README.md

@@ -779,9 +779,9 @@ A running backup loses its lock when someone removes `backup.lock`, or when
 another backup takes it over because the running one left it untouched for 10
 seconds, as a stopped or stalled process does. The backup finds this out the
 next time it goes to touch the lock, which it does every 5 seconds, and then
-stops before it starts another file. The original it is downloading at that
+stops before it starts another file. The originals it is downloading at that
-moment is still stored. It leaves `failures.json` and `backup.lock` as they are,
+moment are still stored. It leaves `failures.json` and `backup.lock` as they
-since another backup may be using them. `quak backup` prints
+are, since another backup may be using them. `quak backup` prints
 `quak: lost the lock on <dir>: <reason>` as one line and exits 1, and
 `lib.backup()` rejects with `lost the lock on <dir>: <reason>`.
 
@@ -1096,6 +1096,11 @@ photos newest first). `lib.subscribe({ onChange })` delivers a `LibraryChange`
 Each pool orders on-demand work ahead of background/precache work and dedups
 in-flight fetches by key, and an idle pool never lends its slots to a busy one.
 
+`lib.backup()`, and so `quak backup`, works on up to the content pool's limit of
+originals at once, 5 unless the library was opened with other `pools`. The limit
+covers everything it does for one original, hashing it for `verify` included, so
+however large the account is, no more originals than that are open at once.
+
 ### On-disk cache layout
 
 Under `cacheDirectory`:

TODO.md

@@ -17,18 +17,26 @@ pre-1.0
 
 # Next Step
 
-`quak backup` downloading one original at a time,
+None: no implementation work is open. The check of quak against a live Ente
-https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/182, is fixed in
+account, https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/187, needs an account only sneak
-https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/pulls/192, which waits on review. No other
+has, so it waits on him.
-implementation work is open. The check of quak against a live Ente account,
-https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/quak/issues/187, needs an account only sneak has, so
-it waits on him.
 
 Tagging and releases are decided by sneak alone, and happen only when he
 declares one.
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-14: `lib.backup()`, and so `quak backup`, works on up to the content
+  pool's limit of originals at once, 5 by default, instead of one at a time
+  (issue 182). That many workers take files from one shared list, each doing all
+  the work for one original, its `--verify` hashing included, so no more
+  originals than that are open at once. `BackupLibrary` says the limit as
+  `contentConcurrency`. A test holds each download at the fake Ente server to
+  count those in flight. Once a worker has thrown, as one does when `onProgress`
+  throws, or the lock is lost, no worker takes another file; the backup fails
+  once the originals under way are in place, and a lost lock stops it before it
+  fetches ML data.
+
 - 2026-10-14: Next Step said the cache design, issue 36, waits on sneak's
   review, though that issue closed on 2026-10-03 (issue 194). It now names the
   issues open on the tracker.

src/backup.ts

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // file. It waits for a completed refresh of the library (a failed one fails the
 // backup before any file is touched), then, for every file in scope, puts its
 // original at its save path under `downloadDirectory`, as `Photo.download()`
-// does, waits for an ML data fetch, and rebuilds the derived views (per-file
+// does, up to the content pool's limit of them at once, waits for an ML data
-// sidecars, per-collection symlink trees, per-collection JSON) from the model.
+// fetch, and rebuilds the derived views (per-file sidecars, per-collection
-// The on-disk layout:
+// symlink trees, per-collection JSON) from the model. The on-disk layout:
 //
 //     <downloadDirectory>/
 //         YYYY/YYYY-MM/YYYY-MM-DD/
@@ -181,6 +181,9 @@ export interface BackupLibrary {
         destination: string,
     ): Promise<{ path: string; videoPath?: string }>;
     thumbnail(fileID: number): Promise<{ path: string }>;
+    // How many originals the backup works on at once: the limit of the
+    // library's content pool.
+    contentConcurrency: number;
     // Wait for an ML data fetch to complete, joining one already running or
     // starting one. Rejects with the reason when it fails; resolves at once
     // when the library cannot fetch ML data.
@@ -654,75 +657,31 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
     // present original is hashed first, and one that does not match the hash
     // its metadata records is removed and fetched like a missing one. One
     // that cannot be read is recorded as failed and left where it is.
-    if (includeOriginals) {
+    // `storeOriginal` does this for one original, and records its failure.
-        for (const [fileID, file] of distinct) {
+    const storeOriginal = async (file: EnteFile): Promise<void> => {
-            if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
+        let stored = storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, file);
-            let stored = storedAtSavePath(downloadDirectory, file);
+        let mismatch = false;
-            let mismatch = false;
+        if (stored !== undefined && verify) {
-            if (stored !== undefined && verify) {
-                try {
-                    if (file.metadata.hash === undefined) {
-                        unchecked++;
-                    } else if (
-                        (await storedHash(stored)) === file.metadata.hash
-                    ) {
-                        verified++;
-                    } else {
-                        log(
-                            `MISMATCH original ${file.metadata.title} (${fileID}): its bytes do not match its content hash`,
-                        );
-                        mismatched++;
-                        mismatch = true;
-                        rmSync(stored.path);
-                        if (stored.videoPath !== undefined) {
-                            rmSync(stored.videoPath);
-                        }
-                        stored = undefined;
-                    }
-                } catch (err) {
-                    log(
-                        `FAILED verifying original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
-                    );
-                    recordFailure(
-                        file.id,
-                        file.metadata.title,
-                        collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
-                        err,
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            if (stored !== undefined) {
-                skipped++;
-                continue;
-            }
             try {
-                log(`Fetching original ${file.metadata.title} (${fileID})...`);
+                if (file.metadata.hash === undefined) {
-                // A fetched original is written straight to its save path (a
+                    unchecked++;
-                // live photo beside it); only one that was already cached
+                } else if ((await storedHash(stored)) === file.metadata.hash) {
-                // elsewhere is copied.
+                    verified++;
-                const placed = await placeOriginal(
+                } else {
-                    downloadDirectory,
+                    log(
-                    file,
+                        `MISMATCH original ${file.metadata.title} (${file.id}): its bytes do not match its content hash`,
-                    (dest) => lib.original(fileID, dest),
-                );
-                storedThisRun.add(fileID);
-                // A copy from the cache is not checked as a download is and can
-                // hold the same bad bytes, so what is put back after a
-                // mismatch is hashed too. A bad copy stays where it is and the
-                // file fails.
-                if (
-                    mismatch &&
-                    (await storedHash(placed)) !== file.metadata.hash
-                ) {
-                    throw new Error(
-                        "the original put back does not match its content hash either",
                     );
+                    mismatched++;
+                    mismatch = true;
+                    rmSync(stored.path);
+                    if (stored.videoPath !== undefined) {
+                        rmSync(stored.videoPath);
+                    }
+                    stored = undefined;
                 }
-                downloaded++;
             } catch (err) {
                 log(
-                    `FAILED original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
+                    `FAILED verifying original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`,
                 );
                 recordFailure(
                     file.id,
@@ -730,8 +689,74 @@ const runLockedBackup = async (
                     collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
                     err,
                 );
+                return;
             }
         }
+        if (stored !== undefined) {
+            skipped++;
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            log(`Fetching original ${file.metadata.title} (${file.id})...`);
+            // A fetched original is written straight to its save path (a
+            // live photo beside it); only one that was already cached
+            // elsewhere is copied.
+            const placed = await placeOriginal(
+                downloadDirectory,
+                file,
+                (dest) => lib.original(file.id, dest),
+            );
+            storedThisRun.add(file.id);
+            // A copy from the cache is not checked as a download is and can
+            // hold the same bad bytes, so what is put back after a mismatch
+            // is hashed too. A bad copy stays where it is and the file fails.
+            if (mismatch && (await storedHash(placed)) !== file.metadata.hash) {
+                throw new Error(
+                    "the original put back does not match its content hash either",
+                );
+            }
+            downloaded++;
+        } catch (err) {
+            log(`FAILED original ${file.metadata.title}: ${errorMessage(err)}`);
+            recordFailure(
+                file.id,
+                file.metadata.title,
+                collectionName.get(file.collectionID) ?? "",
+                err,
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Up to the content pool's limit of originals are worked on at once,
+    // their `verify` hashing included, so however large the account is, no
+    // more than that many are open. Each worker takes the next file from the
+    // iterator they all share until none is left. Once a worker has thrown,
+    // as one does when `onProgress` throws, or the lock is lost, no worker
+    // takes another file. The backup fails only once every worker has
+    // stopped, so none writes into the backup after it has ended. It checks
+    // the lock then too, so it does not go on to the thumbnails or the ML
+    // data fetch without it.
+    if (includeOriginals) {
+        const pending = distinct.values();
+        let workerThrew = false;
+        const worker = async (): Promise<void> => {
+            for (const file of pending) {
+                if (workerThrew || lock.lost) return;
+                try {
+                    await storeOriginal(file);
+                } catch (err) {
+                    workerThrew = true;
+                    throw err;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        const workers = await Promise.allSettled(
+            Array.from({ length: lib.contentConcurrency }, worker),
+        );
+        for (const w of workers) {
+            if (w.status === "rejected") throw w.reason;
+        }
+        if (lock.lost) throw lock.lost;
     }
 
     if (includeThumbnails) {
@@ -960,6 +985,14 @@ export const runBackup = async (
                 "open the library with one)",
         );
     }
+    // As `BoundedPool` does. A limit below 1, or one that is not a number,
+    // would back up no original and end with no error.
+    const { contentConcurrency } = lib;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(contentConcurrency) || contentConcurrency < 1) {
+        throw new RangeError(
+            `contentConcurrency must be a positive integer, got ${contentConcurrency}`,
+        );
+    }
     if (opts.lock) {
         return runLockedBackup(lib, opts, downloadDirectory, opts.lock);
     }

src/library/index.ts

@@ -607,6 +607,7 @@ export class Library {
                 original: (fileID, destination) =>
                     cache!.backupOriginal(fileID, destination),
                 thumbnail: (fileID) => cache!.thumbnail(fileID),
+                contentConcurrency: this.pools.content.concurrency,
                 fetchMLData: () => this.fetchMLDataNow(),
                 mlData: (fileID) => this.mldata.forFile({ fileID }),
             },

test/cli/backup-concurrency.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+/**
+ * How many originals `lib.backup()` works on at once.
+ *
+ * The backup puts up to the content pool's limit of originals at their save
+ * paths at the same time: 5 for a library opened with the default
+ * `RequestPools`, as `quak backup` opens it, or the `contentConcurrency` of the
+ * pools a library was opened with. Everything the backup does for one original
+ * counts against that limit, hashing it for `verify` included, so however large
+ * the account is, the backup has no more than that many originals open at once.
+ *
+ * As in `backup-end-to-end.test.ts`, the real `Client` and `Library` run
+ * against `buildMetaFetch` from `test/ente-server.ts`, a fake of the Ente HTTP
+ * API serving data this file encrypts with libsodium. Here a test can also hold
+ * each original's download until it lets it go, to see how many the backup has
+ * in flight at once.
+ *
+ * The account, user 42, has one album of its own, Holiday, of eight photos,
+ * all taken at noon on 1 March 2024, each with an original of its own.
+ */
+
+import {
+    existsSync,
+    lstatSync,
+    mkdtempSync,
+    readdirSync,
+    readFileSync,
+    readlinkSync,
+    rmSync,
+    writeFileSync,
+} from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import sodium from "libsodium-wrappers-sumo";
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+import type { BackupOptions } from "../../src/backup.js";
+import { Client, type ClientSnapshot } from "../../src/client.js";
+import { init, toBase64 } from "../../src/crypto/index.js";
+import { Library } from "../../src/library/index.js";
+import { RequestPools } from "../../src/library/pools.js";
+import {
+    buildAccount,
+    buildMetaFetch,
+    encryptSecretbox,
+    encryptStreamBlob,
+} from "../ente-server.js";
+import { blake2b } from "../live-photo.js";
+
+const EMAIL = "backup@example.com";
+const PASSWORD = "backup-password";
+// The fake server logs every account in as user 42.
+const USER_ID = 42;
+
+// Noon on 1 March 2024 in the time zone of the machine running the test, in
+// microseconds, as Ente records times.
+const TAKEN = new Date(2024, 2, 1, 12).getTime() * 1000;
+
+// The eight photos' IDs. Photo `id` is titled `photo-<id>.jpg`, and its
+// original is a few bytes naming it.
+const PHOTO_IDS = [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108];
+const originalOf = (id: number): Uint8Array =>
+    new TextEncoder().encode(`the photo ${id}`);
+
+// Where a backup to `dir` saves photo `id`'s original.
+const savedAt = (dir: string, id: number): string =>
+    join(dir, "2024/2024-03/2024-03-01", `2024-03-01.${id}.jpg`);
+
+// The fake server, the session it logs the account in with, and the
+// directory every backup below is made in.
+let server: typeof globalThis.fetch;
+let session: ClientSnapshot;
+let root: string;
+
+// The fake server, holding the account encrypted as Ente's clients upload it.
+const buildServer = async () => {
+    const account = await buildAccount(PASSWORD);
+
+    // The album as `/collections/v2` lists it: its key encrypted with the
+    // account's master key, its name with its own key.
+    const albumKey = sodium.crypto_secretbox_keygen();
+    const encryptedAlbumKey = encryptSecretbox(albumKey, account.masterKey);
+    const encryptedName = encryptSecretbox(
+        new TextEncoder().encode("Holiday"),
+        albumKey,
+    );
+    const album = {
+        id: 10,
+        owner: { id: USER_ID },
+        encryptedKey: toBase64(encryptedAlbumKey.ciphertext),
+        keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedAlbumKey.nonce),
+        encryptedName: toBase64(encryptedName.ciphertext),
+        nameDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedName.nonce),
+        type: "album",
+        updationTime: TAKEN,
+    };
+
+    // Each photo as the album's `/collections/v2/diff` lists it: its key
+    // encrypted with the album's key, and its metadata, holding the hash of
+    // its original, encrypted with its own key. Its original, encrypted with
+    // its own key too, is what the files CDN serves for it.
+    const ciphertexts: Record<number, Uint8Array> = {};
+    const photos = PHOTO_IDS.map((id) => {
+        const key = sodium.crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_keygen();
+        const original = encryptStreamBlob(originalOf(id), key);
+        ciphertexts[id] = original.ciphertext;
+        const encryptedKey = encryptSecretbox(key, albumKey);
+        const metadata = encryptStreamBlob(
+            new TextEncoder().encode(
+                JSON.stringify({
+                    title: `photo-${id}.jpg`,
+                    fileType: 0,
+                    hash: blake2b(originalOf(id)),
+                    creationTime: TAKEN,
+                    modificationTime: TAKEN,
+                }),
+            ),
+            key,
+        );
+        return {
+            id,
+            collectionID: 10,
+            ownerID: USER_ID,
+            encryptedKey: toBase64(encryptedKey.ciphertext),
+            keyDecryptionNonce: toBase64(encryptedKey.nonce),
+            metadata: {
+                encryptedData: toBase64(metadata.ciphertext),
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(metadata.header),
+            },
+            file: { decryptionHeader: toBase64(original.header) },
+            thumbnail: {
+                decryptionHeader: toBase64(sodium.randombytes_buf(24)),
+            },
+            updationTime: TAKEN,
+        };
+    });
+
+    return buildMetaFetch({
+        verifier: account.verifier,
+        srpAttributes: account.srpAttributes,
+        keyAttributes: account.keyAttributes,
+        encryptedToken: account.encryptedToken,
+        collections: [album],
+        filesByCollection: { 10: photos },
+        encryptedMLData: {},
+        fileCiphertexts: ciphertexts,
+    });
+};
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    await init();
+    await sodium.ready;
+    root = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "quak-backup-concurrency-"));
+    server = await buildServer();
+    const client = await Client.login({
+        email: EMAIL,
+        password: PASSWORD,
+        apiOptions: { fetch: server },
+    });
+    session = client.toJSON();
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+    rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+// The ID of the photo whose original a request downloads, or undefined for any
+// other request. quak downloads an original from
+// `https://files.ente.io/?fileID=<id>`.
+const downloadOf = (input: RequestInfo | URL): number | undefined => {
+    const url = new URL(String(input));
+    return url.hostname === "files.ente.io"
+        ? Number(url.searchParams.get("fileID"))
+        : undefined;
+};
+
+// The fake server, except that it answers 404 to every download of photo
+// `failing`'s original.
+const failingFor =
+    (failing: number): typeof globalThis.fetch =>
+    async (input, init) =>
+        downloadOf(input) === failing
+            ? new Response("not found", { status: 404 })
+            : server(input, init);
+
+// The fake server, holding each download of an original until the test lets
+// it go. `held` lists the downloads waiting, the first to arrive first;
+// `most()` is the largest number that ever waited at once. A held download of
+// photo `failing`'s original is answered 404 once it is let go.
+const holdingServer = (failing?: number) => {
+    const held: { id: number; release: () => void }[] = [];
+    let most = 0;
+    const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+        const id = downloadOf(input);
+        if (id !== undefined) {
+            await new Promise<void>((release) => {
+                held.push({ id, release });
+                most = Math.max(most, held.length);
+            });
+            if (id === failing) {
+                return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+            }
+        }
+        return server(input, init);
+    };
+    return { fetch, held, most: () => most };
+};
+
+// Let the held downloads go one at a time, the first to arrive first, each
+// once `limit` of them wait, or all the downloads still to come when there
+// are fewer. Each of the eight photos is downloaded once. With a backup that
+// downloads fewer than `limit` at once, this fails waiting for them. Each wait
+// allows five seconds, for a loaded machine's disk to sync the files written.
+const releaseOneAtATime = async (
+    held: { release: () => void }[],
+    limit: number,
+): Promise<void> => {
+    for (let left = PHOTO_IDS.length; left > 0; left--) {
+        await vi.waitFor(
+            () => expect(held).toHaveLength(Math.min(limit, left)),
+            { interval: 5, timeout: 5000 },
+        );
+        held.shift()!.release();
+    }
+};
+
+// A library of the account opened as `quak backup` opens one, with no
+// precache and no background refresh, sending its requests through `fetch`.
+// It backs up to `dir` and keeps its cache beside it. Its request pools are
+// `pools`, or by default the library's own.
+const openLibrary = (
+    dir: string,
+    fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch,
+    pools?: RequestPools,
+): Promise<Library> =>
+    Library.open({
+        client: Client.fromJSON(session, { fetch }),
+        downloadDirectory: dir,
+        cacheDirectory: `${dir}-cache`,
+        refreshIntervalSeconds: Infinity,
+        precacheThumbnails: false,
+        precacheOriginals: false,
+        pools,
+    });
+
+// Every entry under `dir`, relative to it, sorted, a symlink as
+// `name -> target`.
+const listTree = (dir: string): string[] =>
+    readdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+        .sort()
+        .map((name) => {
+            const path = join(dir, name);
+            return lstatSync(path).isSymbolicLink()
+                ? `${name} -> ${readlinkSync(path)}`
+                : name;
+        });
+
+const expectStored = (dir: string, ids: number[]): void => {
+    for (const id of ids) {
+        expect(readFileSync(savedAt(dir, id))).toEqual(
+            Buffer.from(originalOf(id)),
+        );
+    }
+};
+
+describe("lib.backup()", () => {
+    // A library opened with the default pools, as `quak backup` opens one,
+    // downloads up to five originals at once. As soon as one finishes, the
+    // backup starts on the next photo, so five stay in flight until fewer
+    // than five are left.
+    it("downloads five originals at once, and never more, with the default pools", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(5);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                totalFiles: 8,
+                downloaded: 8,
+                failed: 0,
+            });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // The limit is the content pool's, so a library opened with pools of
+    // another `contentConcurrency` backs up that many at once.
+    it("downloads as many originals at once as the content pool of the pools it was opened with allows", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(
+            dir,
+            holding.fetch,
+            new RequestPools({ contentConcurrency: 2 }),
+        );
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 2);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(2);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({ downloaded: 8, failed: 0 });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // With `verify`, hashing an original already stored is part of the work
+    // on it, and counts against the limit too: a large backup never has more
+    // than five originals open for hashing. Here every stored original has
+    // changed on disk, so each is hashed, found not to match, and downloaded
+    // again. While five downloads wait, the backup has hashed only those five
+    // photos' originals; it opens the next one once a download finishes.
+    it("with verify, hashes no more originals ahead of their downloads than the limit", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const first = await openLibrary(dir, server);
+        try {
+            await first.backup();
+        } finally {
+            await first.close();
+        }
+        for (const id of PHOTO_IDS) {
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, id), "not the photo any more");
+        }
+
+        const holding = holdingServer();
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        const lines: string[] = [];
+        const mismatches = () =>
+            lines.filter((line) => line.startsWith("MISMATCH"));
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup({
+                verify: true,
+                onProgress: (line) => lines.push(line),
+            });
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(holding.held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            expect(mismatches()).toHaveLength(5);
+
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(holding.most()).toBe(5);
+            expect(mismatches()).toHaveLength(8);
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                downloaded: 8,
+                verified: 0,
+                mismatched: 8,
+                failed: 0,
+            });
+            expectStored(dir, PHOTO_IDS);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // The server answers 404 for photo 103's original. A 404 is not retried,
+    // so that download fails at once, while other downloads are still in
+    // flight. The backup records the failure and goes on: the downloads
+    // beside it finish, the photos after it are downloaded, and only photo
+    // 103 is missing from the backup and in failures.json.
+    it("goes on with the other originals when one fails", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const holding = holdingServer(103);
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, holding.fetch);
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            await releaseOneAtATime(holding.held, 5);
+            const result = await backup;
+
+            expect(result).toMatchObject({
+                totalFiles: 8,
+                downloaded: 7,
+                failed: 1,
+            });
+            expect(result.errors.map((e) => e.fileID)).toEqual([103]);
+            expectStored(
+                dir,
+                PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) => id !== 103),
+            );
+            expect(existsSync(savedAt(dir, 103))).toBe(false);
+            const failures = JSON.parse(
+                readFileSync(join(dir, "failures.json"), "utf-8"),
+            );
+            expect(Object.keys(failures.files)).toEqual(["103"]);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // A throw from `onProgress` fails the backup: `lib.backup()` rejects with
+    // it. From then on the backup starts no further original. It finishes the
+    // ones it is working on, and rejects only once they are in place, so
+    // nothing is written into the backup after it has ended and removed its
+    // lock. Here the first five downloads wait. Photo 103's is let go first
+    // and answered 404, and the line reporting that failure throws while the
+    // other four wait. Only those five downloads are held: a backup that went
+    // on would store the other three photos.
+    it("when onProgress throws, starts no further original, and rejects once the originals it was working on are in place", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const downloads: number[] = [];
+        const held: { id: number; release: () => void }[] = [];
+        const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+            const id = downloadOf(input);
+            if (id !== undefined) {
+                downloads.push(id);
+                if (downloads.length <= 5) {
+                    await new Promise<void>((release) =>
+                        held.push({ id, release }),
+                    );
+                }
+                if (id === 103) {
+                    return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
+                }
+            }
+            return server(input, init);
+        };
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, fetch);
+        const lines: string[] = [];
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup({
+                onProgress: (line) => {
+                    lines.push(line);
+                    if (line.startsWith("FAILED")) {
+                        throw new Error("the progress output is closed");
+                    }
+                },
+            });
+            // The photos whose originals are in place, and whether the lock
+            // is there, at the moment `lib.backup()` rejects.
+            let storedWhenRejected: number[] = [];
+            let lockedWhenRejected = true;
+            const rejection = backup.catch((err: unknown) => {
+                storedWhenRejected = PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) =>
+                    existsSync(savedAt(dir, id)),
+                );
+                lockedWhenRejected = existsSync(join(dir, "backup.lock"));
+                return err;
+            });
+
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            const at103 = held.findIndex((h) => h.id === 103);
+            held.splice(at103, 1)[0]!.release();
+            await vi.waitFor(
+                () =>
+                    expect(
+                        lines.some((line) => line.startsWith("FAILED")),
+                    ).toBe(true),
+                { interval: 5, timeout: 5000 },
+            );
+            for (const download of held) download.release();
+
+            expect(await rejection).toEqual(
+                new Error("the progress output is closed"),
+            );
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+            expect(storedWhenRejected).toEqual([101, 102, 104, 105]);
+            expect(lockedWhenRejected).toBe(false);
+        } finally {
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Once the backup's lock is lost, another backup may be writing to the
+    // directory, so the backup starts no further original. It finishes the
+    // ones it is working on, and `lib.backup()` rejects once they are all in
+    // place. Here `backup.lock` is removed while the first five downloads
+    // wait, and proper-lockfile's timer finds it gone. As in
+    // `backup-end-to-end.test.ts`, only `setTimeout` and `clearTimeout` are
+    // faked, so the test can fire that timer without waiting 5 seconds. Only
+    // the first five downloads are held: a backup that went on would store
+    // the other three photos.
+    it("when its lock is lost, starts no further original, and rejects once the originals it was working on are in place", async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+        const lockPath = join(dir, "backup.lock");
+        const downloads: number[] = [];
+        const held: (() => void)[] = [];
+        const fetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+            const id = downloadOf(input);
+            if (id !== undefined) {
+                downloads.push(id);
+                if (downloads.length <= 5) {
+                    await new Promise<void>((release) => held.push(release));
+                }
+            }
+            return server(input, init);
+        };
+        const lib = await openLibrary(dir, fetch);
+        vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ["setTimeout", "clearTimeout"] });
+        try {
+            const backup = lib.backup();
+            // The photos whose originals are in place at the moment
+            // `lib.backup()` rejects.
+            let storedWhenRejected: number[] = [];
+            const rejection = backup.catch((err: unknown) => {
+                storedWhenRejected = PHOTO_IDS.filter((id) =>
+                    existsSync(savedAt(dir, id)),
+                );
+                return err;
+            });
+
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(held).toHaveLength(5), {
+                interval: 5,
+                timeout: 5000,
+            });
+            rmSync(lockPath, { recursive: true });
+            // Fire proper-lockfile's timer, and wait for the look at the lock
+            // on disk that it starts to finish: Node lists a file system call
+            // in progress as an `FSReqCallback`.
+            vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000);
+            while (process.getActiveResourcesInfo().includes("FSReqCallback")) {
+                await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+            }
+            for (const release of held) release();
+
+            expect(await rejection).toEqual(
+                new Error(
+                    `lost the lock on ${dir}: ENOENT: no such file or directory, stat '${lockPath}'`,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+            expect(storedWhenRejected).toEqual([101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
+        } finally {
+            vi.useRealTimers();
+            await lib.close();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Working on several originals at once changes only how long a backup
+    // takes. The same two runs, with a content pool of one, which backs up
+    // one original at a time, and with the default pools, end the same way:
+    // the same result, the same progress lines (in another order), the same
+    // failures.json, and the same tree. The first run stores every photo but
+    // 103, whose download is answered 404. Then two stored originals change
+    // on disk, and a run with `verify` puts them back and tries 103 again.
+    it("ends as a backup of one original at a time does", async () => {
+        const twoRuns = async (pools: RequestPools) => {
+            const dir = mkdtempSync(join(root, "backup-"));
+            const lines: string[] = [];
+            const backup = async (opts: BackupOptions) => {
+                const lib = await openLibrary(dir, failingFor(103), pools);
+                try {
+                    return await lib.backup({
+                        ...opts,
+                        onProgress: (line) => lines.push(line),
+                    });
+                } finally {
+                    await lib.close();
+                }
+            };
+            const first = await backup({});
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, 101), "not the photo any more");
+            writeFileSync(savedAt(dir, 105), "not the photo any more");
+            const second = await backup({ verify: true });
+
+            // Each entry of failures.json without the time it was last
+            // tried, which differs from run to run.
+            const { files } = JSON.parse(
+                readFileSync(join(dir, "failures.json"), "utf-8"),
+            ) as { files: Record<string, { lastTriedAt?: number }> };
+            for (const entry of Object.values(files)) delete entry.lastTriedAt;
+
+            return {
+                first,
+                second,
+                lines: lines.sort(),
+                failures: files,
+                tree: listTree(dir),
+            };
+        };
+
+        const oneAtATime = await twoRuns(
+            new RequestPools({ contentConcurrency: 1 }),
+        );
+        const fiveAtATime = await twoRuns(new RequestPools());
+
+        expect(oneAtATime.first).toMatchObject({
+            totalFiles: 8,
+            downloaded: 7,
+            skipped: 0,
+            failed: 1,
+        });
+        expect(oneAtATime.second).toMatchObject({
+            totalFiles: 8,
+            downloaded: 2,
+            skipped: 5,
+            verified: 5,
+            mismatched: 2,
+            unchecked: 0,
+            failed: 1,
+        });
+        expect(oneAtATime.failures).toEqual({
+            "103": expect.objectContaining({ fileID: 103, attempts: 2 }),
+        });
+        expect(fiveAtATime).toEqual(oneAtATime);
+    });
+});

test/cli/backup-end-to-end.test.ts

@@ -704,10 +704,11 @@ describe("a backup whose lock is lost", () => {
         }
     };
 
-    // beach.jpg, whose download was under way, is stored; no other file is
+    // The backup downloads up to five originals at once, so it has started
-    // started. `quak backup` prints why as one line, with no stack trace, and
+    // all three when the lock is lost, and beach.jpg is stored. The backup
-    // exits 1.
+    // then stops before it fetches ML data. `quak backup` prints why as one
-    it("stops quak backup before its next file when backup.lock is removed, and exits 1", async () => {
+    // line, with no stack trace, and exits 1.
+    it("stops quak backup before it fetches ML data when backup.lock is removed, and exits 1", async () => {
         const result = backup(dir, {}, fetch);
         await heldRequested;
         rmSync(lockPath, { recursive: true });
@@ -720,9 +721,11 @@ describe("a backup whose lock is lost", () => {
             "Starting backup...\n" +
                 "Refreshing library...\n" +
                 "Fetching original beach.jpg (100)...\n" +
+                "Fetching original IMG_0002.HEIC (300)...\n" +
+                "Fetching original toast.mp4 (200)...\n" +
                 `quak: lost the lock on ${dir}: ENOENT: no such file or directory, stat '${lockPath}'\n`,
         );
-        expect(downloads).toEqual([BEACH.id]);
+        expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([100, 200, 300]);
         expect(readFileSync(join(dir, DAY, "2024-03-01.100.jpg"))).toEqual(
             Buffer.from(JPEG_WITH_EXIF),
         );
@@ -798,7 +801,7 @@ describe("a backup whose lock is lost", () => {
             await expect(result).rejects.toThrow(
                 `lost the lock on ${dir}: Unable to update lock within the stale threshold`,
             );
-            expect(downloads).toEqual([BEACH.id]);
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([100, 200, 300]);
             expect(existsSync(lockPath)).toBe(true);
         } finally {
             await lib.close();
@@ -823,7 +826,7 @@ describe("a backup whose lock is lost", () => {
             const lost = `lost the lock on ${dir}: ENOENT: no such file or directory, stat '${lockPath}'`;
             await expect(result).rejects.toThrow(lost);
             expect(lock.lost?.message).toBe(lost);
-            expect(downloads).toEqual([BEACH.id]);
+            expect(downloads.sort()).toEqual([100, 200, 300]);
         } finally {
             await lib.close();
             await lock.release();

test/cli/backup.test.ts

@@ -909,6 +909,27 @@ describe("the backup lock", () => {
         expect(existsSync(lockPath(outDir))).toBe(false);
         await lib.close();
     });
+
+    // `runBackup` takes a library object from its caller. With a
+    // `contentConcurrency` below 1, or one that is not a number, it would
+    // back up no original and report no error. It rejects any that is not a
+    // positive integer, as `BoundedPool` does, before it takes the lock,
+    // which would create the download directory, and before it asks the
+    // library for anything: the object here has nothing else.
+    it("rejects a library whose contentConcurrency is not a positive integer, before taking the lock", async () => {
+        const outDir = join(root, "backup");
+        for (const contentConcurrency of [undefined, 0, -1, 1.5, NaN]) {
+            const lib = { contentConcurrency } as unknown as BackupLibrary;
+
+            await expect(
+                runBackup(lib, { downloadDirectory: outDir }),
+            ).rejects.toThrow(
+                `contentConcurrency must be a positive integer, got ${contentConcurrency}`,
+            );
+
+            expect(existsSync(outDir)).toBe(false);
+        }
+    });
 });
 
 // Also serves ML data: file 100 has `ML_PAYLOAD`, the other two have none.
@@ -1491,6 +1512,7 @@ describe("backup album folders", () => {
         thumbnail: async () => {
             throw new Error("no thumbnails in this stand-in");
         },
+        contentConcurrency: 5,
         fetchMLData: async () => {},
         mlData: async () => undefined,
         whoami: () => ({ email: "backup@example.com", userID: USER_ID }),