build: update golangci-lint to v2.12.2 with canonical config

Replace the commit-pinned golangci-lint install refs in Dockerfile and
script/bootstrap with the v2.12.2 version pin, and replace .golangci.yml
with the canonical v2-schema config (lint settings now live under
linters.settings, so the lll/funlen/cyclop/dupl thresholds are actually
applied).

Fix all findings surfaced by the newly-applied config:

- goconst: introduce shared constants for repeated status, priority,
  and DNS fixture strings in watcher.go and the notify, state, and
  watcher tests
- dupl: consolidate duplicated ntfy/slack HTTP-error tests and
  SendNotification endpoint-error tests behind shared helpers
- lll: wrap long test table entries and comments; shorten one inline
  nolint justification

internal/notify/retry.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (rc RetryConfig) backoff(attempt int) time.Duration {
 	lo := raw * (1 - jitterFraction)
 	hi := raw * (1 + jitterFraction)
 
-	jittered := lo + rand.Float64()*(hi-lo) //nolint:gosec // jitter does not need crypto/rand
+	jittered := lo + rand.Float64()*(hi-lo) //nolint:gosec // jitter needs no crypto/rand
 
 	return time.Duration(jittered)
 }