dashboard and status API show why a check failed (closes #225)

/api/v1/status now gives `error` for each nameserver entry and
certificate entry whose status is `error`, copied from the state, which
already kept it. The dashboard shows that reason in place of the records
for a failed nameserver, which used to show the same `-` as one that
answered with no records, and across the CN, issuer and expiry cells
for a failed certificate, wrapped at a width of 20rem so the long TLS
error does not narrow the Endpoint column. The dashboard stylesheet is a
trimmed build, so the new markup uses only classes the page already had.
README Web Dashboard and HTTP API say so.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -230,9 +230,11 @@ dnswatcher includes an unauthenticated, read-only web dashboard at the root URL
 
 - **Summary counts** for monitored domains, hostnames, ports, and certificates.
 - **Domains** with their discovered nameservers.
-- **Hostnames** with per-nameserver DNS records and status.
+- **Hostnames** with per-nameserver DNS records and status. For a nameserver
+  whose query failed, the reason is shown in place of the records.
 - **Ports** with open/closed state and associated hostnames.
-- **TLS certificates** with CN, issuer, expiry, and status.
+- **TLS certificates** with CN, issuer, expiry, and status. For a failed check,
+  the reason is shown in place of CN, issuer and expiry.
 - **Recent alerts** (last 100 notifications sent since the process started),
   displayed in reverse chronological order.
 
@@ -259,6 +261,10 @@ dnswatcher exposes a lightweight HTTP API for operational visibility:
 | `GET /api/v1/status`           | Current monitoring state      |
 | `GET /metrics`                 | Prometheus metrics, see below |
 
+In `/api/v1/status`, each nameserver entry and certificate entry whose `status`
+is `error` also has `error`, the reason, as in the state file (see State File
+Format).
+
 `/metrics` is served only when `DNSWATCHER_METRICS_USERNAME` is set, behind
 Basic Auth. It has the Prometheus Go client's default metrics only (Go runtime,
 process, and counts of `/metrics` requests); dnswatcher records no metrics of

TODO.md

@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ trial run of the finished image: https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/dnswatcher/issues/149
 
 # Completed Steps
 
+- 2026-10-02: the dashboard and `/api/v1/status` show why a nameserver query or
+  a certificate check failed, which only the state file showed (closes #225).
+- 2026-10-02: a name's CNAME is stored once per nameserver, not once per record
+  type asked for; a state file with repeats loads each value once (closes #220).
+- 2026-10-02: a DNS lookup that shutdown cuts short logs no error; one that
+  fails otherwise, or runs out of time, still does (closes #229).
+- 2026-10-02: Record Change and Inconsistency notifications list only the record
+  types that differ, each with its values as plain text (closes #219).
 - 2026-10-02: the startup notification no longer says every notification
   endpoint works; it says it is a test sent to each of them (closes #230).
 - 2026-10-02: a Mattermost webhook that answers an HTTP error is logged as

internal/handlers/dashboard_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package handlers_test
 
 import (
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -78,3 +79,39 @@ func TestFormatRecords(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected format: %q", got)
 	}
 }
+
+// dashboardRow returns the table row of page that contains name.
+func dashboardRow(t *testing.T, page string, name string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for row := range strings.SplitSeq(page, "<tr") {
+		if strings.Contains(row, name) {
+			return row
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Fatalf("dashboard has no row containing %q", name)
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+// TestDashboardShowsFailureReasons checks that the dashboard shows the
+// reason in the row of a failed nameserver and of a failed certificate,
+// and not in the row of a nameserver that answered.
+func TestDashboardShowsFailureReasons(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	page := get(t, newHandlersWithFailures(t).HandleDashboard())
+
+	if !strings.Contains(dashboardRow(t, page, failedNS), nsFailureReason) {
+		t.Errorf("row of %s does not show %q", failedNS, nsFailureReason)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(dashboardRow(t, page, answeringNS), nsFailureReason) {
+		t.Errorf("row of %s shows %q", answeringNS, nsFailureReason)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(dashboardRow(t, page, certKey), certFailedReason) {
+		t.Errorf("row of %s does not show %q", certKey, certFailedReason)
+	}
+}

internal/handlers/status.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ type statusDomainInfo struct {
 type statusHostnameNSInfo struct {
 	Records     map[string][]string `json:"records"`
 	Status      string              `json:"status"`
+	Error       string              `json:"error,omitempty"`
 	LastChecked time.Time           `json:"lastChecked"`
 }
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ type statusCertificateInfo struct {
 	NotAfter                time.Time `json:"notAfter"`
 	SubjectAlternativeNames []string  `json:"subjectAlternativeNames"`
 	Status                  string    `json:"status"`
+	Error                   string    `json:"error,omitempty"`
 	LastChecked             time.Time `json:"lastChecked"`
 }
 
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ func buildHostnames(
 			info.Nameservers[ns] = &statusHostnameNSInfo{
 				Records:     recs,
 				Status:      nsState.Status,
+				Error:       nsState.Error,
 				LastChecked: nsState.LastChecked,
 			}
 		}
@@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ func buildCertificates(
 			NotAfter:                cs.NotAfter,
 			SubjectAlternativeNames: sans,
 			Status:                  cs.Status,
+			Error:                   cs.Error,
 			LastChecked:             cs.LastChecked,
 		}
 	}

internal/handlers/status_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package handlers_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.uber.org/fx/fxtest"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/config"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/globals"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/handlers"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/logger"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/notify"
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/state"
+)
+
+// The state the handler tests serve: www.example.com has one nameserver
+// that answered and one whose query failed, and its certificate check
+// failed.
+const (
+	testHostname     = "www.example.com"
+	answeringNS      = "ns1.example.com."
+	failedNS         = "ns2.example.com."
+	nsFailureReason  = "server returned a referral"
+	certKey          = "192.0.2.1:443:www.example.com"
+	certFailedReason = "x509: certificate has expired or is not yet valid"
+)
+
+// newHandlersWithFailures builds real Handlers whose state holds the
+// entries described above.
+func newHandlersWithFailures(t *testing.T) *handlers.Handlers {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	glob, err := globals.New(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("globals.New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	log, err := logger.New(nil, logger.Params{Globals: glob})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("logger.New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	notifier, err := notify.New(fxtest.NewLifecycle(t), notify.Params{
+		Logger: log,
+		Config: &config.Config{},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("notify.New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	st, err := state.New(fxtest.NewLifecycle(t), state.Params{
+		Logger: log,
+		Config: &config.Config{DataDir: t.TempDir()},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("state.New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	st.SetHostnameState(testHostname, &state.HostnameState{
+		RecordsByNameserver: map[string]*state.NameserverRecordState{
+			answeringNS: {
+				Records:     map[string][]string{"A": {"192.0.2.1"}},
+				Status:      "ok",
+				LastChecked: now,
+			},
+			failedNS: {
+				Records:     map[string][]string{},
+				Status:      "error",
+				Error:       nsFailureReason,
+				LastChecked: now,
+			},
+		},
+		LastChecked: now,
+	})
+
+	st.SetCertificateState(certKey, &state.CertificateState{
+		Status:      "error",
+		Error:       certFailedReason,
+		LastChecked: now,
+	})
+
+	hnd, err := handlers.New(nil, handlers.Params{
+		Logger:  log,
+		Globals: glob,
+		State:   st,
+		Notify:  notifier,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("handlers.New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return hnd
+}
+
+// get serves one GET request to handler and returns the response body.
+func get(t *testing.T, handler http.HandlerFunc) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(), http.MethodGet, "/", nil,
+	)
+
+	handler(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want 200", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	return rec.Body.String()
+}
+
+// TestStatusGivesFailureReasons checks that /api/v1/status gives the
+// reason for a failed nameserver entry and a failed certificate entry,
+// and no error for a nameserver that answered.
+func TestStatusGivesFailureReasons(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	body := get(t, newHandlersWithFailures(t).HandleStatus())
+
+	var resp struct {
+		Hostnames map[string]struct {
+			Nameservers map[string]map[string]any `json:"nameservers"`
+		} `json:"hostnames"`
+		Certificates map[string]map[string]any `json:"certificates"`
+	}
+
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decoding response: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	nameservers := resp.Hostnames[testHostname].Nameservers
+
+	got := nameservers[failedNS]["error"]
+	if got != nsFailureReason {
+		t.Errorf("failed nameserver error = %v, want %q",
+			got, nsFailureReason)
+	}
+
+	_, has := nameservers[answeringNS]["error"]
+	if has {
+		t.Errorf("answering nameserver has an error field: %v",
+			nameservers[answeringNS])
+	}
+
+	got = resp.Certificates[certKey]["error"]
+	if got != certFailedReason {
+		t.Errorf("failed certificate error = %v, want %q",
+			got, certFailedReason)
+	}
+}

internal/handlers/templates/dashboard.html

@@ -146,7 +146,11 @@
                 <td
                   class="py-2 px-3 text-slate-400 break-all max-w-xs"
                 >
+                  {{ if $nsr.Error }}
+                  <span class="text-red-400">{{ $nsr.Error }}</span>
+                  {{ else }}
                   {{ formatRecords $nsr.Records }}
+                  {{ end }}
                 </td>
                 <td class="py-2 px-3 text-slate-500 whitespace-nowrap">
                   {{ relTime $nsr.LastChecked }}
@@ -258,6 +262,11 @@
                   >
                   {{ end }}
                 </td>
+                {{ if $cs.Error }}
+                <td colspan="3" class="py-2 px-3 text-red-400 break-all">
+                  <div class="max-w-xs">{{ $cs.Error }}</div>
+                </td>
+                {{ else }}
                 <td class="py-2 px-3 text-slate-200">
                   {{ $cs.CommonName }}
                 </td>
@@ -285,6 +294,7 @@
                     {{ end }}
                   {{ end }}
                 </td>
+                {{ end }}
                 <td class="py-2 px-3 text-slate-500 whitespace-nowrap">
                   {{ relTime $cs.LastChecked }}
                 </td>

internal/resolver/export_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ func ExtractRecordValue(rr dns.RR) string {
 	return extractRecordValue(rr)
 }
 
+// CollectAnswerRecords exports collectAnswerRecords for testing.
+func CollectAnswerRecords(msg *dns.Msg, resp *NameserverResponse) {
+	var state queryState
+
+	collectAnswerRecords(msg, resp, &state)
+}
+
 // UsableReply exports usableReply for testing.
 func UsableReply(resp *dns.Msg, zone string, name string) bool {
 	return usableReply(resp, zone, name)

internal/resolver/iterative.go

@@ -714,6 +714,10 @@ func (r *Resolver) querySingleType(
 	collectAnswerRecords(msg, resp, state)
 }
 
+// collectAnswerRecords adds the records in msg's answer to resp, each
+// value once per record type. For a name with a CNAME, a nameserver
+// answers a query of any type with that CNAME, so the same value comes
+// in the answer to every type asked for.
 func collectAnswerRecords(
 	msg *dns.Msg,
 	resp *NameserverResponse,
@@ -726,9 +730,12 @@ func collectAnswerRecords(
 		}
 
 		typeName := dns.TypeToString[rr.Header().Rrtype]
+		if !slices.Contains(resp.Records[typeName], val) {
 			resp.Records[typeName] = append(
 				resp.Records[typeName], val,
 			)
+		}
+
 		state.hasRecords = true
 	}
 }

internal/resolver/iterative_test.go

@@ -238,6 +238,38 @@ func TestExtractRecordValue_LetterCase(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestCollectAnswerRecords_CNAMEOnce collects the answers a nameserver
+// gives for a name with a CNAME, one for each record type a check asks
+// for. Each answer holds the CNAME, which must be stored once.
+func TestCollectAnswerRecords_CNAMEOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cname := &dns.CNAME{
+		Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+			Name: "git.eeqj.de.", Rrtype: dns.TypeCNAME, Class: dns.ClassINET,
+		},
+		Target: "fsn1app1.datavi.be.",
+	}
+
+	resp := &resolver.NameserverResponse{Records: map[string][]string{}}
+
+	for _, qtype := range []uint16{
+		dns.TypeA, dns.TypeAAAA, dns.TypeCNAME, dns.TypeMX,
+		dns.TypeTXT, dns.TypeSRV, dns.TypeCAA, dns.TypeNS,
+	} {
+		msg := new(dns.Msg)
+		msg.SetQuestion("git.eeqj.de.", qtype)
+		msg.Answer = []dns.RR{cname}
+
+		resolver.CollectAnswerRecords(msg, resp)
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t,
+		map[string][]string{"CNAME": {"fsn1app1.datavi.be."}},
+		resp.Records,
+	)
+}
+
 // TestShuffled shuffles the root servers with many seeds. Every order
 // must hold each root server once, so each is tried before a
 // resolution fails; each root server must come first for some seed, so

internal/state/state.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -201,6 +202,19 @@ func (s *State) Load() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("parsing state file: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// A state file saved before each record value was stored once can
+	// hold a hostname's CNAME once for every record type asked for.
+	// Each value is kept once, so the first check does not see a
+	// record change.
+	for _, hs := range snapshot.Hostnames {
+		for _, ns := range hs.RecordsByNameserver {
+			for recordType, values := range ns.Records {
+				slices.Sort(values)
+				ns.Records[recordType] = slices.Compact(values)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	s.snapshot = &snapshot
 	s.log.Info("loaded state from disk", "path", path)
 

internal/state/state_test.go

@@ -277,6 +277,59 @@ func TestLoadStateFromBeforeCNAMEAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestLoadStateWithRepeatedValues loads a state file saved when a
+// hostname's CNAME was stored once for every record type asked for.
+// Each value must load once, and every different value must load.
+func TestLoadStateWithRepeatedValues(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	data := []byte(`{
+		"version": 1,
+		"hostnames": {
+			"www.example.com": {
+				"recordsByNameserver": {
+					"ns1.example.com.": {
+						"records": {
+							"A": ["192.0.2.2", "192.0.2.1", "192.0.2.2", "192.0.2.1"],
+							"CNAME": ["a.example.net.", "a.example.net.", "a.example.net."]
+						},
+						"status": "ok"
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}`)
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "state.json"), data, 0o600)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("writing state file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	s := state.NewForTestWithDataDir(dir)
+
+	err = s.Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hs, ok := s.GetHostnameState(testHostname)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("missing hostname " + testHostname)
+	}
+
+	want := map[string][]string{
+		"A":     {"192.0.2.1", "192.0.2.2"},
+		"CNAME": {"a.example.net."},
+	}
+
+	got := hs.RecordsByNameserver[testNS1].Records
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("records: got %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestSaveLoadRoundTrip_Hostnames verifies hostname data survives a save/load cycle.
 func TestSaveLoadRoundTrip_Hostnames(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

internal/watcher/cancelled_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 package watcher_test
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"log/slog"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/portcheck"
 	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/resolver"
@@ -79,3 +82,72 @@ func TestCancelledCheckSavesNothing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("sent %v, want no notifications", notifications)
 	}
 }
+
+// newLoggingWatcher returns a watcher for a domain and a hostname, with
+// the real resolver, that writes what it logs at warning level or above
+// into the returned buffer.
+func newLoggingWatcher(t *testing.T) (*watcher.Watcher, *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cfg := defaultTestConfig(t)
+	cfg.Domains = []string{testSmallDomain}
+	cfg.Hostnames = []string{host}
+
+	w, _ := newTestWatcher(t, cfg)
+
+	logs := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	w.SetLogger(slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(
+		logs, &slog.HandlerOptions{Level: slog.LevelWarn},
+	)))
+
+	return w, logs
+}
+
+// TestLookupCutShortIsNotLogged checks a domain and a hostname, looks
+// up a nameserver's addresses and follows a CNAME, with the context
+// cancelled, as shutdown leaves it. The real resolver fails each lookup
+// without sending a query. Shutdown cutting a lookup short is not a
+// failure, so nothing may be logged at warning level or above.
+func TestLookupCutShortIsNotLogged(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	w, logs := newLoggingWatcher(t)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	cancel()
+
+	w.RunOnce(ctx)
+	w.ResolveNameserverAddresses(ctx, []string{nsA}, nil)
+	w.ResolveCNAMEAddresses(ctx, host, cnameState(), nil)
+
+	if logs.Len() > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("logged at warning level or above:\n%s", logs)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLookupOutOfTimeIsLoggedAsError does what
+// TestLookupCutShortIsNotLogged does, with the context's deadline passed
+// instead. A lookup that ran out of time did fail, so the domain's NS
+// lookup, the hostname's lookup, the nameserver's address lookup and the
+// CNAME's are each logged as an error.
+func TestLookupOutOfTimeIsLoggedAsError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	w, logs := newLoggingWatcher(t)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(t.Context(), time.Now())
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	w.RunOnce(ctx)
+	w.ResolveNameserverAddresses(ctx, []string{nsA}, nil)
+	w.ResolveCNAMEAddresses(ctx, host, cnameState(), nil)
+
+	const want = 4
+
+	lines := strings.Count(logs.String(), "\n")
+	errorLines := strings.Count(logs.String(), `"level":"ERROR"`)
+
+	if lines != want || errorLines != want {
+		t.Errorf("logged:\n%s\nwant %d lines, each at error level", logs, want)
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/export_test.go

@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ func NewForTest(
 	}
 }
 
+// SetLogger replaces the watcher's logger, so a test can read what it
+// logs.
+func (w *Watcher) SetLogger(log *slog.Logger) {
+	w.log = log
+}
+
 // NewlyDisagreeingPairs exports newlyDisagreeingPairs for testing.
 func NewlyDisagreeingPairs(
 	prev, current *state.HostnameState,

internal/watcher/inconsistency_test.go

@@ -183,3 +183,58 @@ func TestInconsistencyAlert(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestFirstCheckAfterRepeatedValuesLoaded saves a state file holding a
+// hostname's CNAME once for every record type asked for, as checks did
+// before each value was stored once, and two addresses each repeated,
+// and loads it. A check that then finds each value once at each
+// nameserver must notify nothing.
+func TestFirstCheckAfterRepeatedValuesLoaded(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		cnameType = "CNAME"
+		cname     = "c.example.net."
+	)
+
+	cfg := defaultTestConfig(t)
+	repeated := map[string][]string{
+		"A":       {ip2, ip1, ip2, ip1},
+		cnameType: {cname, cname, cname, cname, cname, cname, cname, cname},
+	}
+	once := map[string][]string{"A": {ip1, ip2}, cnameType: {cname}}
+
+	saved := newTestDeps(t, cfg).state
+	saved.SetHostnameState(host, hostnameState(map[string]map[string][]string{
+		nsA: repeated, nsB: repeated,
+	}))
+
+	err := saved.Save()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("saving the state file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	deps := newTestDeps(t, cfg)
+
+	err = deps.state.Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("loading the state file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	prev, ok := deps.state.GetHostnameState(host)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("the state file has no state for " + host)
+	}
+
+	current := hostnameState(map[string]map[string][]string{
+		nsA: once, nsB: once,
+	})
+
+	// The hostname change detection uses only the notifier.
+	w := watcher.NewForTest(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, deps.notifier)
+	w.DetectHostnameChanges(t.Context(), host, prev, current)
+
+	if got := deps.notifier.getNotifications(); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("sent %v, want no notification", got)
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/message_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package watcher_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"sneak.berlin/go/dnswatcher/internal/watcher"
+)
+
+// When one nameserver's A record changes and its TXT record does not,
+// the record change and the inconsistency it starts name the A record
+// alone, with its values written as plain text.
+func TestChangeMessagesNameTheChangedType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// A nameserver's records: this A address and the same TXT record.
+	records := func(address string) map[string][]string {
+		return map[string][]string{
+			"A":   {address},
+			"TXT": {"v=spf1 -all"},
+		}
+	}
+
+	before := hostnameState(map[string]map[string][]string{
+		nsA: records(ip1),
+		nsB: records(ip1),
+	})
+	after := hostnameState(map[string]map[string][]string{
+		nsA: records(ip1),
+		nsB: records(ip2),
+	})
+
+	// The hostname change detection uses only the notifier.
+	notifier := &mockNotifier{}
+	w := watcher.NewForTest(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, notifier)
+
+	w.DetectHostnameChanges(t.Context(), host, before, after)
+
+	want := map[string]string{
+		"Record Change: " + host: `Hostname: www.example.net
+Nameserver: b.ns.example.net.
+Type: A
+Old: 192.0.2.1
+New: 192.0.2.2`,
+		"Inconsistency: " + host: `Hostname: www.example.net
+Type: A
+a.ns.example.net.: 192.0.2.1
+b.ns.example.net.: 192.0.2.2`,
+	}
+
+	notifications := notifier.getNotifications()
+	if len(notifications) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf(
+			"sent %d notifications, want %d: %v",
+			len(notifications), len(want), notifications,
+		)
+	}
+
+	for _, n := range notifications {
+		if n.Message != want[n.Title] {
+			t.Errorf(
+				"%s message:\n%s\nwant:\n%s",
+				n.Title, n.Message, want[n.Title],
+			)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/watcher.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package watcher
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"slices"
@@ -213,13 +214,29 @@ func (w *Watcher) runDNSChecks(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }
 
+// logFailedLookup logs a failed DNS lookup at error level, unless ctx
+// was cancelled: shutdown cancels it, and a lookup it cut short did not
+// fail. A lookup that ran out of time did fail, so it is logged.
+func (w *Watcher) logFailedLookup(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	msg string,
+	args ...any,
+) {
+	if errors.Is(ctx.Err(), context.Canceled) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	w.log.Error(msg, args...)
+}
+
 func (w *Watcher) checkDomain(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	domain string,
 ) {
 	nameservers, err := w.resolver.LookupNS(ctx, domain)
 	if err != nil {
-		w.log.Error(
+		w.logFailedLookup(
+			ctx,
 			"failed to lookup NS",
 			"domain", domain,
 			"error", err,
@@ -320,7 +337,8 @@ func (w *Watcher) resolveNameserverAddresses(
 			continue
 		}
 
-		w.log.Error(
+		w.logFailedLookup(
+			ctx,
 			"no addresses found for nameserver",
 			"nameserver", ns,
 			"error", err,
@@ -372,7 +390,8 @@ func (w *Watcher) checkHostname(
 ) {
 	results, err := w.resolver.LookupAllRecords(ctx, hostname)
 	if err != nil {
-		w.log.Error(
+		w.logFailedLookup(
+			ctx,
 			"failed to lookup records",
 			"hostname", hostname,
 			"error", err,
@@ -455,7 +474,8 @@ func (w *Watcher) resolveCNAMEAddresses(
 	for target := range targets {
 		ips, err := w.resolver.ResolveIPAddresses(ctx, target)
 		if err != nil {
-			w.log.Error(
+			w.logFailedLookup(
+				ctx,
 				"failed to follow CNAME",
 				"hostname", hostname,
 				"target", target,
@@ -570,10 +590,12 @@ func (w *Watcher) detectRecordChanges(
 		}
 
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf(
-			"Hostname: %s\nNameserver: %s\n"+
+			"Hostname: %s\nNameserver: %s\n%s",
-				"Old: %v\nNew: %v",
 			hostname, ns,
-			prevNS.Records, cur.Records,
+			recordDifferences(
+				"Old", prevNS.Records,
+				"New", cur.Records,
+			),
 		)
 
 		w.notify.SendNotification(
@@ -661,10 +683,12 @@ func (w *Watcher) detectInconsistencies(
 		ns1, ns2 := pair[0], pair[1]
 
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf(
-			"Hostname: %s\n%s: %v\n%s: %v",
+			"Hostname: %s\n%s",
 			hostname,
+			recordDifferences(
 				ns1, current.RecordsByNameserver[ns1].Records,
 				ns2, current.RecordsByNameserver[ns2].Records,
+			),
 		)
 
 		w.notify.SendNotification(
@@ -1214,6 +1238,54 @@ func recordsEqual(
 	return true
 }
 
+// recordDifferences describes, in sorted order of type, each record
+// type whose values differ between a and b: a line naming the type,
+// then a line with a's values after labelA and one with b's after
+// labelB. Types with the same values in both are left out.
+func recordDifferences(
+	labelA string, a map[string][]string,
+	labelB string, b map[string][]string,
+) string {
+	types := make([]string, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+
+	for recordType := range a {
+		types = append(types, recordType)
+	}
+
+	for recordType := range b {
+		if _, ok := a[recordType]; !ok {
+			types = append(types, recordType)
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(types)
+
+	var lines []string
+
+	for _, recordType := range types {
+		if sliceEqual(a[recordType], b[recordType]) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		lines = append(lines,
+			"Type: "+recordType,
+			labelA+": "+joinValues(a[recordType]),
+			labelB+": "+joinValues(b[recordType]),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+}
+
+// joinValues lists record values separated by commas, or says none.
+func joinValues(values []string) string {
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		return "none"
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(values, ", ")
+}
+
 func sliceEqual(a, b []string) bool {
 	if len(a) != len(b) {
 		return false