Identify a live route by prefix and peer (closes #55)

A peer has at most one route for a prefix, but the live route tables were
keyed by prefix, origin AS and peer. An announcement with a new origin AS
added a second row instead of replacing the first, and a withdrawal sent in
the same message as announcements was given their origin AS and so missed
the withdrawn route.

The tables are now unique on prefix and peer. An announcement updates the
peer's row for the prefix, origin AS included, and a withdrawal deletes it
without looking at an origin AS. The origin-only delete statements, the
deletion's origin field and DeleteLiveRoute's origin parameter are removed.

Model: opus-5-5

internal/database/counts_test.go

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func TestLiveCountsTrackWritesInRealtime(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// A withdrawal removes one route.
 	if err := db.DeleteLiveRouteBatch([]LiveRouteDeletion{
-		{Prefix: "203.0.113.0/24", OriginASN: 64501, PeerIP: "192.0.2.1", IPVersion: ipVersionV4},
+		{Prefix: "203.0.113.0/24", PeerIP: "192.0.2.1", IPVersion: ipVersionV4},
 	}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeleteLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -327,13 +327,11 @@ func announceRoutes(db *Database, batch bool, routes []*LiveRoute) error {
 }
 
 // withdrawRoutes removes routes in one DeleteLiveRouteBatch, or with one
-// DeleteLiveRoute each. It names each route by prefix and peer only, with no
+// DeleteLiveRoute each.
-// origin ASN, as a withdrawal from the feed does when its message carries no AS
-// path.
 func withdrawRoutes(db *Database, batch bool, routes []*LiveRoute) error {
 	if !batch {
 		for _, route := range routes {
-			if err := db.DeleteLiveRoute(route.Prefix, 0, route.PeerIP); err != nil {
+			if err := db.DeleteLiveRoute(route.Prefix, route.PeerIP); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}

internal/database/database.go

@@ -228,21 +228,22 @@ func (d *Database) beginTx() (*loggingTx, error) {
 }
 
 // A live-route upsert is an UPDATE followed, only when no row matched, by an
-// INSERT. The UPDATE's rows-affected count (1 for an existing key, 0 for a new
+// INSERT. A live route is keyed by prefix and peer, so an announcement replaces
-// one) is what lets the in-memory route counters stay exact without a COUNT(*).
+// the peer's route for the prefix whatever its origin AS. The UPDATE's
-// Callers hold the database write lock, so no other writer can insert the same
+// rows-affected count (1 for an existing key, 0 for a new one) is what lets the
-// key between the two statements. The id column is set only on INSERT, so an
+// in-memory route counters stay exact without a COUNT(*). Callers hold the
-// updated route keeps its original id, exactly as the previous ON CONFLICT
+// database write lock, so no other writer can insert the same key between the
-// upsert did.
+// two statements. The id column is set only on INSERT, so an updated route
+// keeps its original id, exactly as the previous ON CONFLICT upsert did.
 const (
-	updateLiveRouteV4SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v4 SET mask_length = ?, as_path = ?, next_hop = ?,
+	updateLiveRouteV4SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v4 SET mask_length = ?, origin_asn = ?, as_path = ?,
-		last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
+		next_hop = ?, last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
 
 	insertLiveRouteV4SQL = `INSERT INTO live_routes_v4 (id, prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip,
 		as_path, next_hop, last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
 
-	updateLiveRouteV6SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v6 SET mask_length = ?, as_path = ?, next_hop = ?,
+	updateLiveRouteV6SQL = `UPDATE live_routes_v6 SET mask_length = ?, origin_asn = ?, as_path = ?,
-		last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
+		next_hop = ?, last_updated = ? WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`
 
 	insertLiveRouteV6SQL = `INSERT INTO live_routes_v6 (id, prefix, mask_length, origin_asn, peer_ip,
 		as_path, next_hop, last_updated) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
@@ -261,8 +262,8 @@ const (
 // live route for its prefix.
 func upsertRouteRowV4(upd, ins, has *sql.Stmt, route *LiveRoute, pathJSON string) (
 	inserted, newPrefix bool, err error) {
-	res, err := upd.Exec(route.MaskLength, pathJSON, route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated,
+	res, err := upd.Exec(route.MaskLength, route.OriginASN, pathJSON, route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated,
-		route.Prefix, route.OriginASN, route.PeerIP)
+		route.Prefix, route.PeerIP)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, false, err
 	}
@@ -293,8 +294,8 @@ func upsertRouteRowV4(upd, ins, has *sql.Stmt, route *LiveRoute, pathJSON string
 // live route for its prefix.
 func upsertRouteRowV6(upd, ins, has *sql.Stmt, route *LiveRoute, pathJSON string) (
 	inserted, newPrefix bool, err error) {
-	res, err := upd.Exec(route.MaskLength, pathJSON, route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated,
+	res, err := upd.Exec(route.MaskLength, route.OriginASN, pathJSON, route.NextHop, route.LastUpdated,
-		route.Prefix, route.OriginASN, route.PeerIP)
+		route.Prefix, route.PeerIP)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, false, err
 	}
@@ -441,32 +442,18 @@ func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRouteBatch(deletions []LiveRouteDeletion) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// No longer need to separate deletions since we handle them in the loop below
-
 	// Prepare statements for both IPv4 and IPv6 tables
-	stmtV4WithOrigin, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v4 WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
+	deleteV4, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v4 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv4 delete with origin statement: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv4 delete statement: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer func() { _ = stmtV4WithOrigin.Close() }()
+	defer func() { _ = deleteV4.Close() }()
 
-	stmtV4WithoutOrigin, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v4 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
+	deleteV6, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v6 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv4 delete without origin statement: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv6 delete statement: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer func() { _ = stmtV4WithoutOrigin.Close() }()
+	defer func() { _ = deleteV6.Close() }()
-
-	stmtV6WithOrigin, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v6 WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv6 delete with origin statement: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = stmtV6WithOrigin.Close() }()
-
-	stmtV6WithoutOrigin, err := tx.Prepare(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v6 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prepare IPv6 delete without origin statement: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = stmtV6WithoutOrigin.Close() }()
 
 	hasV4, err := tx.Prepare(prefixHasLiveRouteV4SQL)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -485,38 +472,18 @@ func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRouteBatch(deletions []LiveRouteDeletion) error {
 	// Mask lengths of the prefixes this batch leaves with no live route.
 	var gonePrefixMaskLengthsV4, gonePrefixMaskLengthsV6 []int
 	for _, del := range deletions {
-		var stmt *sql.Stmt
+		stmt := deleteV4
-
+		if del.IPVersion != ipVersionV4 {
-		// Select appropriate statement based on IP version and whether we have origin ASN
+			stmt = deleteV6
-		//nolint:nestif // Clear logic for selecting the right statement
-		if del.IPVersion == ipVersionV4 {
-			if del.OriginASN == 0 {
-				stmt = stmtV4WithoutOrigin
-			} else {
-				stmt = stmtV4WithOrigin
-			}
-		} else {
-			if del.OriginASN == 0 {
-				stmt = stmtV6WithoutOrigin
-			} else {
-				stmt = stmtV6WithOrigin
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Execute deletion
-		var res sql.Result
-		if del.OriginASN == 0 {
-			res, err = stmt.Exec(del.Prefix, del.PeerIP)
-		} else {
-			res, err = stmt.Exec(del.Prefix, del.OriginASN, del.PeerIP)
 		}
 
+		res, err := stmt.Exec(del.Prefix, del.PeerIP)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete route %s: %w", del.Prefix, err)
 		}
 
-		// A deletion with no origin ASN can remove several rows, so use the
+		// The feed often withdraws a route that is not live, which deletes
-		// exact rows-affected count to keep the in-memory route counters right.
+		// nothing, so the in-memory route counters use the rows-affected count.
 		affected, err := res.RowsAffected()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to count deleted route %s: %w", del.Prefix, err)
@@ -1282,9 +1249,8 @@ func (d *Database) UpsertLiveRoute(route *LiveRoute) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// DeleteLiveRoute deletes a live route
+// DeleteLiveRoute deletes the live route the peer has for the prefix
-// If originASN is 0, deletes all routes for the prefix/peer combination
+func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRoute(prefix, peerIP string) error {
-func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRoute(prefix string, originASN int, peerIP string) error {
 	d.lock("DeleteLiveRoute")
 	defer d.unlock()
 
@@ -1309,22 +1275,12 @@ func (d *Database) DeleteLiveRoute(prefix string, originASN int, peerIP string)
 	}()
 
 	// Literal per-table queries (rather than one formatted with the table name)
-	// so the delete carries no dynamically built SQL. A delete with no origin
+	// so the delete carries no dynamically built SQL.
-	// ASN can remove several rows.
 	var res sql.Result
-	switch {
+	if isV4 {
-	case isV4 && originASN == 0:
 		res, err = tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v4 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`, prefix, peerIP)
-	case isV4:
+	} else {
-		res, err = tx.Exec(
-			`DELETE FROM live_routes_v4 WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`,
-			prefix, originASN, peerIP)
-	case originASN == 0:
 		res, err = tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM live_routes_v6 WHERE prefix = ? AND peer_ip = ?`, prefix, peerIP)
-	default:
-		res, err = tx.Exec(
-			`DELETE FROM live_routes_v6 WHERE prefix = ? AND origin_asn = ? AND peer_ip = ?`,
-			prefix, originASN, peerIP)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err

internal/database/database_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/config"
 	"git.eeqj.de/sneak/routewatch/internal/logger"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
 
 // tempStoreMemory is the PRAGMA temp_store value meaning "hold temp B-trees in
@@ -122,8 +123,8 @@ func TestGetIPInfoFindsMostSpecificLiveRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	lookup("2001:db9::1", "")
 
 	err = db.DeleteLiveRouteBatch([]LiveRouteDeletion{
-		{Prefix: "10.1.2.0/24", OriginASN: 64502, PeerIP: testPeerIP, IPVersion: ipVersionV4},
+		{Prefix: "10.1.2.0/24", PeerIP: testPeerIP, IPVersion: ipVersionV4},
-		{Prefix: "2001:db8:1:2::/64", OriginASN: 64502, PeerIP: testPeerIP, IPVersion: ipVersionV6},
+		{Prefix: "2001:db8:1:2::/64", PeerIP: testPeerIP, IPVersion: ipVersionV6},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("DeleteLiveRouteBatch: %v", err)
@@ -205,6 +206,40 @@ func TestGetIPInfoIgnoresShortRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	lookup("2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::/32", 64502)
 }
 
+// TestLiveRouteTablesHoldOneRoutePerPrefixAndPeer checks that each live route
+// table refuses a second route from a peer for a prefix, even with another
+// origin AS. An upsert updates the peer's route before it would insert one, so
+// only an insert straight into the table shows what the table allows.
+func TestLiveRouteTablesHoldOneRoutePerPrefixAndPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	const otherOriginASN = 64501
+	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		route     *LiveRoute
+		insertSQL string
+	}{
+		{route: mkV4Route(t, "198.51.100.0/24", 64500, ts), insertSQL: insertLiveRouteV4SQL},
+		{route: mkV6Route("2001:db8::/32", 64500, ts), insertSQL: insertLiveRouteV6SQL},
+	} {
+		if err := db.UpsertLiveRoute(tt.route); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("UpsertLiveRoute(%s): %v", tt.route.Prefix, err)
+		}
+
+		_, err := db.db.Exec(tt.insertSQL, uuid.NewString(), tt.route.Prefix, tt.route.MaskLength,
+			otherOriginASN, tt.route.PeerIP, "[]", tt.route.NextHop, ts)
+		var sqliteErr sqlite3.Error
+		if !errors.As(err, &sqliteErr) || sqliteErr.ExtendedCode != sqlite3.ErrConstraintUnique {
+			t.Errorf("second route from peer %s for %s: error %v, want a UNIQUE constraint error",
+				tt.route.PeerIP, tt.route.Prefix, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // TestConnectionPoolPragmas holds several pooled connections open at once and
 // checks each one carries the per-connection settings from the DSN, plus the
 // process-wide hard heap limit, and sees the new file with auto_vacuum
@@ -306,7 +341,6 @@ func TestVacuumReturnsFreePages(t *testing.T) {
 		routes = append(routes, route)
 		deletions = append(deletions, LiveRouteDeletion{
 			Prefix:    route.Prefix,
-			OriginASN: asn,
 			PeerIP:    route.PeerIP,
 			IPVersion: ipVersionV4,
 		})

internal/database/interface.go

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ type Store interface {
 	// Live route operations
 	UpsertLiveRoute(route *LiveRoute) error
 	UpsertLiveRouteBatch(routes []*LiveRoute) error
-	DeleteLiveRoute(prefix string, originASN int, peerIP string) error
+	DeleteLiveRoute(prefix, peerIP string) error
 	DeleteLiveRouteBatch(deletions []LiveRouteDeletion) error
 	GetPrefixDistribution() (ipv4 []PrefixDistribution, ipv6 []PrefixDistribution, err error)
 	GetPrefixDistributionContext(ctx context.Context) (ipv4 []PrefixDistribution, ipv6 []PrefixDistribution, err error)

internal/database/models.go

@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ type IPInfo struct {
 // LiveRouteDeletion represents parameters for deleting a live route
 type LiveRouteDeletion struct {
 	Prefix    string
-	OriginASN int
 	PeerIP    string
 	IPVersion int
 }

internal/database/schema.sql

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v4 (
 	as_path TEXT NOT NULL, -- JSON array
 	next_hop TEXT NOT NULL,
 	last_updated DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	UNIQUE(prefix, origin_asn, peer_ip)
+	UNIQUE(prefix, peer_ip) -- a peer has at most one route for a prefix
 );
 
 -- IPv6 routing table maintained by PrefixHandler
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS live_routes_v6 (
 	as_path TEXT NOT NULL, -- JSON array
 	next_hop TEXT NOT NULL,
 	last_updated DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	UNIQUE(prefix, origin_asn, peer_ip)
+	UNIQUE(prefix, peer_ip) -- a peer has at most one route for a prefix
 );
 
 -- Indexes for live_routes_v4 table

internal/routewatch/app_integration_test.go

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func (m *mockStore) UpsertLiveRoute(route *database.LiveRoute) error {
 }
 
 // DeleteLiveRoute mock implementation
-func (m *mockStore) DeleteLiveRoute(prefix string, originASN int, peerIP string) error {
+func (m *mockStore) DeleteLiveRoute(prefix, peerIP string) error {
 	// Simple mock - just return nil
 	return nil
 }

internal/routewatch/prefixhandler.go

@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) HandleMessage(msg *ristypes.RISMessage) {
 	// Withdrawals are queued before announcements, because the batch keeps
 	// each peer's last update for a prefix: a message that lists a prefix as
 	// both withdrawn and announced keeps the route (RFC 4271 section 4.3).
+	// A withdrawal names only the prefix and peer: the message's AS path, and
+	// so its origin AS, belongs to the announced prefixes.
 	for _, prefix := range msg.Withdrawals {
 		h.batch = append(h.batch, prefixUpdate{
 			prefix:      canonicalPrefix(prefix),
-			originASN:   originASN, // Use the originASN from path if available
 			peer:        msg.Peer,
 			messageType: "withdrawal",
 			timestamp:   timestamp,
-			path:        msg.Path,
 		})
 		// Record withdrawal in metrics
 		if h.metrics != nil {
@@ -221,7 +221,6 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) flushBatchLocked() {
 			// Create deletion record for batch delete
 			routesToDelete = append(routesToDelete, database.LiveRouteDeletion{
 				Prefix:    update.prefix,
-				OriginASN: update.originASN,
 				PeerIP:    update.peer,
 				IPVersion: ipVersion,
 			})
@@ -425,51 +424,24 @@ func (h *PrefixHandler) processAnnouncementDirect(update prefixUpdate) {
 // processWithdrawalDirect handles removing a route directly without prefix table
 // nolint:unused // kept for potential future use
 func (h *PrefixHandler) processWithdrawalDirect(update prefixUpdate) {
-	// For withdrawals, we need to delete the route from live_routes
+	if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, update.peer); err != nil {
-	if update.originASN > 0 {
+		h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route",
-		if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, update.originASN, update.peer); err != nil {
+			"prefix", update.prefix,
-			h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route",
+			"peer", update.peer,
-				"prefix", update.prefix,
+			"error", err,
-				"origin_asn", update.originASN,
+		)
-				"peer", update.peer,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-		}
-	} else {
-		// If no origin ASN, just delete all routes for this prefix from this peer
-		if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, 0, update.peer); err != nil {
-			h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route (no origin ASN)",
-				"prefix", update.prefix,
-				"peer", update.peer,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-		}
 	}
 }
 
 // processWithdrawal handles removing a route from the live routing table
 // nolint:unused // kept for potential future use
 func (h *PrefixHandler) processWithdrawal(_ *database.Prefix, update prefixUpdate) {
-	// For withdrawals, we need to delete the route from live_routes
+	if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, update.peer); err != nil {
-	// Since we have the origin ASN from the update, we can delete the specific route
+		h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route",
-	if update.originASN > 0 {
+			"prefix", update.prefix,
-		if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, update.originASN, update.peer); err != nil {
+			"peer", update.peer,
-			h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route",
+			"error", err,
-				"prefix", update.prefix,
+		)
-				"origin_asn", update.originASN,
-				"peer", update.peer,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-		}
-	} else {
-		// If no origin ASN, just delete all routes for this prefix from this peer
-		if err := h.db.DeleteLiveRoute(update.prefix, 0, update.peer); err != nil {
-			h.logger.Error("Failed to delete live route (no origin ASN)",
-				"prefix", update.prefix,
-				"peer", update.peer,
-				"error", err,
-			)
-		}
 	}
 }
 

internal/routewatch/prefixhandler_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package routewatch
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -182,32 +183,155 @@ func TestPrefixHandlerAppliesEachPeersLastUpdateInABatch(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("peers with a live route for %s = %v, want %v", prefix, gotPeers, tt.wantPeers)
 			}
 
-			stats, err := db.GetStatsContext(ctx)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("GetStatsContext: %v", err)
-			}
-			tableRoutesV4, _, err := db.GetLiveRouteCountsContext(ctx)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("GetLiveRouteCountsContext: %v", err)
-			}
-			if stats.IPv4Routes != len(tt.wantPeers) || tableRoutesV4 != len(tt.wantPeers) {
-				t.Errorf("IPv4 live routes: %d in memory, %d in the table, want %d",
-					stats.IPv4Routes, tableRoutesV4, len(tt.wantPeers))
-			}
-
 			var wantDistribution []database.PrefixDistribution
 			if len(tt.wantPeers) > 0 {
 				wantDistribution = []database.PrefixDistribution{{MaskLength: prefixMaskLength, Count: 1}}
 			}
-			queryDistributionV4, _, err := db.GetPrefixDistributionContext(ctx)
+			assertCounts(t, db, ipv4Version, len(tt.wantPeers), wantDistribution)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("GetPrefixDistributionContext: %v", err)
-			}
-			if !slices.Equal(stats.IPv4PrefixDistribution, wantDistribution) ||
-				!slices.Equal(queryDistributionV4, wantDistribution) {
-				t.Errorf("IPv4 prefix distribution: %v in memory, %v from the table, want %v",
-					stats.IPv4PrefixDistribution, queryDistributionV4, wantDistribution)
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestPrefixHandlerKeepsOneRoutePerPrefixAndPeer runs updates from one peer
+// through the prefix handler into a real database, flushing each message as its
+// own batch, once with IPv4 prefixes and once with IPv6 prefixes. A peer has at
+// most one route for a prefix: a later announcement replaces it whatever its
+// origin AS, and a withdrawal removes it whatever AS the message's AS path ends
+// in. The in-memory route count and prefix distribution must match the route
+// table.
+func TestPrefixHandlerKeepsOneRoutePerPrefixAndPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	families := []struct {
+		ipVersion           int
+		prefix, otherPrefix string
+		// The mask length of both prefixes.
+		maskLength int
+	}{
+		{ipVersion: ipv4Version, prefix: "198.51.100.0/24", otherPrefix: "203.0.113.0/24", maskLength: 24},
+		{ipVersion: ipv6Version, prefix: "2001:db8:1::/48", otherPrefix: "2001:db8:2::/48", maskLength: 48},
+	}
+
+	ts := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+	announce := func(path ristypes.ASPath, announced string) *ristypes.RISMessage {
+		return &ristypes.RISMessage{
+			Peer:            testPeerIP,
+			Path:            path,
+			ParsedTimestamp: ts,
+			Announcements:   []ristypes.RISAnnouncement{{NextHop: testPeerIP, Prefixes: []string{announced}}},
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, family := range families {
+		prefix, otherPrefix := family.prefix, family.otherPrefix
+
+		// One message that announces otherPrefix with origin AS testASNB and
+		// withdraws prefix.
+		announceOtherAndWithdraw := announce(ristypes.ASPath{testASNA, testASNB}, otherPrefix)
+		announceOtherAndWithdraw.Withdrawals = []string{prefix}
+
+		tests := []struct {
+			name     string
+			messages []*ristypes.RISMessage
+			// The origin AS of the peer's live route for each prefix. A prefix
+			// left out must have no live route.
+			wantOrigins map[string]int
+		}{
+			{
+				name: "the peer announces the prefix with a new origin AS",
+				messages: []*ristypes.RISMessage{
+					announce(ristypes.ASPath{testASNA}, prefix),
+					announce(ristypes.ASPath{testASNA, testASNB}, prefix),
+				},
+				wantOrigins: map[string]int{prefix: testASNB},
+			},
+			{
+				name: "one message announces a prefix with another origin AS and withdraws the prefix",
+				messages: []*ristypes.RISMessage{
+					announce(ristypes.ASPath{testASNA}, prefix),
+					announceOtherAndWithdraw,
+				},
+				wantOrigins: map[string]int{otherPrefix: testASNB},
+			},
+		}
+
+		for _, tt := range tests {
+			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("IPv%d %s", family.ipVersion, tt.name), func(t *testing.T) {
+				db, err := database.New(&config.Config{StateDir: t.TempDir()}, logger.New())
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("failed to create database: %v", err)
+				}
+				defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+				// Built without NewPrefixHandler's flush timer, so the test flushes itself.
+				h := &PrefixHandler{db: db, logger: logger.New()}
+				for _, msg := range tt.messages {
+					h.HandleMessage(msg)
+					h.mu.Lock()
+					h.flushBatchLocked()
+					h.mu.Unlock()
+				}
+
+				for _, p := range []string{prefix, otherPrefix} {
+					routes, _, err := db.GetPrefixDetailsContext(context.Background(), p)
+					if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, database.ErrNoRoute) {
+						t.Fatalf("GetPrefixDetailsContext(%s): %v", p, err)
+					}
+					var gotOrigins []int
+					for _, route := range routes {
+						gotOrigins = append(gotOrigins, route.OriginASN)
+					}
+					var wantOrigins []int
+					if origin, ok := tt.wantOrigins[p]; ok {
+						wantOrigins = []int{origin}
+					}
+					if !slices.Equal(gotOrigins, wantOrigins) {
+						t.Errorf("origin ASes of the live routes for %s = %v, want %v", p, gotOrigins, wantOrigins)
+					}
+				}
+
+				wantDistribution := []database.PrefixDistribution{
+					{MaskLength: family.maskLength, Count: len(tt.wantOrigins)},
+				}
+				assertCounts(t, db, family.ipVersion, len(tt.wantOrigins), wantDistribution)
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// assertCounts checks that the live route count and prefix distribution of one
+// IP version are wantRoutes and wantDistribution, both as held in memory and as
+// read from the route table.
+func assertCounts(t *testing.T, db *database.Database, ipVersion, wantRoutes int,
+	wantDistribution []database.PrefixDistribution) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	stats, err := db.GetStatsContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetStatsContext: %v", err)
+	}
+	tableRoutesV4, tableRoutesV6, err := db.GetLiveRouteCountsContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetLiveRouteCountsContext: %v", err)
+	}
+	queryDistributionV4, queryDistributionV6, err := db.GetPrefixDistributionContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetPrefixDistributionContext: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	memoryRoutes, tableRoutes := stats.IPv4Routes, tableRoutesV4
+	memoryDistribution, queryDistribution := stats.IPv4PrefixDistribution, queryDistributionV4
+	if ipVersion == ipv6Version {
+		memoryRoutes, tableRoutes = stats.IPv6Routes, tableRoutesV6
+		memoryDistribution, queryDistribution = stats.IPv6PrefixDistribution, queryDistributionV6
+	}
+
+	if memoryRoutes != wantRoutes || tableRoutes != wantRoutes {
+		t.Errorf("IPv%d live routes: %d in memory, %d in the table, want %d",
+			ipVersion, memoryRoutes, tableRoutes, wantRoutes)
+	}
+	if !slices.Equal(memoryDistribution, wantDistribution) ||
+		!slices.Equal(queryDistribution, wantDistribution) {
+		t.Errorf("IPv%d prefix distribution: %v in memory, %v from the table, want %v",
+			ipVersion, memoryDistribution, queryDistribution, wantDistribution)
+	}
+}