feat: implement hashcash proof-of-work for session creation (#63)

## Summary

Implement SHA-256-based hashcash proof-of-work for `POST /session` to prevent abuse via rapid session creation.

closes #11

## What Changed

### Server
- **New `internal/hashcash` package**: Validates hashcash stamps (format, difficulty bits, date/expiry, resource, replay prevention via in-memory spent set with TTL pruning)
- **Config**: `NEOIRC_HASHCASH_BITS` env var (default 20, set to 0 to disable)
- **`GET /api/v1/server`**: Now includes `hashcash_bits` field when > 0
- **`POST /api/v1/session`**: Validates `X-Hashcash` header when hashcash is enabled; returns HTTP 402 for missing/invalid stamps

### Clients
- **Web SPA**: Fetches `hashcash_bits` from `/server`, computes stamp using Web Crypto API (`crypto.subtle.digest`) with batched parallelism (1024 hashes/batch), shows "Computing proof-of-work..." feedback
- **CLI (`neoirc-cli`)**: `CreateSession()` auto-fetches server info and computes a valid hashcash stamp when required; new `MintHashcash()` function in the API package

### Documentation
- README updated with full hashcash documentation: stamp format, computing stamps, configuration, difficulty table
- Server info and session creation API docs updated with hashcash fields/headers
- Roadmap updated (hashcash marked as implemented)

## Stamp Format

Standard hashcash: `1:bits:YYMMDD:resource::counter`

The SHA-256 hash of the entire stamp string must have at least `bits` leading zero bits.

## Validation Rules
- Version must be `1`
- Claimed bits ≥ required bits
- Resource must match server name
- Date within 48 hours (not expired, not too far in future)
- SHA-256 hash has required leading zero bits
- Stamp not previously used (replay prevention)

## Testing
- All existing tests pass (hashcash disabled in test config with `HashcashBits: 0`)
- `docker build .` passes (lint + test + build)

<!-- session: agent:sdlc-manager:subagent:f98d712e-8a40-4013-b3d7-588cbff670f4 -->

Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.git.eeqj.de>
Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.eeqj.de>
Co-authored-by: user <user@Mac.lan guest wan>
Co-authored-by: Jeffrey Paul <sneak@noreply.example.org>
Reviewed-on: #63
Co-authored-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>
Co-committed-by: clawbot <clawbot@noreply.example.org>

internal/cli/api/hashcash.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package neoircapi
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// bitsPerByte is the number of bits in a byte.
+	bitsPerByte = 8
+	// fullByteMask is 0xFF, a mask for all bits in a byte.
+	fullByteMask = 0xFF
+	// counterSpace is the range for random counter seeds.
+	counterSpace = 1 << 48
+)
+
+// MintHashcash computes a hashcash stamp with the given
+// difficulty (leading zero bits) and resource string.
+func MintHashcash(bits int, resource string) string {
+	date := time.Now().UTC().Format("060102")
+	prefix := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"1:%d:%s:%s::", bits, date, resource,
+	)
+
+	for {
+		counter := randomCounter()
+		stamp := prefix + counter
+		hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(stamp))
+
+		if hasLeadingZeroBits(hash[:], bits) {
+			return stamp
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// hasLeadingZeroBits checks if hash has at least numBits
+// leading zero bits.
+func hasLeadingZeroBits(
+	hash []byte,
+	numBits int,
+) bool {
+	fullBytes := numBits / bitsPerByte
+	remainBits := numBits % bitsPerByte
+
+	for idx := range fullBytes {
+		if hash[idx] != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	if remainBits > 0 && fullBytes < len(hash) {
+		mask := byte(
+			fullByteMask << (bitsPerByte - remainBits),
+		)
+
+		if hash[fullBytes]&mask != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// randomCounter generates a random hex counter string.
+func randomCounter() string {
+	counterVal, err := rand.Int(
+		rand.Reader, big.NewInt(counterSpace),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Fallback to timestamp-based counter on error.
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%x", time.Now().UnixNano())
+	}
+
+	return hex.EncodeToString(counterVal.Bytes())
+}