docker: run as non-root, add health check, document upaas (closes #147)

The runtime image runs as uid 10001, which owns /var/lib/dnswatcher. The
working directory is /, so config loading finds no .env or dnswatcher
config file there; the binary lives in /usr/local/bin. A Docker
HEALTHCHECK probes /.well-known/healthcheck every 10 seconds with busybox
wget, well inside the 60 seconds upaas waits.

Startup now fails with an error naming the data directory when it cannot
be written, instead of running with every save failing. The check creates
the directory if needed and writes and removes the temp file Save uses;
tests cover the create and the write failing.

README gains "Running under upaas": the prod branch, host directory
setup, network and port, environment and health check.

Model: opus-5-5

README.md

@@ -508,11 +508,57 @@ docker run -d \
 
 ---
 
+## Running under upaas
+
+[upaas](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/upaas) builds the image from this
+repository's `Dockerfile` and runs it. The app needs:
+
+- **Branch:** `prod`. `prod` is cut from `main`, and merging a `main` to
+  `prod` pull request is a deploy.
+- **Volume:** one host directory mounted at `/var/lib/dnswatcher`, where
+  the state file lives. upaas bind-mounts the host path it is given and
+  does not create it. The container runs as uid 10001 and does not start
+  unless it can write there. Create the directory before the first
+  deploy:
+
+  ```sh
+  mkdir -p /path/to/data
+  chown 10001:10001 /path/to/data
+  chmod 700 /path/to/data
+  ```
+
+- **Network and port:** the dashboard is unauthenticated and shows every
+  watched name and recent alert, and upaas publishes every mapped port on
+  all interfaces of the host
+  ([upaas issue 113](https://git.eeqj.de/sneak/upaas/issues/113)). Add a
+  port mapping to container port `8080` only if the dashboard should be
+  public. Otherwise add none: set the app's Docker network in upaas to
+  your reverse proxy's Docker network, and the proxy reaches the app at
+  `upaas-` followed by the app name, port `8080`.
+- **Required environment:** `DNSWATCHER_TARGETS`, a comma-separated list
+  of the domains and hostnames to watch. dnswatcher refuses to start
+  without it.
+- **Recommended environment:** at least one notification endpoint
+  (`DNSWATCHER_SLACK_WEBHOOK`, `DNSWATCHER_MATTERMOST_WEBHOOK`,
+  `DNSWATCHER_NTFY_TOPIC`); without one, changes show only on the
+  dashboard. `DNSWATCHER_METRICS_USERNAME` and
+  `DNSWATCHER_METRICS_PASSWORD` serve `/metrics` behind basic auth.
+- **Leave unset:** `DNSWATCHER_DATA_DIR`, which the image sets to
+  `/var/lib/dnswatcher`, and `PORT`, which defaults to `8080`. Every
+  setting comes from the environment; the image holds no config file.
+- **Health check:** the image's own, which requests
+  `/.well-known/healthcheck` every 10 seconds. upaas reads the
+  container's health 60 seconds after a deploy and marks the deploy
+  failed unless it is `healthy`.
+
+---
+
 ## Monitoring Lifecycle
 
-1. **Startup**: Load state from disk. If no state file exists, start
-   with empty state (first check will establish baseline without
-   triggering change notifications).
+1. **Startup**: Check that the data directory can be written, and exit
+   with an error naming it if not. Load state from disk. If no state
+   file exists, start with empty state (first check will establish
+   baseline without triggering change notifications).
 2. **Initial check**: Immediately perform all DNS, port, and TLS checks
    on startup.
 3. **Periodic checks** (DNS always runs first):