Resolve PTR names over DNS-over-HTTPS and cache them for the record TTL (closes #238)

`internal/ptr` asks Google, Cloudflare, AdGuard and Quad9 in turn, 2 seconds in all per address. It keeps answers in memory and writes them through to `cache.db`, opened by the new `internal/cachedb`. A reserved address is not sent to the resolvers.

Judgement calls:
- Each resolver gets an equal share of the time left, so a hung resolver does not use up the 2 seconds.
- The negative TTL is the smaller of the SOA minimum and the SOA's own TTL (RFC 2308).
- Names that are not host names are dropped, as `net.Resolver.LookupAddr` does.

Model: opus-5-5

.dockerignore

@@ -93,11 +93,12 @@
 **/*.dylib
 
 # Local databases. The image carries a source archive of the whole build
-# context, so these would otherwise ship inside it. The daemon's database
+# context, so these would otherwise ship inside it. The daemon's databases
-# is db.sqlite, with its -wal and -shm files while it runs.
+# are db.sqlite and cache.db, with their -wal and -shm files while it runs.
 **/*.db
 **/*.db-journal
 **/*.db-wal
+**/*.db-shm
 **/*.sqlite
 **/*.sqlite-wal
 **/*.sqlite-shm

.gitignore

@@ -68,10 +68,12 @@ go.work
 go.work.sum
 
 # Local databases, temporary files and debug output. The daemon's
-# database is db.sqlite, with its -wal and -shm files while it runs.
+# databases are db.sqlite and cache.db, with their -wal and -shm files
+# while it runs.
 *.db
 *.db-journal
 *.db-wal
+*.db-shm
 *.sqlite
 *.sqlite-wal
 *.sqlite-shm

README.md

@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ answer holds `query`, the text looked up, and `results`, with one entry for each
 address. Every entry has the same fields:
 
 - `ip`: the address
-- `ptr`: the address's PTR names, the host names that DNS gives for it, or an
+- `ptr`: the address's PTR names, the host names that DNS gives for it (see PTR
-  empty list when it has none
+  lookups), or an empty list when it has none
 - `flags`: yes-or-no facts about the address:
     - `is_tor`: true when the address is on the `tor_exits` list
     - `is_bogon`: true when the address is reserved, so that no network should
@@ -330,9 +330,6 @@ address, such as one that resolves to a private address, is reported as
 - `{ip}` comes to more than 10 addresses once its names are resolved
 - nothing in `{ip}` is an IP address or a host name with a public address
 
-Each PTR lookup gets 2 seconds. An address whose lookup takes longer is answered
-without PTR names.
-
 A successful answer carries `Cache-Control` with a `max-age` of 15 minutes, the
 shortest IP list interval. The answer for the caller's own address (`/ip/`) is
 `private`, and the others are `public`.
@@ -447,6 +444,43 @@ How RouteWatch keeps the lists:
 - When a download fails, or its file does not parse, RouteWatch keeps the
   previous copy and logs the failure. It tries again one interval later.
 
+## PTR lookups
+
+An IP lookup finds each address's PTR names over DNS-over-HTTPS. It asks these
+public resolvers in order, until one answers:
+
+- Google: `https://dns.google/dns-query`
+- Cloudflare: `https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query`
+- AdGuard: `https://unfiltered.adguard-dns.com/dns-query`
+- Quad9: `https://dns.quad9.net/dns-query`
+
+One address's lookup gets 2 seconds across all four. Each resolver gets an equal
+share of the time left, so one that does not answer leaves time for the next.
+When none answers in time, the address's `ptr` is an empty list.
+
+A reserved address, one whose `is_bogon` flag is true, is not sent to the
+resolvers. Its `ptr` is an empty list.
+
+What goes outside: each resolver asked receives the address being looked up. For
+`/ip/` and the home page, that address is the visitor's own. A lookup answered
+from the cache sends nothing.
+
+How RouteWatch keeps the answers:
+
+- It holds answers in memory. An answer that has not expired is served from
+  there.
+- It writes new answers every 5 seconds to `cache.db` in the state directory
+  (see Configuration), and loads them from there at startup.
+- An answer expires after the TTL of its records, the shortest one when there
+  are several. RouteWatch keeps it for at least 60 seconds and at most 24 hours.
+- When an address has no PTR names, that answer expires after the SOA record's
+  minimum field, or the record's own TTL when that is shorter. RouteWatch keeps
+  it for at most 1 hour.
+- An answer with no PTR names and no SOA record is not kept. Neither is one
+  whose SOA record has a TTL or minimum field of 0.
+- A failed lookup is not kept, so the next lookup of the address asks again.
+- Every 10 minutes it deletes expired answers from memory and from `cache.db`.
+
 ## Configuration
 
 RouteWatch reads its settings from environment variables. It takes no
@@ -495,7 +529,13 @@ by the client. For a request from any other address, they use the address the
 request came from, whatever headers it carries. `X-Real-IP` and `True-Client-IP`
 are not read.
 
-The state directory holds the database, `db.sqlite`, and the IP list copies:
+The state directory holds:
+
+- `db.sqlite`: the database
+- `cache.db`: the answers of PTR lookups
+- `iplists`: the IP list copies
+
+It is at:
 
 - macOS: `~/Library/Application Support/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch/`
 - Linux and the BSDs, as root: `/var/lib/berlin.sneak.app.routewatch/`
@@ -652,6 +692,8 @@ The parts:
   with old or missing details asks the fetcher for it at once, without the wait.
 - The IP lists part downloads the IP lists and answers which lists hold an
   address.
+- The PTR cache looks up the PTR names of addresses and keeps the answers (see
+  PTR lookups).
 - The database maintainer checkpoints the database every 5 seconds: it folds the
   write-ahead log, where SQLite first writes changes, into the database file. It
   reclaims free space every 10 minutes. Every hour it refreshes the statistics
@@ -761,6 +803,7 @@ On `SIGTERM` or `SIGINT` the daemon stops its parts in this order:
 4. the database maintainer
 5. the IP list downloads
 6. the HTTP server
+7. the PTR cache, which writes what it holds
 
 Last, the daemon checkpoints and closes the database. It gives all this 8
 seconds and then exits with status 0. A stop that is still running after 9
@@ -781,6 +824,8 @@ What a stop can lose:
 - When the 8 seconds run out, the streamer and the handlers log what they could
   not hand over or write. The database is then not closed. When it next opens,
   SQLite rolls back any write the exit cut off.
+- When the 8 seconds run out, the PTR answers not yet in `cache.db` are lost.
+  RouteWatch asks the resolvers for them again the next time they are needed.
 
 ### Code layout
 
@@ -794,11 +839,13 @@ routewatch/
 │   └── message-examples.json  # Examples of RIS Live messages
 ├── internal/
 │   ├── bogon/              # Reserved prefixes and AS numbers
+│   ├── cachedb/            # cache.db, the caches of outside answers
 │   ├── config/             # Settings from the environment
 │   ├── database/           # SQLite storage
 │   ├── iplist/             # Public IP lists: downloads and lookups
 │   ├── logger/             # Structured logging
 │   ├── metrics/            # Feed and route update figures
+│   ├── ptr/                # PTR lookups over DNS-over-HTTPS, and their cache
 │   ├── ristypes/           # The RIS Live message types
 │   ├── routetable/         # The whole routing table in memory
 │   ├── routewatch/         # The daemon: startup, handlers, WHOIS fetcher
@@ -847,6 +894,13 @@ announcements(id PRIMARY KEY, prefix_id, peer_asn, origin_asn, path,
 
 The indexes are in `internal/database/schema.sql`.
 
+`cache.db` is a separate file, with one table:
+
+```sql
+-- The answers of PTR lookups. names is empty for an address with no PTR names.
+hostnames(address PRIMARY KEY, names, expires_at)
+```
+
 ## Development
 
 The `make` targets:

TODO.md

@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ problem the run finds.
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-11-10: the IP lookup finds PTR names over DNS-over-HTTPS and caches them
+  for the record's TTL, in memory and in `cache.db` (closes
+  https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/issues/238).
 - 2026-11-10: each result of the IP lookup has a `flags` object with `is_tor`
   and `is_bogon`. The public IP lists are named `ip_lists` in the answer,
   `internal/iplist` in the code and `iplists` in the state directory. A list

go.mod

@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.3
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.29
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.73
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20250401214520-65e299d6c5c9
 	go.uber.org/fx v1.24.0
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb
-	golang.org/x/term v0.33.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.45.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.43.0
 )
 
@@ -20,5 +21,6 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/dig v1.19.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.10.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.57.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.29 h1:1O6nRLJKvsi1H2Sj0Hzdfojwt8GiGKm+LOfLaBFaouQ=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.29/go.mod h1:Uh1q+B4BYcTPb+yiD3kU8Ct7aC0hY9fxUwlHK0RXw+Y=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.73 h1:uhT8nJxmTrPJYClxVxTCX+CVn6qnzSiybRk72Z6DgrE=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.73/go.mod h1:RW2Obtfd5NZHvOFe3zYG0W8koWOQtAzyHaLo8vASBuQ=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20250401214520-65e299d6c5c9 h1:bsUq1dX0N8AOIL7EB/X911+m4EHsnWEHeJ0c+3TTBrg=
@@ -30,10 +32,14 @@ go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0 h1:sI7k6L95XOKS281NhVKOFCUNIvv9e0w4BF8N3u+tCRo=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0/go.mod h1:dtElttAiwGvoJ/vj4IwHBS/gXsEu/pZ50mUIRWuG0so=
 go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb h1:XBM4hvfwGAttkkiTIFfeigdfcL1xIfdKXqFdgiHGtDs=
 go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20260823151212-3075585bcbeb/go.mod h1:PLyyIXexvUFg3Owu6p/WfdlivPbZJsZdgWZlrGope/Y=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.57.0 h1:K5+3DljvIuDG9/Jv9rvyMywYNFCQ9RSUY6OOTTkT+tE=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/net v0.57.0/go.mod h1:KpXc8iv+r3XplLAG/f7Jsf9RPszJzdR0f58q9vGOuEU=
-golang.org/x/term v0.33.0 h1:NuFncQrRcaRvVmgRkvM3j/F00gWIAlcmlB8ACEKmGIg=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.24.0 h1:iqiDrGoDgyuvAKrhLQthUEzU/R378N78gXbBjxed7oA=
-golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.24.0/go.mod h1:sUUOizhqBxiL6pEWpqNLUiaJn1ShEbZ6BBqskPbjZm0=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 h1:o7XGOvZQCADBQQ4Y7VNq2dRWQR7JmOUW8Kxx4ZsNgWs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
+golang.org/x/term v0.45.0 h1:NwWyBmoJCbfTHpxrWoZ9C6/VxOf7ic219I8xZZFdrf0=
+golang.org/x/term v0.45.0/go.mod h1:9aqxs0blBcrm/n0L9QW0aRVD+ktan8ssZromtqJC43w=
 golang.org/x/text v0.43.0 h1:1QivrlhwAsnMOcqgOdl9my7s9OyZl8O5/UGUTJVXoWc=
 golang.org/x/text v0.43.0/go.mod h1:hbSIYA/amXcRXTFSZqh8tWHEoqRvvbKPJ2uz/KU+a+s=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=

internal/cachedb/cachedb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Package cachedb opens cache.db, the SQLite file in the state directory that
+// holds RouteWatch's caches of answers from outside services. It is separate
+// from the routes database so that a cache write never queues behind a write
+// to that database.
+package cachedb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	_ "embed" // for schema.sql
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
+)
+
+const (
+	// fileName is the database's file in the state directory.
+	fileName = "cache.db"
+
+	// busyTimeoutMs is how long a write waits for another write to finish.
+	busyTimeoutMs = 5000
+)
+
+//go:embed schema.sql
+var schema string
+
+// Open opens cache.db in stateDir, creating the file and its tables when they
+// do not exist. The caller closes the database.
+func Open(ctx context.Context, stateDir string) (*sql.DB, error) {
+	dsn := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"file:%s?_journal_mode=WAL&_synchronous=NORMAL&_busy_timeout=%d"+
+			"&_txlock=immediate",
+		filepath.Join(stateDir, fileName),
+		busyTimeoutMs,
+	)
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening the cache database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, schema)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = db.Close()
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating the cache database's tables: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return db, nil
+}

internal/cachedb/cachedb_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package cachedb
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestOpenCreatesTheFileInWALMode opens a new database, and then opens it
+// again, as a restart does.
+func TestOpenCreatesTheFileInWALMode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	for range 2 {
+		db, err := Open(t.Context(), dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Open: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		var mode string
+
+		err = db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(), "PRAGMA journal_mode").Scan(&mode)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("reading the journal mode: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if mode != "wal" {
+			t.Errorf("journal mode %q, want wal", mode)
+		}
+
+		var rows int
+
+		err = db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(),
+			"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM hostnames").Scan(&rows)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("reading the hostnames table: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		err = db.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Close: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(dir, fileName))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("the file is not in the state directory: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOpenFailsWhenTheDirectoryDoesNotExist checks that a state directory that
+// is not there is reported, not ignored.
+func TestOpenFailsWhenTheDirectoryDoesNotExist(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := Open(t.Context(), filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing"))
+	if err == nil {
+		_ = db.Close()
+
+		t.Fatal("Open succeeded in a directory that does not exist")
+	}
+}

internal/cachedb/schema.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+-- hostnames holds the PTR names of addresses. names has the names separated by
+-- spaces, and is empty for an address with no PTR names. expires_at is in
+-- seconds since 1970.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS hostnames (
+    address TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    names TEXT NOT NULL,
+    expires_at INTEGER NOT NULL
+);

internal/ptr/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Package ptr looks up the PTR names of addresses over DNS-over-HTTPS. It
+// keeps each answer in memory for as long as DNS allows, and in cache.db so
+// that the answers survive a restart.
+package ptr
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/bogon"
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+const (
+	// flushInterval is how often new answers are written to cache.db.
+	flushInterval = 5 * time.Second
+
+	// sweepInterval is how often expired answers are deleted.
+	sweepInterval = 10 * time.Minute
+
+	// nameSeparator separates the names in a row of the hostnames table.
+	nameSeparator = " "
+)
+
+// Params is what New needs.
+type Params struct {
+	// DB is the open cache.db.
+	DB *sql.DB
+
+	// Resolvers are the URLs of the DNS-over-HTTPS resolvers to ask, in order.
+	Resolvers []string
+
+	Logger *slog.Logger
+}
+
+// entry is one address's cached answer.
+type entry struct {
+	// names are the address's PTR names, nil when it has none.
+	names   []string
+	expires time.Time
+}
+
+// Cache answers PTR lookups from memory, and asks the resolvers for an address
+// it holds no current answer for. Start loads it from cache.db.
+type Cache struct {
+	db        *sql.DB
+	resolvers []string
+	timeLimit time.Duration
+	logger    *slog.Logger
+	client    *http.Client
+	now       func() time.Time
+
+	// entries holds every answer by address. pending holds those that
+	// cache.db does not have yet.
+	mu      sync.RWMutex
+	entries map[string]entry
+	pending map[string]entry
+
+	// stop ends the goroutine Start runs, and done is closed when it returns.
+	stop context.CancelFunc
+	done chan struct{}
+}
+
+// New returns an empty Cache. Start loads it.
+func New(params Params) *Cache {
+	return &Cache{
+		db:        params.DB,
+		resolvers: params.Resolvers,
+		timeLimit: LookupTimeout,
+		logger:    params.Logger.With("component", "ptr"),
+		client:    &http.Client{},
+		now:       time.Now,
+		entries:   make(map[string]entry),
+		pending:   make(map[string]entry),
+		done:      make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// LookupAddr returns the PTR names of addr, fully qualified, or none when it
+// has none. A reserved address has none, and is not sent to the resolvers. A
+// lookup takes at most LookupTimeout. A cached answer makes no outside request.
+// It returns an error when no resolver answered, and nothing is cached then.
+func (c *Cache) LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, addr string) ([]string, error) {
+	parsed, err := netip.ParseAddr(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing the address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	parsed = parsed.Unmap()
+
+	_, reserved := bogon.Prefix(netip.PrefixFrom(parsed, parsed.BitLen()))
+	if reserved {
+		return []string{}, nil
+	}
+
+	address := parsed.String()
+
+	cached, ok := c.current(address)
+	if ok {
+		return slices.Clone(cached.names), nil
+	}
+
+	reverseName, err := dns.ReverseAddr(address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building the reverse name: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	result, err := c.lookup(ctx, reverseName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if result.ttl > 0 {
+		c.store(address, entry{names: result.names, expires: c.now().Add(result.ttl)})
+	}
+
+	return slices.Clone(result.names), nil
+}
+
+// Start loads the answers that have not expired from cache.db. It then starts
+// the goroutine that writes new answers there and deletes expired ones. The
+// goroutine runs until Stop: the end of ctx does not stop it.
+func (c *Cache) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
+	err := c.load(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	c.logger.Info("PTR cache loaded", "entries", len(c.entries))
+
+	ctx, c.stop = context.WithCancel(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
+
+	go c.run(ctx)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Stop ends the goroutine, which first writes the answers cache.db does not
+// have yet, and waits until it has returned or ctx ends.
+func (c *Cache) Stop(ctx context.Context) {
+	c.stop()
+
+	select {
+	case <-c.done:
+		c.logger.Info("PTR cache stopped")
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		c.logger.Warn("Stop deadline passed before the PTR cache was written")
+	}
+}
+
+// current returns the answer held for address, unless it has expired.
+func (c *Cache) current(address string) (entry, bool) {
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	found, ok := c.entries[address]
+	if !ok || !c.now().Before(found.expires) {
+		return entry{}, false
+	}
+
+	return found, true
+}
+
+// store keeps an answer in memory and queues it for cache.db.
+func (c *Cache) store(address string, answer entry) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.entries[address] = answer
+	c.pending[address] = answer
+}
+
+// run writes new answers and deletes expired ones until ctx ends.
+func (c *Cache) run(ctx context.Context) {
+	defer close(c.done)
+
+	flushes := time.NewTicker(flushInterval)
+	defer flushes.Stop()
+
+	sweeps := time.NewTicker(sweepInterval)
+	defer sweeps.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			c.flush(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
+
+			return
+		case <-flushes.C:
+			c.flush(ctx)
+		case <-sweeps.C:
+			c.sweep(ctx)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// load reads the rows that have not expired into memory.
+func (c *Cache) load(ctx context.Context) error {
+	rows, err := c.db.QueryContext(ctx,
+		"SELECT address, names, expires_at FROM hostnames WHERE expires_at > ?",
+		c.now().Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading the PTR cache: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var (
+			address, names string
+			expires        int64
+		)
+
+		err = rows.Scan(&address, &names, &expires)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("reading a PTR cache row: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		c.entries[address] = entry{
+			names:   strings.Fields(names),
+			expires: time.Unix(expires, 0).UTC(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = rows.Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading the PTR cache: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// flush writes the pending answers to cache.db. Those it cannot write stay
+// pending, unless a newer answer for the address has arrived meanwhile.
+func (c *Cache) flush(ctx context.Context) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	batch := c.pending
+	c.pending = make(map[string]entry)
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if len(batch) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	err := c.writeRows(ctx, batch)
+	if err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.logger.Error("Failed to write the PTR cache", "error", err)
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for address, answer := range batch {
+		_, newer := c.pending[address]
+		if !newer {
+			c.pending[address] = answer
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// writeRows writes batch to cache.db in one transaction.
+func (c *Cache) writeRows(ctx context.Context, batch map[string]entry) error {
+	tx, err := c.db.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = tx.Rollback() }()
+
+	for address, answer := range batch {
+		_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx,
+			"INSERT OR REPLACE INTO hostnames (address, names, expires_at) "+
+				"VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+			address,
+			strings.Join(answer.names, nameSeparator),
+			answer.expires.Unix())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// sweep deletes the expired answers from memory and cache.db.
+func (c *Cache) sweep(ctx context.Context) {
+	now := c.now()
+	expired := func(_ string, answer entry) bool {
+		return !now.Before(answer.expires)
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	maps.DeleteFunc(c.entries, expired)
+	maps.DeleteFunc(c.pending, expired)
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	_, err := c.db.ExecContext(ctx,
+		"DELETE FROM hostnames WHERE expires_at <= ?", now.Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		c.logger.Error("Failed to delete expired PTR cache rows", "error", err)
+	}
+}

internal/ptr/cache_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+package ptr
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/synctest"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/cachedb"
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// These addresses are public, because a reserved address is not sent to the
+// resolvers. That rules out the documentation ranges.
+const (
+	testAddress   = "8.8.4.4"
+	testReverse   = "4.4.8.8.in-addr.arpa."
+	mappedAddress = "::ffff:" + testAddress
+	otherAddress  = "8.8.8.8"
+	testV6Address = "2606:4700:4700::1111"
+	testV6Reverse = "1.1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0." +
+		"0.0.0.0.0.0.7.4.0.0.7.4.6.0.6.2.ip6.arpa."
+)
+
+const (
+	testName  = "host.example.com."
+	otherName = "other.example.com."
+
+	// testTimeLimit replaces LookupTimeout in the tests that use a real
+	// server. A stall on a busy host cannot use it up, and no test waits for
+	// it.
+	testTimeLimit = 2 * time.Minute
+)
+
+// classlessOwner is the name that holds the PTR records of a CNAME chain.
+const classlessOwner = "4.0-25.4.8.8.in-addr.arpa."
+
+// fixedTime returns the time a test's clock starts at.
+func fixedTime() time.Time {
+	return time.Date(2026, time.January, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+}
+
+// fakeResolver is a DNS-over-HTTPS server. It answers each query with reply's
+// result, and counts its requests.
+type fakeResolver struct {
+	server *httptest.Server
+
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	requests int
+	reply    func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg)
+}
+
+// newFakeResolver starts a fake resolver that answers with reply.
+func newFakeResolver(
+	t *testing.T,
+	reply func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg),
+) *fakeResolver {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	resolver := &fakeResolver{reply: reply}
+	resolver.server = httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(resolver.serve))
+	t.Cleanup(resolver.server.Close)
+
+	return resolver
+}
+
+// serve checks that the request is RFC 8484 wire format and passes the
+// question on to the current reply.
+func (f *fakeResolver) serve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	f.requests++
+	reply := f.reply
+	f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	var query dns.Msg
+
+	err = query.Unpack(body)
+	if err != nil || r.Header.Get("Content-Type") != dnsMessageType ||
+		r.Header.Get("Accept") != dnsMessageType || r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+		http.Error(w, "not an RFC 8484 request", http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	reply(w, r, &query)
+}
+
+func (f *fakeResolver) setReply(
+	reply func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg),
+) {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	f.reply = reply
+}
+
+func (f *fakeResolver) requestCount() int {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return f.requests
+}
+
+// writeReply packs reply and writes it as the answer to query.
+func writeReply(w http.ResponseWriter, query, reply *dns.Msg) {
+	reply.SetReply(query)
+
+	wire, err := reply.Pack()
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", dnsMessageType)
+	_, _ = w.Write(wire)
+}
+
+// ptrReply answers with one PTR record for each name, each with the TTL ttl.
+func ptrReply(
+	ttl uint32, names ...string,
+) func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+		reply := new(dns.Msg)
+
+		for _, name := range names {
+			reply.Answer = append(reply.Answer, &dns.PTR{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name: query.Question[0].Name, Rrtype: dns.TypePTR,
+					Class: dns.ClassINET, Ttl: ttl,
+				},
+				Ptr: name,
+			})
+		}
+
+		writeReply(w, query, reply)
+	}
+}
+
+// rcodeReply answers with the response code and nothing else.
+func rcodeReply(rcode int) func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+		reply := new(dns.Msg)
+		reply.SetRcode(query, rcode)
+
+		wire, err := reply.Pack()
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		_, _ = w.Write(wire)
+	}
+}
+
+// soaReply answers with the response code and a SOA record with these TTLs.
+func soaReply(
+	rcode int, soaTTL, minimum uint32,
+) func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+		reply := new(dns.Msg)
+		reply.SetRcode(query, rcode)
+		reply.Ns = []dns.RR{&dns.SOA{
+			Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+				Name: "arpa.", Rrtype: dns.TypeSOA, Class: dns.ClassINET, Ttl: soaTTL,
+			},
+			Ns: "ns.example.com.", Mbox: "hostmaster.example.com.", Minttl: minimum,
+		}}
+
+		wire, err := reply.Pack()
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		_, _ = w.Write(wire)
+	}
+}
+
+// hangingReply never answers: it waits until the client gives up.
+func hangingReply(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ *dns.Msg) {
+	<-r.Context().Done()
+}
+
+// statusReply answers with an HTTP status.
+func statusReply(status int) func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, _ *dns.Msg) {
+		w.WriteHeader(status)
+	}
+}
+
+// openTestDB opens a cache.db in dir.
+func openTestDB(t *testing.T, dir string) *sql.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	db, err := cachedb.Open(t.Context(), dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("opening the cache database: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
+
+	return db
+}
+
+// testClock is a clock a test moves by hand.
+type testClock struct {
+	mu  sync.Mutex
+	now time.Time
+}
+
+func (c *testClock) time() time.Time {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return c.now
+}
+
+func (c *testClock) advance(d time.Duration) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.now = c.now.Add(d)
+}
+
+// newTestCache returns a Cache that asks the resolvers in order, reads the
+// time from a clock the test holds, has testTimeLimit, and is not started.
+func newTestCache(
+	t *testing.T, db *sql.DB, resolvers ...*fakeResolver,
+) (*Cache, *testClock) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	urls := make([]string, 0, len(resolvers))
+	for _, resolver := range resolvers {
+		urls = append(urls, resolver.server.URL)
+	}
+
+	cache := New(Params{DB: db, Resolvers: urls, Logger: slog.Default()})
+	clock := &testClock{now: fixedTime()}
+	cache.now = clock.time
+	cache.timeLimit = testTimeLimit
+
+	return cache, clock
+}
+
+// handlerTransport hands each request to the fake resolver for its host, with
+// no network between them. A test in a synctest bubble needs this: the bubble's
+// clock stands still while one of its goroutines waits on a real connection. As
+// over a network, a request whose time is up is not sent.
+type handlerTransport map[string]*fakeResolver
+
+func (h handlerTransport) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	if r.Context().Err() == nil {
+		h[r.URL.Host].serve(recorder, r)
+	}
+
+	err := r.Context().Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return recorder.Result(), nil
+}
+
+// newBubbleCache returns a Cache with the real time limit, for a test in a
+// synctest bubble. It has one fake resolver for each reply, in order, reached
+// through a handlerTransport.
+func newBubbleCache(
+	replies ...func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg),
+) (*Cache, []*fakeResolver) {
+	transport := make(handlerTransport, len(replies))
+	resolvers := make([]*fakeResolver, 0, len(replies))
+	urls := make([]string, 0, len(replies))
+
+	for i, reply := range replies {
+		host := "resolver" + strconv.Itoa(i) + ".example.com"
+		resolver := &fakeResolver{reply: reply}
+
+		transport[host] = resolver
+		resolvers = append(resolvers, resolver)
+		urls = append(urls, "https://"+host+"/dns-query")
+	}
+
+	cache := New(Params{Resolvers: urls, Logger: slog.Default()})
+	cache.client = &http.Client{Transport: transport}
+
+	return cache, resolvers
+}
+
+// lookupOK looks up address and fails the test on an error.
+func lookupOK(t *testing.T, cache *Cache, address string) []string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	names, err := cache.LookupAddr(t.Context(), address)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LookupAddr(%s): %v", address, err)
+	}
+
+	return names
+}
+
+func countRows(t *testing.T, db *sql.DB) int {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var rows int
+
+	err := db.QueryRowContext(t.Context(),
+		"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM hostnames").Scan(&rows)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("counting rows: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return rows
+}
+
+func TestLookupAsksForTheReverseName(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		address string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{testAddress, testReverse},
+		{mappedAddress, testReverse},
+		{testV6Address, testV6Reverse},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		var asked string
+
+		resolver := newFakeResolver(t,
+			func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+				asked = query.Question[0].Name
+				if query.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypePTR {
+					t.Errorf("query type %d, want PTR", query.Question[0].Qtype)
+				}
+
+				ptrReply(300, testName)(w, r, query)
+			})
+		cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+		names := lookupOK(t, cache, tt.address)
+		if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: names %v, want %s", tt.address, names, testName)
+		}
+
+		if asked != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: asked for %s, want %s", tt.address, asked, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOnlyPublicAddressesAreSentToTheResolvers gives every resolver an answer
+// to send, which a reserved address must not get.
+func TestOnlyPublicAddressesAreSentToTheResolvers(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		address  string
+		want     []string
+		requests int
+	}{
+		{"private IPv4", "10.0.0.1", []string{}, 0},
+		{"documentation IPv4", "192.0.2.1", []string{}, 0},
+		{"private IPv4 in IPv6 form", "::ffff:10.0.0.1", []string{}, 0},
+		{"unique-local IPv6", "fd00::1", []string{}, 0},
+		{"documentation IPv6", "2001:db8::1", []string{}, 0},
+		{"public IPv4", testAddress, []string{testName}, 1},
+		{"public IPv4 in IPv6 form", mappedAddress, []string{testName}, 1},
+		{"public IPv6", testV6Address, []string{testName}, 1},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(300, testName))
+		cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+		names := lookupOK(t, cache, tt.address)
+		if names == nil || !slices.Equal(names, tt.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: names %#v, want %#v", tt.name, names, tt.want)
+		}
+
+		if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != tt.requests {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %d requests, want %d", tt.name, got, tt.requests)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestResolversAreTriedInOrderUntilOneAnswers has the first two resolvers fail,
+// in different ways, and the third answer. The fourth is not asked.
+func TestResolversAreTriedInOrderUntilOneAnswers(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var (
+		mu    sync.Mutex
+		order []int
+	)
+
+	asked := func(
+		index int, reply func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg),
+	) func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, *dns.Msg) {
+		return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+			mu.Lock()
+
+			order = append(order, index)
+
+			mu.Unlock()
+
+			reply(w, r, query)
+		}
+	}
+
+	resolvers := []*fakeResolver{
+		newFakeResolver(t, asked(0, statusReply(http.StatusServiceUnavailable))),
+		newFakeResolver(t, asked(1, rcodeReply(dns.RcodeServerFailure))),
+		newFakeResolver(t, asked(2, ptrReply(300, testName))),
+		newFakeResolver(t, asked(3, ptrReply(300, otherName))),
+	}
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolvers...)
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+		t.Errorf("names %v, want %s", names, testName)
+	}
+
+	if !slices.Equal(order, []int{0, 1, 2}) {
+		t.Errorf("resolvers asked %v, want [0 1 2]", order)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestResolverThatNeverAnswersLeavesTimeForTheNext would fail if the first
+// resolver could take the whole time limit. The first gets half of it, the
+// share of one resolver in two. The test runs in a synctest bubble, whose clock
+// is fake, so a stall on the host uses none of the limit.
+func TestResolverThatNeverAnswersLeavesTimeForTheNext(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache, _ := newBubbleCache(hangingReply, ptrReply(300, testName))
+
+		start := time.Now()
+		names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+			t.Errorf("names %v, want %s", names, testName)
+		}
+
+		if elapsed != time.Second {
+			t.Errorf("took %s, want 1s", elapsed)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLookupStopsAtTheTimeLimit has no resolver answer. The lookup fails when
+// 2 seconds have passed, having asked every resolver. The test runs in a
+// synctest bubble, whose clock is fake, so a stall on the host uses none of the
+// limit.
+func TestLookupStopsAtTheTimeLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache, resolvers := newBubbleCache(
+			hangingReply, hangingReply, hangingReply, hangingReply)
+
+		start := time.Now()
+		_, err := cache.LookupAddr(t.Context(), testAddress)
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			t.Errorf("error %v, want %v", err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+		}
+
+		if elapsed != 2*time.Second {
+			t.Errorf("took %s, want 2s", elapsed)
+		}
+
+		for i, resolver := range resolvers {
+			if resolver.requestCount() != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("resolver %d asked %d times, want once",
+					i, resolver.requestCount())
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestAnswerIsServedFromMemoryUntilItExpires makes a second lookup within the
+// TTL, which asks nobody, and a third after it, which asks again.
+func TestAnswerIsServedFromMemoryUntilItExpires(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(300, testName))
+	cache, clock := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+		t.Errorf("cached names %v, want %s", names, testName)
+	}
+
+	if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("%d requests after the second lookup, want 1", got)
+	}
+
+	clock.advance(300 * time.Second)
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+	if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("%d requests after the TTL passed, want 2", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAnAddressHasOneCacheEntryHoweverItIsWritten looks up an IPv4 address in
+// its IPv4-mapped IPv6 form, then in its usual form.
+func TestAnAddressHasOneCacheEntryHoweverItIsWritten(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(300, testName))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, mappedAddress)
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+	if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("%d requests, want 1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallerCannotChangeACachedAnswer changes the list each lookup returned, as
+// the server does when it removes the trailing dots. The second lookup is the
+// first answered from the cache. The third shows that the cached list did not
+// change with the list the second returned.
+func TestCallerCannotChangeACachedAnswer(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(300, testName))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	for range 3 {
+		names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+		if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+			t.Errorf("names %v, want %s", names, testName)
+		}
+
+		names[0] = "changed"
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTTLIsClamped(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		ttl  uint32
+		want time.Duration
+	}{
+		{"below the minimum", 1, time.Minute},
+		{"zero", 0, time.Minute},
+		{"at the minimum", 60, time.Minute},
+		{"in range", 300, 300 * time.Second},
+		{"at the maximum", 86400, 24 * time.Hour},
+		{"above the maximum", 604800, 24 * time.Hour},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(tt.ttl, testName))
+		cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+		lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+		got := cache.entries[testAddress].expires.Sub(fixedTime())
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: kept for %s, want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSmallestTTLOfTheChainCounts answers with a CNAME record and two PTR
+// records, whose TTLs all differ.
+func TestSmallestTTLOfTheChainCounts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	reply := func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+		owner := query.Question[0].Name
+		answer := new(dns.Msg)
+		answer.Answer = []dns.RR{
+			&dns.CNAME{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name: owner, Rrtype: dns.TypeCNAME, Class: dns.ClassINET, Ttl: 200,
+				},
+				Target: classlessOwner,
+			},
+			&dns.PTR{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name: classlessOwner, Rrtype: dns.TypePTR,
+					Class: dns.ClassINET, Ttl: 900,
+				},
+				Ptr: testName,
+			},
+			&dns.PTR{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name: classlessOwner, Rrtype: dns.TypePTR,
+					Class: dns.ClassINET, Ttl: 600,
+				},
+				Ptr: otherName,
+			},
+		}
+
+		writeReply(w, query, answer)
+	}
+
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), newFakeResolver(t, reply))
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName, otherName}) {
+		t.Errorf("names %v, want both PTR names", names)
+	}
+
+	got := cache.entries[testAddress].expires.Sub(fixedTime())
+	if got != 200*time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("kept for %s, want 200s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNegativeTTL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		rcode   int
+		soaTTL  uint32
+		minimum uint32
+		want    time.Duration
+	}{
+		{"name does not exist", dns.RcodeNameError, 3600, 300, 300 * time.Second},
+		{"no PTR record", dns.RcodeSuccess, 3600, 300, 300 * time.Second},
+		{"limited to an hour", dns.RcodeNameError, 86400, 7200, time.Hour},
+		{"SOA's own TTL is smaller", dns.RcodeNameError, 100, 300, 100 * time.Second},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		resolver := newFakeResolver(t, soaReply(tt.rcode, tt.soaTTL, tt.minimum))
+		cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+		names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+		if len(names) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: names %v, want none", tt.name, names)
+		}
+
+		got := cache.entries[testAddress].expires.Sub(fixedTime())
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: kept for %s, want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+
+		lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+		if count := resolver.requestCount(); count != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %d requests, want 1", tt.name, count)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAnswerWithoutNamesOrSOAIsNotCached has nothing to say how long the
+// answer may be kept.
+func TestAnswerWithoutNamesOrSOAIsNotCached(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, rcodeReply(dns.RcodeNameError))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+	if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("%d requests, want 2", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFailedQueryIsNotCached has the only resolver fail, and then recover.
+func TestFailedQueryIsNotCached(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, rcodeReply(dns.RcodeServerFailure))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	_, err := cache.LookupAddr(t.Context(), testAddress)
+	if !errors.Is(err, errBadResponse) {
+		t.Fatalf("error %v, want %v", err, errBadResponse)
+	}
+
+	if len(cache.entries)+len(cache.pending) != 0 {
+		t.Error("a failed query left an entry in the cache")
+	}
+
+	resolver.setReply(ptrReply(300, testName))
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+		t.Errorf("names %v, want %s", names, testName)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNamesThatAreNotHostNamesAreDropped answers with a name that holds markup
+// beside a good one, as a PTR record can.
+func TestNamesThatAreNotHostNamesAreDropped(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t,
+		ptrReply(300, "bad<script>.example.com.", testName, "."))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, t.TempDir()), resolver)
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName}) {
+		t.Errorf("names %v, want only %s", names, testName)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCacheSurvivesARestart stops a cache that holds a positive and a negative
+// answer, and starts a new one on the reopened file. It makes no request.
+func TestCacheSurvivesARestart(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	db := openTestDB(t, dir)
+
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t,
+		func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+			if query.Question[0].Name == testReverse {
+				ptrReply(300, testName, otherName)(w, r, query)
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			soaReply(dns.RcodeNameError, 3600, 300)(w, r, query)
+		})
+
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, db, resolver)
+
+	err := cache.Start(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Start: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	lookupOK(t, cache, otherAddress)
+	cache.Stop(t.Context())
+
+	err = db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("closing the database: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	restarted, _ := newTestCache(t, openTestDB(t, dir), resolver)
+
+	err = restarted.Start(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Start after the restart: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	defer restarted.Stop(t.Context())
+
+	requestsBefore := resolver.requestCount()
+
+	names := lookupOK(t, restarted, testAddress)
+	if !slices.Equal(names, []string{testName, otherName}) {
+		t.Errorf("names after restart %v", names)
+	}
+
+	if names := lookupOK(t, restarted, otherAddress); len(names) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("names of the address with none after restart: %v", names)
+	}
+
+	if got := resolver.requestCount(); got != requestsBefore {
+		t.Errorf("%d requests after the restart, want none",
+			got-requestsBefore)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSweepDeletesExpiredRows also checks that a restart does not load a row
+// that has expired since it was written.
+func TestSweepDeletesExpiredRows(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := openTestDB(t, t.TempDir())
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t,
+		func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, query *dns.Msg) {
+			ttl := uint32(300)
+			if query.Question[0].Name == testReverse {
+				ttl = 60
+			}
+
+			ptrReply(ttl, testName)(w, r, query)
+		})
+	cache, clock := newTestCache(t, db, resolver)
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+	lookupOK(t, cache, otherAddress)
+	cache.flush(t.Context())
+
+	if got := countRows(t, db); got != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d rows before the sweep, want 2", got)
+	}
+
+	clock.advance(90 * time.Second)
+
+	loaded, loadedClock := newTestCache(t, db, resolver)
+	loadedClock.advance(90 * time.Second)
+
+	err := loaded.load(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("load: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(loaded.entries) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("loaded %d entries, want the 1 not expired", len(loaded.entries))
+	}
+
+	cache.sweep(t.Context())
+
+	if got := countRows(t, db); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("%d rows after the sweep, want 1", got)
+	}
+
+	if len(cache.entries) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("%d entries in memory after the sweep, want 1", len(cache.entries))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFlushKeepsAnswersItCouldNotWrite makes one write fail by hiding the
+// table. The next write, once the table is back, stores the answer.
+func TestFlushKeepsAnswersItCouldNotWrite(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := openTestDB(t, t.TempDir())
+	resolver := newFakeResolver(t, ptrReply(300, testName))
+	cache, _ := newTestCache(t, db, resolver)
+
+	lookupOK(t, cache, testAddress)
+
+	_, err := db.ExecContext(t.Context(), "ALTER TABLE hostnames RENAME TO hidden")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("renaming the table: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cache.flush(t.Context())
+
+	_, err = db.ExecContext(t.Context(), "ALTER TABLE hidden RENAME TO hostnames")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("renaming the table back: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := countRows(t, db); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d rows after the failed write, want 0", got)
+	}
+
+	cache.flush(t.Context())
+
+	if got := countRows(t, db); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("%d rows after the second write, want 1", got)
+	}
+}

internal/ptr/doh.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package ptr
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+const (
+	// LookupTimeout limits one address's lookup, every resolver included.
+	LookupTimeout = 2 * time.Second
+
+	// minTTL and maxTTL limit how long PTR names are kept.
+	minTTL = time.Minute
+	maxTTL = 24 * time.Hour
+
+	// maxNegativeTTL limits how long an address with no PTR names is
+	// remembered as having none.
+	maxNegativeTTL = time.Hour
+
+	// dnsMessageType is the content type of RFC 8484 requests and answers.
+	dnsMessageType = "application/dns-message"
+
+	// maxMessageBytes is the largest possible DNS message.
+	maxMessageBytes = 65535
+)
+
+var (
+	errBadStatus   = errors.New("unexpected HTTP status")
+	errBadResponse = errors.New("resolver reported an error")
+)
+
+// Resolvers returns the URLs of the public DNS-over-HTTPS resolvers, in the
+// order they are tried.
+func Resolvers() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"https://dns.google/dns-query",
+		"https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query",
+		"https://unfiltered.adguard-dns.com/dns-query",
+		"https://dns.quad9.net/dns-query",
+	}
+}
+
+// answer is a resolver's answer for one address.
+type answer struct {
+	// names are the address's PTR names, nil when it has none.
+	names []string
+
+	// ttl is how long the answer may be kept. Zero means it is not kept.
+	ttl time.Duration
+}
+
+// lookup asks the resolvers in turn for the PTR names of the reverse name
+// until one answers. It fails when none has answered within the time limit.
+func (c *Cache) lookup(ctx context.Context, reverseName string) (answer, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, c.timeLimit)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	query := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion(reverseName, dns.TypePTR)
+	query.Id = 0 // RFC 8484 asks for 0, so that equal queries can be cached.
+
+	wire, err := query.Pack()
+	if err != nil {
+		return answer{}, fmt.Errorf("packing the query: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var failures []error
+
+	for i, resolver := range c.resolvers {
+		// Each resolver gets an equal share of the time left, so that one
+		// that never answers leaves time for the next.
+		deadline, _ := ctx.Deadline()
+		share := time.Until(deadline) / time.Duration(len(c.resolvers)-i)
+
+		result, err := c.ask(ctx, resolver, wire, share)
+		if err == nil {
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		failures = append(failures, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", resolver, err))
+	}
+
+	return answer{}, errors.Join(failures...)
+}
+
+// ask sends the query to one resolver and waits at most timeout for its answer.
+func (c *Cache) ask(
+	ctx context.Context, resolver string, query []byte, timeout time.Duration,
+) (answer, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(
+		ctx, http.MethodPost, resolver, bytes.NewReader(query))
+	if err != nil {
+		return answer{}, err
+	}
+
+	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", dnsMessageType)
+	request.Header.Set("Accept", dnsMessageType)
+
+	response, err := c.client.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return answer{}, err
+	}
+
+	defer func() { _ = response.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return answer{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %d", errBadStatus, response.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(response.Body, maxMessageBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return answer{}, err
+	}
+
+	var reply dns.Msg
+
+	err = reply.Unpack(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return answer{}, err
+	}
+
+	return answerFrom(&reply)
+}
+
+// answerFrom reads a resolver's reply. A name that does not exist and a name
+// with no PTR records are answers. Every other response code is a failure.
+func answerFrom(reply *dns.Msg) (answer, error) {
+	if reply.Rcode != dns.RcodeSuccess && reply.Rcode != dns.RcodeNameError {
+		return answer{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+			errBadResponse, dns.RcodeToString[reply.Rcode])
+	}
+
+	var names []string
+
+	seconds := uint32(math.MaxUint32)
+
+	for _, record := range reply.Answer {
+		// The chain to a PTR record can hold CNAME records, and the answer
+		// is good only as long as every record in it.
+		seconds = min(seconds, record.Header().Ttl)
+
+		ptr, ok := record.(*dns.PTR)
+		if ok && isHostName(ptr.Ptr) {
+			names = append(names, ptr.Ptr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(names) == 0 {
+		return answer{ttl: negativeTTL(reply.Ns)}, nil
+	}
+
+	ttl := time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second
+
+	return answer{names: names, ttl: min(max(ttl, minTTL), maxTTL)}, nil
+}
+
+// negativeTTL returns how long a reply with no PTR names may be kept: the
+// smaller of the SOA record's own TTL and its minimum field (RFC 2308), at most
+// maxNegativeTTL. Without a SOA record it is zero.
+func negativeTTL(authority []dns.RR) time.Duration {
+	for _, record := range authority {
+		soa, ok := record.(*dns.SOA)
+		if ok {
+			ttl := time.Duration(min(soa.Hdr.Ttl, soa.Minttl)) * time.Second
+
+			return min(ttl, maxNegativeTTL)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0
+}
+
+// isHostName reports whether name is a host name. A PTR record can hold any
+// bytes, and the names go into web pages, so anything else is dropped, as
+// net.Resolver.LookupAddr drops it. The root name is not a host name.
+func isHostName(name string) bool {
+	_, ok := dns.IsDomainName(name)
+
+	return ok && name != "." && !strings.ContainsFunc(name, notInHostName)
+}
+
+// notInHostName reports whether r cannot be part of a host name.
+func notInHostName(r rune) bool {
+	return !strings.ContainsRune(hostNameCharacters, r)
+}
+
+// hostNameCharacters are the characters of a host name, in presentation format.
+const hostNameCharacters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" +
+	"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_."

internal/routewatch/app.go

@@ -9,17 +9,20 @@ package routewatch
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/cachedb"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/database"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/iplist"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ptr"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/routetable"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/server"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
@@ -62,6 +65,8 @@ type RouteWatch struct {
 	asnFetcher     *ASNFetcher
 	dbMaintainer   *DBMaintainer
 	ipLists        *iplist.IPLists
+	cacheDB        *sql.DB
+	ptrCache       *ptr.Cache
 }
 
 // ipListsDirName is the directory in the state directory that holds the IP
@@ -150,6 +155,11 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	rw.ipLists = ipLists
 	rw.server.SetIPLists(ipLists)
 
+	err = rw.startPTRCache(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Start HTTP server
 	err = rw.server.Start(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -168,8 +178,8 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 // Shutdown stops all services in order: the streamer, the handlers, which
 // write what they hold, the WHOIS fetcher, the database maintainer, the
-// IP list downloads and the HTTP server, and last the database, which it
+// IP list downloads, the HTTP server and the PTR cache, and last the database,
-// checkpoints and closes. Each stage waits at most until ctx ends, so
+// which it checkpoints and closes. Each stage waits at most until ctx ends, so
 // Shutdown returns soon after: a handler logs what it could not write by
 // then, and the HTTP server closes the connections of requests still
 // running.
@@ -229,6 +239,8 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) {
 			"error", err)
 	}
 
+	rw.stopPTRCache(ctx)
+
 	rw.closeDatabase(ctx)
 
 	// Log final metrics
@@ -242,6 +254,55 @@ func (rw *RouteWatch) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) {
 	)
 }
 
+// startPTRCache opens cache.db, loads the PTR cache from it and gives the
+// server the cache. The HTTP handlers read it without a lock, so it is set
+// before they run.
+func (rw *RouteWatch) startPTRCache(ctx context.Context) error {
+	cacheDB, err := cachedb.Open(ctx, rw.config.StateDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ptrCache := ptr.New(ptr.Params{
+		DB:        cacheDB,
+		Resolvers: ptr.Resolvers(),
+		Logger:    rw.logger.Logger,
+	})
+
+	err = ptrCache.Start(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = cacheDB.Close()
+
+		return err
+	}
+
+	rw.cacheDB = cacheDB
+	rw.ptrCache = ptrCache
+	rw.server.SetPTRResolver(ptrCache)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// stopPTRCache stops the PTR cache, which writes the answers cache.db does not
+// have yet, and closes cache.db, unless ctx has ended and a write may still be
+// running.
+func (rw *RouteWatch) stopPTRCache(ctx context.Context) {
+	if rw.ptrCache == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	rw.ptrCache.Stop(ctx)
+
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	err := rw.cacheDB.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		rw.logger.Error("Failed to close the cache database", "error", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // closeDatabase checkpoints and closes the database, unless ctx has ended: a
 // write may then still be running, and both would wait for it. SQLite rolls
 // back a write cut off by the exit when the database next opens.

internal/server/handlers.go

@@ -39,12 +39,9 @@ const (
 const (
 	// maxLookupTargets is the most addresses and host names an IP lookup may
 	// list, and the most addresses it may have once the names are resolved:
-	// each address costs two database reads and a PTR lookup.
+	// each address costs two database reads and a PTR lookup. Ten PTR lookups
+	// that run to ptr.LookupTimeout fit in the request's 30-second limit.
 	maxLookupTargets = 10
-
-	// ptrLookupTimeout is each PTR lookup's own time limit, so that ten
-	// addresses whose PTR lookups never answer fit in the 30-second limit.
-	ptrLookupTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )
 
 // The Cache-Control header of an IP lookup answer, such as
@@ -1194,15 +1191,17 @@ func publicAddresses(addrs []string) []string {
 }
 
 // lookupPTRNames returns the PTR records of ip without their trailing dots. It
-// returns an empty list, never nil, when there are none, when the lookup fails
+// returns an empty list, never nil, when there are none and when the lookup
-// and when it runs past ptrLookupTimeout, so that an answer's ptr is [] rather
+// fails, so that an answer's ptr is [] rather than null.
-// than null.
 func (s *Server) lookupPTRNames(ctx context.Context, ip string) []string {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, ptrLookupTimeout)
+	ptrs, err := s.ptrResolver.LookupAddr(ctx, ip)
-	defer cancel()
+	if err != nil {
+		s.logger.Warn("PTR lookup failed", "ip", ip, "error", err)
 
-	ptrs, err := s.resolver.LookupAddr(ctx, ip)
+		return []string{}
-	if err != nil || ptrs == nil {
+	}
+
+	if ptrs == nil {
 		return []string{}
 	}
 

internal/server/handlers_internal_test.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/iplist"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/metrics"
+	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ptr"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/ristypes"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/routetable"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/streamer"
@@ -523,8 +524,11 @@ func newServerWithTable(t *testing.T, table *routetable.Table) *Server {
 
 	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = db.Close() })
 
-	return New(db, table, streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(),
+	s := New(db, table, streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(),
 		&config.Config{})
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
+
+	return s
 }
 
 // TestPrefixDetailHandlersParsePrefix checks that both prefix pages find a
@@ -1213,7 +1217,7 @@ func TestIPLookupAnswers500WhenDatabaseReadFails(t *testing.T) {
 
 	s := New(failingIPLookupDB{}, newTestTable(),
 		streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(), &config.Config{})
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		path     string
@@ -1255,8 +1259,8 @@ var errNoSuchHost = errors.New("no such host")
 
 // fakeResolver answers a host name lookup with the addresses hosts lists for
 // the name, and a PTR lookup with no names or, when ptrNeverAnswers is set,
-// not at all: it waits until the lookup's context ends. hostLookups counts the
+// with a failure after ptr.LookupTimeout, as the real one does when no
-// host name lookups.
+// resolver answers. hostLookups counts the host name lookups.
 type fakeResolver struct {
 	hosts           map[string][]string
 	ptrNeverAnswers bool
@@ -1277,6 +1281,9 @@ func (r *fakeResolver) LookupHost(_ context.Context, host string) ([]string, err
 
 func (r *fakeResolver) LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
 	if r.ptrNeverAnswers {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, ptr.LookupTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+
 		<-ctx.Done()
 
 		return nil, ctx.Err()
@@ -1285,6 +1292,12 @@ func (r *fakeResolver) LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, _ string) ([]string, erro
 	return nil, errNoSuchHost
 }
 
+// useFakeResolver makes r answer the server's host name and PTR lookups.
+func useFakeResolver(s *Server, r *fakeResolver) {
+	s.resolver = r
+	s.ptrResolver = r
+}
+
 // countingIPLookupDB embeds database.Store (left nil) and answers the IP
 // lookup's reads with nothing stored. It counts the lookups, as the reads of a
 // prefix's first-seen time. Every other Store method is unused and would panic
@@ -1353,7 +1366,7 @@ func TestIPLookupRefusesTooManyAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 		s := New(db, newTestTable(), streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()),
 			logger.New(), &config.Config{})
 		resolver := &fakeResolver{hosts: hosts}
-		s.resolver = resolver
+		useFakeResolver(s, resolver)
 
 		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		s.router.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
@@ -1395,10 +1408,10 @@ func TestIPLookupKeepsRouteWhenPTRLookupDoesNotAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{ptrNeverAnswers: true}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{ptrNeverAnswers: true})
 
 	// The request's time limit passes after the PTR lookup's.
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.Context(), 2*ptrLookupTimeout)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.Context(), 2*ptr.LookupTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -1476,7 +1489,7 @@ func TestIPLookupFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.SetIPLists(fakeIPLists{})
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1532,7 +1545,7 @@ func TestIPLookupReportsIPLists(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.SetIPLists(fakeIPLists{})
 
 	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -1609,7 +1622,7 @@ func TestIPLookupReportsIPListsOfAnAddressWithNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.SetIPLists(fakeIPLists{})
 
 	// routeFields are the fields of a result that come from the address's
@@ -1687,9 +1700,9 @@ func TestIPLookupResultsHaveTheSameFields(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{hosts: map[string][]string{
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{hosts: map[string][]string{
 		twoAddressHostName: {addrInTestPrefixV4, listedUnroutedAddr},
-	}}
+	}})
 	s.SetIPLists(fakeIPLists{})
 
 	// want is the fields of the first result.
@@ -1722,7 +1735,7 @@ func TestIPLookupOfAnAddressWithoutPTRNamesOrStoredNetblock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 
 	path := "/api/v1/ip/" + addrInTestPrefixV4
 
@@ -1752,7 +1765,7 @@ func TestIPLookupAnswersMayBeCached(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.SetIPLists(fakeIPLists{})
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1803,10 +1816,10 @@ func TestIPLookupHidesPrivateAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{hosts: map[string][]string{
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{hosts: map[string][]string{
 		internalHostName: {internalHostAddr},
 		"mixed.test":     {internalHostAddr, addrInTestPrefixV4},
-	}}
+	}})
 
 	notPublic := internalHostName + ": " + hostNotPublicMessage
 

internal/server/handlers_table_internal_test.go

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func TestIPLookupGivesTheOriginMostPeersCarry(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	s := newServerWithTable(t, newTwoOriginTable())
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 
 	firstSeen := testRouteTime(-1)
 

internal/server/middleware_internal_test.go

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func TestJSONAnswersPutNoUnitInAString(t *testing.T) {
 		`^([0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)? ?(ns|µs|ms|s|m|h|B|kB|MB|GB|TB))+$`)
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.SetASNFetcher(fixedIntervalASNFetcher{interval: time.Second})
 
 	paths := []string{
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestJSONAnswersCarryMeta(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 
 	s := newServerWithTestRoutes(t)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 	s.streamer.GetMetricsTracker().SetConnected(true)
 	s.router.Get(writesNothingPath, JSONValidationMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(
 		func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) {})).ServeHTTP)
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func TestJSONAnswersCarryMeta(t *testing.T) {
 	// handlers of the other routes 500.
 	failing := New(failingDB{}, newTestTable(),
 		streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()), logger.New(), &config.Config{})
-	failing.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(failing, &fakeResolver{})
 
 	checkAnswerCarriesMeta(t, failing, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
 		t.Context(), http.MethodGet, healthCheckPath, nil),
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ func newServerWithConfig(
 
 	s := New(db, newTestTable(), streamer.New(logger.New(), metrics.New()),
 		&logger.Logger{Logger: slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(requestLog, nil))}, cfg)
-	s.resolver = &fakeResolver{}
+	useFakeResolver(s, &fakeResolver{})
 
 	return s
 }

internal/server/server.go

@@ -52,10 +52,14 @@ type IPLists interface {
 	ShortestInterval() time.Duration
 }
 
-// dnsResolver looks up the addresses of host names and the names of addresses
+// dnsResolver looks up the addresses of host names in DNS, as *net.Resolver
-// in DNS, as *net.Resolver does.
+// does.
 type dnsResolver interface {
 	LookupHost(ctx context.Context, host string) ([]string, error)
+}
+
+// ptrResolver looks up the PTR names of addresses, as *ptr.Cache does.
+type ptrResolver interface {
 	LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, addr string) ([]string, error)
 }
 
@@ -75,10 +79,13 @@ type Server struct {
 	// RealIPMiddleware believes
 	trustedProxies []netip.Prefix
 
-	// resolver makes the IP lookup's DNS lookups: net.DefaultResolver, or a
+	// resolver looks up the IP lookup's host names: net.DefaultResolver, or a
 	// fake in tests
 	resolver dnsResolver
 
+	// ptrResolver looks up the IP lookup's PTR names. SetPTRResolver sets it.
+	ptrResolver ptrResolver
+
 	// cards is the copy of the home page's cards that the pages serve, nil
 	// until the server first works them out
 	cards atomic.Pointer[homeCards]
@@ -196,6 +203,12 @@ func (s *Server) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// SetPTRResolver sets what looks up the IP lookup's PTR names. Call it before
+// Start: the handlers read it without a lock.
+func (s *Server) SetPTRResolver(resolver ptrResolver) {
+	s.ptrResolver = resolver
+}
+
 // SetASNFetcher sets the ASN WHOIS fetcher for on-demand lookups. Call it
 // before Start: the handlers read the fetcher without a lock.
 func (s *Server) SetASNFetcher(fetcher ASNFetcher) {