refactor: derive git info inside Docker instead of --build-arg

- Remove .git from .dockerignore so it's available in Docker build context
- Install git in Docker image (apt-get)
- Remove ARG/ENV GIT_COMMIT_SHORT/FULL from Dockerfile
- Remove --build-arg from Makefile docker target
- Simplify build.js to use git CLI directly (no env var indirection)

build.js already had fallback logic to shell out to git; now that .git
is present in the build context, it works directly without needing
values passed in from outside Docker.

.dockerignore

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-.git
 node_modules
 .DS_Store
 dist