Gate the build on Docker lint and test phases (closes #40, closes #30)

Per the owner ruling on issue 40, linting and testing are phases of the
main Dockerfile rather than a separate lint file. script/lint and
script/test each build one phase by name with caching disabled, and the
final stage copies a harmless file from each so the image cannot be built
unless both passed — the ordering trick already in template-app-go's
Dockerfile, extended to the test phase. A phase that is not the last
stage is built only when something depends on it or --target names it, so
the gates are always invoked by name and the edges are kept. Every build
in script/ is tagged. No config verify step; fmt stays on the host. This
closes issue 30 too: a container has its own result cache and lock.

Model: opus-5

script/docker

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 # script/docker: build the Docker image tagged with the project name.
 # Identical in all repos; the tag comes from script/projectname.
-# --no-cache for the same reason as script/cibuild: a cached check layer
-# is a check that did not run.
+# --no-cache because this is a standalone entrypoint: the lint and test
+# phases the final stage depends on must run rather than be served from
+# an older build.
 set -eu
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd -P)"