The two per-field ceilings in approvalVerify.js were checked independently, but the fee a validator is paid is gasLimit × fee per gas: a gas limit and a fee each under their own ceiling still multiply to thousands of ETH, which a gas-consuming contract really collects. assertWithinCeilings now also bounds that product against MAX_TOTAL_FEE (1 ETH), so both callers — populating the dApp transaction and verifying the signed artifact — refuse it with a full sentence naming the fee and the limit. The wallet's own send in confirmTx.js pinned no fee fields, so ethers filled them from the node with no bound; it now populates the transaction and runs the same check before signing, showing the same error in the confirmation screen's reserved errors box so nothing on screen moves. Model: opus-4-8