TODO.md

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ trial run of the finished image: https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/dnswatcher/issues/149
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-02: a query a server refuses is not resent asking for recursion, and
+  every root server refusing is reported as DNS interception (closes #206).
 - 2026-10-02: a push to a branch cancels that branch's older CI run, and the
   checkout leaves no token in `.git/config` (closes #216).
 - 2026-10-02: watcher tests send far fewer queries and a live attempt may take

internal/resolver/errors.go

@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ var (
 		"reply is an error or a referral that leads no closer",
 	)
 
+	// ErrIntercepted is returned when every root server refused a
+	// query. Root servers refuse no query, so the refusals came from
+	// something on the network answering in their place.
+	ErrIntercepted = errors.New("this network intercepts DNS queries")
+
 	// ErrCNAMEDepthExceeded is returned when a CNAME chain
 	// exceeds MaxCNAMEDepth.
 	ErrCNAMEDepthExceeded = errors.New(

internal/resolver/export_test.go

@@ -28,6 +28,17 @@ func CollectIPs(
 	return collectIPs(results)
 }
 
+// QueryServers exports queryServers for testing.
+func (r *Resolver) QueryServers(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	servers []string,
+	zone string,
+	name string,
+	qtype uint16,
+) (*dns.Msg, error) {
+	return r.queryServers(ctx, servers, zone, name, qtype)
+}
+
 // QueryEachNS exports queryEachNS for testing.
 func (r *Resolver) QueryEachNS(
 	ctx context.Context,

internal/resolver/iterative.go

@@ -107,9 +107,8 @@ func (r *Resolver) retryTCP(
 	return resp
 }
 
-// queryDNS sends a DNS query to a specific server IP.
+// queryDNS sends a DNS query to a specific server IP, never asking it
-// Tries non-recursive first, falls back to recursive on
+// for recursion. A reply of REFUSED is returned as ErrRefused.
-// REFUSED (handles DNS interception environments).
 func (r *Resolver) queryDNS(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	serverIP string,
@@ -133,25 +132,12 @@ func (r *Resolver) queryDNS(
 	}
 
 	if resp.Rcode == dns.RcodeRefused {
-		msg.RecursionDesired = true
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
-
+			"query %s @%s: %w", name, serverIP, ErrRefused,
-		resp, err = r.tryExchange(ctx, msg, addr)
+		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf(
-				"query %s @%s: %w", name, serverIP, err,
-			)
-		}
-
-		if resp.Rcode == dns.RcodeRefused {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf(
-				"query %s @%s: %w", name, serverIP, ErrRefused,
-			)
-		}
 	}
 
-	resp = r.retryTCP(ctx, msg, addr, resp)
+	return r.retryTCP(ctx, msg, addr, resp), nil
-
-	return resp, nil
 }
 
 func extractNSSet(rrs []dns.RR) []string {
@@ -279,7 +265,9 @@ func shuffled(
 
 // queryServers asks servers, the servers of zone, about name in a random
 // order until one gives a usable reply. A server that times out, refuses
-// or gives a reply that is not usable is passed over for the next.
+// or gives a reply that is not usable is passed over for the next. When
+// every server refused, the error says so, and when they are the root
+// servers it is ErrIntercepted.
 func (r *Resolver) queryServers(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	servers []string,
@@ -289,6 +277,8 @@ func (r *Resolver) queryServers(
 ) (*dns.Msg, error) {
 	var lastErr error
 
+	refused := 0
+
 	for _, ip := range shuffled(servers, rand.Shuffle) {
 		if checkCtx(ctx) != nil {
 			return nil, ErrContextCanceled
@@ -305,9 +295,27 @@ func (r *Resolver) queryServers(
 			return resp, nil
 		}
 
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrRefused) {
+			refused++
+		}
+
 		lastErr = err
 	}
 
+	if refused == len(servers) && zone == "." {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"every root server refused a query for %s: %w",
+			name, ErrIntercepted,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if refused == len(servers) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"every server of %s refused a query for %s: %w",
+			zone, name, ErrRefused,
+		)
+	}
+
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("all servers failed: %w", lastErr)
 }
 
@@ -528,6 +536,11 @@ func (r *Resolver) FindAuthoritativeNameservers(
 
 			return nsNames, nil
 		}
+
+		// The root servers would refuse every parent name too.
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrIntercepted) {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
 	return nil, ErrNoNameservers

internal/resolver/resolver_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
@@ -295,6 +296,187 @@ func TestQueryNameserver_Refused(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "server returned REFUSED", resp.Error)
 }
 
+// TestQueryNameserverIP_RecursiveResolverRefused asks Quad9, a public
+// recursive resolver, about google.com at both of its addresses. Quad9
+// refuses a query that does not ask for recursion and answers one that
+// does. The resolver never asks for recursion, so it must be reported
+// as refusing, never as answering.
+func TestQueryNameserverIP_RecursiveResolverRefused(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	r := newTestResolver(t)
+
+	for _, ip := range []string{"9.9.9.9", "149.112.112.112"} {
+		var resp *resolver.NameserverResponse
+
+		livednstest.Retry(
+			t,
+			"QueryNameserverIP("+ip+", google.com)",
+			func(ctx context.Context) error {
+				var err error
+
+				resp, err = r.QueryNameserverIP(
+					ctx, ip, ip, "google.com",
+				)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				// A timeout or a network error is no reply at all.
+				if resp.Status == resolver.StatusTimeout ||
+					strings.HasPrefix(resp.Error, "network error") {
+					return fmt.Errorf(
+						"%w: %s: %s",
+						livednstest.ErrNoAnswer, ip, resp.Error,
+					)
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			},
+		)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, resolver.StatusError, resp.Status, ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, "server returned REFUSED", resp.Error, ip)
+	}
+}
+
+// googleNameserverIPv4s returns the IPv4 addresses of google.com's
+// nameservers, the only addresses the resolver asks servers at.
+func googleNameserverIPv4s(t *testing.T, r *resolver.Resolver) []string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	names := liveFindAuthoritative(t, r, "google.com")
+
+	return liveResolveNSIPs(t, r, names, len(names))
+}
+
+// TestQueryServers_EveryServerRefused asks all of google.com's
+// nameservers about cloudflare.com, a zone they do not serve, which
+// they all refuse. The error says every server refused; it is not
+// ErrIntercepted, which only the root servers refusing shows.
+func TestQueryServers_EveryServerRefused(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	r := newTestResolver(t)
+	servers := googleNameserverIPv4s(t, r)
+
+	var err error
+
+	livednstest.Retry(
+		t,
+		"QueryServers(google.com servers, cloudflare.com)",
+		func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			_, err = r.QueryServers(
+				ctx, servers, "google.com.", "cloudflare.com.",
+				dns.TypeNS,
+			)
+
+			// When not every server refused, one may have given no
+			// reply at all, so the attempt is tried again.
+			if err != nil &&
+				!strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "every server of") {
+				return fmt.Errorf(
+					"%w: %w", livednstest.ErrNoAnswer, err,
+				)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, resolver.ErrRefused)
+	require.NotErrorIs(t, err, resolver.ErrIntercepted)
+	require.EqualError(
+		t, err,
+		"every server of google.com. refused a query for "+
+			"cloudflare.com.: dns query refused",
+	)
+}
+
+// TestQueryServers_EveryRootServerRefused passes google.com's
+// nameservers to QueryServers as the servers of the root zone. They
+// refuse a query about cloudflare.com, as root servers would if
+// something on the network answered in their place, so the error is
+// ErrIntercepted.
+func TestQueryServers_EveryRootServerRefused(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	r := newTestResolver(t)
+	servers := googleNameserverIPv4s(t, r)
+
+	var err error
+
+	livednstest.Retry(
+		t,
+		"QueryServers(google.com servers as root servers, cloudflare.com)",
+		func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			_, err = r.QueryServers(
+				ctx, servers, ".", "cloudflare.com.", dns.TypeNS,
+			)
+
+			// When not every server refused, one may have given no
+			// reply at all, so the attempt is tried again. Both errors
+			// for every server refusing say "refused a query for".
+			if err != nil &&
+				!strings.Contains(err.Error(), "refused a query for") {
+				return fmt.Errorf(
+					"%w: %w", livednstest.ErrNoAnswer, err,
+				)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, resolver.ErrIntercepted)
+	require.EqualError(
+		t, err,
+		"every root server refused a query for cloudflare.com.: "+
+			"this network intercepts DNS queries",
+	)
+}
+
+// TestQueryServers_NotEveryRootServerRefused passes google.com's
+// nameservers and 192.0.2.1 to QueryServers as the servers of the root
+// zone. The google.com nameservers refuse a query about cloudflare.com,
+// but nothing answers at 192.0.2.1, a documentation address, so not
+// every server refused, wherever 192.0.2.1 falls in the random order:
+// the error is not ErrIntercepted and does not say every server refused.
+func TestQueryServers_NotEveryRootServerRefused(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	r := newTestResolver(t)
+	servers := googleNameserverIPv4s(t, r)
+	servers = append(servers, "192.0.2.1")
+
+	var err error
+
+	livednstest.Retry(
+		t,
+		"QueryServers(google.com servers and 192.0.2.1, cloudflare.com)",
+		func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			_, err = r.QueryServers(
+				ctx, servers, ".", "cloudflare.com.", dns.TypeNS,
+			)
+
+			// An attempt that ran out of time may not have asked every
+			// server, so it is tried again.
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf(
+					"%w: %w", livednstest.ErrNoAnswer, err,
+				)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
+
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.NotErrorIs(t, err, resolver.ErrIntercepted)
+	// Both errors for every server refusing say "refused a query for".
+	require.NotContains(t, err.Error(), "refused a query for")
+}
+
 func TestQueryNameserver_RecordsSorted(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()