(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
 		path []any
 	}{
 		{name: "AS 0 between two ASes", path: []any{testASNA, 0, testASNB}},
 		{
 			name: "AS 0 after two ASes",
 			path: []any{testASNA, testASNB, 0, testASNC},
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			store := newMockStore()
 			h := newTestHandler(store)
 			h.HandleMessage(&ristypes.RISMessage{
 				Path:            decodePath(t, tt.path...),
 				ParsedTimestamp: time.Now().UTC(),
 			})
 			h.ProcessPeeringsNow()
 			if len(store.Peerings) > 0 {
 				t.Errorf("peerings recorded = %v, want none",
 					slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(store.Peerings)))
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestPeeringHandlerProcessesEachRunAndEmpties verifies that a processing run
 // empties the path map (the swap) and that a path seen again after a run is
 // recorded in the next run too.
@@ -259,10 +220,10 @@ func TestPeeringHandlerCapDropsAndCounts(t *testing.T) {
 	existing := pathKey(t, testASNA, testASNB)
 	h.mu.Lock()
-	h.asPaths[existing] = database.SeenTimes{First: now, Last: now}
+	h.asPaths[existing] = now
 	for i := 0; len(h.asPaths) < maxTrackedPaths; i++ {
-		h.asPaths[strconv.Itoa(i)] = database.SeenTimes{First: now, Last: now}
+		h.asPaths[strconv.Itoa(i)] = now
 	}
 	h.mu.Unlock()
@@ -292,83 +253,11 @@ func TestPeeringHandlerCapDropsAndCounts(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	h.mu.Lock()
-	gotSeen := h.asPaths[existing]
+	gotTS := h.asPaths[existing]
 	h.mu.Unlock()
-	if !gotSeen.Last.Equal(refreshed) {
+	if !gotTS.Equal(refreshed) {
-		t.Fatalf("existing path last seen not refreshed: want %v, got %v",
+		t.Fatalf("existing path timestamp not refreshed: want %v, got %v",
-			refreshed, gotSeen.Last)
+			refreshed, gotTS)
 	}
 }
 // TestPeeringHandlerRunResetsTheDroppedCount fills the map, has the handler
 // drop one path, and runs the processing. The count of dropped paths is the
 // run's own, so it is 0 again after the run.
 func TestPeeringHandlerRunResetsTheDroppedCount(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	h := newTestHandler(newMockStore())
 	now := time.Now().UTC()
 	// Paths of one AS carry no peering, so the run records nothing.
 	h.mu.Lock()
 	for asn := 1; len(h.asPaths) < maxTrackedPaths; asn++ {
 		h.asPaths[pathKey(t, asn)] = database.SeenTimes{First: now, Last: now}
 	}
 	h.mu.Unlock()
 	handle(h, now, testASNA, testASNB)
 	if _, dropped := snapshot(h); dropped != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("want dropped count 1 with the map full, got %d", dropped)
 	}
 	h.ProcessPeeringsNow()
 	if _, dropped := snapshot(h); dropped != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("want dropped count 0 after a run, got %d", dropped)
 	}
 }
 // TestPeeringHandlerStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeering handles two
 // updates whose path carries a peering the database does not hold yet, the
 // second 5 seconds after the first, in one run into a real database. The
 // peering is stored first seen at the time of the first update and last seen
 // at the time of the second.
 func TestPeeringHandlerStoresTheEarliestAndLatestTimesOfANewPeering(
 	t *testing.T,
 ) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	db := newTestDatabase(t)
 	h := newTestHandler(db)
 	first := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 	second.ParsedTimestamp = first.ParsedTimestamp.Add(secondUpdateAfter)
 	h.HandleMessage(first)
 	h.HandleMessage(second)
 	h.ProcessPeeringsNow()
 	peers, err := db.GetASPeers(testASNA)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetASPeers(%d): %v", testASNA, err)
 	}
 	if len(peers) != 1 || peers[0].ASN != testASNB {
 		t.Fatalf("peers of AS%d = %+v, want AS%d alone", testASNA, peers,
 			testASNB)
 	}
 	if !peers[0].FirstSeen.Equal(first.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("first_seen of peering AS%d-AS%d = %s, want %s", testASNA,
 			testASNB, peers[0].FirstSeen, first.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 	if !peers[0].LastSeen.Equal(second.ParsedTimestamp) {
 		t.Errorf("last_seen of peering AS%d-AS%d = %s, want %s", testASNA,
 			testASNB, peers[0].LastSeen, second.ParsedTimestamp)
 	}
 }
@@ -44,9 +44,8 @@ const (
 )
 // PrefixHandler tracks BGP prefixes and maintains a live routing table in the
-// database. Routes are added on announcement and deleted on withdrawal or on an
+// database. Routes are added on announcement and deleted on withdrawal, and all
-// announcement whose AS path is empty or holds AS 0 anywhere, and all routes of
+// routes of a peer are deleted when its BGP session goes down.
 // a peer are deleted when its BGP session goes down.
 type PrefixHandler struct {
 	db      database.Store
 	logger  *logger.Logger
@@ -348,19 +347,8 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) flushBatch() {
 	lastUpdates := make(map[prefixAndPeer]prefixUpdate)
 	// Each prefix the batch names, announced or withdrawn, with the earliest
 	// timestamp among all of its updates, not only each peer's last one: the
 	// prefix tables store only first_seen, written when the prefix is new and
 	// never changed after.
 	prefixesToUpdate := make(map[string]time.Time)
 	for _, update := range batch {
 		lastUpdates[prefixAndPeer{update.prefix, update.peer}] = update
 		seen, exists := prefixesToUpdate[update.prefix]
 		if !exists || update.timestamp.Before(seen) {
 			prefixesToUpdate[update.prefix] = update.timestamp
 		}
 	}
 	// Collect routes to upsert and delete
@@ -369,14 +357,19 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) flushBatch() {
 		routesToDelete []database.LiveRouteDeletion
 	)
 	// Collect unique prefixes to update
 	prefixesToUpdate := make(map[string]time.Time)
 	for _, update := range lastUpdates {
 		// Track prefix for both announcements and withdrawals
 		seen, exists := prefixesToUpdate[update.prefix]
 		if !exists || update.timestamp.After(seen) {
 			prefixesToUpdate[update.prefix] = update.timestamp
 		}
 		// An announcement is stored when its path gives an origin, or when it
 		// ends in an AS set of several members: that route is stored with
-		// origin 0 (none). Any other update deletes the peer's route for the
+		// origin 0 (none). An announcement with an empty path is not stored.
 		// prefix: a withdrawal, or an announcement whose path is empty or
 		// holds AS 0 anywhere (the decoder empties such a path). Such an
 		// announcement replaces the peer's route, as any announcement does,
 		// with none (RFC 7607 treats AS 0 in a path as a withdrawal).
 		if update.messageType == "announcement" &&
 			(update.originASN > 0 || update.endsInSet) {
 			// Create live route for batch upsert
@@ -384,11 +377,11 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) flushBatch() {
 			if route != nil {
 				routesToUpsert = append(routesToUpsert, route)
 			}
-		} else {
+		} else if update.messageType == "withdrawal" {
 			// Parse CIDR to get IP version
 			_, ipVersion, err := parseCIDR(update.prefix)
 			if err != nil {
-				h.logger.Error("Failed to parse CIDR for route deletion",
+				h.logger.Error("Failed to parse CIDR for withdrawal",
 					"prefix", update.prefix, "error", err)
 				continue
@@ -26,10 +26,6 @@ const (
 	testV6Prefix = "2001:db8:1::/48"
 )
 // secondUpdateAfter is how long after the first update the tests of first_seen
 // and last_seen send the second, in the same batch.
 const secondUpdateAfter = 5 * time.Second
 // TestPrefixHandlerStoresPrefixesTheIPLookupFinds runs announcements and
 // withdrawals through the prefix handler into a real database and looks the
 // addresses up. The prefixes are written the way the feed sends them: IPv6
@@ -87,49 +83,6 @@ func TestPrefixHandlerStoresPrefixesTheIPLookupFinds(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestPrefixHandlerStoresANewPrefixFirstSeenAtItsEarliestUpdate announces a
 // prefix the database does not hold yet twice in one batch, the second time 5
 // seconds after the first, through the prefix handler into a real database. The
 // prefix is stored first seen at the time of the first announcement, whether
 // the two come from two peers or from one, and the IP lookup answers with that
 // time.
 func TestPrefixHandlerStoresANewPrefixFirstSeenAtItsEarliestUpdate(
 	t *testing.T,
 ) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const otherPeerIP = "2001:db8:ffff::2"
 	tests := []struct {
 		name                  string
 		firstPeer, secondPeer string
 	}{
 		{name: "two peers", firstPeer: testPeerIP, secondPeer: otherPeerIP},
 		{name: "one peer", firstPeer: testPeerIP, secondPeer: testPeerIP},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			first := peerAnnouncement(tt.firstPeer, testV4Prefix)
 			second := peerAnnouncement(tt.secondPeer, testV4Prefix)
 			second.ParsedTimestamp = first.ParsedTimestamp.Add(secondUpdateAfter)
 			db := handleBatches(t, [][]*ristypes.RISMessage{{first, second}})
 			info, err := db.GetIPInfo("192.0.2.1")
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("GetIPInfo(192.0.2.1): %v", err)
 			}
 			if !info.FirstSeen.Equal(first.ParsedTimestamp) {
 				t.Errorf("first_seen of %s = %s, want %s", testV4Prefix,
 					info.FirstSeen, first.ParsedTimestamp)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestPrefixHandlerAppliesEachPeersLastUpdateInABatch runs updates for one
 // prefix through the prefix handler into a real database. All updates carry the
 // same timestamp, as updates within one second of the feed do. Within a batch,
@@ -378,133 +331,6 @@ func TestPrefixHandlerDoesNotStoreAnAnnouncementWithAnEmptyPath(t *testing.T) {
 	assertPeers(t, db, map[string][]string{testV4Prefix: nil})
 }
 // TestPrefixHandlerRemovesTheRouteOnAnAnnouncementWithoutAnOrigin runs, through
 // the prefix handler into a real database, a peer's announcement of a prefix
 // with origin AS testASNB and then the peer's announcement of the prefix with
 // an AS path that gives no origin: one whose last AS is 0, an empty one, or one
 // that holds AS 0 before its end, which decodes as an empty path. As any later
 // announcement from the peer does, the second replaces the peer's route, here
 // with none, whether it comes in a later batch or follows a withdrawal in one
 // batch. The in-memory route count and prefix distribution must match the
 // route table.
 func TestPrefixHandlerRemovesTheRouteOnAnAnnouncementWithoutAnOrigin(
 	t *testing.T,
 ) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const prefixMaskLength = 24
 	noOrigin := func(path ristypes.ASPath) *ristypes.RISMessage {
 		msg := peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)
 		msg.Path = path
 		return msg
 	}
 	endsInZero := ristypes.ASPath{Sequence: []int{testASNA, 0}}
 	withdrawal := &ristypes.RISMessage{
 		Type:            ristypes.MessageTypeUpdate,
 		Peer:            testPeerIP,
 		ParsedTimestamp: time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC),
 		Withdrawals:     []string{testV4Prefix},
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
 		// Handled and flushed as one batch after the announcement with origin
 		// AS testASNB.
 		batch []*ristypes.RISMessage
 	}{
 		{
 			name:  "a path whose last AS is 0",
 			batch: []*ristypes.RISMessage{noOrigin(endsInZero)},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "an empty path",
 			batch: []*ristypes.RISMessage{noOrigin(ristypes.ASPath{})},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "a path with AS 0 before its end",
 			batch: []*ristypes.RISMessage{
 				noOrigin(decodePath(t, testASNA, 0, testASNB)),
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "a withdrawal and then a path whose last AS is 0",
 			batch: []*ristypes.RISMessage{withdrawal, noOrigin(endsInZero)},
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			db := handleBatches(t, [][]*ristypes.RISMessage{
 				{peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, testV4Prefix)},
 				tt.batch,
 			})
 			checkLivePeers(t, db, testV4Prefix, prefixMaskLength, nil)
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestPrefixHandlerDoesNotStoreAPrefixThatDoesNotParse runs an announcement of
 // "not-a-prefix" and a withdrawal of "also/bad" through the prefix handler into
 // a real database. Neither is stored in the prefix tables: the prefix count in
 // the stats stays 0, both as kept in memory and as counted from the tables when
 // the database is opened again.
 func TestPrefixHandlerDoesNotStoreAPrefixThatDoesNotParse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	cfg := &config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}
 	db, err := database.New(cfg, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Built without NewPrefixHandler's flush timer, so the test flushes itself.
 	h := &PrefixHandler{db: db, logger: logger.New()}
 	withdrawal := &ristypes.RISMessage{
 		Type:            ristypes.MessageTypeUpdate,
 		Peer:            testPeerIP,
 		ParsedTimestamp: time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC),
 		Withdrawals:     []string{"also/bad"},
 	}
 	h.HandleMessage(peerAnnouncement(testPeerIP, "not-a-prefix"))
 	h.HandleMessage(withdrawal)
 	h.flushBatch()
 	checkNoPrefixes := func(when string) {
 		t.Helper()
 		stats, err := db.GetStatsContext(context.Background())
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("GetStatsContext %s: %v", when, err)
 		}
 		if stats.Prefixes != 0 {
 			t.Errorf("prefix count %s = %d, want 0", when, stats.Prefixes)
 		}
 	}
 	checkNoPrefixes("after the flush")
 	err = db.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Close: %v", err)
 	}
 	db, err = database.New(cfg, logger.New())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open the database again: %v", err)
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
 	checkNoPrefixes("after opening the database again")
 }
 // TestStateMessagesGoToThePrefixHandlerNotThePeerHandler checks that STATE
 // messages go to the prefix handler, which acts on a down, and not to the peer
 // handler, which would record a peer whose session never comes up as active.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package server
 import (
-	"cmp"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
@@ -9,16 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/blocklist"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/templates"
 	asinfo "git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/pkg/asinfo"
@@ -34,27 +31,6 @@ const (
 	healthCheckTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )
 // Limits of one IP lookup.
 const (
 	// maxLookupTargets is the most addresses and host names an IP lookup may
 	// list, and the most addresses it may have once the names are resolved:
 	// each address costs up to 113 database reads and a PTR lookup.
 	maxLookupTargets = 10
 	// ptrLookupTimeout is each PTR lookup's own time limit, so that ten
 	// addresses whose PTR lookups never answer fit in the 30-second limit.
 	ptrLookupTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )
 // The Cache-Control header of an IP lookup answer, such as
 // "public, max-age=900".
 const (
 	cacheControlHeader  = "Cache-Control"
 	cacheControlPublic  = "public"
 	cacheControlPrivate = "private"
 	cacheControlMaxAge  = ", max-age="
 )
 // Keys of the JSON envelope the handlers and middleware write, and the status
 // value of an error answer.
 const (
@@ -65,21 +41,10 @@ const (
 	jsonStatusError = "error"
 )
-// Error messages an answer sends, in place of the error behind it where there
+// Error messages an answer sends in place of the error that caused it.
 // is one.
 const (
-	invalidPrefixMessage      = "Invalid prefix"
+	invalidPrefixMessage   = "Invalid prefix"
-	hostNotResolvedMessage    = "could not resolve host name"
+	hostNotResolvedMessage = "could not resolve host name"
 	hostNotPublicMessage      = "host name has no public address"
 	tooManyTargetsMessage     = "Too many addresses or host names"
 	searchQueryMissingMessage = "Missing search query"
 )
 // The AS name search reads the text it looks for from the URL query parameter
 // asSearchQueryParam, and answers with at most maxASSearchResults matches.
 const (
 	asSearchQueryParam = "q"
 	maxASSearchResults = 50
 )
 // IP versions as database.LiveRoute.IPVersion records them.
@@ -156,10 +121,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleIndex() http.HandlerFunc {
 		tmpl := templates.IndexTemplate()
-		err := tmpl.Execute(w, indexPageData{
+		err := tmpl.Execute(w, pageData{CSPNonce: cspNonce(r.Context())})
 			CSPNonce: cspNonce(r.Context()),
 			ClientIP: extractClientIP(r),
 		})
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to render index template", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -173,15 +135,6 @@ type pageData struct {
 	CSPNonce string
 }
 // indexPageData is what the home page is rendered with.
 type indexPageData struct {
 	// CSPNonce is the nonce the page's script and style blocks carry.
 	CSPNonce string
 	// ClientIP is the visitor's address, which the IP information API card
 	// looks up: the address /ip/ would look up for the same request.
 	ClientIP string
 }
 // writeJSONError writes a standardized JSON error response with the given
 // status code and error message.
 func (s *Server) writeJSONError(w http.ResponseWriter, statusCode int, message string) {
@@ -464,10 +417,10 @@ type GCStats struct {
 //
 //nolint:tagliatelle // field names are the existing JSON API
 type StreamStats struct {
-	Announcements    uint64 `json:"announcements"`
+	Announcements    uint64  `json:"announcements"`
-	Withdrawals      uint64 `json:"withdrawals"`
+	Withdrawals      uint64  `json:"withdrawals"`
-	RouteChurnPerMin int    `json:"route_churn_per_min"`
+	RouteChurnPerSec float64 `json:"route_churn_per_sec"`
-	BGPPeerCount     int    `json:"bgp_peer_count"`
+	BGPPeerCount     int     `json:"bgp_peer_count"`
 }
 // StatsResponse represents the API statistics response
@@ -568,7 +521,7 @@ func (s *Server) streamStats() StreamStats {
 	return StreamStats{
 		Announcements:    metricsTracker.GetAnnouncementCount(),
 		Withdrawals:      metricsTracker.GetWithdrawalCount(),
-		RouteChurnPerMin: metricsTracker.GetChurnPerMinute(),
+		RouteChurnPerSec: metricsTracker.GetChurnRate(),
 		BGPPeerCount:     metricsTracker.GetBGPPeerCount(),
 	}
 }
@@ -703,24 +656,9 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPLookup() http.HandlerFunc {
 // IPLookupResponse is the standard response for IP/hostname lookups.
 type IPLookupResponse struct {
-	Query   string           `json:"query"`
+	Query   string             `json:"query"`
-	Results []IPLookupResult `json:"results"`
+	Results []*database.IPInfo `json:"results"`
-	Errors  []string         `json:"errors,omitempty"`
+	Errors  []string           `json:"errors,omitempty"`
 }
 // IPLookupResult is the answer for one address: its PTR names, its live route
 // and that route's AS, and the blocklists that list it. IPInfo is nil when
 // the address has no live route, and the answer then has no route or AS
 // fields. IP hides the IPInfo field of the same name, so that an address with
 // no route has it too.
 type IPLookupResult struct {
 	*database.IPInfo
 	IP  string   `json:"ip"`
 	PTR []string `json:"ptr,omitempty"`
 	// Blocklists has one entry for each blocklist the address is on.
 	Blocklists []blocklist.Listing `json:"blocklists"`
 }
 // handleIPInfo returns a handler that provides comprehensive IP information.
@@ -729,7 +667,7 @@ type IPLookupResult struct {
 // Always returns the same response structure with PTR records for each IP.
 func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		target, ownAddress := lookupTarget(r)
+		target := lookupTarget(r)
 		if target == "" {
 			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "Could not determine IP address")
@@ -737,26 +675,20 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		ctx := r.Context()
-		response := IPLookupResponse{Query: target, Results: make([]IPLookupResult, 0)}
+		response := IPLookupResponse{Query: target, Results: make([]*database.IPInfo, 0)}
 		// Collect all IPs to look up
-		ipsToLookup, resolveErrors, err := s.resolveLookupTargets(ctx, target)
+		ipsToLookup, resolveErrors := s.resolveLookupTargets(ctx, target)
 		if deadlinePassed(ctx) {
 			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusGatewayTimeout, requestTimeoutMessage)
 			return
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, tooManyTargetsMessage)
 			return
 		}
 		response.Errors = append(response.Errors, resolveErrors...)
 		if len(ipsToLookup) == 0 {
-			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, noTargetsMessage(resolveErrors))
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "No valid IPs or hostnames provided")
 			return
 		}
@@ -774,10 +706,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 			}
 			switch {
-			case errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute):
+			case errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute), errors.Is(err, database.ErrInvalidIP):
 				// The address still gets a result, without route fields.
 				ipInfo = nil
 			case errors.Is(err, database.ErrInvalidIP):
 				response.Errors = append(response.Errors, ip+": "+err.Error())
 				continue
@@ -789,21 +718,20 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 			}
 			// Do PTR lookup for this IP
-			ptrs := s.lookupPTRNames(ctx, ip)
+			ptrs := lookupPTRNames(ctx, ip)
 			if deadlinePassed(ctx) {
 				s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusGatewayTimeout, requestTimeoutMessage)
 				return
 			}
-			response.Results = append(response.Results, IPLookupResult{
+			if len(ptrs) > 0 {
-				IP:         ip,
+				ipInfo.PTR = ptrs
-				PTR:        ptrs,
+			}
 				IPInfo:     ipInfo,
 				Blocklists: s.blocklistListings(ip),
 			})
-			if ipInfo != nil && ipInfo.NeedsWHOISRefresh {
+			response.Results = append(response.Results, ipInfo)
 			if ipInfo.NeedsWHOISRefresh {
 				refreshASNs[ipInfo.ASN] = true
 			}
 		}
@@ -811,70 +739,23 @@ func (s *Server) handleIPInfo() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// Queue WHOIS refresh for stale ASNs (non-blocking)
 		s.queueWHOISRefresh(refreshASNs)
-		s.writeIPLookupAnswer(w, response, ownAddress)
+		// Return response (even if no results, include errors)
-	}
+		if len(response.Results) == 0 && len(response.Errors) > 0 {
-}
+			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusNotFound, "No routes found: "+response.Errors[0])
-// blocklistListings returns the blocklists that list ip. It returns an empty
+			return
-// list, never nil, so that an answer's blocklists is [] rather than null.
+		}
 func (s *Server) blocklistListings(ip string) []blocklist.Listing {
 	addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(ip)
 	if s.blocklists == nil || err != nil {
 		return []blocklist.Listing{}
 	}
-	return s.blocklists.Lookup(addr)
+		err := writeJSONSuccess(w, response)
-}
+		if err != nil {
-
+			s.logger.Error("Failed to encode IP lookup response", "error", err)
-// setIPLookupCacheControl lets caches keep an IP lookup answer for the
+		}
 // shortest blocklist interval, the soonest a blocklist copy can change. The
 // answer about the caller's own address is private, so that a shared cache
 // does not give it to another caller. Without blocklists it sets nothing.
 func (s *Server) setIPLookupCacheControl(w http.ResponseWriter, ownAddress bool) {
 	if s.blocklists == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	visibility := cacheControlPublic
 	if ownAddress {
 		visibility = cacheControlPrivate
 	}
 	maxAgeSeconds := int(s.blocklists.ShortestInterval().Seconds())
 	w.Header().Set(cacheControlHeader,
 		visibility+cacheControlMaxAge+strconv.Itoa(maxAgeSeconds))
 }
 // noTargetsMessage returns the message of the 400 an IP lookup answers when
 // no address is left to look up, followed by the first of resolveErrors, which
 // says why, when there is one.
 func noTargetsMessage(resolveErrors []string) string {
 	const message = "No valid IPs or hostnames provided"
 	if len(resolveErrors) == 0 {
 		return message
 	}
 	return message + ": " + resolveErrors[0]
 }
 // writeIPLookupAnswer sends response with its Cache-Control header.
 // ownAddress says the request asked about the caller's own address.
 func (s *Server) writeIPLookupAnswer(
 	w http.ResponseWriter, response IPLookupResponse, ownAddress bool,
 ) {
 	s.setIPLookupCacheControl(w, ownAddress)
 	err := writeJSONSuccess(w, response)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.logger.Error("Failed to encode IP lookup response", "error", err)
 	}
 }
 // lookupTarget returns what an IP lookup request asks for: the ip or addr URL
-// parameter, or else the client's own address. The bool is true for the
+// parameter, or else the client's own address.
-// client's own address.
+func lookupTarget(r *http.Request) string {
 func lookupTarget(r *http.Request) (string, bool) {
 	target := chi.URLParam(r, "ip")
 	if target == "" {
 		target = chi.URLParam(r, "addr")
@@ -882,10 +763,10 @@ func lookupTarget(r *http.Request) (string, bool) {
 	if target == "" {
 		// Use client IP (RealIP middleware has already processed this)
-		return extractClientIP(r), true
+		target = extractClientIP(r)
 	}
-	return target, false
+	return target
 }
 // queueWHOISRefresh asks the WHOIS fetcher, when there is one, to refresh
@@ -900,16 +781,15 @@ func (s *Server) queueWHOISRefresh(asns map[int]bool) {
 	}
 }
-// errTooManyTargets is what resolveLookupTargets returns for a list of more
+// resolveLookupTargets splits a comma-separated list of IP addresses and
-// than maxLookupTargets addresses and host names, or of names that resolve to
+// hostnames and returns the IP addresses to look up, resolving each hostname.
-// more than maxLookupTargets addresses.
+// A hostname that does not resolve is reported in the returned errors instead,
-var errTooManyTargets = errors.New("too many addresses or host names")
+// with the resolver's own error only in the log, since it names the DNS server.
-
+// It stops once ctx's deadline has passed; the caller then answers 504.
-// splitLookupTargets returns the addresses and host names in a comma-separated
+func (s *Server) resolveLookupTargets(
-// list, leaving out blank entries, or errTooManyTargets when there are more
+	ctx context.Context, target string,
-// than maxLookupTargets.
+) ([]string, []string) {
-func splitLookupTargets(target string) ([]string, error) {
+	var ipsToLookup, resolveErrors []string
 	var targets []string
 	for t := range strings.SplitSeq(target, ",") {
 		t = strings.TrimSpace(t)
@@ -917,36 +797,6 @@ func splitLookupTargets(target string) ([]string, error) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if len(targets) == maxLookupTargets {
 			return nil, errTooManyTargets
 		}
 		targets = append(targets, t)
 	}
 	return targets, nil
 }
 // resolveLookupTargets splits a comma-separated list of IP addresses and
 // hostnames and returns the IP addresses to look up, resolving each hostname.
 // A hostname that does not resolve is reported in the returned errors instead,
 // with the resolver's own error only in the log, since it names the DNS server.
 // Only the public addresses a hostname resolves to are kept, so the answer
 // does not show the deployment's private addresses; a hostname with none is
 // reported in the errors. More than maxLookupTargets entries, or addresses once
 // resolved, return errTooManyTargets. It stops once ctx's deadline has passed;
 // the caller then answers 504.
 func (s *Server) resolveLookupTargets(
 	ctx context.Context, target string,
 ) ([]string, []string, error) {
 	targets, err := splitLookupTargets(target)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	var ipsToLookup, resolveErrors []string
 	for _, t := range targets {
 		// Check if this target is an IP address
 		if net.ParseIP(t) != nil {
 			ipsToLookup = append(ipsToLookup, t)
@@ -955,9 +805,9 @@ func (s *Server) resolveLookupTargets(
 		}
 		// It's a hostname - resolve it
-		resolved, err := s.resolver.LookupHost(ctx, t)
+		resolved, err := net.DefaultResolver.LookupHost(ctx, t)
 		if deadlinePassed(ctx) {
-			return nil, nil, nil
+			return nil, nil
 		}
 		if err != nil {
@@ -967,45 +817,16 @@ func (s *Server) resolveLookupTargets(
 			continue
 		}
-		public := publicAddresses(resolved)
+		ipsToLookup = append(ipsToLookup, resolved...)
 		if len(public) == 0 {
 			resolveErrors = append(resolveErrors, t+": "+hostNotPublicMessage)
 			continue
 		}
 		ipsToLookup = append(ipsToLookup, public...)
 	}
-	if len(ipsToLookup) > maxLookupTargets {
+	return ipsToLookup, resolveErrors
 		return nil, nil, errTooManyTargets
 	}
 	return ipsToLookup, resolveErrors, nil
 }
 // publicAddresses returns the addresses in addrs that are global unicast and
 // not private; Go counts the private ranges as global unicast.
 func publicAddresses(addrs []string) []string {
 	var public []string
 	for _, a := range addrs {
 		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(a)
 		if err == nil && ip.IsGlobalUnicast() && !ip.IsPrivate() {
 			public = append(public, a)
 		}
 	}
 	return public
 }
 // lookupPTRNames returns the PTR records of ip without their trailing dots, or
-// nil when the lookup fails or runs past ptrLookupTimeout.
+// nil when the lookup fails.
-func (s *Server) lookupPTRNames(ctx context.Context, ip string) []string {
+func lookupPTRNames(ctx context.Context, ip string) []string {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, ptrLookupTimeout)
+	ptrs, err := net.DefaultResolver.LookupAddr(ctx, ip)
 	defer cancel()
 	ptrs, err := s.resolver.LookupAddr(ctx, ip)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -1079,12 +900,11 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
-// splitRoutesByIPVersion groups routes into the IPv4 and the IPv6 ones. Neither
+// splitRoutesByIPVersion groups routes into the IPv4 and the IPv6 ones.
 // group is nil, so that a JSON answer holds [] for an empty one and not null.
 func splitRoutesByIPVersion(
 	routes []database.LiveRoute,
 ) ([]database.LiveRoute, []database.LiveRoute) {
-	ipv4Routes, ipv6Routes := []database.LiveRoute{}, []database.LiveRoute{}
+	var ipv4Routes, ipv6Routes []database.LiveRoute
 	for _, route := range routes {
 		if route.IPVersion == ipVersionV4 {
@@ -1097,15 +917,24 @@ func splitRoutesByIPVersion(
 	return ipv4Routes, ipv6Routes
 }
-// sortRoutesByMaskLength sorts routes by mask length, shortest first, and
+// sortRoutesByNetwork sorts routes by network address, then by mask length.
-// routes with the same mask length by network address.
+func sortRoutesByNetwork(routes []database.LiveRoute) {
-func sortRoutesByMaskLength(routes []database.LiveRoute) {
+	sort.Slice(routes, func(i, j int) bool {
-	slices.SortFunc(routes, func(a, b database.LiveRoute) int {
+		// Parse the prefixes to compare network addresses
-		prefixA, _ := netip.ParsePrefix(a.Prefix)
+		ipI, netI, _ := net.ParseCIDR(routes[i].Prefix)
-		prefixB, _ := netip.ParsePrefix(b.Prefix)
+		ipJ, netJ, _ := net.ParseCIDR(routes[j].Prefix)
-		return cmp.Or(cmp.Compare(prefixA.Bits(), prefixB.Bits()),
+		// Compare by network address first
-			prefixA.Addr().Compare(prefixB.Addr()))
+		cmp := bytes.Compare(ipI.To16(), ipJ.To16())
 		if cmp != 0 {
 			return cmp < 0
 		}
 		// If network addresses are equal, compare by mask length
 		onesI, _ := netI.Mask.Size()
 		onesJ, _ := netJ.Mask.Size()
 		return onesI < onesJ
 	})
 }
@@ -1175,56 +1004,6 @@ func (s *Server) handlePrefixDetailJSON() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 // ASSearchResponse is the answer to an AS name search: the text searched for,
 // the number of ASes that match it, and the first maxASSearchResults of them in
 // AS number order.
 type ASSearchResponse struct {
 	Query   string        `json:"query"`
 	Total   int           `json:"total"`
 	Results []asinfo.Info `json:"results"`
 }
 // handleASSearch returns a handler that searches the AS list built into
 // asinfo for the text in the q parameter, without its leading and trailing
 // spaces. It answers 400 when no text is left.
 func (s *Server) handleASSearch() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		query := strings.TrimSpace(r.URL.Query().Get(asSearchQueryParam))
 		if query == "" {
 			s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, searchQueryMissingMessage)
 			return
 		}
 		// AS 0 means no known origin and has no AS page, so the answer leaves
 		// it out. The matches come in AS number order, so AS 0 can only be the
 		// first. The search asks for one match more than the answer holds, to
 		// take its place.
 		results, total := asinfo.Search(query, maxASSearchResults+1)
 		if len(results) > 0 && results[0].ASN == ristypes.NoOrigin {
 			results = results[1:]
 			total--
 		}
 		results = results[:min(len(results), maxASSearchResults)]
 		// results is an empty list rather than nil when nothing matches, so
 		// that the answer holds [] and not null.
 		if results == nil {
 			results = []asinfo.Info{}
 		}
 		err := writeJSONSuccess(w, ASSearchResponse{
 			Query:   query,
 			Total:   total,
 			Results: results,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
 			s.logger.Error("Failed to encode AS search results", "error", err)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // handleASDetail returns a handler that serves the AS detail HTML page
 func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -1272,8 +1051,9 @@ func (s *Server) handleASDetail() http.HandlerFunc {
 		// Group prefixes by IP version
 		ipv4Prefixes, ipv6Prefixes := splitRoutesByIPVersion(prefixes)
-		sortRoutesByMaskLength(ipv4Prefixes)
+		// Sort prefixes by network address
-		sortRoutesByMaskLength(ipv6Prefixes)
+		sortRoutesByNetwork(ipv4Prefixes)
 		sortRoutesByNetwork(ipv6Prefixes)
 		// Prepare template data
 		data := struct {
@@ -142,9 +142,8 @@ func deadlinePassed(ctx context.Context) bool {
 //
 // If a response is not valid JSON or is empty when JSON is expected, the middleware
 // returns a properly formatted JSON error response. If the request's time limit
-// has passed, it answers 504 with the error message "Request timeout". A 4xx
+// has passed, it answers 504 with the error message "Request timeout". For other
-// keeps its status, with the status's standard text as the message. For other
+// errors, it returns "Internal server error" with status 500 if the original
 // errors, it returns "Internal server error", with status 500 if the original
 // status was 200.
 //
 // Non-JSON responses are passed through unchanged.
@@ -204,13 +203,8 @@ func JSONValidationMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		w.WriteHeader(statusCode)
 		errorMsg := internalErrorMessage
-
+		if statusCode == http.StatusGatewayTimeout {
 		switch {
 		case statusCode == http.StatusGatewayTimeout:
 			errorMsg = requestTimeoutMessage
 		case statusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest &&
 			statusCode < http.StatusInternalServerError:
 			errorMsg = http.StatusText(statusCode)
 		}
 		response := map[string]any{
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ import (
 )
 // The addresses the forwarding tests use: the client a proxy names in
-// X-Forwarded-For, the range of trusted proxies, a peer inside it, and a peer
+// X-Forwarded-For, a peer inside the trusted range of
-// outside it, which lies in testPrefixV4 so that an IP lookup of it finds a
+// TestRealIPMiddlewareTrustsOnlyConfiguredProxies, and a peer outside it,
-// route.
+// which lies in testPrefixV4 so that an IP lookup of it finds a route.
 const (
 	forwardedClient   = "203.0.113.9"
 	trustedProxyRange = "10.0.0.0/8"
 	trustedPeer       = "10.0.0.2:1234"
 	untrustedPeerAddr = "192.0.2.1"
 	untrustedPeer     = untrustedPeerAddr + ":1234"
@@ -59,34 +58,6 @@ func TestResponsesCarrySecurityHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestJSONValidationKeeps4xxWithoutBody wraps a handler that answers 400
 // without a body in JSONValidationMiddleware and checks that the JSON error
 // body keeps the 400 and gives the status's own text. Before the fix it said
 // "Internal server error"
 // (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/111).
 func TestJSONValidationKeeps4xxWithoutBody(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	handler := JSONValidationMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(
 		func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
 		}))
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
 		t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
 	const name = "400 without a body"
 	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
 		t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
 			name, rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest, rec.Body)
 	}
 	checkJSONErrorCode(t, name, rec, http.StatusBadRequest)
 	checkJSONErrorMessage(t, name, rec, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest))
 }
 // TestPagesCarryTheCSPNonce checks that every script and style block of each
 // page carries the nonce its Content-Security-Policy header names, so that the
 // browser runs and applies them, that each answer has a nonce of its own, and
@@ -190,7 +161,7 @@ func TestForwardedForFromUntrustedPeerIsIgnored(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRealIPMiddlewareTrustsOnlyConfiguredProxies(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	trusted := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix(trustedProxyRange)}
+	trusted := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -1,33 +1,18 @@
 package server
 import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
 )
 // The error messages the JSON routes under /api/v1 and /ip answer with when no
 // route matches the path, and when none takes the method.
 const (
 	notFoundMessage         = "Not found"
 	methodNotAllowedMessage = "Method not allowed"
 	// jsonRoutesAllow is the Allow header of their 405 answer: every one of
 	// them takes GET and HEAD, and no other method.
 	jsonRoutesAllow = "GET, HEAD"
 )
 // setupRoutes configures the HTTP routes
 func (s *Server) setupRoutes() {
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	// Middleware
 	r.Use(DecodedPathMiddleware)
 	// GetHead serves HEAD with the GET handler. It looks the route up by the
 	// path DecodedPathMiddleware sets, so it comes after it.
 	r.Use(middleware.GetHead)
 	r.Use(SecurityHeadersMiddleware)
 	r.Use(middleware.RequestID)
 	r.Use(RealIPMiddleware(s.trustedProxies))
@@ -55,39 +40,20 @@ func (s *Server) setupRoutes() {
 	r.Get("/prefixlength/{length}", s.handlePrefixLength())
 	r.Get("/prefixlength6/{length}", s.handlePrefixLength6())
 	// The JSON routes answer a path or method they do not take with the JSON
 	// error body, as they answer everything else.
 	jsonNotFound := func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 		s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusNotFound, notFoundMessage)
 	}
 	jsonMethodNotAllowed := func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 		// chi's own 405 answer sets Allow; one set in its place must too.
 		w.Header().Set("Allow", jsonRoutesAllow)
 		s.writeJSONError(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, methodNotAllowedMessage)
 	}
 	// IP info JSON endpoints (replaces old /ip redirect)
 	r.Route("/ip", func(r chi.Router) {
 		r.Use(JSONValidationMiddleware)
-		r.NotFound(jsonNotFound)
+		r.Get("/", s.handleIPInfo())       // Client IP
 		r.MethodNotAllowed(jsonMethodNotAllowed)
 		r.Get("/", s.handleIPInfo()) // Client IP
 		// GetHead does not reach this route: mounting the group registers
 		// /ip and /ip/ for every method, so HEAD arrives here as HEAD.
 		r.Head("/", s.handleIPInfo())
 		r.Get("/{addr}", s.handleIPInfo()) // Specified IP
 	})
 	// API routes
 	r.Route("/api/v1", func(r chi.Router) {
 		r.Use(JSONValidationMiddleware)
 		r.NotFound(jsonNotFound)
 		r.MethodNotAllowed(jsonMethodNotAllowed)
 		r.Get("/stats", s.handleStats())
 		r.Get("/ip/{ip}", s.handleIPLookup())
 		r.Get("/as/{asn}", s.handleASDetailJSON())
 		r.Get("/prefix/{prefix}/{len}", s.handlePrefixDetailJSON())
 		r.Get("/search/as", s.handleASSearch())
 	})
 	s.router = r
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
 package server
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 )
 // TestRoutesAnswerHEAD sends HEAD for a page and JSON routes through the
 // server's router and checks that each answers as GET does. /ip and /ip/, the
 // lookup of the caller's own address, are in the list because chi's GetHead
 // does not reach them. Before the fix every route answered HEAD with 405
 // (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/111).
 func TestRoutesAnswerHEAD(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
 	for _, path := range []string{"/", statsPath, "/ip", "/ip/"} {
 		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
 			t.Context(), http.MethodHead, path, nil))
 		if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 			t.Errorf("HEAD %s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
 				path, rec.Code, http.StatusOK, rec.Body)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestJSONRoutesAnswerUnmatchedRequestsWithJSONErrors sends a method the JSON
 // routes do not take, and a path none of them matches, to each group of JSON
 // routes through the server's router. Each must answer with the JSON error
 // body, and a 405 must name the methods the routes take in its Allow header.
 // Before the fix a 405 said "Internal server error" and a 404 was chi's plain
 // text answer (https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/111).
 func TestJSONRoutesAnswerUnmatchedRequestsWithJSONErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
 	tests := []struct {
 		method   string
 		path     string
 		wantCode int
 		wantMsg  string
 	}{
 		{http.MethodPost, statsPath, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, methodNotAllowedMessage},
 		{http.MethodPost, "/ip/", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, methodNotAllowedMessage},
 		{http.MethodGet, "/api/v1/nothing", http.StatusNotFound, notFoundMessage},
 		{http.MethodGet, "/ip/192.0.2.1/nothing", http.StatusNotFound, notFoundMessage},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		name := tt.method + " " + tt.path
 		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
 			t.Context(), tt.method, tt.path, nil))
 		if rec.Code != tt.wantCode {
 			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d; body %s",
 				name, rec.Code, tt.wantCode, rec.Body)
 		}
 		checkJSONErrorCode(t, name, rec, tt.wantCode)
 		checkJSONErrorMessage(t, name, rec, tt.wantMsg)
 		allow := rec.Header().Get("Allow")
 		if tt.wantCode == http.StatusMethodNotAllowed && allow != jsonRoutesAllow {
 			t.Errorf("%s: Allow %q, want %q", name, allow, jsonRoutesAllow)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // checkJSONErrorMessage checks that rec holds the JSON error body with the
 // given message.
 func checkJSONErrorMessage(
 	t *testing.T, name string, rec *httptest.ResponseRecorder, want string,
 ) {
 	t.Helper()
 	var body struct {
 		Error struct {
 			Msg string `json:"msg"`
 		} `json:"error"`
 	}
 	err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("%s: decoding the answer %q: %v", name, rec.Body, err)
 		return
 	}
 	if body.Error.Msg != want {
 		t.Errorf("%s: error message %q, want %q", name, body.Error.Msg, want)
 	}
 }
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-// Package server serves RouteWatch's web pages and JSON API:
+// Package server provides HTTP endpoints for status monitoring and statistics
 //   - the home page, the status figures and the health check
 //   - the AS, prefix and prefix length pages, and the JSON answers behind them
 //   - the IP lookups
 //   - the AS name search
 package server
 import (
@@ -15,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/blocklist"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
@@ -37,20 +32,6 @@ type ASNFetcher interface {
 	GetStats() ASNFetcherStats
 }
 // Blocklists tells which public blocklists list an address, from copies it
 // keeps in memory, as *blocklist.Blocklists does.
 type Blocklists interface {
 	Lookup(addr netip.Addr) []blocklist.Listing
 	ShortestInterval() time.Duration
 }
 // dnsResolver looks up the addresses of host names and the names of addresses
 // in DNS, as *net.Resolver does.
 type dnsResolver interface {
 	LookupHost(ctx context.Context, host string) ([]string, error)
 	LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, addr string) ([]string, error)
 }
 // Server provides HTTP endpoints for status monitoring
 type Server struct {
 	router     *chi.Mux
@@ -60,15 +41,10 @@ type Server struct {
 	port       int
 	srv        *http.Server
 	asnFetcher ASNFetcher
 	blocklists Blocklists
 	// trustedProxies are the reverse proxies whose X-Forwarded-For header
 	// RealIPMiddleware believes
 	trustedProxies []netip.Prefix
 	// resolver makes the IP lookup's DNS lookups: net.DefaultResolver, or a
 	// fake in tests
 	resolver dnsResolver
 }
 // New creates a new HTTP server
@@ -84,7 +60,6 @@ func New(
 		logger:         logger,
 		port:           cfg.Port,
 		trustedProxies: cfg.TrustedProxies,
 		resolver:       net.DefaultResolver,
 	}
 	s.setupRoutes()
@@ -152,14 +127,7 @@ func (s *Server) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
-// SetASNFetcher sets the ASN WHOIS fetcher for on-demand lookups. Call it
+// SetASNFetcher sets the ASN WHOIS fetcher for on-demand lookups.
 // before Start: the handlers read the fetcher without a lock.
 func (s *Server) SetASNFetcher(fetcher ASNFetcher) {
 	s.asnFetcher = fetcher
 }
 // SetBlocklists sets the blocklists the IP lookups report. Call it before
 // Start: the handlers read the blocklists without a lock.
 func (s *Server) SetBlocklists(blocklists Blocklists) {
 	s.blocklists = blocklists
 }
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ type RawMessageHandler func(line string)
 // handlerMetrics tracks performance metrics for a handler
 type handlerMetrics struct {
 	processedCount     uint64        // Total messages processed
-	droppedCount       atomic.Uint64 // Total messages dropped; not under mu
+	droppedCount       uint64        // Total messages dropped
 	totalTime          time.Duration // Total processing time (for average calculation)
 	minTime            time.Duration // Minimum processing time
 	maxTime            time.Duration // Maximum processing time
 	queueHighWaterMark int           // Maximum queue length seen
-	mu                 sync.Mutex    // Protects the other metrics
+	mu                 sync.Mutex    // Protects the metrics
 }
 // handlerInfo wraps a handler with its queue and metrics
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ func (s *Streamer) GetHandlerStats() []HandlerStats {
 			QueueCapacity:      cap(info.queue),
 			QueueHighWaterMark: info.metrics.queueHighWaterMark,
 			ProcessedCount:     info.metrics.processedCount,
-			DroppedCount:       info.metrics.droppedCount.Load(),
+			DroppedCount:       info.metrics.droppedCount,
 			MinProcessTime:     info.metrics.minTime,
 			MaxProcessTime:     info.metrics.maxTime,
 		}
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ func (s *Streamer) logMetrics() {
 				"queue_len", len(info.queue),
 				"queue_cap", cap(info.queue),
 				"processed", info.metrics.processedCount,
-				"dropped", info.metrics.droppedCount.Load(),
+				"dropped", info.metrics.droppedCount,
 				"avg_time", avgTime,
 				"min_time", info.metrics.minTime,
 				"max_time", info.metrics.maxTime,
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ func (s *Streamer) dispatchMessage(
 		}
 		if !s.queueMessage(info, msg) {
-			info.metrics.droppedCount.Add(1)
+			atomic.AddUint64(&info.metrics.droppedCount, 1)
 			s.totalDropped.Add(1)
 			continue
@@ -621,68 +621,6 @@ func TestStreamReadsLongLine(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // blockedHandler wants UPDATE messages, has room on its queue for one, and
 // does not return from HandleMessage until release is closed.
 type blockedHandler struct {
 	release chan struct{}
 }
 func (blockedHandler) WantsMessage(messageType string) bool {
 	return messageType == ristypes.MessageTypeUpdate
 }
 func (blockedHandler) QueueCapacity() int { return 1 }
 func (h blockedHandler) HandleMessage(*ristypes.RISMessage) { <-h.release }
 // TestHandlerStatsReadWhileMessagesAreDropped has the server send a few UPDATE
 // lines to a blockedHandler, so the read loop drops all but the one the
 // handler holds and the one on its queue, while the test reads the handler's
 // statistics. The drop count must reach the number dropped, and the race
 // detector must find the count read and written safely.
 func TestHandlerStatsReadWhileMessagesAreDropped(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		lines       = 5
 		wantDropped = lines - 2
 		maxWait     = 5 * time.Second
 	)
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(
 		func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			_, _ = io.WriteString(w, strings.Repeat(updateLine, lines))
 			flush(w)
 			<-r.Context().Done()
 		}))
 	defer srv.Close()
 	s := New(logger.New(), metrics.New())
 	s.url = srv.URL
 	handler := blockedHandler{release: make(chan struct{})}
 	s.RegisterHandler(handler)
 	err := s.Start(t.Context())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Start returned error: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer s.Stop(t.Context())
 	defer close(handler.release)
 	// The test polls instead of waiting for a signal from the read loop: a
 	// signal would order the drops before the reads here, and the race
 	// detector would have nothing to report.
 	deadline := time.Now().Add(maxWait)
 	for s.GetHandlerStats()[0].DroppedCount < wantDropped {
 		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
 			t.Fatalf("fewer than %d messages counted as dropped within %s",
 				wantDropped, maxWait)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestPeerCountCountsEveryPeerHeardFrom has the server send an UPDATE from
 // stateDownPeer and a KEEPALIVE from another peer, with no OPEN from either,
 // and then a message that ends stateDownPeer's session: a NOTIFICATION, or a
@@ -126,26 +126,6 @@
            margin: 0;
            color: #2c3e50;
        }
        /* A click on a prefix list's heading folds or unfolds the list. Not
           every browser shows its own marker on a flex element, so the page
           hides it and draws a triangle before the heading. The triangle
           points down while the list is open. */
        summary.prefix-header {
            cursor: pointer;
            list-style: none;
        }
        summary.prefix-header::-webkit-details-marker {
            display: none;
        }
        summary.prefix-header h2::before {
            content: "\25B8";
            display: inline-block;
            margin-right: 10px;
            transition: transform 0.2s;
        }
        details[open] > summary.prefix-header h2::before {
            transform: rotate(90deg);
        }
        .prefix-count {
            background: #e74c3c;
            color: white;
@@ -253,20 +233,18 @@
                <div class="info-label">Peer ASNs</div>
                <div class="info-value">{{.PeerCount}}</div>
            </div>
            {{if not .ASN.FirstSeen.IsZero}}
            <div class="info-card">
                <div class="info-label">First Seen</div>
                <div class="info-value">{{.ASN.FirstSeen.Format "2006-01-02"}}</div>
            </div>
            {{end}}
        </div>
        {{if .IPv4Prefixes}}
-        <details class="prefix-section" open>
+        <div class="prefix-section">
-            <summary class="prefix-header">
+            <div class="prefix-header">
                <h2>IPv4 Prefixes</h2>
                <span class="prefix-count">{{.IPv4Count}}</span>
-            </summary>
+            </div>
            <table class="prefix-table">
                <thead>
                    <tr>
@@ -287,15 +265,15 @@
                    {{end}}
                </tbody>
            </table>
-        </details>
+        </div>
        {{end}}
        {{if .IPv6Prefixes}}
-        <details class="prefix-section" open>
+        <div class="prefix-section">
-            <summary class="prefix-header">
+            <div class="prefix-header">
                <h2>IPv6 Prefixes</h2>
                <span class="prefix-count">{{.IPv6Count}}</span>
-            </summary>
+            </div>
            <table class="prefix-table">
                <thead>
                    <tr>
@@ -316,7 +294,7 @@
                    {{end}}
                </tbody>
            </table>
-        </details>
+        </div>
        {{end}}
        {{if eq .TotalCount 0}}
@@ -107,15 +107,9 @@
        .stat-card.connected .stat-value {
            color: #27ae60;
        }
-        .stat-card.disconnected .stat-value,
+        .stat-card.disconnected .stat-value {
        .stale {
            color: #e74c3c;
        }
        /* The card has no room beside "Connected", so the spinner and "stale" go under it */
        #freshness {
            display: block;
            font-size: 20px;
        }
        /* Search section */
        .search-section {
@@ -180,38 +174,6 @@
        #asname-results .search-message {
            font-size: 13px;
        }
        #asname-results .error {
            color: #c00;
        }
        .asname-list {
            list-style: none;
            margin: 12px 0 0 0;
            padding: 0;
            max-height: 400px;
            overflow-y: auto;
        }
        .asname-list li {
            border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
        }
        .asname-list a {
            display: block;
            padding: 8px 4px;
            color: #2c3e50;
            text-decoration: none;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        .asname-list a:hover {
            background: #f5f5f5;
        }
        .asname-list .asn {
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #3498db;
        }
        .asname-list .description {
            display: block;
            color: #7f8c8d;
            font-size: 12px;
        }
        /* IP Lookup result */
        .ip-result {
@@ -239,8 +201,7 @@
            cursor: pointer;
            font-size: 12px;
        }
-        .ip-result pre,
+        .ip-result pre {
        #ip-api pre {
            background: #2c3e50;
            color: #ecf0f1;
            padding: 16px;
@@ -252,30 +213,18 @@
            max-height: 400px;
            overflow-y: auto;
        }
-        .ip-result .error,
+        .ip-result .error {
        #ip-api .error {
            background: #fee;
            color: #c00;
            padding: 12px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
-        .ip-result .loading,
+        .ip-result .loading {
        #ip-api .loading {
            color: #7f8c8d;
            font-style: italic;
        }
        /* IP information API card: the command, then its answer */
        #ip-api p {
            margin: 0;
            color: #7f8c8d;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        #ip-api pre {
            margin-top: 12px;
        }
        /* Footer */
        .footer {
            margin-top: 40px;
@@ -316,10 +265,7 @@
    <main class="main-content">
        <div class="stats-grid">
            <div class="stat-card" id="status-card">
-                <div class="stat-value">
+                <div class="stat-value" id="stat-status">-</div>
                    <span id="stat-status">-</span>
                    <span id="freshness"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="stat-label">Status</div>
            </div>
            <div class="stat-card">
@@ -360,7 +306,7 @@
                    <input type="text" id="asname-input" placeholder="e.g., Google, Cloudflare" autocomplete="off">
                    <button type="submit">Search</button>
                </form>
-                <p class="search-hint">Search for autonomous systems by organization name or handle</p>
+                <p class="search-hint">Search for autonomous systems by organization name</p>
                <div id="asname-results"></div>
            </div>
@@ -380,13 +326,6 @@
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="search-card" id="ip-api">
            <h2>IP Information API</h2>
            <p>The API answers what RouteWatch knows about an IP address, such as its AS number and country. <code>/ip/</code> with no address answers for the caller's own address.</p>
            <pre id="ip-api-command" data-client-ip="{{.ClientIP}}"></pre>
            <pre id="ip-api-answer" class="loading">Loading...</pre>
        </div>
    </main>
    <footer class="footer">
@@ -398,44 +337,6 @@
    </footer>
    <script nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
        // The stats are fetched every REFRESH_PERIOD_MS. Next to the status, a
        // spinner turns one frame each time an answer counts more messages
        // than the one before. After STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES refreshes without
        // such an answer, the spinner gives way to "stale" and the time since.
        const REFRESH_PERIOD_MS = 5000;
        const STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES = 3;
        const MS_PER_SECOND = 1000;
        const SPINNER_FRAMES = ['⠋', '⠙', '⠹', '⠸', '⠼', '⠴', '⠦', '⠧', '⠇', '⠏'];
        const SPINNER_COLOURS = ['#e74c3c', '#e67e22', '#f1c40f', '#27ae60', '#3498db', '#9b59b6'];
        let spinnerFrame = 0;
        let lastMessageCount = null;
        let lastFreshAt = Date.now();
        // Turn the spinner when the message count has risen since the last answer.
        function noteMessageCount(count) {
            if (lastMessageCount !== null && count > lastMessageCount) {
                spinnerFrame = (spinnerFrame + 1) % SPINNER_FRAMES.length;
                lastFreshAt = Date.now();
            }
            lastMessageCount = count;
            showFreshness();
        }
        function showFreshness() {
            const freshness = document.getElementById('freshness');
            const sinceFreshMs = Date.now() - lastFreshAt;
            const stale = sinceFreshMs >= STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES * REFRESH_PERIOD_MS;
            freshness.classList.toggle('stale', stale);
            if (stale) {
                freshness.textContent = 'stale for ' + Math.floor(sinceFreshMs / MS_PER_SECOND) + 's';
                freshness.style.color = '';
                return;
            }
            freshness.textContent = SPINNER_FRAMES[spinnerFrame];
            freshness.style.color = SPINNER_COLOURS[spinnerFrame % SPINNER_COLOURS.length];
        }
        function formatNumber(num) {
            if (num >= 1000000) {
                return (num / 1000000).toFixed(1) + 'M';
@@ -457,7 +358,6 @@
                    const statusEl = document.getElementById('stat-status');
                    statusEl.textContent = data.connected ? 'Connected' : 'Disconnected';
                    statusCard.className = 'stat-card ' + (data.connected ? 'connected' : 'disconnected');
                    noteMessageCount(data.total_messages);
                    document.getElementById('stat-routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.live_routes);
                    document.getElementById('stat-asns').textContent = formatNumber(data.asns);
@@ -468,7 +368,7 @@
                    }
                    const totalUpdates = data.ipv4_updates_per_sec + data.ipv6_updates_per_sec;
-                    document.getElementById('stat-updates').textContent = Math.round(totalUpdates).toLocaleString();
+                    document.getElementById('stat-updates').textContent = totalUpdates.toFixed(1);
                })
                .catch(() => {
                    document.getElementById('stat-status').textContent = 'Error';
@@ -487,82 +387,24 @@
            }
        });
-        // AS name search. The handles and descriptions come from outside data,
+        // AS name search
        // so the results are built with textContent, never innerHTML.
        const asNameResults = document.getElementById('asname-results');
        // Replace the search results with one line of text.
        function showASNameMessage(text, className) {
            const line = document.createElement('p');
            line.className = className;
            line.textContent = text;
            asNameResults.replaceChildren(line);
        }
        // List the matches of a search answer, each as a link to its AS page,
        // and say how many more matched than the answer holds.
        function showASNameMatches(data) {
            if (data.total === 0) {
                showASNameMessage('No AS matches "' + data.query + '".', 'search-message');
                return;
            }
            const list = document.createElement('ul');
            list.className = 'asname-list';
            for (const match of data.results) {
                const asn = document.createElement('span');
                asn.className = 'asn';
                asn.textContent = 'AS' + match.asn;
                const description = document.createElement('span');
                description.className = 'description';
                description.textContent = match.description;
                const link = document.createElement('a');
                link.href = '/as/' + match.asn;
                link.append(asn, ' ' + match.handle, description);
                const item = document.createElement('li');
                item.append(link);
                list.append(item);
            }
            asNameResults.replaceChildren(list);
            const more = data.total - data.results.length;
            if (more > 0) {
                const line = document.createElement('p');
                line.className = 'search-message';
                line.textContent = more.toLocaleString() + ' more matched. Narrow the search to see them.';
                asNameResults.append(line);
            }
        }
        document.getElementById('asname-form').addEventListener('submit', function(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
            const query = document.getElementById('asname-input').value.trim();
            if (!query) return;
-            // A number, or AS and a number, opens that AS's page
+            const resultsDiv = document.getElementById('asname-results');
-            const asn = query.replace(/^AS/i, '');
+            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="loading">Searching...</p>';
-            if (/^\d+$/.test(asn)) {
+
-                window.location.href = '/as/' + asn;
+            // Use a simple client-side search against the asinfo data
            // For now, redirect to AS page if it looks like an ASN
            if (/^\d+$/.test(query)) {
                window.location.href = '/as/' + query;
                return;
            }
-            showASNameMessage('Searching...', 'loading');
+            // Show a message that server-side search is coming
-
+            resultsDiv.innerHTML = '<p class="search-message">AS name search coming soon. For now, try an AS number.</p>';
            fetch('/api/v1/search/as?q=' + encodeURIComponent(query))
                .then(response => response.json())
                .then(response => {
                    if (response.status === 'error') {
                        showASNameMessage('Error: ' + response.error.msg, 'error');
                    } else {
                        showASNameMatches(response.data);
                    }
                })
                .catch(error => {
                    showASNameMessage('Error: ' + error.message, 'error');
                });
        });
        // IP lookup
@@ -604,33 +446,9 @@
            document.getElementById('ip-input').value = '';
        });
-        // IP information API card: show the curl command that asks /ip/ about
+        // Initial load and refresh stats every 5 seconds
        // the visitor's own address, then make that same request and show the
        // JSON it answers, an error answer included. The answer holds outside
        // data, so it is set with textContent, never innerHTML.
        const ipAPICommand = document.getElementById('ip-api-command');
        const ipAPIAnswer = document.getElementById('ip-api-answer');
        const ipAPIURL = window.location.origin + '/ip/' + ipAPICommand.dataset.clientIp;
        ipAPICommand.textContent = 'curl ' + ipAPIURL;
        fetch(ipAPIURL)
            .then(response => response.json())
            .then(answer => {
                ipAPIAnswer.className = '';
                ipAPIAnswer.textContent = JSON.stringify(answer, null, 2);
            })
            .catch(error => {
                ipAPIAnswer.className = 'error';
                ipAPIAnswer.textContent = 'Error: ' + error.message;
            });
        // Initial load and refresh stats every REFRESH_PERIOD_MS. The freshness
        // check runs every second on its own, so a request that never returns
        // still turns the spinner into "stale".
        updateStats();
-        setInterval(updateStats, REFRESH_PERIOD_MS);
+        setInterval(updateStats, 5000);
        setInterval(showFreshness, MS_PER_SECOND);
    </script>
 </body>
 </html>
@@ -126,8 +126,7 @@
        .connected {
            color: #22c55e;
        }
-        .disconnected,
+        .disconnected {
        .stale {
            color: #ef4444;
        }
        .error {
@@ -181,10 +180,7 @@
            <h2>RouteWatch</h2>
            <div class="metric">
                <span class="metric-label">Status</span>
-                <span>
+                <span class="metric-value" id="connected">-</span>
                    <span class="metric-value" id="connected">-</span>
                    <span class="metric-value" id="freshness"></span>
                </span>
            </div>
            <div class="metric">
                <span class="metric-label">Uptime</span>
@@ -235,8 +231,8 @@
                <span class="metric-value" id="withdrawals">-</span>
            </div>
            <div class="metric">
-                <span class="metric-label">Route Churn/min</span>
+                <span class="metric-label">Route Churn/sec</span>
-                <span class="metric-value" id="route_churn_per_min">-</span>
+                <span class="metric-value" id="route_churn_per_sec">-</span>
            </div>
            <div class="metric">
                <span class="metric-label">Total Data</span>
@@ -390,44 +386,6 @@
    </div>
    <script nonce="{{.CSPNonce}}">
        // The stats are fetched every REFRESH_PERIOD_MS. Next to the status, a
        // spinner turns one frame each time an answer counts more messages
        // than the one before. After STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES refreshes without
        // such an answer, the spinner gives way to "stale" and the time since.
        const REFRESH_PERIOD_MS = 2000;
        const STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES = 3;
        const MS_PER_SECOND = 1000;
        const SPINNER_FRAMES = ['⠋', '⠙', '⠹', '⠸', '⠼', '⠴', '⠦', '⠧', '⠇', '⠏'];
        const SPINNER_COLOURS = ['#e74c3c', '#e67e22', '#f1c40f', '#27ae60', '#3498db', '#9b59b6'];
        let spinnerFrame = 0;
        let lastMessageCount = null;
        let lastFreshAt = Date.now();
        // Turn the spinner when the message count has risen since the last answer.
        function noteMessageCount(count) {
            if (lastMessageCount !== null && count > lastMessageCount) {
                spinnerFrame = (spinnerFrame + 1) % SPINNER_FRAMES.length;
                lastFreshAt = Date.now();
            }
            lastMessageCount = count;
            showFreshness();
        }
        function showFreshness() {
            const freshness = document.getElementById('freshness');
            const sinceFreshMs = Date.now() - lastFreshAt;
            const stale = sinceFreshMs >= STALE_AFTER_REFRESHES * REFRESH_PERIOD_MS;
            freshness.classList.toggle('stale', stale);
            if (stale) {
                freshness.textContent = 'stale for ' + Math.floor(sinceFreshMs / MS_PER_SECOND) + 's';
                freshness.style.color = '';
                return;
            }
            freshness.textContent = SPINNER_FRAMES[spinnerFrame];
            freshness.style.color = SPINNER_COLOURS[spinnerFrame % SPINNER_COLOURS.length];
        }
        function formatBytes(bytes) {
            if (bytes === 0) return '0 B';
            const k = 1024;
@@ -553,7 +511,7 @@
            document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = '-';
            document.getElementById('announcements').textContent = '-';
            document.getElementById('withdrawals').textContent = '-';
-            document.getElementById('route_churn_per_min').textContent = '-';
+            document.getElementById('route_churn_per_sec').textContent = '-';
            document.getElementById('total_wire_bytes').textContent = '-';
            document.getElementById('wire_mbits_per_sec').textContent = '-';
            document.getElementById('gc_num').textContent = '-';
@@ -611,7 +569,6 @@
                    const connectedEl = document.getElementById('connected');
                    connectedEl.textContent = data.connected ? 'Connected' : 'Disconnected';
                    connectedEl.className = 'metric-value ' + (data.connected ? 'connected' : 'disconnected');
                    noteMessageCount(data.total_messages);
                    // Update all metrics
                    document.getElementById('uptime').textContent = data.uptime;
@@ -621,7 +578,7 @@
                    document.getElementById('connection_duration').textContent = data.connection_duration;
                    document.getElementById('reconnect_count').textContent = formatNumber(data.reconnect_count);
                    document.getElementById('total_messages').textContent = formatNumber(data.total_messages);
-                    document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.messages_per_sec));
+                    document.getElementById('messages_per_sec').textContent = data.messages_per_sec.toFixed(1);
                    document.getElementById('total_wire_bytes').textContent = formatBytes(data.total_wire_bytes);
                    document.getElementById('wire_mbits_per_sec').textContent = data.wire_mbits_per_sec.toFixed(2) + ' Mbps';
                    document.getElementById('asns').textContent = formatNumber(data.asns);
@@ -634,8 +591,8 @@
                    document.getElementById('live_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.live_routes);
                    document.getElementById('ipv4_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.ipv4_routes);
                    document.getElementById('ipv6_routes').textContent = formatNumber(data.ipv6_routes);
-                    document.getElementById('ipv4_updates_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.ipv4_updates_per_sec));
+                    document.getElementById('ipv4_updates_per_sec').textContent = data.ipv4_updates_per_sec.toFixed(1);
-                    document.getElementById('ipv6_updates_per_sec').textContent = formatNumber(Math.round(data.ipv6_updates_per_sec));
+                    document.getElementById('ipv6_updates_per_sec').textContent = data.ipv6_updates_per_sec.toFixed(1);
                    document.getElementById('oldest_route').textContent = formatRelativeTime(data.oldest_route);
                    document.getElementById('newest_route').textContent = formatRelativeTime(data.newest_route);
@@ -644,7 +601,7 @@
                        document.getElementById('bgp_peer_count').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.bgp_peer_count);
                        document.getElementById('announcements').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.announcements);
                        document.getElementById('withdrawals').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.withdrawals);
-                        document.getElementById('route_churn_per_min').textContent = formatNumber(data.stream.route_churn_per_min);
+                        document.getElementById('route_churn_per_sec').textContent = data.stream.route_churn_per_sec.toFixed(1);
                    }
                    // Update GC stats
@@ -686,12 +643,9 @@
                });
        }
-        // Update immediately and then every REFRESH_PERIOD_MS. The freshness
+        // Update immediately and then every 2 seconds
        // check runs every second on its own, so a request that never returns
        // still turns the spinner into "stale".
        updateStatus();
-        setInterval(updateStatus, REFRESH_PERIOD_MS);
+        setInterval(updateStatus, 2000);
        setInterval(showFreshness, MS_PER_SECOND);
    </script>
    </main>
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/version"
 	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
 )
 //go:embed index.html
@@ -48,7 +48,48 @@ var (
 	once sync.Once
 )
-const cidrPartCount = 2 // A CIDR has two parts: prefix and length
+const (
 	hoursPerDay   = 24
 	daysPerMonth  = 30
 	cidrPartCount = 2 // A CIDR has two parts: prefix and length
 )
 // timeSince returns a human-readable duration since the given time
 func timeSince(t time.Time) string {
 	duration := time.Since(t)
 	if duration < time.Minute {
 		return "just now"
 	}
 	if duration < time.Hour {
 		minutes := int(duration.Minutes())
 		if minutes == 1 {
 			return "1 minute ago"
 		}
 		return duration.Truncate(time.Minute).String() + " ago"
 	}
 	if duration < hoursPerDay*time.Hour {
 		hours := int(duration.Hours())
 		if hours == 1 {
 			return "1 hour ago"
 		}
 		return duration.Truncate(time.Hour).String() + " ago"
 	}
 	days := int(duration.Hours() / hoursPerDay)
 	if days == 1 {
 		return "1 day ago"
 	}
 	if days < daysPerMonth {
 		return duration.Truncate(hoursPerDay*time.Hour).String() + " ago"
 	}
 	return t.Format("2006-01-02")
 }
 // prefixURL generates a URL path for a prefix in CIDR notation.
 // Takes a prefix like "192.168.1.0/24" and returns "/prefix/192.168.1.0/24"
@@ -72,7 +113,7 @@ func initTemplates() {
 	// Create common template functions
 	funcs := template.FuncMap{
-		"timeSince":       humanize.Time,
+		"timeSince":       timeSince,
 		"urlEncode":       url.QueryEscape,
 		"prefixURL":       prefixURL,
 		"appName":         func() string { return version.Name },
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
 package templates_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"html/template"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/templates"
 )
 // renderPage renders a page with the data every page needs, and the visitor's
 // address, which the home page also needs.
 func renderPage(t *testing.T, tmpl *template.Template) string {
 	t.Helper()
 	var page bytes.Buffer
 	err := tmpl.Execute(&page, struct{ CSPNonce, ClientIP string }{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("rendering the page: %v", err)
 	}
 	return page.String()
 }
 // TestFooterLicense renders the home and status pages and expects each footer
 // to name the licence in LICENSE, MIT, and not WTFPL.
 func TestFooterLicense(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		license      = "MIT"
 		wrongLicense = "WTFPL"
 	)
 	pages := map[string]*template.Template{
 		"index":  templates.IndexTemplate(),
 		"status": templates.StatusTemplate(),
 	}
 	for name, tmpl := range pages {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			_, footer, found := strings.Cut(renderPage(t, tmpl), "<footer")
 			if !found {
 				t.Fatal("the page has no footer")
 			}
 			footer, _, _ = strings.Cut(footer, "</footer>")
 			if !strings.Contains(footer, license) {
 				t.Errorf("footer does not name %s: %q", license, footer)
 			}
 			if strings.Contains(footer, wrongLicense) {
 				t.Errorf("footer names %s: %q", wrongLicense, footer)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestFreshnessIndicator renders the home and status pages and expects each to
 // have, right after the status element, the element where the page's script
 // shows its spinner or "stale".
 func TestFreshnessIndicator(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	pages := map[string]struct {
 		tmpl      *template.Template
 		status    string
 		indicator string
 	}{
 		"index": {
 			tmpl:      templates.IndexTemplate(),
 			status:    `<span id="stat-status">-</span>`,
 			indicator: `<span id="freshness"></span>`,
 		},
 		"status": {
 			tmpl:      templates.StatusTemplate(),
 			status:    `<span class="metric-value" id="connected">-</span>`,
 			indicator: `<span class="metric-value" id="freshness"></span>`,
 		},
 	}
 	for name, page := range pages {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			_, afterStatus, found := strings.Cut(renderPage(t, page.tmpl), page.status)
 			if !found {
 				t.Fatalf("the page has no status element %s", page.status)
 			}
 			if !strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(afterStatus), page.indicator) {
 				t.Errorf("the status element is not followed by %s", page.indicator)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestASDetailPrefixListsFold renders the AS page with one IPv4 and one IPv6
 // prefix. It expects each prefix list inside its own <details> element that
 // starts open and whose <summary> holds the list's heading, so that a click on
 // the heading folds the list.
 func TestASDetailPrefixListsFold(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		asn      = 64500
 		prefixV4 = "192.0.2.0/24"
 		prefixV6 = "2001:db8::/32"
 	)
 	ipv4 := []database.LiveRoute{{Prefix: prefixV4}}
 	ipv6 := []database.LiveRoute{{Prefix: prefixV6}}
 	// The fields the AS page handler gives the template.
 	data := struct {
 		ASN          *database.ASN
 		IPv4Prefixes []database.LiveRoute
 		IPv6Prefixes []database.LiveRoute
 		TotalCount   int
 		IPv4Count    int
 		IPv6Count    int
 		Peers        []database.ASPeer
 		PeerCount    int
 		CSPNonce     string
 	}{
 		ASN:          &database.ASN{ASN: asn},
 		IPv4Prefixes: ipv4,
 		IPv6Prefixes: ipv6,
 		TotalCount:   len(ipv4) + len(ipv6),
 		IPv4Count:    len(ipv4),
 		IPv6Count:    len(ipv6),
 	}
 	var rendered bytes.Buffer
 	err := templates.ASDetailTemplate().Execute(&rendered, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("rendering the page: %v", err)
 	}
 	page := rendered.String()
 	lists := []struct{ heading, prefix string }{
 		{"IPv4 Prefixes", prefixV4},
 		{"IPv6 Prefixes", prefixV6},
 	}
 	for _, list := range lists {
 		before, _, found := strings.Cut(page, list.prefix)
 		if !found {
 			t.Fatalf("the page does not list %s", list.prefix)
 		}
 		// The list's section starts at the last <details before its prefix.
 		start := strings.LastIndex(before, "<details")
 		if start < 0 || strings.Contains(before[start:], "</details>") {
 			t.Errorf("%s: the list is not inside a <details> element", list.heading)
 			continue
 		}
 		tag, section, _ := strings.Cut(before[start:], ">")
 		if !strings.Contains(tag, " open") {
 			t.Errorf("%s: the <details> element does not start open: %s>",
 				list.heading, tag)
 		}
 		_, summary, _ := strings.Cut(section, "<summary")
 		summary, _, _ = strings.Cut(summary, "</summary>")
 		if !strings.Contains(summary, list.heading) {
 			t.Errorf("%s: the <summary> does not hold the heading", list.heading)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ const (
 	Author = "@sneak"
 	// AuthorURL is the author's website
 	AuthorURL = "https://sneak.berlin"
-	// License is the program license, as LICENSE grants it
+	// License is the program license
-	License = "MIT"
+	License = "WTFPL"
 	// RepoURL is the git repository URL
 	RepoURL = "https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch"
 )
@@ -7,15 +7,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 	"golang.org/x/text/encoding/charmap"
 )
 // Timeout constants for WHOIS queries.
@@ -31,18 +26,10 @@ const maxAnswerSize = 1 << 20
 // Parsing constants.
 const (
 	keyValueParts       = 2 // Expected parts when splitting "key: value"
 	lacnicDateFormatLen = 8 // Length of YYYYMMDD date format
 )
 // The classes of the two objects that describe an AS in an answer from
 // RIPE, APNIC or AFRINIC, and the key of the aut-num object's line that
 // gives the ID of the AS's organisation object.
 const (
 	autNumClass       = "aut-num"
 	organisationClass = "organisation"
 	orgKey            = "org"
 )
 // WHOIS server addresses.
 const (
 	whoisServerIANA    = "whois.iana.org:43"
@@ -51,32 +38,8 @@ const (
 	whoisServerAPNIC   = "whois.apnic.net:43"
 	whoisServerLACNIC  = "whois.lacnic.net:43"
 	whoisServerAFRINIC = "whois.afrinic.net:43"
 	// NIC.br registers Brazil's ASes under LACNIC.
 	whoisServerNICbr = "whois.registro.br:43"
 )
 // nicbrHeader starts the copyright notice at the top of NIC.br's WHOIS
 // answers. LACNIC's answer for an AS that NIC.br registers is NIC.br's, and
 // carries the same notice:
 //
 //	% Copyright (c) Nic.br - Use of this data is governed by the Use and
 //	% Privacy Policy at https://registro.br/upp . Distribution,
 const nicbrHeader = "% Copyright (c) Nic.br"
 // nicbrLimitReached is in the line that marks NIC.br's reduced answer to a
 // client over its query limit. NIC.br publishes no limit. Its Use and
 // Privacy Policy, https://registro.br/upp, says only that it restricts
 // queries to stop the data being taken in bulk.
 const nicbrLimitReached = "Query rate limit exceeded"
 // NICbrSkipTime is how long the client stops asking NIC.br after NIC.br
 // answers that the client is over its query limit. NIC.br publishes
 // neither the limit nor how long it lasts. An hour outlasts a limit
 // counted per minute or per hour. The ASes looked up meanwhile get
 // NIC.br's fields when they are next refreshed.
 const NICbrSkipTime = time.Hour
 // RIR identifiers.
 const (
 	RIRARIN   = "ARIN"
@@ -86,31 +49,6 @@ const (
 	RIRAFRNIC = "AFRINIC"
 )
 // noPersonalFlag keeps person and role objects out of an answer. The
 // organisation object stays in it. RIPE counts the person and role objects
 // it returns against a daily limit per IP address. Role objects for abuse
 // contacts do not count. RIPE refuses an address for good that passes the
 // limit too often:
 // https://docs.db.ripe.net/Types-of-Queries/Access-Control-for-Queries/
 //
 // RIPE documents the flag here:
 // https://docs.db.ripe.net/Types-of-Queries/Referenced-Objects-in-Query-Response/
 // APNIC and AFRINIC list it in their answers to the query "help". AFRINIC
 // sends readers to that answer for its full list of flags:
 // https://afrinic.net/whois-getting-started
 const noPersonalFlag = "--no-personal"
 // The error lines with which RIPE's database software refuses a query:
 // access denied to the client's IP address, and that address's limit
 // reached. APNIC and AFRINIC run the same software. The lines are listed
 // under "Access Errors" on this page, whose URL is split over two lines:
 // https://docs.db.ripe.net/Appendices/
 // Appendix-C--RIPE-Database-Query-Server-Response-Codes-and-Messages/
 const (
 	accessDeniedError = "%ERROR:201:"
 	accessLimitError  = "%ERROR:202:"
 )
 // Errors LookupASN returns when a WHOIS answer has nothing to store.
 var (
 	// ErrNoReferral is returned when IANA refers the AS to no RIR, as it
@@ -120,7 +58,6 @@ var (
 	errNoASBlock = errors.New("IANA answered with neither a referral " +
 		"nor an AS block")
 	errNoFields       = errors.New("RIR answered with no WHOIS fields")
 	errRefused        = errors.New("RIR refused the query")
 	errUnknownServer  = errors.New("IANA refers the AS to a server no RIR runs")
 	errAnswerTooLarge = errors.New("WHOIS answer reached the size cap")
 )
@@ -149,42 +86,21 @@ type Client struct {
 	// host:port. NewClient sets a net.Dialer's; tests replace it to reach
 	// local servers instead.
 	DialContext func(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (net.Conn, error)
 	// Now returns the current time. NewClient sets time.Now; tests replace
 	// it to move the clock.
 	Now func() time.Time
 	logger *slog.Logger
 	// mu guards nicbrSkipUntil.
 	mu sync.Mutex
 	// nicbrSkipUntil is when the client next asks NIC.br, after NIC.br
 	// answered that the client is over its query limit.
 	nicbrSkipUntil time.Time
 }
-// NewClient creates a new WHOIS client that logs to logger.
+// NewClient creates a new WHOIS client.
-func NewClient(logger *slog.Logger) *Client {
+func NewClient() *Client {
 	dialer := &net.Dialer{Timeout: dialTimeout}
-	return &Client{
+	return &Client{DialContext: dialer.DialContext}
 		DialContext: dialer.DialContext,
 		Now:         time.Now,
 		logger:      logger,
 	}
 }
 // LookupASN asks IANA which RIR holds the given ASN, asks that RIR, and
-// returns what the RIR's answer says. When LACNIC's answer is NIC.br's, it
+// returns what the RIR's answer says. It returns ErrNoReferral when IANA
-// returns what NIC.br's own server says instead, unless that query fails or
+// refers the AS to no RIR, and another error when a query fails, when IANA's
-// is skipped, as askNICbr says.
+// answer has neither a referral nor the AS's block, when IANA refers the AS
-//
+// to a server none of the five RIRs run, or when the RIR's answer carries
-// It returns ErrNoReferral when IANA refers the AS to no RIR, and another
+// none of ASNInfo's fields, as a refusal of service does.
 // error when the query to IANA or to the RIR fails, when the RIR refuses
 // it, when IANA's answer has neither a referral nor the AS's block, when
 // IANA refers the AS to a server none of the five RIRs run, or when the
 // answer carries none of ASNInfo's fields.
 func (c *Client) LookupASN(ctx context.Context, asn int) (*ASNInfo, error) {
 	// Query IANA first to find the authoritative RIR
 	query := fmt.Sprintf("AS%d", asn)
@@ -211,82 +127,23 @@ func (c *Client) LookupASN(ctx context.Context, asn int) (*ASNInfo, error) {
 	}
 	// Query the authoritative RIR
-	rirResp, err := c.queryRIR(ctx, whoisServer, rirQuery(rir, query))
+	rirResp, err := c.query(ctx, whoisServer, query)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("RIR query failed: %w", err)
 	}
-	// The fields never come from IANA's answer, which describes the block
+	// The fields come from the RIR's answer alone: IANA's describes the
-	// the AS is in.
+	// block the AS is in.
 	info := c.parseResponse(asn, rir, rirResp)
 	if rir == RIRLACNIC && strings.Contains(rirResp, nicbrHeader) {
 		info = c.askNICbr(ctx, query, info)
 	}
 	if info.isEmpty() {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s from %s: %w", query, whoisServer, errNoFields)
 	}
-	info.RawResponse = ianaResp + "\n" + info.RawResponse
+	info.RawResponse = ianaResp + "\n" + rirResp
 	return info, nil
 }
 // askNICbr asks NIC.br's server about an AS whose answer from LACNIC is
 // NIC.br's, and returns what NIC.br's answer says. LACNIC replaces each
 // accented letter in such an answer with U+FFFD. NIC.br's own server keeps
 // them, in Latin-1.
 //
 // askNICbr returns lacnicInfo, what LACNIC's answer says, and logs a
 // warning when the query fails, when NIC.br sends the reduced answer for a
 // client over its limit, or when NIC.br's answer carries none of ASNInfo's
 // fields. After the reduced answer, it returns lacnicInfo without asking
 // NIC.br until NICbrSkipTime has passed.
 func (c *Client) askNICbr(
 	ctx context.Context, asQuery string, lacnicInfo *ASNInfo,
 ) *ASNInfo {
 	asn := lacnicInfo.ASN
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	skipping := c.Now().Before(c.nicbrSkipUntil)
 	c.mu.Unlock()
 	if skipping {
 		return lacnicInfo
 	}
 	answer, err := c.query(ctx, whoisServerNICbr, asQuery)
 	if err != nil {
 		c.logger.Warn("NIC.br query failed, keeping LACNIC's fields",
 			"asn", asn, "error", err)
 		return lacnicInfo
 	}
 	if strings.Contains(answer, nicbrLimitReached) {
 		c.mu.Lock()
 		c.nicbrSkipUntil = c.Now().Add(NICbrSkipTime)
 		c.mu.Unlock()
 		c.logger.Warn("NIC.br answered that the client is over its query "+
 			"limit, keeping LACNIC's fields and skipping NIC.br",
 			"asn", asn, "skip_for", NICbrSkipTime)
 		return lacnicInfo
 	}
 	info := c.parseResponse(asn, RIRLACNIC, answer)
 	if info.isEmpty() {
 		c.logger.Warn("NIC.br answered with no WHOIS fields, "+
 			"keeping LACNIC's fields", "asn", asn)
 		return lacnicInfo
 	}
 	return info
 }
 // isEmpty reports whether info holds none of the fields a WHOIS answer
 // fills, as when the answer is only comment and error lines.
 func (info *ASNInfo) isEmpty() bool {
@@ -297,41 +154,8 @@ func (info *ASNInfo) isEmpty() bool {
 		info.RegDate == nil && info.LastMod == nil
 }
-// rirQuery returns the query sent to rir's server for asQuery, an AS
+// query performs a raw WHOIS query to the specified server. An answer that
-// number such as "AS3333". RIPE, APNIC and AFRINIC are asked to keep person
+// reaches maxAnswerSize is an error.
 // and role objects out of the answer.
 func rirQuery(rir, asQuery string) string {
 	switch rir {
 	case RIRRIPE, RIRAPNIC, RIRAFRNIC:
 		return noPersonalFlag + " " + asQuery
 	default:
 		return asQuery
 	}
 }
 // queryRIR sends query to an RIR's server and returns the answer. An answer
 // holding an error line with which the server refuses the query is an
 // error, and the error holds that line.
 func (c *Client) queryRIR(
 	ctx context.Context, server, query string,
 ) (string, error) {
 	answer, err := c.query(ctx, server, query)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(answer, "\n") {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(line, accessDeniedError) ||
 			strings.HasPrefix(line, accessLimitError) {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errRefused, line)
 		}
 	}
 	return answer, nil
 }
 // query performs a raw WHOIS query to the specified server and returns the
 // answer in UTF-8. An answer that reaches maxAnswerSize is an error.
 func (c *Client) query(ctx context.Context, server, query string) (string, error) {
 	conn, err := c.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", server)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -378,25 +202,7 @@ func (c *Client) query(ctx context.Context, server, query string) (string, error
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("read response: %w", errAnswerTooLarge)
 	}
-	return toUTF8(sb.String())
+	return sb.String(), nil
 }
 // toUTF8 returns a WHOIS answer in UTF-8. An answer that is valid UTF-8 is
 // returned as it is. Any other answer is decoded as Latin-1, which RIPE,
 // APNIC and NIC.br send. LACNIC, ARIN and AFRINIC send UTF-8. RIPE's
 // database working group lists the five RIRs here:
 // https://www.ripe.net/ripe/mail/archives/db-wg/2024-May/008075.html
 func toUTF8(answer string) (string, error) {
 	if utf8.ValidString(answer) {
 		return answer, nil
 	}
 	decoded, err := charmap.ISO8859_1.NewDecoder().String(answer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode Latin-1 answer: %w", err)
 	}
 	return decoded, nil
 }
 // parseIANAReferral extracts the RIR and WHOIS server from an IANA response.
@@ -432,9 +238,7 @@ func (c *Client) parseIANAReferral(response string) (string, string, error) {
 	return "", "", nil
 }
-// parseResponse extracts ASN information from a WHOIS response. Of an
+// parseResponse extracts ASN information from a WHOIS response.
 // answer from RIPE, APNIC or AFRINIC it reads only the lines asObjectLines
 // returns. Of an answer from ARIN or LACNIC it reads every line.
 func (c *Client) parseResponse(asn int, rir, response string) *ASNInfo {
 	info := &ASNInfo{
 		ASN:         asn,
@@ -443,15 +247,26 @@ func (c *Client) parseResponse(asn int, rir, response string) *ASNInfo {
 	}
 	lines := strings.Split(response, "\n")
 	if rir == RIRRIPE || rir == RIRAPNIC || rir == RIRAFRNIC {
 		lines = asObjectLines(lines)
 	}
 	var addressLines []string
 	for _, line := range lines {
-		key, value, ok := splitField(line)
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
-		if !ok || value == "" {
+		if line == "" || strings.HasPrefix(line, "%") ||
 			strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
 			continue
 		}
 		// Split on first colon
 		parts := strings.SplitN(line, ":", keyValueParts)
 		if len(parts) != keyValueParts {
 			continue
 		}
 		key := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(parts[0]))
 		value := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
 		if value == "" {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -478,72 +293,6 @@ func (c *Client) parseResponse(asn int, rir, response string) *ASNInfo {
 	return info
 }
 // splitField splits a "key: value" line of a WHOIS answer into its key, in
 // lower case, and its value. The third result is false for a line that
 // holds no field: a blank line, a comment line or a line without a colon.
 func splitField(line string) (string, string, bool) {
 	line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
 	if strings.HasPrefix(line, "%") || strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
 		return "", "", false
 	}
 	key, value, ok := strings.Cut(line, ":")
 	return strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(key)), strings.TrimSpace(value), ok
 }
 // asObjectLines returns the lines of the aut-num object in an answer from
 // RIPE, APNIC or AFRINIC, followed by the lines of the organisation object
 // whose ID the aut-num object gives on its "org:" line. The answer's other
 // objects are left out. RIPE and APNIC start their answer with the
 // as-block object of the block the AS is in, whose dates are not the AS's.
 //
 // These answers are in RPSL. A blank line ends an object. An object's first
 // line has the object's class as its key and the object's ID as its value,
 // as in "organisation: ORG-APNI1-AP".
 func asObjectLines(lines []string) []string {
 	var autNum []string
 	// The lines of each organisation object, by its ID.
 	organisations := make(map[string][]string)
 	// The class and ID of the object the line is in, "" between objects.
 	var class, id string
 	// The ID of the organisation object the aut-num object refers to.
 	var orgID string
 	for _, line := range lines {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(line) == "" {
 			class = ""
 			continue
 		}
 		key, value, ok := splitField(line)
 		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}
 		if class == "" {
 			class, id = key, value
 		}
 		switch class {
 		case autNumClass:
 			autNum = append(autNum, line)
 			if key == orgKey {
 				orgID = value
 			}
 		case organisationClass:
 			organisations[id] = append(organisations[id], line)
 		}
 	}
 	return append(autNum, organisations[orgID]...)
 }
 // setResponseField stores the value of one "key: value" line of a WHOIS
 // response in info, keeping the first value seen for each field.
 func (c *Client) setResponseField(info *ASNInfo, key, value string) {
@@ -2,21 +2,15 @@ package whois_test
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"maps"
 	"net"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/whois"
 )
@@ -27,20 +21,8 @@ const (
 	ripeServer = "whois.ripe.net:43"
 )
-// testASN is the AS the tests look up, and asQuery the query for it.
+// testASN is the AS the tests look up.
-const (
+const testASN = 3333
 	testASN = 3333
 	asQuery = "AS3333"
 )
 // The fake servers' answers are keyed by a server's address, a space and a
 // query. These are the keys of the queries LookupASN sends for testASN:
 // IANA's, then RIPE's, which asks RIPE to leave out person and role
 // objects.
 const (
 	ianaQuery = ianaServer + " " + asQuery
 	ripeQuery = ripeServer + " --no-personal " + asQuery
 )
 // ianaReferral is IANA's answer for an AS in a block it gave to RIPE.
 const ianaReferral = `% IANA WHOIS server
@@ -54,163 +36,27 @@ changed:      2002-09-01
 source:       IANA
 `
-// lacnicReferral is IANA's answer for an AS in a block it gave to LACNIC,
+// ripeRecord is RIPE's answer for the AS.
 // shortened to the referral.
 const lacnicReferral = "refer:        whois.lacnic.net\n"
 // ripeRecord is RIPE's answer for the AS when asked to leave out person and
 // role objects. It starts with the as-block object of the block the AS is
 // in. Then come the abuse address as a comment, the AS's object and the
 // organisation object it refers to.
 const ripeRecord = `% This is the RIPE Database query service.
 % The objects are in RPSL format.
 % Note: --no-personal means ALL personal data has been filtered from this output.
 % Information related to 'AS3209 - AS3353'
 as-block:       AS3209 - AS3353
 descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
 remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators
 remarks:        in the RIPE NCC service region.
 mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
 created:        2018-11-22T15:27:19Z
 last-modified:  2018-11-22T15:27:19Z
 source:         RIPE
 % Information related to 'AS3333'
 % Abuse contact for 'AS3333' is 'abuse@ripe.net'
 aut-num:        AS3333
 as-name:        RIPE-NCC-AS
 org:            ORG-RIEN1-RIPE
 admin-c:        BRD-RIPE
 tech-c:         OPS4-RIPE
 abuse-c:        OPS4-RIPE
 mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-MNT
 created:        2002-09-17T13:08:32Z
 last-modified:  2024-01-09T08:55:41Z
 source:         RIPE
 organisation:   ORG-RIEN1-RIPE
 org-name:       Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)
 country:        NL
 org-type:       RIR
 address:        P.O. Box 10096
 address:        1001EB Amsterdam
 abuse-c:        OPS4-RIPE
 created:        2012-03-09T13:08:29Z
 last-modified:  2024-03-26T10:55:38Z
 source:         RIPE
 `
 // The error lines with which RIPE refuses a query: access denied to the
 // host, and the host's limit on returned objects reached.
 const (
 	ripeAccessDenied = "%ERROR:201: access denied for 192.0.2.1"
 	ripeLimitReached = "%ERROR:202: access control limit reached"
 )
 // ripeRefusal is RIPE's answer to a host it no longer serves.
 const ripeRefusal = `% This is the RIPE Database query service.
 % The objects are in RPSL format.
 %
-` + ripeAccessDenied + `
+%ERROR:201: access denied for 192.0.2.1
 %
 % Sorry, access from your host has been permanently
 % denied because of a repeated excessive querying.
 `
 // apnicAfrinicRecord is the answer of APNIC or AFRINIC for the AS when asked
 // to leave out person and role objects. Like RIPE's, it holds the abuse
 // address as a comment, the AS's object and the organisation object.
 const apnicAfrinicRecord = `% Abuse contact for 'AS3333' is 'abuse@example.net'
 aut-num:        AS3333
 as-name:        EXAMPLE-AS
 org:            ORG-EXAMPLE1
 admin-c:        EX1-TEST
 last-modified:  2026-08-26T00:40:00Z
 organisation:   ORG-EXAMPLE1
 org-name:       Example Networks
 country:        ZA
 address:        1 Example Road
 `
 // apnicServer is APNIC's WHOIS server, and apnicASN an AS that APNIC holds.
 const (
 	apnicServer = "whois.apnic.net:43"
 	apnicASN    = 4608
 )
 // The keys of the queries LookupASN sends for apnicASN: IANA's, then
 // APNIC's, which asks APNIC to leave out person and role objects.
 const (
 	apnicIANAQuery = ianaServer + " AS4608"
 	apnicQuery     = apnicServer + " --no-personal AS4608"
 )
 // apnicRecord is APNIC's answer for apnicASN when asked to leave out person
 // and role objects, shortened. It starts with the as-block object of the
 // block the AS is in. Then come the abuse address as a comment, the AS's
 // object, and the irt and organisation objects it refers to.
 const apnicRecord = `% [whois.apnic.net]
 % Whois data copyright terms    http://www.apnic.net/db/dbcopyright.html
 % Note: --no-personal means ALL personal data has been filtered from this output.
 % Information related to 'AS4608 - AS4865'
 as-block:       AS4608 - AS4865
 descr:          APNIC ASN block
 remarks:        These AS numbers are further assigned by APNIC
 remarks:        to APNIC members and end-users in the APNIC region
 mnt-by:         APNIC-HM
 mnt-lower:      APNIC-HM
 last-modified:  2019-05-20T03:52:26Z
 source:         APNIC
 % Information related to 'AS4608'
 % Abuse contact for 'AS4608' is 'abuse@apnic.net'
 aut-num:        AS4608
 as-name:        APNIC-SERVICES
 descr:          Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
 country:        AU
 org:            ORG-APNI1-AP
 admin-c:        AIC1-AP
 abuse-c:        AA1589-AP
 mnt-by:         APNIC-HM
 mnt-irt:        IRT-APNIC-IS-AP
 last-modified:  2026-08-26T00:40:00Z
 source:         APNIC
 irt:            IRT-APNIC-IS-AP
 address:        South Brisbane, Australia
 e-mail:         helpdesk@apnic.net
 abuse-mailbox:  abuse@apnic.net
 mnt-by:         MAINT-APNIC-IS-AP
 last-modified:  2025-11-18T00:27:08Z
 source:         APNIC
 organisation:   ORG-APNI1-AP
 org-name:       Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
 org-type:       LIR
 country:        AU
 address:        PO Box 3646
 address:        South Brisbane, QLD 4101,
 address:        Australia
 e-mail:         noc@apnic.net
 mnt-by:         APNIC-HM
 last-modified:  2026-08-24T12:58:43Z
 source:         APNIC
 % This query was served by the APNIC Whois Service version 1.88.48 (WHOIS-UK2)
 `
 // ianaPrivateUse is IANA's answer for a private-use AS: its block and no
 // referral.
 const ianaPrivateUse = `% IANA WHOIS server
@@ -234,29 +80,20 @@ const fillerLine = "remarks:        and more\n"
 const endlessAnswerSize = 4 << 20
 // fakeServers returns a DialContext for a whois.Client that connects to a
-// fake server at each address answers names. Each key of answers is a
+// fake server for each address in answers, which reads the query and sends
-// server's address, a space and a query, and its value is that server's
+// answers[address]. Connecting to any other address is refused.
 // answer to that query. A server reads one query and sends its answer, or
 // nothing for a query it has no answer for. Connecting to any other address
 // is refused.
 func fakeServers(
 	t *testing.T, answers map[string]string,
 ) func(context.Context, string, string) (net.Conn, error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	addresses := make(map[string]bool)
 	for key := range answers {
 		address, _, _ := strings.Cut(key, " ")
 		addresses[address] = true
 	}
 	var servers sync.WaitGroup
 	t.Cleanup(servers.Wait)
 	return func(_ context.Context, _, address string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		if !addresses[address] {
+		answer, ok := answers[address]
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, syscall.ECONNREFUSED
 		}
@@ -265,8 +102,7 @@ func fakeServers(
 		servers.Go(func() {
 			defer func() { _ = server.Close() }()
-			query, _ := bufio.NewReader(server).ReadString('\n')
+			_, _ = bufio.NewReader(server).ReadString('\n')
 			answer := answers[address+" "+strings.TrimSpace(query)]
 			_, _ = io.WriteString(server, answer)
 		})
@@ -280,48 +116,31 @@ func lookUp(
 ) (*whois.ASNInfo, error) {
 	t.Helper()
-	client := whois.NewClient(slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler))
+	client := whois.NewClient()
 	client.DialContext = fakeServers(t, answers)
 	return client.LookupASN(t.Context(), testASN)
 }
-// TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE. RIPE
+// TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE. The
-// answers only a query that leaves out person and role objects, and its
+// fields come from RIPE's answer, the last-modified date included: IANA's
-// answer to that still fills the AS's fields: the abuse address from the
+// "changed:" line dates its block, not the AS.
 // comment line, and the organisation's name and country from its object.
 // The dates are the AS's. IANA's "changed:" line dates the AS's block, and
 // so do the dates of the as-block object at the start of RIPE's answer.
 func TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	info, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-		ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
+		ianaServer: ianaReferral,
-		ripeQuery: ripeRecord,
+		ripeServer: ripeRecord,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 	}
-	got := []string{
+	if info.ASName != "RIPE-NCC-AS" || info.OrgID != "ORG-RIEN1-RIPE" ||
-		info.ASName, info.OrgID, info.OrgName, info.CountryCode,
+		info.RIR != whois.RIRRIPE {
-		info.AbuseEmail, info.RIR,
+		t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name %q, org %q, RIR %q; "+
-	}
+			"want RIPE-NCC-AS, ORG-RIEN1-RIPE, RIPE",
-	want := []string{
+			info.ASName, info.OrgID, info.RIR)
 		"RIPE-NCC-AS", "ORG-RIEN1-RIPE",
 		"Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)", "NL",
 		"abuse@ripe.net", whois.RIRRIPE,
 	}
 	if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name, org ID, org name, country, abuse "+
 			"address, RIR %q; want %q", got, want)
 	}
 	wantRegDate := time.Date(2002, 9, 17, 13, 8, 32, 0, time.UTC)
 	if info.RegDate == nil || !info.RegDate.Equal(wantRegDate) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN registered = %v, want %v",
 			info.RegDate, wantRegDate)
 	}
 	wantLastMod := time.Date(2024, 1, 9, 8, 55, 41, 0, time.UTC)
@@ -331,460 +150,6 @@ func TestLookupASNReadsTheRIRAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNReadsOnlyTheASAndItsOrganisation looks up an AS at APNIC,
 // whose answer starts with the as-block object of the block the AS is in.
 // The last-modified date is the aut-num object's, not the block's. The
 // address is the organisation object's alone, without the irt object's.
 func TestLookupASNReadsOnlyTheASAndItsOrganisation(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	client := whois.NewClient(slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler))
 	client.DialContext = fakeServers(t, map[string]string{
 		apnicIANAQuery: "refer:        whois.apnic.net\n",
 		apnicQuery:     apnicRecord,
 	})
 	info, err := client.LookupASN(t.Context(), apnicASN)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 	}
 	wantLastMod := time.Date(2026, 8, 26, 0, 40, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	if info.LastMod == nil || !info.LastMod.Equal(wantLastMod) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN last modified = %v, want %v",
 			info.LastMod, wantLastMod)
 	}
 	got := []string{
 		info.ASName, info.OrgID, info.OrgName, info.CountryCode,
 		info.Address, info.AbuseEmail,
 	}
 	want := []string{
 		"APNIC-SERVICES", "ORG-APNI1-AP",
 		"Asia Pacific Network Information Centre", "AU",
 		"PO Box 3646\nSouth Brisbane, QLD 4101,\nAustralia", "abuse@apnic.net",
 	}
 	if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name, org ID, org name, country, address, "+
 			"abuse address %q; want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNAsksAPNICAndAFRINICToLeaveOutPersonalData looks up an AS at
 // APNIC and at AFRINIC. Each answers only a query that leaves out person
 // and role objects, as RIPE does. That one answer still holds the
 // organisation object, so the organisation's name and country are filled.
 func TestLookupASNAsksAPNICAndAFRINICToLeaveOutPersonalData(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for _, server := range []string{"whois.apnic.net", "whois.afrinic.net"} {
 		t.Run(server, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			address := server + ":43"
 			info, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
 				ianaQuery:                             "refer:        " + server + "\n",
 				address + " --no-personal " + asQuery: apnicAfrinicRecord,
 			})
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 			}
 			got := []string{
 				info.ASName, info.OrgName, info.CountryCode, info.AbuseEmail,
 			}
 			want := []string{
 				"EXAMPLE-AS", "Example Networks", "ZA", "abuse@example.net",
 			}
 			if !slices.Equal(got, want) {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN = AS name, org name, country, abuse "+
 					"address %q; want %q", got, want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // The name of an organisation with accented letters, in Latin-1, one byte for
 // each letter, and in UTF-8.
 const (
 	latin1OrgName = "Fundaci\xf3n Ra\xedces de Espa\xf1a"
 	utf8OrgName   = "Fundación Raíces de España"
 )
 // TestLookupASNStoresAnswersInUTF8 looks up an AS at RIPE, which answers in
 // Latin-1, and at LACNIC, which answers in UTF-8. Both answers give the
 // organisation's name with its accented letters in UTF-8, in the parsed field
 // and in the stored answer. Before the fix the Latin-1 answer was kept as
 // received, which is not valid UTF-8.
 func TestLookupASNStoresAnswersInUTF8(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for name, answers := range map[string]map[string]string{
 		"RIPE in Latin-1": {
 			ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
 			ripeQuery: "aut-num:        AS3333\n" +
 				"org-name:       " + latin1OrgName + "\n",
 		},
 		"LACNIC in UTF-8": {
 			ianaQuery: lacnicReferral,
 			"whois.lacnic.net:43 " + asQuery: "aut-num:     AS3333\n" +
 				"owner:       " + utf8OrgName + "\n",
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			info, err := lookUp(t, answers)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 			}
 			if info.OrgName != utf8OrgName {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN org name = %q, want %q",
 					info.OrgName, utf8OrgName)
 			}
 			if !utf8.ValidString(info.RawResponse) ||
 				!strings.Contains(info.RawResponse, utf8OrgName) {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN answer = %q, want UTF-8 holding %q",
 					info.RawResponse, utf8OrgName)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // lacnicServer is LACNIC's WHOIS server and nicbrServer NIC.br's, which
 // registers Brazil's ASes under LACNIC. brazilASN is one of those ASes.
 const (
 	lacnicServer = "whois.lacnic.net:43"
 	nicbrServer  = "whois.registro.br:43"
 	brazilASN    = 52751
 )
 // The keys of the queries LookupASN sends for brazilASN: IANA's, LACNIC's,
 // then NIC.br's.
 const (
 	brazilIANAQuery   = ianaServer + " AS52751"
 	brazilLACNICQuery = lacnicServer + " AS52751"
 	brazilNICbrQuery  = nicbrServer + " AS52751"
 )
 // The name of brazilASN's organisation in three forms: as LACNIC sends it,
 // with each accented letter replaced by U+FFFD; as NIC.br sends it, in
 // Latin-1; and in UTF-8.
 const (
 	lacnicBrazilOrgName = "Brasrede Telecomunica\U0000FFFD\U0000FFFDes LTDA"
 	nicbrBrazilOrgName  = "Brasrede Telecomunica\xe7\xf5es LTDA"
 	brazilOrgName       = "Brasrede Telecomunicações LTDA"
 )
 // nicbrCopyright is the copyright notice at the top of NIC.br's answers.
 const nicbrCopyright = "% Copyright (c) Nic.br - " +
 	"Use of this data is governed by the Use and\n" +
 	"% Privacy Policy at https://registro.br/upp . Distribution,\n" +
 	"% commercialization, reproduction, and use for advertising or similar\n" +
 	"% purposes are expressly prohibited.\n"
 // lacnicBrazilRecord is LACNIC's answer for brazilASN, recorded on
 // 2026-10-26. It is NIC.br's answer, which LACNIC passes on after a line
 // of its own and a space. It is shortened. The client's address is a
 // documentation address. The contact's name, the contact's object and the
 // footer are left out.
 const lacnicBrazilRecord = "% IP Client: 192.0.2.1\n" +
 	" " + nicbrCopyright + `% 2026-10-26T23:12:22-03:00 - 192.0.2.1
 aut-num:     AS52751
 owner:       ` + lacnicBrazilOrgName + `
 owner-c:     AVL217
 routing-c:   AVL217
 abuse-c:     AVL217
 created:     20120829
 changed:     20130306
 inetnum:     177.38.152.0/21
 inetnum:     2804:b34::/32
 inetnum:     191.243.4.0/22
 inetnum:     131.72.248.0/22
 inetnum:     138.94.228.0/22
 inetnum:     170.233.8.0/22
 inetnum:     170.246.4.0/22
 `
 // nicbrRecord is NIC.br's answer for brazilASN, in Latin-1, recorded on
 // 2026-10-26 and shortened as lacnicBrazilRecord is.
 const nicbrRecord = nicbrCopyright + `% 2026-10-26T23:14:41-03:00 - 192.0.2.1
 aut-num:     AS52751
 owner:       ` + nicbrBrazilOrgName + `
 owner-c:     AVL217
 routing-c:   AVL217
 abuse-c:     AVL217
 created:     20120829
 changed:     20130306
 inetnum:     177.38.152.0/21
 inetnum:     2804:b34::/32
 inetnum:     191.243.4.0/22
 inetnum:     131.72.248.0/22
 inetnum:     138.94.228.0/22
 inetnum:     170.233.8.0/22
 inetnum:     170.246.4.0/22
 `
 // nicbrOverLimit stands for NIC.br's answer for brazilASN to a client over
 // its query limit, and is not recorded. Such an answer leaves information
 // out, here the owner, and says so in its first line.
 const nicbrOverLimit = `% Query rate limit exceeded. Reduced information.
 aut-num:     AS52751
 created:     20120829
 changed:     20130306
 `
 // newNICbrClient returns a client whose fake servers send answers and
 // whose logger writes JSON lines to logs. It adds one to *nicbrAsks each
 // time it connects to NIC.br's server.
 func newNICbrClient(
 	t *testing.T, answers map[string]string, logs io.Writer, nicbrAsks *int,
 ) *whois.Client {
 	t.Helper()
 	dial := fakeServers(t, answers)
 	client := whois.NewClient(slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(logs, nil)))
 	client.DialContext = func(
 		ctx context.Context, network, address string,
 	) (net.Conn, error) {
 		if address == nicbrServer {
 			*nicbrAsks++
 		}
 		return dial(ctx, network, address)
 	}
 	return client
 }
 // lookUpBrazilianAS looks brazilASN up with fake servers sending answers,
 // and reports whether the client connected to NIC.br's server.
 func lookUpBrazilianAS(
 	t *testing.T, answers map[string]string,
 ) (*whois.ASNInfo, bool, error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	nicbrAsks := 0
 	client := newNICbrClient(t, answers, io.Discard, &nicbrAsks)
 	info, err := client.LookupASN(t.Context(), brazilASN)
 	return info, nicbrAsks > 0, err
 }
 // TestLookupASNTakesABrazilianASFromNICbr looks up an AS that NIC.br
 // registers. LACNIC's answer is NIC.br's with each accented letter replaced
 // by U+FFFD, so the client also asks NIC.br's server, which answers in
 // Latin-1. The organisation's name has its accented letters, in the parsed
 // field and in the stored answer.
 func TestLookupASNTakesABrazilianASFromNICbr(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	info, _, err := lookUpBrazilianAS(t, map[string]string{
 		brazilIANAQuery:   lacnicReferral,
 		brazilLACNICQuery: lacnicBrazilRecord,
 		brazilNICbrQuery:  nicbrRecord,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 	}
 	if info.OrgName != brazilOrgName || info.RIR != whois.RIRLACNIC {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN org name, RIR = %q, %q; want %q, %q",
 			info.OrgName, info.RIR, brazilOrgName, whois.RIRLACNIC)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(info.RawResponse, brazilOrgName) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN answer = %q, want one holding %q",
 			info.RawResponse, brazilOrgName)
 	}
 	wantRegDate := time.Date(2012, 8, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	if info.RegDate == nil || !info.RegDate.Equal(wantRegDate) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN registered = %v, want %v",
 			info.RegDate, wantRegDate)
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNAsksNICbrOnlyForItsASes looks up an AS at LACNIC whose
 // answer does not carry NIC.br's copyright notice, as for an AS that LACNIC
 // registers itself. The client does not connect to NIC.br's server, which
 // would answer with a record, and keeps LACNIC's fields.
 func TestLookupASNAsksNICbrOnlyForItsASes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	info, askedNICbr, err := lookUpBrazilianAS(t, map[string]string{
 		brazilIANAQuery: lacnicReferral,
 		brazilLACNICQuery: "aut-num:     AS52751\n" +
 			"owner:       " + utf8OrgName + "\n",
 		brazilNICbrQuery: nicbrRecord,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 	}
 	if askedNICbr {
 		t.Error("LookupASN asked NIC.br's server about an AS whose " +
 			"answer from LACNIC is not NIC.br's")
 	}
 	if info.OrgName != utf8OrgName {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN org name = %q, want LACNIC's %q",
 			info.OrgName, utf8OrgName)
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNKeepsLACNICsAnswerWhenNICbrFails looks up an AS that NIC.br
 // registers when NIC.br's server refuses the connection, sends nothing, or
 // sends the reduced answer for a client over its query limit. The client
 // asks NIC.br, and the lookup still succeeds with LACNIC's fields. The
 // client logs one warning, which names the AS and the reason.
 func TestLookupASNKeepsLACNICsAnswerWhenNICbrFails(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for name, test := range map[string]struct {
 		nicbrAnswer map[string]string
 		reason      string
 	}{
 		"connection refused": {
 			nicbrAnswer: map[string]string{},
 			reason:      syscall.ECONNREFUSED.Error(),
 		},
 		"no answer": {
 			nicbrAnswer: map[string]string{brazilNICbrQuery: ""},
 			reason:      "no WHOIS fields",
 		},
 		"over the query limit": {
 			nicbrAnswer: map[string]string{brazilNICbrQuery: nicbrOverLimit},
 			reason:      "over its query limit",
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			answers := map[string]string{
 				brazilIANAQuery:   lacnicReferral,
 				brazilLACNICQuery: lacnicBrazilRecord,
 			}
 			maps.Copy(answers, test.nicbrAnswer)
 			var logs bytes.Buffer
 			nicbrAsks := 0
 			client := newNICbrClient(t, answers, &logs, &nicbrAsks)
 			info, err := client.LookupASN(t.Context(), brazilASN)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("LookupASN: %v", err)
 			}
 			if nicbrAsks == 0 {
 				t.Error("LookupASN did not ask NIC.br's server")
 			}
 			if info.OrgName != lacnicBrazilOrgName {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN org name = %q, want LACNIC's %q",
 					info.OrgName, lacnicBrazilOrgName)
 			}
 			var logged struct {
 				Level string `json:"level"`
 				ASN   int    `json:"asn"`
 			}
 			err = json.Unmarshal(logs.Bytes(), &logged)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("want one log line, got %q: %v", logs.String(), err)
 			}
 			if logged.Level != slog.LevelWarn.String() ||
 				logged.ASN != brazilASN ||
 				!strings.Contains(logs.String(), test.reason) {
 				t.Errorf("logged %q, want a warning for AS%d holding %q",
 					logs.String(), brazilASN, test.reason)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNSkipsNICbrAfterItsLimit looks up an AS that NIC.br
 // registers three times with one client, while NIC.br answers that the
 // client is over its query limit. The first lookup asks NIC.br. The
 // second, a second before NICbrSkipTime has passed, does not. The third,
 // once NICbrSkipTime has passed, asks again. Each keeps LACNIC's fields.
 func TestLookupASNSkipsNICbrAfterItsLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	nicbrAsks := 0
 	client := newNICbrClient(t, map[string]string{
 		brazilIANAQuery:   lacnicReferral,
 		brazilLACNICQuery: lacnicBrazilRecord,
 		brazilNICbrQuery:  nicbrOverLimit,
 	}, io.Discard, &nicbrAsks)
 	start := time.Date(2026, 10, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	now := start
 	client.Now = func() time.Time { return now }
 	for _, step := range []struct {
 		after    time.Duration
 		wantAsks int
 	}{
 		{after: 0, wantAsks: 1},
 		{after: whois.NICbrSkipTime - time.Second, wantAsks: 1},
 		{after: whois.NICbrSkipTime, wantAsks: 2},
 	} {
 		now = start.Add(step.after)
 		info, err := client.LookupASN(t.Context(), brazilASN)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("LookupASN after %v: %v", step.after, err)
 		}
 		if nicbrAsks != step.wantAsks {
 			t.Errorf("after %v NIC.br's server was asked %d times, want %d",
 				step.after, nicbrAsks, step.wantAsks)
 		}
 		if info.OrgName != lacnicBrazilOrgName {
 			t.Errorf("LookupASN after %v org name = %q, want LACNIC's %q",
 				step.after, info.OrgName, lacnicBrazilOrgName)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNReportsARefusal looks up an AS IANA refers to RIPE when RIPE
 // refuses the query, with each of the error lines RIPE refuses with. The
 // error holds RIPE's line, so the log says why the lookup failed.
 func TestLookupASNReportsARefusal(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for _, line := range []string{ripeAccessDenied, ripeLimitReached} {
 		t.Run(line, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
 				ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
 				ripeQuery: "% This is the RIPE Database query service.\n" +
 					line + "\n",
 			})
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), line) {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one holding %q",
 					err, line)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer looks up an AS IANA refers to
 // RIPE when RIPE's server refuses the connection, and when it answers only
 // with an error. Neither is a lookup that found the AS.
@@ -792,8 +157,8 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	for name, answers := range map[string]map[string]string{
-		"connection refused": {ianaQuery: ianaReferral},
+		"connection refused": {ianaServer: ianaReferral},
-		"only an error":      {ianaQuery: ianaReferral, ripeQuery: ripeRefusal},
+		"only an error":      {ianaServer: ianaReferral, ripeServer: ripeRefusal},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
@@ -812,7 +177,7 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRGivesNoAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLookupASNReportsNoReferral(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaQuery: ianaPrivateUse})
+	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaServer: ianaPrivateUse})
 	if !errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want ErrNoReferral", err)
 	}
@@ -824,7 +189,7 @@ func TestLookupASNReportsNoReferral(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLookupASNFailsWhenIANAAnswersNoBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaQuery: ianaNoObject})
+	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{ianaServer: ianaNoObject})
 	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not ErrNoReferral",
 			err)
@@ -841,8 +206,8 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsWhenTheRIRAnswerDoesNotEnd(t *testing.T) {
 		strings.Repeat(fillerLine, endlessAnswerSize/len(fillerLine))
 	_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-		ianaQuery: ianaReferral,
+		ianaServer: ianaReferral,
-		ripeQuery: endless,
+		ripeServer: endless,
 	})
 	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 		t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not ErrNoReferral",
@@ -868,9 +233,9 @@ func TestLookupASNFailsOnAReferralToAnotherServer(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := lookUp(t, map[string]string{
-				ianaQuery: "refer:        " + refer + "\n\n" +
+				ianaServer: "refer:        " + refer + "\n\n" +
 					"as-block:     3154-3353\n",
-				address + " " + asQuery: ripeRecord,
+				address: ripeRecord,
 			})
 			if err == nil || errors.Is(err, whois.ErrNoReferral) {
 				t.Errorf("LookupASN error = %v, want one that is not "+
@@ -2,13 +2,10 @@ package asinfo
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"cmp"
 	"compress/gzip"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 )
@@ -26,17 +23,6 @@ type Info struct {
 type Registry struct {
 	mu    sync.RWMutex
 	byASN map[int]*Info
 	// searchEntries holds every entry in AS number order, for Search.
 	searchEntries []searchEntry
 }
 // searchEntry is an entry with its handle and description in lower case. They
 // are put in lower case once, when the data loads, so that Search only
 // compares.
 type searchEntry struct {
 	info             *Info
 	lowerHandle      string
 	lowerDescription string
 }
 var (
@@ -73,21 +59,9 @@ func initRegistry() {
 		panic("failed to unmarshal embedded AS data: " + err.Error())
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(asInfos, func(a, b Info) int {
 		return cmp.Compare(a.ASN, b.ASN)
 	})
 	defaultRegistry.searchEntries = make([]searchEntry, 0, len(asInfos))
 	for i := range asInfos {
 		info := &asInfos[i]
 		defaultRegistry.byASN[info.ASN] = info
 		defaultRegistry.searchEntries = append(defaultRegistry.searchEntries,
 			searchEntry{
 				info:             info,
 				lowerHandle:      strings.ToLower(info.Handle),
 				lowerDescription: strings.ToLower(info.Description),
 			})
 	}
 }
@@ -155,36 +129,36 @@ func All() []Info {
 	return result
 }
-// Search finds the AS entries whose handle or description contains query,
+// Search searches for AS entries where the handle or description contains the query
-// ignoring case. It returns the first limit of them in AS number order, and the
+// This is a simple case-sensitive substring search
-// number of entries that match. An empty query matches nothing.
+func Search(query string) []Info {
 func Search(query string, limit int) ([]Info, int) {
 	once.Do(initRegistry)
 	if query == "" {
 		return nil, 0
 	}
 	query = strings.ToLower(query)
 	defaultRegistry.mu.RLock()
 	defer defaultRegistry.mu.RUnlock()
-	var (
+	var results []Info
 		results []Info
 		total   int
 	)
-	for _, entry := range defaultRegistry.searchEntries {
+	for _, info := range defaultRegistry.byASN {
-		if strings.Contains(entry.lowerHandle, query) ||
+		if contains(info.Handle, query) || contains(info.Description, query) {
-			strings.Contains(entry.lowerDescription, query) {
+			results = append(results, *info)
 			if total < limit {
 				results = append(results, *entry.info)
 			}
 			total++
 		}
 	}
-	return results, total
+	return results
 }
 // contains is a simple substring search
 func contains(s, substr string) bool {
 	return len(substr) > 0 && len(s) >= len(substr) && containsImpl(s, substr)
 }
 func containsImpl(s, substr string) bool {
 	for i := 0; i <= len(s)-len(substr); i++ {
 		if s[i:i+len(substr)] == substr {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package asinfo_test
 import (
 	"cmp"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "AS1 Level 3",
 			asn:      1,
 			wantOK:   true,
-			wantDesc: "Level 3 Parent LLC",
+			wantDesc: "Level 3 Parent, LLC",
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "AS15169 Google",
@@ -36,10 +34,10 @@ func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
 			wantOK: false,
 		},
 		{
-			name:     "AS1251 with accented letters",
+			name:     "AS0 IANA Reserved",
-			asn:      1251,
+			asn:      0,
 			wantOK:   true,
-			wantDesc: "FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO SÃO PAULO",
+			wantDesc: "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority",
 		},
 	}
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ func TestGetDescription(t *testing.T) {
 		asn  int
 		want string
 	}{
-		{1, "Level 3 Parent LLC"},
+		{1, "Level 3 Parent, LLC"},
 		{999999999, ""},
 	}
@@ -92,7 +90,8 @@ func TestGetHandle(t *testing.T) {
 		asn  int
 		want string
 	}{
-		{1, "LVLT-1"},
+		{1, "LVLT"},
 		{0, "IANA-RSVD"},
 		{999999999, ""},
 	}
@@ -142,9 +141,9 @@ func TestSearch(t *testing.T) {
 			wantMin: 10,
 		},
 		{
-			name:    "Search for São Paulo",
+			name:    "Empty search",
-			query:   "São Paulo",
+			query:   "",
-			wantMin: 1,
+			wantMin: 0,
 		},
 		{
 			name:    "Non-existent org",
@@ -157,115 +156,26 @@ func TestSearch(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
-			results, _ := asinfo.Search(tt.query, asinfo.Total())
+			results := asinfo.Search(tt.query)
 			if len(results) < tt.wantMin {
 				t.Errorf("Search(%q) returned %d results, want at least %d",
 					tt.query, len(results), tt.wantMin)
 			}
-			// Verify all results contain the query, ignoring case
+			// Verify all results contain the query
-			query := strings.ToLower(tt.query)
+			if tt.query != "" {
-			for _, r := range results {
+				for _, r := range results {
-				if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(r.Handle), query) &&
+					if !strings.Contains(r.Handle, tt.query) &&
-					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(r.Description), query) {
+						!strings.Contains(r.Description, tt.query) {
-					t.Errorf("Search result ASN %d doesn't contain query %q",
+						t.Errorf("Search result ASN %d doesn't contain query %q",
-						r.ASN, tt.query)
+							r.ASN, tt.query)
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 // TestSearchEmptyQueryMatchesNothing expects an empty query to match no AS,
 // although every handle contains the empty string.
 func TestSearchEmptyQueryMatchesNothing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	results, total := asinfo.Search("", asinfo.Total())
 	if len(results) != 0 || total != 0 {
 		t.Errorf(`Search("") returned %d results and a total of %d, want none`,
 			len(results), total)
 	}
 }
 // TestSearchIgnoresCase searches for Cloudflare's handle in lower case and its
 // description in upper case, and expects both searches to find AS13335.
 func TestSearchIgnoresCase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const cloudflareASN = 13335 // handle CLOUDFLARENET, "Cloudflare Inc."
 	isCloudflare := func(info asinfo.Info) bool {
 		return info.ASN == cloudflareASN
 	}
 	for _, query := range []string{"cloudflarenet", "CLOUDFLARE INC."} {
 		results, _ := asinfo.Search(query, asinfo.Total())
 		if !slices.ContainsFunc(results, isCloudflare) {
 			t.Errorf("Search(%q) did not find AS%d", query, cloudflareASN)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestSearchOrdersByASN expects the matches of a search with many of them to
 // come in AS number order.
 func TestSearchOrdersByASN(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const query = "University"
 	results, _ := asinfo.Search(query, asinfo.Total())
 	for i := 1; i < len(results); i++ {
 		if results[i-1].ASN >= results[i].ASN {
 			t.Fatalf("Search(%q): AS%d comes after AS%d",
 				query, results[i].ASN, results[i-1].ASN)
 		}
 	}
 }
 // TestSearchStopsAtLimit searches for a word that matches more entries than
 // the limit. It expects exactly limit entries, the first matches in AS number
 // order, and the number of all matches, counted here from All.
 func TestSearchStopsAtLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		query = "university"
 		limit = 10
 	)
 	var matches []asinfo.Info
 	for _, info := range asinfo.All() {
 		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(info.Handle), query) ||
 			strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(info.Description), query) {
 			matches = append(matches, info)
 		}
 	}
 	if len(matches) <= limit {
 		t.Fatalf("%q matches %d entries; the test needs more than %d",
 			query, len(matches), limit)
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(matches, func(a, b asinfo.Info) int {
 		return cmp.Compare(a.ASN, b.ASN)
 	})
 	results, total := asinfo.Search(query, limit)
 	if total != len(matches) {
 		t.Errorf("Search(%q, %d): total %d, want %d",
 			query, limit, total, len(matches))
 	}
 	if !slices.Equal(results, matches[:limit]) {
 		t.Errorf("Search(%q, %d) = %v, want %v",
 			query, limit, results, matches[:limit])
 	}
 }
 func TestDataIntegrity(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
@@ -305,13 +215,11 @@ func BenchmarkGet(b *testing.B) {
 }
 func BenchmarkSearch(b *testing.B) {
 	const limit = 50
 	queries := []string{"Google", "Amazon", "Microsoft", "University"}
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := range b.N {
-		asinfo.Search(queries[i%len(queries)], limit)
+		asinfo.Search(queries[i%len(queries)])
 	}
 }
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 Package asinfo provides information about Autonomous Systems (AS).
 The package embeds a comprehensive database of AS numbers, handles, and descriptions
-sourced from https://github.com/ipverse/as-metadata. The data is embedded at compile
+sourced from https://github.com/ipverse/asn-info. The data is embedded at compile
 time and provides fast, offline lookups.
 Basic usage:
@@ -16,10 +16,8 @@ Basic usage:
 	// Get just the description
 	desc := asinfo.GetDescription(15169) // "Google LLC"
-	// Search the handles and descriptions, ignoring case, for the first 10
+	// Search for AS entries
-	// matches in AS number order and the number of all matches
+	results := asinfo.Search("University")
 	results, total := asinfo.Search("university", 10)
 	fmt.Printf("%d matches\n", total)
 	for _, as := range results {
 		fmt.Printf("AS%d: %s\n", as.ASN, as.Description)
 	}
@@ -17,20 +17,13 @@ func ExampleGet() {
 func ExampleGetDescription() {
 	desc := asinfo.GetDescription(13335)
 	fmt.Println(desc)
-	// Output: Cloudflare Inc.
+	// Output: Cloudflare, Inc.
 }
 func ExampleSearch() {
-	const limit = 10
+	results := asinfo.Search("MIT-GATEWAY")
 	results, total := asinfo.Search("mit-gateway", limit)
 	fmt.Printf("%d of %d matches\n", len(results), total)
 	for _, info := range results {
 		fmt.Printf("AS%d: %s - %s\n", info.ASN, info.Handle, info.Description)
 	}
-	// Output:
+	// Output: AS3: MIT-GATEWAYS - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 	// 1 of 1 matches
 	// AS3: MIT-GATEWAYS - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 }
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 # script/asupdate: rebuild the AS list built into RouteWatch from
 # as.csv with cmd/asinfo-gen, which fails when it finds no AS. The new
 # list replaces the old one only when the generator succeeds. Otherwise
 # the old list stays as it was and the script exits non-zero.
 set -eu
 ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd -P)"
 AS_DATA="pkg/asinfo/asdata.json.gz"
 # Next to AS_DATA, so the final mv is a rename on one file system.
 AS_DATA_TMP="$AS_DATA.tmp"
 main() {
    cd "$ROOT"
    json="$(mktemp)"
    trap 'rm -f "$json" "$AS_DATA_TMP"' EXIT
    # A signal exits through the EXIT trap too.
    trap 'exit 1' HUP INT TERM
    echo "Updating AS info data..."
    if ! go run ./cmd/asinfo-gen >"$json"; then
        echo "asupdate: the generator failed; $AS_DATA is unchanged" >&2
        exit 1
    fi
    # -n leaves the time out of the file, so an unchanged list gives the
    # same bytes.
    gzip -n -c <"$json" >"$AS_DATA_TMP"
    mv "$AS_DATA_TMP" "$AS_DATA"
 }
 main "$@"